Chuong 3

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH
CHNG III: BO BIEN OI IEN AP XOAY CHIEU

I. TONG QUAT
1.Chc nang : Dung e ieu khien tr hieu dung ien ap xoay chieu ngo ra bo bien oi co
nguon ngo vao co dang ien ap xoay chieu khong oi.
2. ng dung:
- Cac thiet b nhiet ien (lo ien, thiet b tieu thu nhiet ien trong gia inh)
- ong ngat en va ieu khien o sang (tren san khau, en quang cao)
- Cac ong c khong ong bo cong suat nho va trung bnh (truyen ong cua cac may
quat, may bm, may xay)
- Cac truyen ong nho vi cac ong c van nang cong suat nho (dung cu ien cam tay,
may say, may tron)
- He thong bu nhuyen cong suat phan khang
3. Phan loai:
a) Theo so pha:
- 1 pha
- 3 pha
- m pha
b) Theo dang mach:
- C ban (oi xng)
- Tiet kiem (khong oi xng)
c) Nguyen tac ieu khien bo bien oi:
- ieu khien pha
- ieu khien theo thi gian
4. Cac loai khoa xoay chieu ban dan:
a) Dung khoa TriAC, Thyristor SCR (thng gap) : H3.1
H3.1
b) Dung khoa BJT, MOSFET, IGBT : H3.2
58
H3.2
II. BO BIEN OI IEN AP XOAY CHIEU MOT PHA
1.S o :
V1
iz
V2
uz
H3.3. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu mot pha tai Z

Ap nguon xoay chieu mot pha co phng trnh u = U m sin t
Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu gom 2 SCR mac oi song
Tai co the dang R, L hoac RL
2. Phan tch:
2.1. Trng hp tai R:
- V1 c ong vi goc tre pha , phan song dng cua ien ap nguon c at len tai.
- V2 c ong vi goc tre pha , phan song am cua ien ap nguon c at len tai.
Qua trnh ien ap va dong ien cua cac ai lng c ve tren hnh H3.3. Cac trang thai trong
mot chu ky ap nguon :
[0 ]
o Trang thai 0:
u z = 0; i z = 0;
uV 1 = u = U m sin t > 0; iV 1 = 0;
(3.1)
uV 2 = uV 1 = U m sin t < 0; iV 2 = 0;
59
thi iem t = , tn hieu kch IG1 > 0 Thyristor V1 ong v thoa ieu kien khoa ap dng va
c kch ong.
o Trang thai V1:
[ ]
uV 1 = 0; u z = u = U m sin t ;
iV 1 = i z ; i z = u z
uV 2 = 0; iV 2
R
= 0;
(3.2)
thi iem t = , u=0 uz=0 iz=0 iV1=0 SCR V1 ngat

[ +]
o Trang thai 0:
u z = 0; i z = 0;
uV 1 = u = U m sin t < 0; iV 1 = 0;
(3.3)
uV 2 = uV 1 = U m sin t > 0; iV 2 = 0;
thi iem t = +, tn hieu kch IG2 > 0 Thyristor V2 ong v thoa ieu kien khoa ap dng
va c kch ong.
o Trang thai V2:
[+ 2]
uV 2 = 0; u z = u = U m sin t ;
iV 2 = i z ; i z = u z
(3.4)
uV 1 = 0; iV 1 = 0;
thi iem t = 2, u=0 uz=0 iz=0 iV2=0 SCR V2 ngat va qua trnh lap lai t au.
Gian o qua trnh ap va dong c trnh bay tren H3.4
400
300
200
u
, [V
]
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
time, [s]
60
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
300
200
u
z, [V
]
100
-100
-200
-300
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
time, [s]
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
time, [s]
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
time, [s]
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
time, [s]
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
60
40
iz, [A
]
20
-20
-40
-60
400
300
200
u
v
1
, [V
]
100
-100
-200
-300
-400
70
60
iv
1
, [A
]
50
40
30
20
10
Hnh 3.4. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu 1 pha Tai R
61
He qua:
Tr hieu dung ien ap tren tai R cho bi he thc:
Uz =
U (sin t ) d (t ) = U .

1
2
m
sin 2
+
(3.5)
Khi goc thay oi trong pham vi [0] th U Uz 0.

Tr hieu dung dong ien qua tai Iz:
(3.6)
Iz=Uz/R
Cong suat tieu thu cua tai :
2
U
2
Pz = z = R.I z
R
(3.7)
He so cong suat cua nguon:
U z2
Pz
R = U z = 1 + sin 2
=
S
U .I z
U
(3.8)
Tren H3.5 trnh bay moi quan he gia tr hieu dung ap ngo ra Uz va he so cong suat vao goc ieu
khien .
62
Dien ap tai uz, [V]
250
200
150
100
50
He so cong suat lamda
0
0
0.5
2.5
2
1.5
Goc dieu khien alpha, [rad]
3.5
0.5
2.5
2
1.5
Goc dieu khien alpha, [rad]
3.5
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
H3.5. ac tuyen ieu khien tr hieu dung ien ap tai va he so cong suat
2.2. Trng hp tai L:
A. Phan tch : 2 trng hp can phan biet
0
: Dong tai iz lien tuc, uz=u; Uz =U (khong oi).
: Dong tai gian oan, tr hieu dung Uz thay oi 0 U z U
Khao sat trng hp dong tai gian oan.

o Trang thai 0: Tng t tai R ta co cac phng trnh ap va dong :
u z = 0; i z = 0;
uV 1 = u = U m sin t > 0; iV 1 = 0;
(3.6)
uV 2 = uV 1 = U m sin t < 0; iV 2 = 0;
thi iem t = , tn hieu kch IG1 > 0 Thyristor V1 ong.
o Trang thai V1:
[ 2-]
uV 1 = 0; u z = u = U m sin t ;
iV 1 = i z ;
(3.7)
uV 2 = 0; iV 2 = 0;
Phng trnh dong tai:
U t
U
di z
= U m sin t i z = m sin td (t ) = m (cos cos t )
dt
L
L
(3.8)
Dong tai iz tang dan t thi iem , at cc ai t = . Sau o giam ve 0 t = 2-, V1 ngat
thi iem nay.
[2- +]
o Trang thai 0:
63
u z = 0; i z = 0;
uV 1 = u = U m sin t < 0; iV 1 = 0;
(3.9)
uV 2 = uV 1 = U m sin t > 0; iV 2 = 0;
thi iem t = +, tn hieu kch IG2 > 0 Thyristor V2 ong.
[+ 3-]
o Trang thai V2:
uV 2 = 0; u z = u = U m sin t ;
iV 2 = i z ;
(3.10)
uV 1 = 0; iV 1 = 0;
Phng trnh dong tai c xac nh tng t trng hp cho V1.
B. Gian o ap va dong tai:
64
H3.6. Gian o ap va dong trng hp tai L (goc ieu khien 120o)

C. He qua :
Tr hieu dung ap tai : Khi goc ieu khien > /2
Uz =
U (sin t ) d (t ) = U
2
m
Khi
sin (2 )
21 +
(3.11)
0 Uz U
Tr hieu dung dong tai :
Iz =
U
i d (t ) = L
2
3 sin (2 )

21 1 + 2 cos 2 +
(3.12)
2.3. Trng hp tai RL:

Goc ti han la goc ieu khien ma dong ien tai ranh gii gia che o dong ien gian oan va
dong lien tuc. Vi tai RL, goc ti han cho bi he thc:
= arctg
.L
R
(3.13)
Khi goc ieu khien ln hn dong ien qua tai se b gian oan. Trng hp ngc lai, dong tai lien
tuc :
0 : Dong tai iz lien tuc, uz=u; Uz =U (khong oi).
: Dong tai gian oan, tr hieu dung Uz thay oi 0 U z U
Phan tch trng hp dong tai gian oan:
o Trang thai 0: Tng t tai R ta co cac phng trnh ap va dong:
u z = 0; i z = 0;
uV 1 = u = U m sin t > 0; iV 1 = 0;
(3.14)
uV 2 = uV 1 = U m sin t < 0; iV 2 = 0;
thi iem t = , tn hieu kch IG1 > 0 Thyristor V1 ong.
65
Trang thai V1:
uV 1 = 0; u z = u = U m sin t ;
[ ]
iV 1 = i z ;
(3.15)
uV 2 = 0; iV 2 = 0;
Phng trnh dong tai:
diz
= U m sin t
dt
t
Um
sin (t ) sin ( ) e
iz =
2
R 2 + (L )
Riz + L
(3.16)
vi la goc ti han, = L/R thi hang ien.

Dong tai iz tang dan t thi iem , at gia tr cc ai. Sau o giam ve 0 t =, V1 ngat thi
iem nay.
[ +]
o Trang thai 0:
u z = 0; i z = 0;
uV 1 = u = U m sin t < 0; iV 1 = 0;
(3.17)
uV 2 = uV 1 = U m sin t > 0; iV 2 = 0;
thi iem t = +, tn hieu kch IG2 > 0 Thyristor V2 ong.
o Trang thai V2:
uV 2 = 0; u z = u = U m sin t ;
iV 2 = i z ;
(3.18)
uV 1 = 0; iV 1 = 0;
Phng trnh dong tai c xac nh tng t trng hp cho V1.
o th ien ap va dong ien cua cac ai lng c ve tren hnh H.3.7
66
Hnh 3.7. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu mot pha tai RL (dong tai gian oan)
He qua:
Tr hieu dung ien ap tren tai RL cho bi he thc:
U z = U.
sin 2 sin 2
+
(3.19)
vi la goc dan cua thyristor va la goc tat cua thyristor.

Goi Iz la tr hieu dung dong ien qua tai RL. Cong suat tieu thu cua tai:
Pz=R.Iz2
(3.20)
Cong suat cua nguon xoay chieu:
S=U.I=U.Iz
(3.21)
P R.I z U R
=
=
S
U
U
(3.22)
III. BO BIEN OI IEN AP XOAY CHIEU BA PHA
67
Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu dung e ieu khien tr hieu dung ien ap xoay chieu. Viec
ieu khien dien ra lien tuc va cho ap ng nhanh. Hien tng chuyen mach gia cac linh kien
khong xay ra v dong ien qua tai co dang xoay chieu. Do o, dong phai giam ve 0 trc khi
oi chieu.
1. S o bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu ba pha
S o bo bien oi ap xoay chieu ba pha vi 3 cau hnh thng gap cho tren hnh ve H3.8H3.10.
Hnh 3.8. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu ba pha dang mach ay u (s dung 6
Thyristor). Moi pha la mot cap SCR mac oi song va c mac noi tiep gia pha
nguon va tai. Tai co the mac sao hoac tam giac (H3.8a,b). Ngoai ra cung co the
mac cac cap cong tac xoay chieu pha sau tai (H3.8c,d).
Hnh 3.9. Ket noi ba bo bien oi xoay chieu mot pha dang tam giac
Hnh 3.10. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu ba pha dang mach tiet kiem (s dung 3
Thyristor va 3 Diode).
Xung kch c a vao cong G cua cac Thyristor di dang chuoi xung, bat au t v tr goc
ieu khien en cuoi na chu ky tng ng cua song ien ap nguon. Mach kch Thyristor cho
bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu 3 pha dung 6 SCR yeu cau xuat 6 tn hieu xung kch cho moi
chu ky 20ms ; cac xung kch lech nhau 1/6 chu ky (600).
Phng phap ieu khien bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu la phng phap ieu khien pha, tng
t nh cho bo chnh lu.
68
u1
V1
u2
V4
V3
u3
V6
V5
u1
V2
V1
u2
V4
V3
u3
V6
V5
RA
RB
RC
RA
RB
RC
LA
LB
LC
LA
LB
LC
V2
u1
u2
u3
u1
RA
RB
RC
RA
LA
LB
LC
LA
u2
RB
RC
LB
V4
V4
V3
V6
V5
LC
V2
V1
V1
u3
V5
V2
V3
V6
d
HA1
H3.8
u1
u2
RA
u3
RB
u1
V1
LB
V4
V3
u3
RC
V1
LA
u2
D4
V3
D6
V5
D2
LC
V6
V5
RA
RB
RC
LA
LB
LC
V2
H.A2
H.A3
H3.9
H3.10
2. Cac che o van hanh cua bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu 3 pha dang ay u (H3.8a) :
a) Tai R: Neu tai thuan tr va oi xng (RA=RB=RC), khi goc ieu khien tang t 0 en
5/6, ta co ba che o van hanh noi tiep nhau. Xet trng hp pha A :
69
Che o 1 : 0 < < /3 : trang thai 3 hoac 2 SCR cung dan.

Khi < /3, goc tat 1 cua V5 ln hn goc ieu khien . Luc o ta co trang thai 3 hoac
2 SCR cung dan.
< < /3:

V1, V6 va V5 cung dan.
/3 < < +/3:

V1, V6 cung dan
Che o nay, trong mot na chu ky, SCR chu ap khoa trong khoang thi gian tng ng
vi goc pha =
Che o 2 : /3 < < /2 : trang thai 2 SCR dan
Khi thay oi trong pham vi nay, khoang dan cua cac SCR co gia tr bang nhau va
bang 1/3 chu ky li va chung dch chuyen mot cach tuan t.
Khi < < + /3 : V1, V6 cung dan

vi goc pha = /3.
Che o 3 : /2 < < 5/6 : trang thai 2 SCR dan hoac 0 SCR nao dan
S ton tai cac khoang dan va cac khoang tat ca dong bang 0 yeu cau phai kch 2 SCR
cung luc. V the co hai cach thc hien ieu nay :
hoac kch cac SCR bang tn hieu xung co o rong ln hn /3;
hoac s dung kch oi (kch lap). V du neu V1 c kch thi iem

, th no se c kch lap + /3.
500
-500
0
50
uzc, [V]
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
time, [s]
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
-50
0
500
0
-500
0
40
iv1, [A]
uv1, [V]
iza, [A]
uza, [V]
vi goc pha = - /6.
Khi > 5/6 khong SCR nao dan ien va ap tren tai bang 0.
20
0
0
500
0
-500
H3.11. Gian o ap va dong bo BAXC3P tai R, goc = /6
70
uza, [V]
500
uv1, [V]
iza, [A]
-500
0
50
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
time, [s]
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
-50
0
500
0
iv1, [A]
-500
0
40
20
uzc, [V]
0
0
500
0
-500
200
-200
0
20
uzb, [V]
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
time, [s]
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
-20
0
500
0
-500
0
40
iv1, [A]
uv1, [V]
iza, [A]
uza, [V]
H3.12. Gian o ap va dong bo BAXC3P tai R, goc = 2.5/6
20
0
0
500
0
-500
H3.13. Gian o ap va dong bo BAXC3P tai R, goc = 4/6

b) Tai RL :
71
Tai co R va L khong oi c ac trng bi tong tr Z va goc ti han c xac nh nh

sau :
Z = R 2 + L2 2 ;
tg =
L
R
500
-500
0.02
10
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.055
0.06
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.055
0.06
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.055
0.06
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.055
0.06
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.055
0.06
-10
0.02
500
0
-500
0.02
10
izc, [A]
iv1, [A]
uv1, [V]
iza, [A]
uza, [V]
Do s hien dien cam khang L, cac dong tai trong cac pha tr nen lien tuc hn, hien tng
dong gian oan xay ra khi goc ieu khien ln hn goc ti han ( > ).
Che o 1 : < < l : trang thai 3 hoac 2 SCR cung dan. (l : Gia tr ac trng
bang mot ham so phu thuoc vao );
V1, V6 va V5 cung dan.
< < 1:
1< < +/3: V1, V6 cung dan

Che o nay, trong mot na chu ky, SCR chu ap khoa trong khoang thi gian tng ng vi
goc pha = + /3 - 1
Che o 2 : khong co;
Che o 3 : l < < 5/6 : trang thai 2 SCR dan hoac 0 SCR nao dan.
V1, V6 cung dan.
< < 2:
2 : goc tat lan th hai cua SCR V6.
Che o nay, trong mot na chu ky, SCR chu ap khoa trong khoang thi gian tng ng vi
goc pha = 2/3 + 2
-10
0.02
10
0
-10
0.02
H3.14. Gian o ap va dong bo BAXC3P tai R=20, L=0.1H, goc = /3
72
200
-200
0.02
1
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.055
0.06
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.055
0.06
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.055
0.06
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.055
0.06
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.055
0.06
-1
0.02
500
0
-500
0.02
1
izb, [A]
iv1, [A]
uv1, [V]
iza, [A]
uza, [V]
-1
0.02
1
0
-1
0.02
H3.15. Gian o ap va dong bo BAXC3P tai R=20, L=0.1H, goc = 2/3

3. ac tnh cua bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu ba pha dang mach ay u:
a) Tr hieu dung ien ap tai : Cho tai R va RL
1 3
( 1 ) + 3 sin 2 + sin 2 1 + (3.23)
+
2 2
4
3
Che o 1 : U z = U
Che o 2 (cho tai R): U z = U
Che o 3 :
Uz =U
1 3 3
+
sin 2 +
2 4
6
(3.24)
3
( 2 ) + 3 sin 2 + sin 2 2 +
2
4
3
3
(3.25)
b) Tai R : Tr hieu dung dong ien qua pha tai Iz:

Iz=Uz/R
Pz = 3R.I z2
(3.26)
(3.27)
Pz 3R.I z2
R.I z
=
=
S 3.U .I z
U
c) Tai RL : Tr hieu dung dong ien qua pha tai Iz:

Iz=Uz/Z
Pz = 3R.I z2
73
(3.28)
Pz 3R.I z2
R.I z
=
=
S 3.U .I z
U
V du: Cho bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu mot pha, nguon ap xoay chieu
u = 220 2 sin (100t ) , [V]. Chieu dng qui c cua ap tai va dong tai nh nhau sao cho
thuan chieu dong dan qua Thyristor V1. Tai gom R=10. Goc ieu khien cac Thyristor =
1200.
V1
V2
R
1.Ve gian o uz va iz;

2.Tnh goc dan cua mot SCR trong mot chu ky ap nguon;
3.Tnh tr hieu dung ap tai va dong tai Uz, Iz
4.Tnh gia tr cc ai cua dong tai ;
5.Neu mac noi tiep vi tai R mot cuon cam co gia tr L=0.1H
va gia s xung ieu khien co dang chuoi xung vi gia tr goc
kch = /3 [rad]. Ket luan g ve tnh chat lien tuc cua dong
ien tai ?
74

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HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

CHNG III: BO BIEN OI IEN AP XOAY CHIEU

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H3.3. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu mot pha tai Z

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thi iem t = , u=0 uz=0 iz=0 iV1=0 SCR V1 ngat

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Hnh 3.4. Bo bien oi ien ap xoay chieu 1 pha Tai R

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Khi goc thay oi trong pham vi [0] th U Uz 0.

He so cong suat cua nguon:

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Dien ap tai uz, [V]

He so cong suat lamda

: Dong tai iz lien tuc, uz=u; Uz =U (khong oi).

: Dong tai gian oan, tr hieu dung Uz thay oi 0 U z U

Khao sat trng hp dong tai gian oan.

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HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

H3.6. Gian o ap va dong trng hp tai L (goc ieu khien 120o)

Tr hieu dung dong tai :

2.3. Trng hp tai RL:

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Trang thai V1:

vi la goc ti han, = L/R thi hang ien.

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vi la goc dan cua thyristor va la goc tat cua thyristor.

III. BO BIEN OI IEN AP XOAY CHIEU BA PHA

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HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

HBK TPHCM KHOA IEN & IEN T BO MON CC & KH

Che o 1 : 0 < < /3 : trang thai 3 hoac 2 SCR cung dan.

< < /3:

/3 < < +/3:

Khi < < + /3 : V1, V6 cung dan

hoac kch cac SCR bang tn hieu xung co o rong ln hn /3;

hoac s dung kch oi (kch lap). V du neu V1 c kch thi iem

H3.11. Gian o ap va dong bo BAXC3P tai R, goc = /6

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H3.12. Gian o ap va dong bo BAXC3P tai R, goc = 2.5/6

H3.13. Gian o ap va dong bo BAXC3P tai R, goc = 4/6

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Tai co R va L khong oi c ac trng bi tong tr Z va goc ti han c xac nh nh

1< < +/3: V1, V6 cung dan

Che o 2 : khong co;

H3.14. Gian o ap va dong bo BAXC3P tai R=20, L=0.1H, goc = /3

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H3.15. Gian o ap va dong bo BAXC3P tai R=20, L=0.1H, goc = 2/3

Che o 2 (cho tai R): U z = U

b) Tai R : Tr hieu dung dong ien qua pha tai Iz:

He so cong suat cua nguon:

c) Tai RL : Tr hieu dung dong ien qua pha tai Iz:

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He so cong suat cua nguon:

1.Ve gian o uz va iz;

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