Geometry: similarity and mensuration

8
VCE coverage
Area of study
Units 3 & 4 Geometry and trigonometry

In this chapter chapter

8A Properties of angles, triangles and polygons 8B Area and perimeter 8C Total surface area 8D Volume of prisms, pyramids and spheres 8E Maps and similar gures 8F Similar triangles 8G Area and volume scale factors

348

Further Mathematics

Geometry
Geometry is an important area of study. Many professions and tasks require and use geometrical concepts and its associated techniques. Besides architects, surveyors and navigators, all of us use it in our daily lives for example, to describe shapes of objects, directions on a car trip and space or position of a house. Much of this area of study is assumed knowledge gained from previous years of study.
Bed 1

UPPER LEVEL

Bed 2

Bed 4

Bed 3

Stairways

Properties of angles, triangles and polygons

In this module, we will often encounter problems where some of the information we need is not clearly given. To solve the problems, some missing information will need to be deduced using the many common rules, denitions and laws of geometry. Some of the more important rules are presented in this chapter.

Interior angles of polygons

For a regular polygon (all sides and angles are equal) of 360 n sides, the interior angle is given by 180 ---------- . n For example, for a square the interior angle is: 360 180 ---------- = 180 90 4 = 90 360 The exterior angle is given by ---------- . n
Exterior angle

Interior angle

WORKED Example 1
Find the interior and exterior angle of the regular polygon shown.

THINK
1

WRITE 360 Interior angle = 180 ---------5 = 180 72 = 108 360 Exterior angle = ---------5 = 72 A regular pentagon has an interior angle of 108 and an exterior angle of 72.

This shape is a regular pentagon, a 5-sided gure. Substitute n = 5 into the interior angle formula. Substitute n = 5 into the exterior angle formula. Write your answer.

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

349

Geometry rules, denitions and notation rules

The following geometry rules and notation will be most valuable in establishing unknown values in the topics covered and revised in this module.

Denitions of common terms

A ABC Less than 90 B Acute angle C Between 180 and 360 A Right angle
MQ F M t fi 11 05(b)

180 90 Straight angle

MQ FurMat fig 11.05(c)

Between 90 and 180

Obtuse angle
MQ F rMat fig 11 05(d)

A Line Ray

B B

AB AB

A B AB Line segment Reflex angle Parallel lines Perpendicular lines

MQ FurMat fig 11.05(h)

Some common notations and rules

a + b + c = 180 No equal sides b a c Scalene triangle Isosceles triangle
MQ FurMat fig 11.06(b)

Two equal sides and angles

All equal sides and 60 angles

45

MQ FurMat fig 11.06(a)

60 60 Equilateral triangle a=b

45 Right-angled isoceles triangle C

a + b = 90 a + b = 180 a b Complementary angles

MQ FurMat fig 11.06(e)

a b Vertically opposite angles

MQ FurMat fig 11.06(g)

Supplementary angles
MQ FurMat fig 11.06(f)

D CD is a perpendicular bisector of AB a + d = 180 b + c = 180 a c d b Co-interior angles

a=b c=d a c d b Alternate angles

MQ F M fi 11 07( )

a=b c=d c b

d Corresponding angles B a+b=d b

b a d

c a c d A C D BCD is an exterior angle

MQ FurMat fig 11 07(e)

a + b + c + d = 360
MQ FurMat fig 11.07(d)

Right angle at the circumference in a semicircle

350

Further Mathematics

WORKED Example 2
Find the values of the pronumerals in the polygon at right. THINK
1

b c a
dc m

WRITE 360 a = ---------6 = 60 a + b + c = 180 b=c So: 60 + 2b = 180 b = 60 c = 60 d cm = 6 cm

This shape is a regular hexagon. The angles at the centre are all equal. The other two angles in the triangle are equal.

6 cm

60

The 6 triangles are equilateral triangles, therefore all sides are equal.

WORKED Example 3
Find the missing pronumerals in the diagram of railings for a set of stairs shown at right.
c a b

THINK
1

WRITE
35 c a b 35 35

Recognise that the top and bottom of the stair rails are parallel lines.

To nd the unknown angle a, use the alternate angle law and the given angle. The unknown angle c is a right angle, using the given right angle and corresponding angle law.

Given angle 35. a = 35

c

c = 90
4

Use the straight angle rule to nd the unknown angle b.

a + b + c = 180 35 + b + 90 = 180 b = 180 125 b = 55

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

351

remember remember
Properties of angles, triangles and polygons 1. Draw careful diagrams. 2. Carefully interpret geometric notations, for example from the diagram below.
Equal sides

3. Carefully consider geometric rules, such as isosceles triangles have 2 equal sides and angles. (Refer to the gures in the preceding section on denitions of common terms and common notations and rules.)

8A
WORKED

Properties of angles, triangles and polygons

Example

1 Find the interior and exterior angles for each of the following regular polygons. a Equilateral triangle b Regular quadrilateral c Hexagon d e Heptagon f Nonagon g

WORKED

Example

2 Find the value of the pronumerals in the following gures. a

27 130 52 a y x c 63

d
15 c a b

e
b c 8 cm 50

f
m 32

352
WORKED

Further Mathematics

Example

3 Find the value of the pronumerals in the following gures. a

x y 35

30 0 z

c
t

62

d
70 a d b c

27 n

f
81 a 140

4 Name the regular polygon that has the given angle(s). a Interior angle of 108, exterior angle of 72 b Interior angle of 150, exterior angle of 30 c Interior angle of 135, exterior angle of 45 d Interior angle of 120 e Exterior angle of 120 5 Find the unknown pronumerals. a
r

b
110 x h y z 35

8 cm 29

a b 122 c

3.6 cm

d
4.2 cm a b 86

e
40 a

6 multiple choice The value of a is closest to: A 30 B 75 C 90 D 120 E 150 7 multiple choice An isosceles triangle has a known angle of 50. The largest possible angle for this triangle is: A 80 B 130 C 90 D 65 E 50
150 a

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

353

Area and perimeter

Much of our world is described by area (the amount of space enclosed by a closed gure) and perimeter (the distance around a closed gure). Some examples are the area a Corner block with expansive 17 23.55 m frontage of a house block, the fencing Lot 603 13.05 $51,000 of a block of land, the size of 645m2 a bedroom and the amount of paint required to cover an Lot 658 object. In this section we will 761m2 Corner block review the more common with wide shapes. 17 m frontage
36.56 37.92
32.18

Perimeter

14.07

$47,000

32.7

Perimeter is the distance around a closed gure. Some common rules are: 1. For squares, the perimter = 4l 2. For rectangles, the perimter = 2(l + w)
Square l l l Rectangle l w l
a c e of irle nc r

4.0 5

23.55

6 5.8

WORKED Example 4
300 mm

Circumfer e

3. Circumference (C) is the perimeter of a circle. C = 2 radius = 2r

Find the perimeter of the closed gure given at right (to the nearest mm).

600 mm

THINK
1

WRITE Perimeter = 300 + 2 600 + where

1 -2 1 -2

The shape is composed of a semicircle and three sides of a rectangle.

circumference

of circumference =

1 -2

2 r

2 3

Add together the three components of the perimeter. Write your answer.

= 150 = 471.24 Perimeter = 300 + 2 600 + 471.24 = 1971.24 Perimeter of the closed gure is 1971 mm.

354

Further Mathematics

Area of common shapes

The areas of shapes commonly encountered are: 1. Area of a square: A = length2 = l2
Square l l Rectangle w

2. Area of a rectangle:

A = length width = l w

3. Area of a parallelogram: A = base height = b h

l Parallelogram h b Trapezium a h b

4. Area of a trapezium:

A=

1 -2

(a + b) h

5. Area of a circle:

A = radius = r
2

Circle r O

6. Area of a triangle:

-A= 1 bh 2 (see the next chapter)

Triangle h

Area is measured in mm2, cm2, m2, km2 and hectares. 1 hectare = 100 m 100 m = 10 000 m2

WORKED Example 5

5.7 m 2.4 m

Find the area of the garden bed given in the diagram (to the nearest square metre). THINK WRITE 7.5 m a = 7.5 b = 5.7 h = 2.4 1 The shape of garden is a trapezium. Use the formula for area of a trapezium. Area of garden = Area of a trapezium Remember that the lengths of the two parallel -= 1 (a + b) h 2 sides are a and b and h is the perpendicular distance between the two parallel sides. -= 1 (7.5 + 5.7) 2.4 2 Substitute and evaluate. 2 =
3
1 -2

13.2 2.4

Write your answer.

= 15.84 m2 Area of the garden bed is approximately 16 square metres.

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

355

Composite areas
Often a closed gure can be identied as comprising two or more different common gures. Such gures are called composite gures. The area of a composite gure is the sum of the areas of the individual common gures. Area of composite gure = sum of the individual common gures Acomposite = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + . . .

WORKED Example 6
Find the area of the hotel foyer from the plans given below (to the nearest square metre).
25 m
20 m

8m

THINK
1

WRITE
25 m
8m

The shape is composite and needs to be separated into two or more common shapes: in this case, a rectangle, a triangle and half of a circle.

A1
20 m

16 m 16 m

A2

A3

Area of foyer = A1 + A2 + A3 Substitute and evaluate each of the shapes. The width of the rectangle and the base of the triangle is twice the radius of the circle; that is, 16 metres. A1 = area of triangle = =
1 -2 1 -2

bh 16 20

= 160 m2 A2 = Area of rectangle =lw = 25 16 = 400 m2 A3 = Area of half of a circle = =

1 -2 1 -2

r2 82

= 100.53 m2
2

Add together all three areas for the composite shape.

Area of foyer = A1 + A2 + A3 = 160 + 400 + 100.53 = 660.53 m2 Area of the hotel foyer is 661 m2.

Write your answer.

356

Further Mathematics

Conversion of units of area

Often the units of area need to be converted, for example from cm2 to m2 and vice versa. 1. To convert to smaller units, for example m2 to cm2, multiply (). 2. To convert to larger units, for example, mm2 to cm2, divide (). Some examples are: (a) 1 cm2 = 10 mm 10 mm = 100 mm2 Area 102 1002 10002 (b) 1 m2 = 100 cm 100 cm = 10 000 cm2 mm2 cm2 m2 km2 (c) 1 km2 = 1000 m 1000 m = 1 000 000 m2 2 (d) 1 hectare = 10 000 m 102 1002 10002

Convert 1.12 m2 to square centimetres (cm2). THINK

1

WORKED Example 7

WRITE 1.12 m2= 1.12 1 metre 1 metre

Conversion factor for metres to centimetres is multiply by 100. That is, 1 metre = 100 centimetres. Conversion factor for metres2 to centimetres2 is multiply by 1002 or 10 000. Write your answer.

= 1.12 100 cm 100 cm = 11 200 cm2 1.12 m2 is equal to 11 200 square centimetres (cm2).

Convert 156 000 metres2 to a kilometres2 THINK a

1

WORKED Example 8

b hectares. WRITE a 156 000 m2 = 156 000

1 ----------1000

Conversion factor for metres to kilometres is divide by 1000; 1 that is, 1 metre = ----------- kilometre. 1000 Conversion factor for metres2 to kilometres2 is divide by 10002 or 1 000 000. Write the answer in correct units. Conversion factor is 10 000 m2 = 1 hectare; that is, 1 1 m2 = --------------- hectare 10 000 Write the answer.

km

1 ----------1000

km

156 000 = ----------------------------1000 1000 = 0.156 km2 156 000 m2 = 0.156 square kilometres (km2) b 156 000 m2 = 156 000 =
2

1 --------------10 000

hectares

156 000 -----------------10 000

hectares

= 15.6 hectares 156 000 m = 15.6 hectares

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

357

remember remember
Area and perimeter 1. Perimeter is the distance around a closed gure. (a) For squares, the perimeter = 4l
Square l l l l Rectangle l w l
mf ircu ere

(b) For rectangles, the perimeter = 2(l + w)

w
o nce f a r

(c) Circumference (C) is the perimeter of a circle. C = 2 radius

circle

2. Area is measured in mm2, cm2, m2, km2 and hectares. 3. (a) 1 cm2 = 10 mm 10 mm = 100 mm2 (b) 1 m2 = 100 cm 100 cm = 10 000 cm2 (c) 1 km2 = 1000 m 1000 m = 1 000 000 m2 (d) 1 hectare = 10 000 m2 4. Area of shapes commonly encountered are: (a) area of a square: A = l2 (b) Area of a rectangle: A = l w (c) Area of a parallelogram: A = b h -(d) Area of a trapezium: A = 1 (a + b) h 2 (e) Area of a circle: A = r 2 -(f) Area of a triangle: A = 1 b h 2 5. Area of composite gure = sum of the individual common gures Acomposite = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + . . .

8B
WORKED

Area and perimeter

Example

cm

15.4 cm

1 Find the areas of the following gures (to the nearest whole units). a b c 12 m 23.7 cm
7m 4m
17 .8

5m

d
13.5 mm

e
4m 5m 7.5 m

f
120 m

210 m

11.5 m

90

SkillS

Math

cad

27.5 cm
70 m

Area and perimeter

HEET

8.1

358
WORKED

Further Mathematics

Example

2 Find the perimeters of the closed gures in question 1. 3 Find the areas of the following gures (to 1 decimal place). a b c 10 m
14 m 12 m 3.5 m 17 m 2m 20 m

4
WORKED

Example

25 m

12 m 16 cm 8 cm

d 48 mm
24 mm 125 mm

90 mm

e
10 12 cm
21 cm

f
11 m

22 m

m 13

cm

10 cm

7m 20 m

4 Find the perimeters of the closed gures in question 3.

HEET

8.2

WORKED

SkillS

Example

7, 8

5 Convert the following areas to the units given in brackets. b 320 000 cm2 (m2) c a 20 000 mm2 (cm2) 2 2 2 2 e 2 500 000 m (km ) f d 0.035 m (mm ) 2 2 2 2 g 2 750 000 000 mm (m ) h 0.000 06 km (m ) 6 A kite has the dimensions in the gure at right. Find the area of the kite (to the nearest cm2).

0.035 m2 (cm2) 357 000 m2 (hectares)

70 cm

34 m
30 mm 20 mm 5 mm 40 mm

1.2

0m

Find the area of the regular hexagon as shown in the diagram at left (to 2 decimal places, in m2).
2.08 m

8 A cutting blade for a craft knife has the dimensions shown in the diagram. What is the area of steel in the blade?

180 cm

44 m

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

359
0.8 m 0.8 m 0.8 m 0.8 m 2 cm 3 cm 20.5 m x

9 multiple choice The area in m2 of the stacked objects shown at right is closest to: A 1.44 B 1.68 C 1.92 D 3.84 E 11.52 10 multiple choice The perimeter of the gure shown in centimetres is: A 34 B 24 + 5 C 24 + 2.5 D 29 + 5 E 29 + 2.5 11 multiple choice The perimeter of the enclosed gure shown is 156.6 metres. The unknown length, x, is closest to: A 20.5 m B 35.2 m C 40.2 m D 80.4 m E Cannot be determined
35.2 m 7 cm

0.6 m 0.8 m 1.0 m 1.2 m

12 cm

12 A 3-ring dartboard has dimensions as shown below left. (Give all answers to 1 decimal place.)
40 cm 20 cm 6 cm 1 2 3 2 1
MQ FurMat fig 11.59

a What is the total area of the dartboard? b What is the area of the bullseye (inner circle)? c What is the area of the 2-point middle ring? d Express each area of the three rings as a percentage of the total area (to 2 decimal places).

SkillS

HEET

8.3

360

Further Mathematics

13 On a western movie set, a horse is tied to a railing outside a saloon bar. The railing is 2 metres long; the lead on the horse is also 2 metres long and tied at one of the ends of the railing. a Draw a diagram of this situation. b To how much area does the horse now have access (to 1 decimal place)? The lead is now tied to the centre of the railing. c Draw a diagram of this situation. d To how much area does the horse have access (to 1 decimal place)? 14 The rectangular rear window of a car has an area of 1.28 m2. a Find the height of the rear window if its length is 160 centimetres (to the nearest centimetre). A wiper blade is 50 cm long and the end just reaches the top of the window as it makes a semicircular sweep. The base of the wiper is situated at the bottom centre of the rear window. b Draw a diagram of the situation. c Find the area of the window that is swept by the wiper (to the nearest cm2). d Find the percentage of the windows area that is not swept by the wiper. The manufacturer decides to increase the wiper length by 10 cm. e Find the new area of the rear window that is swept. f Find the percentage of the windows area that is not swept by the wiper. 15 A signwriter charges his clients by the width and height of the sign to be painted. A client advises the signwriter to paint 12 words with 10 cm high characters and a 20 cm length for each word. a What is the area of each word? b What are all the different ways of arranging the words in a rectangular pattern? c If the charge is $2 per 10 cm in height and $1.50 per 10 cm in length, nd the minimum cost for the sign and its dimensions.

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

361

Total surface area

The total surface area (TSA) of a solid object is the sum of the areas of the surfaces. In some cases, we can use established formulas of very common everyday objects. In other situations we will need to derive a formula by using the net of an object.

Total surface area formulas of common objects

Cube l h w l h Cuboid Cylinder r

Cubes: TSA = 6l2

Cone Slant s height

Cuboids: TSA = 2(lw + lh + wh)

Sphere h

Cylinders: TSA = 2 r(r + h)

r

Cones: TSA = r(r + s) where s is the slant height

Spheres: TSA = 4 r 2

WORKED Example 9
Find the total surface area of a poster tube with a length of 1.13 metres and a radius of 5 cm. Give your answer to the nearest 100 cm2.
1.1 3m

THINK
1

WRITE Radius, r = 5 cm Height, h = 1.13 m = 113 cm TSA of a tube = 2 r(r + h) = 2 5(5 + 113) = 2 5 118 = 3707.08 The total surface area of a poster tube is approximately 3700 cm2.

A poster tube is a cylinder. Express all dimensions in centimetres. Remember 1 metre = 100 centimetres. Substitute and evaluate. Remember BODMAS.

Write your answer.

5 cm

362

Further Mathematics

WORKED Example 10
Find the total surface area of a size 7 basketball with a diameter of 25 cm. Give your answer to the nearest 10 cm2. THINK WRITE
1

Use the formula for the total surface area of a sphere. Use the diameter to nd the radius of the basketball and substitute into the formula. Write your answer.

Diameter = 25 cm Radius = 12.5 cm TSA of sphere = 4 r 2 = 4 12.52 = 1963.495 Total surface area of the ball is approximately 1960 cm2.

A die used in a board game has a total surface area of 1350 mm2. Find the linear dimensions of the die (to the nearest millimetre). THINK WRITE
1

WORKED Example 11
A die is a cube. We can substitute into the total surface area of a cube to determine the dimension of the cube. Divide both sides by 6. Take the square root of both sides to nd l. Write your answer.

TSA = 6 l2 TSA = 1350 mm2 1350 = 6 l2 l2 =

1350 ----------6

2 3

= 225 l = 225 = 15 mm The dimensions of the die are: 15 mm 15 mm 15 mm

Total surface area using a net

If the object is not a common object or a variation of one, such as an open cylinder, then it is easier to generate the formula from rst principles by constructing a net of the object. A net of an object is a plane gure that represents the surface of a 3-dimensional object.
Square pyramid Slant height Net

MQ FurMat fig 11.68 Net

MQ FurMat fig 11.69 Net

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

363

WORKED Example 12
Find the total surface area of the triangular prism shown in the diagram.
6 cm

20

cm
10 cm 8 cm

THINK
1

WRITE
cm A4 6 cm
20 cm

Form a net of the triangular prism, transferring all the dimensions to each of the sides of the surfaces.
20 cm

10 cm 20 cm

10

8 cm A1 10 cm A2 A3

8 cm 6 cm 10 A4 6 cm cm

Identify the different-sized common gures and set up a sum of the surface areas. The two triangles are the same.

TSA = A1 + A2 + A3 + 2 A4 A1 = l1 w1 = 20 10 = 200 cm2 A2 = l2 w2 = 20 8 = 160 cm2 A3 = l3 w3 = 20 6 = 120 cm2 A4 = =

1 -2 1 -2

b2 h 2 86

= 24 cm2
3

Sum the areas.

TSA = A1 + A2 + A3 + 2 A4 = 200 + 160 + 120 + 2 24 = 528 cm2 The total surface area of the triangular prism is 528 cm2.

Write your answer.

364

Further Mathematics

WORKED Example 13
Find the surface area of an open cylindrical can that is 12 cm high and 8 cm in diameter (to 1 decimal place).
12 cm 8 cm fi

THINK
1

WRITE
2 r A1 12 cm

Form a net of the open cylinder, transferring all the dimensions to each of the surfaces.

A2 4 cm
2

Identify the different-sized common gures and set up a sum of the surface areas. The length of the rectangle is the circumference of the circle.

TSA = A1 + A2 A1 = 2 r w = 2 4 12 = 301.59 cm2 A2 = r 2 = 42 = 50.27 cm2 TSA = A1 + A2 = 301.59 + 50.27 = 351.86 cm2 The total surface area of the open cylindrical can is 351.9 cm2.

Sum the areas.

Write your answer.

remember remember
Total surface area 1. Total surface area (TSA) is measured in mm2, cm2, m2 and km2. 2. The TSAs of some common objects are as follows: (a) Cubes: TSA = 6l2 (b) Cuboids: TSA = 2(lw + lh + wh) (c) Cylinders: TSA = 2 r(r + h) (d) Cones: TSA = r(r + s) where s is the slant height (e) Spheres: TSA = 4 r2 3. For all other shapes, form their nets and establish the total surface area formulas.

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

365

8C
WORKED

Total surface area

Math

Example

1 Find the total surface area for each of the solids a to f from the following information. Give answers to 1 decimal place. a A cube with side lengths of 110 cm b A cuboid with dimensions of 12 m 5 m 8 m (l w h) c A sphere with a radius of 0.8 metres d A closed cylinder with a radius of 1.2 cm and a height of 6 cm e A closed cone with a radius of 7 cm and a slant height of 11 cm f An opened cylinder with a diameter of 100 mm and height of 30 mm 2 Find the total surface area of the objects given in the diagrams. Give answers to 1 decimal place. a Length = 1.5 m b c
14 cm

cad

Total surface area

WORKED

Example

10

410 mm

Diameter = 43 cm

7 cm

4 cm

d
6 cm

e
90 cm

4 cm

28 cm 2 cm
WORKED

8 cm

Example

11

3 Find the unknown dimensions, given the total surface area of the objects. Give answers to 1 decimal place. a Length of a cube with a total surface area of 24 m2 b The radius of a sphere with a total surface area of 633.5 cm2 c Length of a cuboid with width of 12 mm, height of 6 cm and a total surface area of 468 cm2 d Diameter of a playing ball with a total surface area of 157 630 cm2 4 Find the total surface areas for the objects given in the diagrams. Give answers to 1 decimal place. a b
5 cm
6.06 cm

WORKED

Example

12

10 cm

m 15 c

4 cm

m 30 c
7 cm

366

Further Mathematics

Area = 22 cm2 8 cm

d
22 mm

30

mm
80 mm

40 mm

mm 105

13 cm

e
12 mm
15 m m
25 m m

5m

4m

4m

6m
7m

30

9 mm
WORKED

Example

13

5 Find the total surface area of each of the objects in the diagrams below. Give answers to 1 decimal place. a Rubbish bin b 13.5 cm
10 cm

250 mm

10.5 cm

15

cm

20 cm

250 mm

0.9 m 1.5 m

2 cm

1.2 m

4.5 cm

7 cm

6 A concrete swimming pool is a cuboid with the following dimensions: length of 6 metres, width of 4 metres and depth of 1.3 metres. What surface area of tiles is needed to line the inside of the pool? (Give answer in m2 and cm2 to 1 decimal place.)

3 cm

2.5 m

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

367

7 What is the total area of canvas needed for the tent (including the base) shown in the diagram at right? Give the answer to 2 decimal places.

1.0 m

2.5 m

1.5 m

4.5 m

6.5 m

8 multiple choice The total surface area of a 48 mm-diameter ball used in a game of pool is closest to: A 1810 mm2 B 2300 mm2 C 7240 mm2 D 28 950 mm2 E 115 800 mm2

9 multiple choice The total surface of a golf ball of radius 21 mm is closest to: A 550 mm2 B 55 cm2 C 55 000 mm2 D 0.055 m2 10 multiple choice The formula for the total surface area for the object shown is: A
1 -- abh 2 1 -2

E 5.5 cm2

B 2

bh + ab + 2 ah
h a b

-C 3( 1 bh + ab) 2

1 -2

bh + 3ab

E bh + 3ab

11 multiple choice The total surface area of a poster tube that is 115 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is closest to: A 3000 cm2 B 2900 cm2 C 1500 mm2 D 6200 m2 E 23 000 cm2 12 A baker is investigating the best shape for a loaf of bread. The shape with the smallest surface area stays freshest. The baker has come up with two shapes: a rectangular prism with a 12 cm-square base and a cylinder with a round end that has a 14 cm diameter. a Which shape stays fresher if they have the same overall length of 32 cm? b What is the difference between the total surface areas of the two loaves of bread?

Work

ET SHE

8.1

368

Further Mathematics

Volume of prisms, pyramids and spheres

The most common volumes considered in the real world are the volumes of prisms, pyramids, spheres and objects which are a combination of these. For example, country people who rely on tank water need to know the capacity (volume) of water that the tank is holding. Volume is the amount of space occupied by a 3-dimensional object. The units of volume are mm3 (cubic millimetres), cm3 (cubic centimetres or cc), and m3 (cubic metres). 1000 mm3 = 1 cm3 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3 Another measure of volume is the litre which is used primarily for quantities of liquids but also for capacity, like the capacity of a refrigerator, or the size of motor car engines. 1 litre = 1000 cm3 1000 litres = 1 m3

Conversion of units of volume

Often the units of volume need to be converted, for example from cm3 to m3 and vice versa.
Volume 103
mm
3

1003
cm3 m3

103

1003

Convert 1.12 cm3 to mm3. THINK

1

WORKED Example 14
WRITE 1.12 cm3 = 1.12 1 cm 1 cm 1 cm = 1.12 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm = 1.12 1000 mm3 = 1120 mm3 1.12 cm3 is equal to 1120 mm3. The conversion from centimetres to millimetres is 1 cm = 10 mm. The conversion factor for cm3 to mm3 is to multiply by 103 or 1000; that is, 1cm3 = 1000 mm3. Write the answer in correct units.

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

369

Convert 156 000 cm3 to: THINK a

1

WORKED Example 15
a m3 The conversion factor for centimetres to metres is divide by 100; that is, 1 1 cm = -------- m. 100

b litres. WRITE a 156 000 cm3 = 156 000 1 cm 1 cm 1 cm = 156 000

1 -------100

1 -------100

1 -------100

The conversion factor for cm3 to m3 is divide by 1003 or 1 000 000; that is, 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3. Write the answer in correct units. Conversion factor is 1000 cm3 = 1 litre; that is, 1 1 cm3 = ----------- litre. 1000 Write the answer.

156 000 = -------------------------------------- m3 100 100 100 = 0.156 m3 156 000 cm3 = 0.156 cubic metres (m3) b 156 000 cm3 = 156 000 =
3

1 ----------1000

litres

156 000 -----------------1000

litres

= 156 litres 156 000 cm = 156 litres

Volume of prisms
A prism is a 3-dimensional object that has a uniform cross-section.

Triangular prism

Cylinder

Square prism

A prism is named in accordance with its uniform crosssectional area. Note: Circular prisms are called cylinders.
Uniform cross-section

To nd the volume of a prism we need to determine the area of the uniform cross-section (or base) and multiply by the height. This is the same for all prisms.

Height

Volume of a prism, Vprism, can be generalised by the formula: Vprism = area of uniform cross-section height V=AH

370

Further Mathematics

Find the volume of the object (to the nearest cm3). THINK
1

WORKED Example 16

WRITE Vcylinder = A H where Acircle = r 2

15 cm

The object has a circle as a uniform cross-section. It is a cylinder. The area of the base is: area of a circle = r 2. Volume is cross-sectional area times height.

Write your answer.

Vcylinder = r 2 H = 152 20 = 4500 = 14 137.1669 cm3 The volume of the cylinder is 14 137 cm3.

Find (to the nearest mm3) the volume of the slice of bread with a uniform cross-sectional area of 250 mm2 and a thickness of 17 mm.

WORKED Example 17

Area 250 mm2 17 mm

THINK
1

WRITE V=AH where A = 250 mm 2 V = 250 mm2 17 mm = 4250 mm3 The volume of the slice of bread is 4250 mm3.

The slice of bread has a uniform crosssection. The area of the cross-section is not a common gure but its area has been given. Write your answer.

Given the volume of an object, we can use the volume formula to nd an unknown dimension of the object by transposing the formula.

20 cm

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

371

WORKED Example 18
Find the height of the triangular prism from the information provided in the diagram at right (to 1 decimal place).

Volume of prism = 6.6 m3

2m

THINK
1

WRITE V = 6.6 m3, H = 1.1 m, b = 2 m V=AH -where A = 1 b h 2 V=

1 -2

The volume of the object is given, along with the width of the triangular cross-section and the height of the prism. Substitute the values, transpose and evaluate.

bhH

Write your answer.

-6.6 = 1 2 h 1.1 2 = 1.1 h 6.6 h = -----1.1 The height of the triangle in the given prism is 6.0 metres.

Volume of pyramids
A pyramid is a 3-dimensional object that has a similar cross-section but the size reduces as it approaches the vertex.
Vertex

Triangular pyramid

Cone

The name of the pyramid is related to its similar cross-sectional area (or base). Note: Circular pyramids are commonly called cones. To nd the volume of the pyramids above, we take a similar approach to prisms but the volume of a pyramid is always one-third of a prism with the same initial base and same height, H. This is the same for all pyramids. Volume of a pyramid, Vpyramids, can be generalised by the formula: Vpyramids = V=
1 -3 1 -3

area of cross-section at the base height AH

H A

The height of a pyramid, H, is sometimes called the altitude.

1.1

372

Further Mathematics

Find the volume of the pyramid at right (to the nearest m3).

WORKED Example 19

Height of pyramid = 40 m

THINK
1

WRITE Vpyramid = A H where Asquare = l 2

1 -3 -Vpyramid = 1 l 2 H 3 -= 1 302 40 3

30 m

30 m

The pyramid has a square base. It is a square pyramid. The area of the base is: Area of a square = l 2.

Write your answer.

= 12 000 m3 The volume of the square pyramid is 12 000 m3.

Volume of spheres and composite objects

Volume of a sphere Spheres are unique but common objects that deserve special attention. The formula for the volume of spheres is:
-Vsphere = 4 r 3 3

where r is the radius of the sphere.

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

373

Volume of composite objects Often the object can be identied as comprising two or more different common prisms, pyramids or spheres. Such gures are called composite objects. The volume of a composite object is found by adding the volumes of the individual common gures or deducting volumes. The grain silo can be modelled as the sum of a cylinder and a large cone, less the tip of the large cone. Volume of composite object = sum of the individual common prisms, pyramids or spheres. Vcomposite = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . . (or Vcomposite = V1 V2)

WORKED Example 20
Find the volume of the object shown at right (to the nearest litre).

12 cm 20 cm

THINK
1

WRITE
H = 20 cm r = 6 cm
18

18 cm

cm

18 cm

The volume of the composite object is the sum of volumes of the cylinder plus the prism.

Vcomposite = volume of cylinder + volume of square prism = Acircle Hcircle + Asquare Hsquare = ( r 2 Hc) + (l2 Hs) = ( 62 20) + (182 25) = 2261.946 711 + 8100 = 10 361.946 711 cm3 10 362 cm2 = 10.362 litres The volume of the object is 10 litres.

2 3

Convert to litres using the conversion of 1000 cm2 = 1 litre. Write your answer.

25 cm

The object is a composite of a cylinder and a square prism.

25 cm

374

Further Mathematics

remember remember
Volume of prisms, pyramids and spheres 1. Volume is the amount of space occupied by a 3-dimensional object. 2. (a) The units of volume are mm3, cm3 (or cc), m3. (b) 1000 mm3 = 1 cm3 (c) 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3 (d) 1 litre = 1000 cm3 (e) 1000 litres = 1 m3 3. The volume of a prism is Vprism = area of uniform cross-section height V=AH -4. (a) The volume of a pyramid is Vpyramid = 1 area of cross-section at the 3 base height V=
1 -3

AH

(b) The height of a pyramid, H, is sometimes called the altitude. -5. The volume of a sphere is Vsphere = 4 r 3. 3 6. The volume of a composite object = sum of the individual common prisms, pyramids or spheres. Vcomposite = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . . (or Vcomposite = V1 V2 . . . )

8D
Mat

Volume of prisms, pyramids and spheres

b 4800 cm3 to m3 e 1.6 m3 to litres h 140 000 mm3 to litres c f i 56 000 cm3 to litres 0.0023 cm3 to mm3 250 000 mm3 to cm3

d hca

WORKED

Example

1 Convert the volumes to the units specied. a 0.35 cm3 to mm3 d 15 litres to cm3 g 0.000 57 m3 to cm3

Volume formulas

14, 15

SkillS

HEET

8.4
WORKED

Example

2 Find the volume of the following prisms to the nearest whole unit. a
mm
4000 mm 104.8 cm

16

b
51.2 cm

7 cm

75

4 cm 15 cm

d
2.1 m

e
30 mm

f
20 mm 14 mm
m 57 m

m 4.8
6.4 m

22 mm 34 mm

23

cm

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

375

WORKED

Example

17

3 Find the volume of the following prisms (to 2 decimal places). a b 2

0.5 m
2.9 m Area = 1000 cm2 Area = 4.2 m

Area = 120 mm2 14.5 mm

Area = 15 cm2

Area = 32 cm2
WORKED

8.5

cm

Example

4 Find the measurement of the unknown dimension (to 1 decimal place).

18

a Volume of cube
= 1.728 m3 x

b Volume of triangular prism =

1316.1 cm3 x
15 .0 c m

x 120 mm

Volume of prism = 10 1 litres 8

cm 21.4

Volume of cylinder = 150 796.4 mm3

3x
x

WORKED

Example

19

5 Find the volume of these pyramids (to the nearest whole unit). a b c VO = 17m V V
VO = 10 cm 35 cm

11 cm

8m O 12 cm 11 cm

12 m

d
4 cm O 4 cm VO = 8 cm V

e 12 mm

VO = 15 cm Altitude of square pyramid = 18 mm O 6 cm Base of pyramid 10 cm

6 cm

376
WORKED

Further Mathematics

Example

6 Find the volume of these objects (to the nearest whole unit). a
r= 8c m

20

4 cm 7 cm 8 cm

c
10 cm

3m 5m

20 cm

d
3m

f
1m

2m

10 cm 15 cm 10 cm

2.1 m 6m 2.5 m

6m 4m

g
19 m 42 m

h
100 mm

60 m 42 m
25 mm

7 a Find the volume of a cube with sides 4.5 cm long. b Find the volume of a room, 3.5 m by 3 m by 2.1 m high. c Find the radius of a baseball that has a volume of 125 cm3. d Find the volume of a square pyramid, 12 cm square and 10 cm high. e Find the height of a cylinder that is 20 cm in diameter with a volume of 2.5 litres (to the nearest unit). f Find the height of a triangular prism with a base area of 128 mm2 and volume of 1024 mm3.

g Find the depth of water in a swimming pool which has a capacity of 56 000 litres. The pool has rectangular dimensions of 8 metres by 5.25 metres. h Find the radius of an ice-cream cone with a height of 12 cm and a volume of 9.425 cm3. 8 The medicine cup below has the shape of a cone with a diameter of 4 cm and a height of 5 cm (not including the cups base). Find the volume to the nearest millilitre, where 1 cm3 = 1 mL.
4 cm 5 cm

4m

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

377

9 Tennis balls have a diameter of 6.5 cm and are packaged in a cylinder

that can hold four tennis balls. Assuming the balls just t inside a cylinder, nd: a the height of the cylindrical can b the volume of the can (to 1 decimal place) c the volume of the four tennis balls (to 1 decimal place) d the volume of the can occupied by air e the fraction of the cans volume occupied by the balls. 10 multiple choice The volume 200 000 mm3 is equivalent to: C 20 cm3 A 2 litres B 2 cm3 11 multiple choice The ratio of the volume of a sphere to that of a cylinder of similar dimensions, as shown in the diagram, is best expressed as: A B
4 -3 2 -3 4 -- r 3

D 200 cm3

E 2000 cm3

C ---h D E
3 -4 3 -2

12 multiple choice If the volume of the square pyramid shown is 6000 m3, then the perimeter of the base is closest to: V A 900 m VO = 20 m B 20 m C 30 m D 80 m O E 120 m 13 multiple choice A tin of fruit is 13 cm high and 10 cm in diameter. Its volume, to 1 decimal place, is: A 1021.0 cm3 B 510.5 cm3 C 1021.4 cm3 3 3 D 1020.1 cm E 4084.1 cm 14 A model aeroplane is controlled by a tethered string of 10 metres length. The operator stands in the middle of an oval. (Give all answers to the nearest whole unit.) a What is the maximum area of the oval occupied by the plane in ight? b If the plane can be manoeuvred in a hemispherical zone, nd: i the surface area of the airspace that the plane can occupy ii the volume of airspace that is needed by the operator for controlling the plane. c Repeat part b with a new control string length of 15 metres.

378

Further Mathematics

Maps and similar gures

Maps and scales
We often need to refer to maps for specifying locations or for establishing distances between two locations. Maps are a reduction of lengths in real life; that is, they have the same shape as the original but are much smaller in size. A measure of the amount of reduction is the map scale. There are two types of map scales. 1. A ratio scale where, for example, 1:100 means that 1 unit on the map represents 100 units in real life. In the map below one unit on the map represents 50 000 units.

SCALE 1:50 000

METRES 1000 0 1 2 3 KILOMETRES

2. A simple conversion scale where, for example, 1 cm = 100 m means 1 cm on the map represents 100 metres in real life. In the map below 1 cm on the map represents 1 km.

Kilometres 0

8 Kilometres

Converting from one type of map scale to another is shown in the following example.

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

379

WORKED Example 21
Convert the following map ratio scales: a 1:50 000 to a simple conversion scale with units of centimetres b 2:25 model scale to simple scale with units of millimetres c 1:250 000 to simple scale with units of centimetres. THINK WRITE a 1 Rewrite the map scale including the a 1:50 000 unit centimetres. 1 cm: 50 000 cm Convert 50 000 cm to a more 2 50 000 1 cm: --------------- m appropriate unit of length, for 100 example 100 cm = 1 m. 1 cm = 500 m b Rewrite the map scale including the unit b 2:25 millimetres. Divide by 2 to reduce to a 2 mm = 25 mm unit. 1 mm = 12.5 mm c 1:250 000 c 1 Rewrite the map scale including the 1 cm = 250 000 cm unit centimetres. 2 Convert 250 000 cm to a more 250 000 1 cm = ------------------ m appropriate unit of length. 100 Remember 100 cm = 1 m 2500 1 cm = ----------- km 1000 m = 1 km 1000 1 cm = 2.5 km To nd the distance represented on a map, use the simple conversion scale and proportion to the desired value as shown in the next two examples.

Converting map distances to real-life distances

WORKED Example 22
Find the distance in real life represented by: a 7 mm on a map with 1:100 000 scale b 11.5 cm on a map with a scale 1 cm = 50 km. THINK a
1

WRITE

2 3

a 1:100 000 1 mm:100 000 mm 1 mm:100 m A map distance of 7 mm corresponds 7 1 mm = 7 100 m to an actual distance of 7 times 100 m. 7 mm = 700 m Write your answer. 7 mm on the map represents 700 m in real life. Proportion the scale by multiplying b 1 cm = 50 km both sides by 11.5. 11.5 1 cm = 11.5 50 km 11.5 cm = 575 km Write your answer. On a map with a scale of 1 cm = 50 km, 11.5 cm represents 575 km. Convert map scale ratio to a conversion scale.

380

Further Mathematics

Converting real life distances to map distances

WORKED Example 23
On a map with a map ratio scale of 1:200 000, nd the distance that would represent a distance of: a 5 km b 500 m. THINK WRITE a
1

Convert ratio scale to a simple conversion scale using an appropriate unit of measure. Multiply by 2.5 to go from 2 km to 5 km and do it with both sides.

a 1:200 000 1 cm:200 000 cm 1 cm = 2000 m 1 cm = 2 km

2.5 1 cm = 2 km x cm = 5 km 2.5 cm = 5 km 2.5

Write your answer.

On a 1:200 000 map, 5 km is represented as 2.5 cm.

1 cm = 2000 m x cm = 500 m

b Use 1 cm = 2000 m and divide both sides by 4 to go from 2000 m to 500 m. 4

2 3

-Convert 1 or 0.25 cm to mm. 4 Write your answer.

0.25 cm = 500 m 2.5 mm = 500 m On a 1:200 000 map, 500 m is represented by 2.5 mm.

Similar gures
Two objects that have the same shape but different size are said to be similar. For two gures to be similar, they must have the following properties:
B' C' B 1 6 2 2 A 1 C' C 3 D

1. The ratios of the corresponding sides must be equal. 4 AB BC CD AD ----------- = ----------- = ----------- = ----------- = common ratio AB BC CD AD 2. The corresponding angles must be equal. A = A B = B C = C D = D
A' A' D'

B' 125

60

B
125

C
60

85

A D'

85

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

381

Scale factor, k
A measure of the relative size of the two similar gures is the scale factor. The scale factor is the common ratio of the corresponding sides and quanties the amount of enlargement or reduction one gure undergoes to transform into the other gure. The starting shape is commonly referred to as the original and the transformed shape as the image. 1. Scale factor, k, is the amount of enlargement or reduction and is expressed as integers, fraction or map scale ratios. For example, k = 2, k =
1 ----12

B'
B

or 1:10 000.
3

length of image AB BC CA 2. Scale factor, k = ------------------------------------------- = ----------- = ----------- = ----------length of original AB BC CA where for enlargements, k is greater than 1 and for reductions, k is between 0 and 1. 3. For k = 1, the gures are exactly the same shape and size and are referred to as congruent.

A 1 C

A'

C'

Enlargements and reductions are important in many aspects of photography, map making and modelling. Often, photographs are doubled in size (enlarged), while house plans are an example of a reduction to a scale, for example 1:25.

WORKED Example 24
45 cm

For the similar shapes shown at right: a nd the scale factor for the reduction of the shape b nd the unknown length in the small shape. THINK a
1

20

Original cm

Image cm 10 x

WRITE a

As it is a reduction, the larger shape is the original and the smaller shape is the image.

Continued over page

382
THINK
2

Further Mathematics

WRITE length of image Scale factor, k = ---------------------------------------length of original AB = ----------AB 10 cm = -------------20 cm -=1 2 b Scale factor, k =
1 -2

The two shapes have been stated as being similar, so set up the scale factor ratio, k.

Use the scale factor to determine the unknown length as all corresponding lengths are in the same ratio.

length of image k = ---------------------------------------length of original x 1 -- = -------------2 45 cm

-x = 1 45 cm 2 x = 22.5 cm -The scale factor of reduction is 1 and the 2 unknown length on the smaller shape is 22.5 cm.

Write your answers.

a Prove that the gures given below are similar. b Given that the scale factor is 2, nd the lengths of the two unknown sides s and t.
40 s
100m
20

WORKED Example 25

30
70

t
50 m

30

20

20

30

t
20

Image

Original

Sum of interior angles = 360 All corresponding angles are equal.

50 m

THINK a Firstly, orientate the gures to identify corresponding sides and angles easily. Calculate the missing angles and compare each pair of corresponding angles.

WRITE a
40 s
100m

270 30
m 70

30

40

30 m

40 270

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

383

THINK b
1

WRITE length of image b Scale factor, k = ---------------------------------------length of original s For s 2 = ----------30 m s = 2 30 m = 60 m 70 m For t 2 = ----------t 70 m t = ----------2 = 35 m

As the scale factor given is for enlargements, the original is the smaller gure. Set up the scale factor ratio for each of the two sides.

remember remember
Maps and scales Map scales can be stated as: 1. A ratio scale. For example, 1:100 means that 1 unit on the map represents 100 units in real life. 2. A simple conversion scale. For example, 1 cm = 100 m means 1 cm on the map represents 100 metres in real life. Similar gures B' For two gures to be similar, they must have the following properties: 4 1. The ratios of the corresponding sides must be equal. AB BC CD AD ----------- = ----------- = ----------- = ----------- = common ratio AB BC CD AD 2. The corresponding angles must be equal. A = A B = B C = C D = D
A' 2 2 C' B 1 6 2 A 1 C' B
125

C 3 D C
60

D'

B' 125

60

85

A'

A D'

85

Scale factor, k 1. Scale factor, k, is the amount of enlargement or reduction and is expressed as 1 integers, fractions or map scale ratios, for example k = 2, k = ----- or 1:10 000. 12 length of image AB BC CA 2. Scale factor, k = ---------------------------------------- = ----------- = ----------- = ----------length of original AB BC CA where for enlargements, k is greater than 1 and for reductions, k is between 0 and 1. 3. For k = 1, the gures are exactly the same shape and size and are referred to as congruent.
B' B 3 3 9 9

A1C A' 3 C'

384

Further Mathematics

8E
WORKED

Maps and similar gures

Example

21

1 Convert the following map ratio scales to simple conversion scales with cm as the unit of measure. a 1:500 000 d 2:40 000 b 1:1000 e 1:1 750 000 c f 1:125 000 1:500

Mat

d hca

WORKED

Example

2 State the real-life distance represented on a map for each of the following: a 22 cm on a 1 cm = 1.5 km map c 8 mm on a 1 mm = 100 m map b 8.5 cm on a 1 cm = 200 m map d 13 cm on a 1:750 000 map f 25 mm on a 1:200 000 map.

Scale factor

22

e 17 cm on a 1:20 000 map

WORKED

Example

3 State the distance on a map for each of the following: a 4 km on a 1:100 000 map c 100 km on a 1:200 000 map b 750 m on a 1:25 000 map d 25 m on a 1:500 map f 12 km on a 1:750 000 map.

23

e 300 m on a 1:150 000 map

WORKED

Example

4 For each of these pairs of similar shapes, nd: i the scale factor a
200 cm y cm

24

ii the value of x and y.

x cm 50 50 70 1m

25 metres

x cm

4m

20 cm

2c

c
m

d
8 cm

y mm

42 mm

8c

y cm 63 mm x cm 4 cm

x
7 mm

21 mm

y cm

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

385

WORKED

Example

25

5 Prove that the following pairs are similar gures and nd the value of a. a b
m 1 m 82
a 45 60 30
24 cm

15

mm 17
17

36 c
cm

m
mm

22

30
48 cm

41 cm

60

15 38 cm

45 37 cm

c
62 mm

d
24 33 32 a Height of person = 186 cm 40

7.5 12

40 mm

30 10 16

Photo

6 A photo has the dimensions 10 cm by 12 cm. The photo is enlarged by a factor of 2.5. Find the new dimensions of the photo. 7 Most scale model cars are in the ratio 1:12. Find: a the length of a real car if the model is 20 cm long (in metres to 1 decimal place) b the height of a real car if the model is 3 cm high (to the nearest centimetre) c the length of a model if the real car is 3 metres long. 8 The dimensions of a students room are 4300 mm by 3560 mm. An appropriate scale to draw a scale diagram on an A4 sheet is 1:20. Thomas N Badger Find the dimensions of the scale drawing of the Blazing room and state whether er Riv the drawing should be DAVIS LAND Temple landscape or portrait on e pl Tem the A4 sheet. Rom e Parry Danby 9 The map at right uses a line scale. a Convert the line scale to a simple conversion scale. b State the map scale ratio. c Find the straight-line distances between: i McLeod and Thomas ii McLeod and Clowes iii Sharpe and Thomas.
West Sea
0

Clowes
KILOMETRES 10 20 30

Riv er

Sharpe
40

McLeod
Gold mine Coal mine Copper mine Silver mine

386

Further Mathematics

10 Find the distance between the following pairs of locations in the map (to the nearest kilometre).

SCALE 1:1 000 000

N 2750 m Kantar

r ve Ri Martina Paxton

Stuckley Sea

Shelly Beach Reneton Foster Plains Baletta

BRAMBLETOWN
Snake Riv er

River

Bolivia

Sw
3014 m Jewel Ross Charleston

Goldern Sea

ing

1253 m

Newbury
Markham

a b c d e

From Brambletown to Ross in a straight line From Charleston to Markham in a straight line From Shelly Beach to Baletta in a straight line From Charleston to Ross in a straight line From Charleston to Ross via the roads.

(Hint: Use a length of string to measure the distance.) 11 Using the map from question 10, state which town(s) is/are within 15 kilometres of Brambletown. 12 multiple choice The perimeter of the real object shown in the scale diagram of 1:25 is: A 464 cm B 514 cm C 357 cm D 14.28 cm E 150 cm 13 multiple choice

4 cm

2 cm

A 1:27 scale model of a truck is made from clay. What is the length of the tray on the original truck, if it is 27 cm length on the model? A 1 cm B 100 cm C 270 cm D 540 cm E 729 cm 14 multiple choice A scale factor of 0.2 is: A a reduction with a scale of 1 cm = 2 cm B an enlargement with a scale of 1 cm = 0.2 cm C an enlargement with a scale of 1 cm = 5 cm D a reduction with a scale of 1 cm = 5 cm E a reduction with a scale of 1 cm = 20 cm

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

387

Similar triangles
Similar triangles can be used to nd the height of trees and buildings or widths of rivers and mountains. One extra rule can be used to identify similar triangles to those mentioned for similar shapes in the previous section. Two triangles are similar if one of the following conditions is identied: 1. All three corresponding angles are equal (AAA).

2. All three corresponding pairs 1 of sides are in the same ratio (linear scale factor) (SSS).

2 3 2 6 4 sf =
1 -2

2 -4

3 -6

= 0.5

3. Two corresponding pairs of sides are in the same ratio and the included angles are equal (SAS).
4

3 2 6 sf =
6 -3

4 -2

=2

As in the previous section, we use the known values of a pair of corresponding sides to determine the scale factor for the similar triangles. OA length of side of image Scale factor, k = --------- = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------length of corresponding side of original OA

WORKED Example 26
For the similar triangles in the diagram, nd a the scale factor b the value of the pronumeral, x. THINK a
1

B 4 100 30 6

B' C A ' 6 30 100 x C'

WRITE a
A B Original 4 100 30 50 C 6 A'

Identify that the two triangles are similar because they have equal angles (AAA). The third angle is not given but use the rule that all angles in a triangle sum to 180.

B' 6 30 100 x Image 50 C'

Continued over page

388
THINK
2

Further Mathematics

WRITE Scale factor, length of side of image k = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------length of corresponding side of original AB = ----------AB =
6 -4

Always select the triangle with the unknown length, x, as the image. Evaluate the scale factor by selecting a pair of corresponding sides from the two triangles with known lengths.

= 1.5 b
1

Use the scale factor to nd the unknown length, x. Transpose and evaluate.

b Scale factor, k = 1.5 AC 1.5 = ----------AC x 1.5 = -6 x = 1.5 6 x=9 The scale factor is 1.5 and the unknown length, x, is 9 units.

Write answer in the correct units and level of accuracy.

WORKED Example 27
For the given similar triangles, nd the value of the pronumeral, x.
4.0 3.5 B

C A

7 All measurements in m

THINK
1

WRITE
B
4. 0 m

Conrm that the two triangles are similar because they have equal angles (AAA). This conclusion is supported by the parallel lines shown and using corresponding law and common angle, A.

Original C

A
5 7.

7m
m

D Image E

A
2

(7 + x) m

For clear analysis separate the two triangles. Note that the lengths of the sides AE and AD are the sum of the given values.

AD = 4.0 + 3.5 = 7.5 m AE = (7 + x) m

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

389

THINK 3 Select as the image the triangle with the unknown length. Evaluate the scale factor by selecting a pair of corresponding sides from the two triangles with known lengths.

WRITE Scale factor, length of side of image k = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------length of corresponding side of original AD = ------AB 7.5 = -----4.0 k = 1.875 Scale factor, length of side of image k = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------length of corresponding side of original AE 1.875 = ------AC 7+x 1.875 = ----------7 1.875 7 = 7 + x 13.125 = 7 + x x = 13.125 7 x = 6.125 -The value of x is 6 1 metres. 8

Use the scale factor to nd the unknown length. Transpose and evaluate.

Write answer in the correct units and level of accuracy.

There are many practical applications of similar triangles in the real world. It is particularly useful for determining the lengths of inaccessible features such as the height of tall trees or the widths of rivers. This problem is overcome by setting up a triangle similar to the feature to be examined, as shown in the next example.

WORKED Example

28
S
Shadow (140 cm)

Find the height of the tree shown in the diagram at right. Give the answer to 1 decimal place.

's un

ray

Girl (168 cm)

THINK
1

WRITE
Original 168 cm 140 cm xm

14 metres

Conrm that the two triangles are similar because they have equal angles (AAA). This conclusion is supported by parallel lines, assuming the tree and the girl are perpendicular to the ground and using corresponding law and common angle, A.

Image 14 m Continued over page

390
THINK
2 3

Further Mathematics

WRITE

For clear analysis separate the two triangles. Select the triangle with the unknown length as the image. Evaluate the scale factor by selecting a pair of corresponding sides from the two triangles with known lengths. Note: All measurements should be in the same units, preferably in metres. Transpose and evaluate. Write answer in the correct units. height of tree (image) Scale factor, k = -----------------------------------------------------height of girl (original) 14 x k = ------ = --------1.4 1.68 x 10 = --------1.68 x = 10 1.68 = 16.8 m Height of the tree is 16.8 metres.

4 5

remember remember
Similar triangles length of side of image OA 1. Scale factor, k = --------- = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------length of corresponding side of original OA

2. Two triangles are similar if one of the following conditions is identied: (a) All three corresponding angles are equal (AAA).

(b) All three corresponding pairs of sides are in the 1 same ratio (linear scale factor) (SSS).
3 2

4 6

sf =

1 2

2 4

3 6

= 0.5

(c) Two corresponding pairs of sides are in the same ratio and the included angles are equal (SAS).
8

3 6 4

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

391

8F
WORKED

Similar triangles

Example

26a

1 State the rule (SSS or AAA or SAS) that proves the pair of triangles are similar and determine the scale factor (expressed as an enlargement k > 1). a b c mm
4.6

320

25

5.6

0 64

9.2

240 mm 25 m m 80 4

4.4

8.8

10 4.5

11

.2

d
1 0 7. 0.5

e
10.5

f
10.5 14 7 2
Cabri Geom

3 4

3.5

WORKED

Example

26b

2 For the given similar triangles, nd the value of the pronumeral, a. a b c 22.5 mm
62 15 mm 62 62
20

etry

62

1
m am

5m
12 m

am

45 cm

Similar triangles 59 cm

14.4 m 38

75 cm cm 25

56

mm

56

38

a 71 7

d
12 a 14 16 8

e
6

4 3.2 12 9 x a x 9.6

f
6

a 13 7.8 x x

67

WORKED

Example

27

3 For the given similar triangles, nd the value of the pronumeral, a. a b c

6 a 3 12 8 a 12 2
10 .5 7.5

4.5

392

Further Mathematics

d
15. 2

e
17 m
18 m

f
80 32 4m

17.2

am
68 m

m 10 m 80 2 mm 8m

43
WORKED

14

Example

28

4 Find the height of the agpole shown in the diagram at right (to the nearest centimetre).
Guy wire

0.9 m 1m

9m B (Not to scale All measurement are in metres) 2.5 m A 12.5 m 4.3 m

5 Find the length of the bridge, AB , needed to span the river, using similar triangles as shown (to the nearest decimetre).

6 The shadow of a tree is 4 metres and at the same time the shadow of a 1 metre stick is 25 cm. Assuming both the tree and stick are perpendicular to the horizontal ground, what is the height of the tree? 7 Find the width of the lake (to the nearest metre) using these surveyors notes at right. 8 multiple choice In the given diagram, the length of side b is closest to: A 24 B 22 C 16 D 15 E 9.6
12
Lake A 25 m 2m 1.2 m B

Questions 9 and 10 refer to the following information. A young tennis players serve is shown in the diagram. Assume the ball travels in a straight line. 9 multiple choice The height of the ball just as it is hit, x, is closest to: A 3.6 m B 2.7 m C 2.5 m D 1.8 m
Work

1.1 m 0.9 m 5m 10 m

E 1.6 m

ET SHE

8.2

10 multiple choice The height of the player, y, as shown is closest to: A 190 cm B 180 cm C 170 cm D 160 cm

E 150 cm

16

Not to scale

20

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

393

Area and volume scale factors

An unknown area or volume of a gure can be found without the need to use known formulas such as in exercises 8B and 8D. We have seen that two gures that are similar have all corresponding lengths in the same ratio or (linear) scale factor, k. The same can be shown for the area and volume of two similar gures.

Area of similar gures

If the lengths of similar gures are in the ratio a:b or k, then the areas of the similar shapes are in the ratio a2:b2 or k2. Following are investigations to support this relationship. Different length ratios (or scale factors) of a square length of blue square 2 cm ------------------------------------------------- = ----------- = 2 = k length of red square 1 cm area of blue square 4 cm 2 -------------------------------------------- = ------------- = 4 = 2 2 = k 2 area of red square 1 cm 2 length of green square 3 cm ---------------------------------------------------- = ----------- = 3 = k length of red square 1 cm area of green square 9 cm 2 ----------------------------------------------- = ------------- = 9 = 3 2 = k 2 area of red square 1 cm 2
3 cm Area = 9 cm2 1 cm Area = 1 cm2 1 cm

2 cm Area = 4 cm2 2 cm

Different length ratios (or scale factors) of a circle 2 cm radius length of blue circle ------------------------------------------------------------------ = ----------- = 2 = k radius length of red circle 1 cm
1 cm

3 cm

Area = r 2 = 1 cm2

area of blue circle 4 cm 2 ------------------------------------------ = ----------------- = 4 = 2 2 = k 2 area of red circle 1 cm 2

2 cm

Area = r 2 = 4 cm2

radius length of green circle 3 cm --------------------------------------------------------------------- = ----------- = 3 = k radius length of red circle 1 cm
3 cm

Area = r 2 = 9 cm2

area of green circle 9 cm 2 --------------------------------------------- = ----------------- = 9 = 3 2 = k 2 area of red circle 1 cm 2 From above, as long as two gures are similar then the area ratio or scale factor is the square of the linear scale factor, k. The same applies for the total surface area. area of image Area scale ratio or factor (asf) = ----------------------------------area of original = square of linear scale factor (lsf) = (lsf)2 = k2

394

Further Mathematics

The steps required to solve for length, area or volume (investigated later) using similarity are: 1. Clearly identify the known corresponding measurements (length, area or volume) of the similar shape. 2. Establish a scale factor (linear, area or volume) using known measurements. 3. Convert to an appropriate scale factor to determine the unknown measurement. 4. Use the scale factor and ratio to evaluate the unknown.

WORKED Example 29
For the 2 similar triangles shown, nd the area, x cm2, of the small triangle.
Area = x Area = 100 cm2 4.8 cm

THINK
1

WRITE

2.4 cm

length of small triangle (image) Determine a scale factor, in this Linear scale factor = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------length of large triangle (original) instance the linear scale factor, 2.4 cm from the two corresponding lengths k = --------------4.8 cm given. It is preferred that the -=1 unknown triangle is the image. 2 Determine the area scale factor. Area scale factor = k2 = =
1 2 - 2 1 -4

Use the area scale factor to nd the unknown area. Transpose the equation to get unknown by itself. Write your answer.

4 5

area of small triangle (image) Area scale factor = ------------------------------------------------------------------------area of large triangle (original) x cm 2 1 -- = ------------------4 100 cm 2 -x = 1 100 4 x = 25 The area of the small triangle is 25 cm2.

WORKED Example 30
For the two similar shapes shown, nd the unknown length, x cm. THINK
1

x 2 cm 10 cm 2 250 cm 2

WRITE area of image (large trapezium) Area scale factor = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------area of original (small trapezium) 250 cm 2 k2 = ------------------10 cm 2 = 25

Determine a scale factor, in this instance the area scale factor, as both areas are known. It is preferred that the triangle with the unknown is stated as the image.

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

395

THINK
2

WRITE Linear scale factor = k2 k = 25 k=5 length of image (large trapezium) Linear scale factor = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------length of original (small trapezium) x cm 5 = ----------2 cm x=52 x = 10 The length, x, is 10 cm.

Determine the linear scale factor.

Use the linear scale factor to nd the unknown length. Transpose the equation to get unknown by itself. Write your answer.

4 5

Volume of similar gures

If the lengths of similar gures are in the ratio a:b or k, then the volume of the similar shapes are in the ratio a3:b3 or k3. The following is an investigation of two different objects, cubes and rectangular prisms. Volume = 1 1 1 A cube length of large (blue) cube 2 cm -------------------------------------------------------------- = ----------- = 2 = k length of small (red) cube 1 cm
1 cm 1 cm 1 cm = 1 cm 3

volume of large cube 8 cm 2 --------------------------------------------------- = ------------- = 8 = 2 3 = k 3 volume of small cube 1 cm 2

Volume = 222 = 8 cm3

2 cm 2 cm 2 cm

A rectangular prism length of small prism 3 cm 1 -------------------------------------------------- = ----------- = -- = k length of large prism 6 cm 2 volume of small prism 3 1 1 ----------------------------------------------------- = ---------------- = -- = -- = k 3 2 volume of large prism 8 24 cm 3 From above, as long as two gures are similar then the volume ratio or scale factor is the cube of the linear scale factor, k. volume of image Volume scale factor (vsf) = ------------------------------------------volume of original = cube of linear scale factor (lsf) = (lsf)3 = k3 cm 3
3

Volume = 113 = 3 cm3 1 cm 1 cm Volume = 226 = 24 cm3 2 cm 2 cm 3 cm

6 cm

396

Further Mathematics

WORKED Example 31
For the two similar gures shown, nd the volume of the smaller cone.
Volume of large cone = 540 cm3 6 cm 9 cm

THINK
1

WRITE
Volume = 540 cm3

Separate the two gures to clarify the details of the similar gures.

6 cm

9 cm

Volume = x cm3

Determine a scale factor, in this instance the linear scale factor, from the two corresponding lengths given. It is preferred that the unknown triangle is the image. Determine the volume scale factor.

length of small triangle (image) Linear scale factor = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------length of large triangle (original) 6 cm k = ----------9 cm =
2 -3

Volume scale factor = k3 k= k=

2 3 - 3 8 ----27

Use the volume scale factor to nd the unknown length.

volume of small cone (image) Volume scale factor = -------------------------------------------------------------------------volume of large cone (original) x cm 3 8 ----- = ------------------27 540 cm 3
8 x = ----- 540 27 x = 160

Transpose the equation to get the unknown by itself. Write your answer.

The volume of the smaller cone is 160 cm3.

We can use the relationship between linear, area and volume scale factors to nd any unknown in any pair of similar gures as long as a scale factor can be established. 1. Given linear scale factor (lsf) = k For example: =2 2. Given =4 volume scale factor = k2 area scale factor = k2 = 22 = 4 = 23 = 8 k
2

area scale factor (asf) = k2 linear scale factor = k=

3 3

volume scale factor = k3 = 23 = 8 area scale factor = k2 = 22 = 4

For example:

4 =2 k
3

3. Given volume scale factor (vsf) = k3 linear scale factor = For example: =8 k=

8 =2

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

397

For two similar triangular prisms with volumes of 64 m3 and 8 m3, nd the total surface area of the larger triangular prism, if the smaller prism has a total surface area of 2.5 m2. THINK
1

WORKED Example 32

WRITE volume of larger prism (image) Volume scale factor = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------volume of smaller prism (original) 64 m 3 k3 = ------------8 m3 k3 = 8 Linear scale factor =
3

Determine a scale factor, in this instance the volume scale factor, from the two known volumes. It is preferred that the larger unknown triangular prism is stated as the image. Determine the area scale factor. For ease of calculation, change volume scale factor to linear and then to area scale factor. Use the area scale factor to nd the total surface area.

k3 = k

4 5

Transpose the equation to get unknown by itself. Write your answer.

k= 3 8 =2 Area scale factor = k2 = 22 =4 area of larger prism (image) Area scale factor = -------------------------------------------------------------------------area of smaller prism (original) x m2 4 = --------------2.5 m 2 x = 4 2.5 x = 10 The total surface area of the larger triangular prism is 10 m2.

remember remember
Area and volume scale factors The steps required to solve for length, area or volume using similarity are: 1. Clearly identify the known corresponding measurements (length, area or volume) of the similar shape. 2. Establish a scale factor (linear, area or volume) using known pairs of measurements. 3. Convert to an appropriate scale factor to determine the unknown measurement. 4. Use the scale factor and ratio to evaluate the unknown. Area scale factors area of image Area scale ratio or factor (asf) = ----------------------------------area of original = square of linear scale factor (lsf) = k2 Volume scale factor volume of image Volume scale ratio or factor (vsf) = ------------------------------------------volume of original = cube of linear scale factor (lsf) = k3

398

Further Mathematics

8G
Mat

Area and volume scale factors

Area scale factors k2 16 Volume scale factors k3 8

d hca

1 Complete the following table of values.

Area and volume scale factors

Linear scale factors k 2 3

125 100 64 0.027 36 0.1 100 0.16 400

WORKED

Example

29

2 Find the unknown area of the following pairs of similar gures. a b 12 cm2
cm 48
15 mm 22.5 mm 7m 2m x m2 122.5 m 2 x cm2 x mm2

d
21 mm 14 mm
Surface area = 100 mm2

Surface area = x mm2

WORKED

Example

30

3 a Find the unknown length of the following pairs of similar gures. i ii 25 cm

xm Area = 6.25 m2

1.7 m Area = 2
1.0 m

Area = 750 cm2 x

8c
Area = 3000 cm2

540 mm2

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

399

b Two similar trapezium-shaped strips of land have an area of 0.5 hectares and 2 hectares. The larger block has a distance of 50 metres between the parallel sides. Find the same length in the smaller block. c Two photographs have areas of 48 cm2 and 80 cm2. The smaller photo has a width of 6 cm. Find the width of the larger photo.
WORKED

Example

31

4 Find the unknown volume in the following pairs of similar objects. a b Volume of small pyramid
x cm3 7 cm = 40 cm3

2400 cm 3 14 cm 12 cm

2 cm

45 cm

Volume = 1200 cm3 Volume of large sphere = 8 litres

WORKED

30 cm

Example

32

5 a For the 2 similar triangular pyramids with volumes of 27 m3 and 3 m3, nd the total surface area of the larger triangular prism if the smaller prism has a total surface area of 1.5 m2. b For a baseball with diameter of 10 cm and a basketball with a diameter of 25 cm, nd the total surface area of the baseball if the basketball has a total surface area of 1963.5 cm2. c For a 14 inch car tyre and 20 inch truck tyre that are similar, nd the volume (to the nearest litre) of the truck tyre if the car tyre has a volume of 70 litres. d For 2 similar kitchen mixing bowls with total surface areas of 1500 cm2 and 3375 cm2, nd the capacity of the larger bowl if the smaller bowl has a capacity of 1.25 litres (to the nearest quarter of a litre).
6 a Find the volume of the b Find the volume of the larger

small cone.
Area = 45 cm2

triangular pyramid

Area = 5 cm2

TSA of small pyramid = 200 cm2 Volume of small pyramid = 1000 cm3 TSA of large pyramid = 288 cm2

Volume of large cone = 270 cm3

400

Further Mathematics

Find total surface area of the small prism

Area = 12 cm2 TSA = 78 cm2

d Find the diameter of the

small cylinder.
12 cm x cm

Area = 6 cm2 TSA = x cm2

Volume = 1280 cm3

Volume = 20 cm3

7 A plan of a holiday bungalow has a scale of 1 cm = 50 cm. a What is the area of the plan? b Express the drawing scale as a linear scale factor. c Using similarity, nd the actual area of the bungalow (in m2 to 2 decimal places). d What is the area scale factor (k2)?

10 cm 5 cm 12 cm

8 cm

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

401

8 What is the area ratio of: a two similar squares with side lengths of 3 cm and 12 cm? b two similar circles with diameters of 9 m and 12 m? c two similar regular pentagons with sides of 16 cm and 20 cm? d two similar right-angled triangles with bases of 7.2 mm and 4.8 mm? 9 Find the volume ratios from the similar shapes given in question 8. 10 Find the total surface area of the small cone as given in the diagram.
TSA of large cone = 840 cm2

11 A 1:12 scale model of a car is created from plaster and painted. a If the actual car has a volume of 3.5 m3, nd the amount of plaster needed for the model to the nearest litre. b The model needed 25 millilitres of paint. How much paint would be needed for the actual car (in litres to 1 decimal place)? 12 Find the ratios of the volume of 2 cubes whose sides are in the ratio of 3:4. 13 An island in the Pacic Ocean has an area of 500 km2. What is the area of its representation on a map drawn to scale of 1 cm = 5 km? 14 Two statutes of a famous person used 500 cm3 and 1.5 litres of clay. The smaller statue stood 15 cm tall. What is the height of the other statue (to the nearest centimetre)? 15 The ratio of the volume of two cubes is 27:8. What is the ratio of: a the lengths of their edges? b the total surface area? 16 The radius of one sphere is equal to the diameter of another sphere. Find the ratio of the small sphere to the large sphere: a for total surface area b for volume. 17 A cone is half-lled with ice-cream. What is the ratio of ice cream to empty space? 18 multiple choice A 1:27 scale model of a truck is made from clay. The ratio of volume of the model to the real truck is: A 1:3 B 3:1 C 1:9 D 1:729 E 1:19 683 19 multiple choice The ratio of the volume of the blue portion to the volume of the red portion is: A 1:3 B 1:8 C 1:9 D 1:26 E 1:27

h 3h

20 multiple choice A 1:100 scale model of a building is a cube with sides of 100 cm. The volume of the real building is: B 1 000 000 m3 C 100 000 m3 A 10 000 000 m3 3 3 D 10 000 m E 1000 m

402

Further Mathematics

summary
Properties of angles, triangles and polygons
Draw careful diagrams. Carefully interpret geometric notations, such as the diagram at right. Carefully consider geometric rules, such as isosceles triangles have 2 equal sides and angles.
Equal sides

Area and perimeter

Perimeter is the distance around a closed gure. Circumference is the perimeter of a circle. C = 2 radius = 2 r Area is measured in mm2, cm2, m2, km2 and hectares. 1 cm2 = 10 mm 10 mm = 100 mm2 1 m2 = 100 cm 100 cm = 10 000 cm2 1 km2 = 1000 m 1000 m = 1 000 000 m2 1 hectare = 10 000 m2 Area of shapes commonly encountered are: 1. Area of a square: A = l 2 2. Area of a rectangle: A = l w 3. Area of a parallelogram: A = b h -4. Area of trapezium: A = 1 (a + b) h 2

5. Area of a circle: A = r 2 -6. Area of a triangle: A = 1 b h 2 Area of composite gure = sum of the individual common gures Acomposite = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + . . .

Total surface area (TSA)

Total surface area (TSA) is measured in mm2, cm2, m2 and km2. The TSAs of some common objects are as follows: 1. Cubes: TSA = 6l2 2. Cuboids: TSA = 2(lw + lh + wh) 3. Cylinders: TSA = 2 r(r + h) 4. Cones: TSA = r(r + s) where s is the slant height 5. Spheres: TSA = 4 r 2 For all other objects, form their nets and establish the total surface area formulas.

Volume of prisms, pyramids and spheres

Volume is the amount of space occupied by a 3-dimensional object. The units of volume are mm3, cm3 (or cc) and m3. 1. 1000 mm3 = 1 cm3 2. 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3 3. 1 litre = 1000 cm3 4. 1000 litres = 1 m3

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

403

Volume of a prism, Vprism = area of uniform cross-section height V=AH Volume of a pyramid, Vpyramid = V=
1 -3 1 -3

area of cross-section at the base height

AH
4 -3

The height of a pyramid, H, is sometimes call the altitude. Volume of a sphere is Vsphere =

r3

Volume of a composite object = sum of the individual common prisms, pyramids or spheres. Vcomposite = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . . or Vcomposite = V1 V2 . . .

Maps and scales

Ratio scale, for example 1:100, means that 1 unit on the map represents 100 units in real life.

SCALE 1:50 000

METRES 1000 0 1 2 3 KILOMETRES

A simple conversion scale, for example 1 cm = 100 m, means 1 cm on the map represents 100 metres in real life.

Kilometres 0

8 Kilometres

404

Further Mathematics

Similar gures
B' Two objects that have the same shape but different size are said to be similar. 4 For 2 gures to be similar, they must have the following properties: (a) The ratios of the corresponding sides must be equal. A' 2

C' B 1 6 2 A 1 C' B
125

C 3 D C

D'

AB BC CD AD ----------- = ----------- = ----------- = ----------- = common ratio AB BC CD AD (b) The corresponding angles are equal. A = A B = B C = C D = D

B' 125

60 60

85

A'

A D'

85

Scale factor, k
length of image AB AB BC CA Scale factor, k = ---------------------------------------- = ----------- = ----------- = ----------- = ----------length of original AB AB BC CA where for enlargements, k is greater than 1 and for reductions, k is between 0 and 1. For k = 1, the gures are exactly the same shape and size and are referred to as congruent.
B' B 3 3 9 9

A1C A' 3 C'

Similar triangles
Two triangles are similar if one of the following conditions is identied: 1. All 3 corresponding angles are equal (AAA). 2. All 3 corresponding pairs of sides are in the same ratio (linear scale factor) (SSS). 3. Two corresponding pairs of sides are in the same ratio and the included angles are equal (SAS).

Area and volume scale factors

The steps required to solve for length, area or volume using similarity are: 1. Clearly identify the known corresponding measurements (length, area or volume) of the similar shapes. 2. Establish a scale factor (linear, area or volume) using known pairs of measurements. 3. Convert to an appropriate scale factor to determine the unknown measurement. 4. Use the scale factor and ratio to evaluate the unknown.

Area scale factor

area of image Area scale ratio or factor (asf) = ----------------------------------area of original = square of linear scale factor (lsf) = k2

Volume scale factor

volume of image Volume scale ratio or factor (vsf) = ------------------------------------------volume of original = cube of linear scale factor (lsf) = k3

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

405

CHAPTER review
Multiple choice
1 For the triangle shown in a semicircle, x is: A 32 B 58 C 68 D 90 E none of the above

8A
32 x

2 A triangle LABC has the following values given. AB = 10 cm, AC = 12 cm where AB and AC are perpendicular. The area of the triangle is A 120 cm2 B 30 cm2 C 240 cm2 D 121 cm2 E 60 cm2 3 The area of the kitchen bench shown in the plan is closest to: A 1250 + 19 600 cm2 B 1250 + 37 600 cm2 C 1250 + 29 600 cm2 D 2500 + 29 600 cm2 E 30 100 cm2
220 80 All measurements in cm 50 200

8B 8B

4 The total surface area of a closed cylinder with a radius of 40 cm and a height of 20 cm is given by: A 2 20 (40) B 2 40 (40) C 2 40 (100) D 2 40 (60) E 2 20 (60) 5 The net of an object is shown in the diagram. An appropriate name for the object is: A rectangular prism B rectangular pyramid C triangular prism D triangular pyramid E trapezium prism 6 The volume of a sphere with a diameter of 15 cm is closest to: A 560 cm3 B 900 cm3 C 4500 cm3 3 3 D 4500 cm E 36 000 cm 7 The volume of the composite object, given that VO = 10 cm is closest to: A 1000 cm3 B 1300 cm3 C 1500 cm3 D 2000 cm3 E 10 000 cm3

8C 8C

8D
V

8D
O

406
8E 8E

Further Mathematics

8 A map ratio scale of 1:150 000 expressed as a simple conversion scale is: A 1 cm = 15 m B 1 cm = 150 m C 1 cm = 1500 m D 1 mm = 1.5 km E 1 cm = 15 km 9 In the triangle shown, the value of c is: A 3 B 6 C 9 D 12 E 4 10 The circumference of the larger cone is closest to: A B C D E 113 mm 151 mm 226 mm 302 mm 459 mm
h cm 24 mm 189 mm 63 mm
3

2.6
c

7.8

8E

45 cm 12

8F

11 The diagonal distance on the television screen is used to specify the different sizes available. If the height on a 51 cm television is 45 cm, then a similar 34 cm television has a height, h, which is closest to: A 67 cm B 45 cm C 34 cm D 30 cm

34 cm

51 cm

E 26 cm
6 6-x

8F

12 The diagram at right shows the path of a pool ball into the middle pocket of a 12 by 6 billiard table. To achieve this, the expression for the value of x is: A B C D E 6 6x -- = ----------4 x 4 6x -- = ----------6 x 6 x6 -- = ----------4 x 12 6x ----- = ----------6 x 6 2+x -- = ----------4 x

6 x 4

Chapter 8 Geometry: similarity and mensuration

407
8F

13 Jennifer is standing 2 metres directly in front of her bedroom window which is 1 metre wide. The width (w) of her view of a mountain range 1 kilometre from her window is (to the nearest metre): A B C D E 1002 metres 1000 metres 499 metres 501 metres 500 metres

1m 2m

1000 m

14 The large cone is lled to one-third of its height with water as shown. The ratio of the volume of water to air is: A B C D E 1:27 1:26 27:1 1:9 1:3

8G

Short answer
1 For each of the gures, nd the value of the pronumeral. a b
a c b 40 c a b

8A

2 Find the outer perimeter and area of the ower.

r = 11 mm

8B
r = 22 mm

3 For the triangular prism: a Sketch an appropriate net for the given solid prism. b Transfer the units appropriately to the net from part a. c Calculate the total surface area of the object. 4
6m

8C
4m 5m 3m 6m

a What is the volume contained by the solid and framed sections (to 1 decimal place)? b What is the volume of the solid part only?

10 m

408
8D 8E

Further Mathematics

5 The dimensions of a rectangular prism tub are 30 cm by 20 cm by 15 cm. The tub is lled completely with water and then transferred into a cylinder tank that is 10 cm in radius and 40 cm tall. How high is the water level in the cylinder? 6 A plan of a region is to the scale 1:200 000. a If the distance on the map between 2 towns is 27 mm, nd the actual distances between the towns. b The distance between the re station and the local airport is 2.4 km. Find the distance represented on the plan. 7 Two ladders are placed against the wall at the same angle. The ladders are 2 metres and 3 metres long. If the taller ladder reaches 2.1 metres up the wall, how far up will the second ladder reach (to 1 decimal place)? 8 A yacht is an unknown distance from the shore. A family on the beach make the measurements as shown in the diagram at right. How far is it to the yacht (to the nearest metre)?
10 m 1 m

8F 8F

8G

9 A plan is drawn to scale of 1:50 000. Find: a the length in centimetres on the plan that represents 1 km b the area in hectares of a region represented by 4 cm2 on the plan c the area on the plan of a region of 25 hectares.

6m

Analysis
A rectangular block of modelling clay has dimensions of 30 cm by 20 cm by 10 cm. 1 a What is the volume of the block of clay? b Express in litres your answer from question 1 a. c What is the total surface area of the clay? 2 The entire block of clay is remoulded to a shape of a cylinder with a height of 30 cm. a Find the diameter of the cylindrical block of clay (to 2 decimal places). b Find the new total surface area of the clay when moulded as a cylinder (to nearest cm2). c What fraction of the volume needs to be removed to turn the cylindrical block into a cone with the same diameter and height? 3 Clay is moulded to the shape at right to represent a 1:100 scale model of a grain silo. a Find the volume of clay needed to make a scale model grain silo (to 1 decimal place). b Find the actual volume of the grain silo. Express your answer to the nearest cubic metre. c What is the ratio of the volume of model to the volume of the actual grain silo? d If the scale model has a total surface area of 143.14 cm2, nd the total surface area of the actual silo.
4.5 cm

6 cm

6 cm

5 cm

CHAPTER

test yourself

4 It is decided that another silo, half the size of the silo in question 3, is to be built. What fraction will this smaller silo be in volume compared to the larger silo?