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+
(11.5)
4- Check footing thickness for punching shear.
Since large soil pressures are present under footings, high shear stresses are produced and
since shear reinforcement is not normally used, shear rather than moment commonly
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 7
determines the minimum required depth of footing. The depth of the footing must be set so
that the shear capacity of the concrete equals or exceeds the critical shear forces produced
by factored loads.
As discussed in Chapter 4, the critical section for punching shear is located at distance 2 / d
from column faces and usually takes the shape of the column. Footing thickness is adequate
for resisting punching shear once
C u
V V
The critical punching shear force can be evaluated using one of the two following methods:
( ) ( ) ( )( ) [ ] d C d C B L net q V
u u
+ +
2 1
(11.6.a)
( ) ( )( )( ) d C d C net q P 6 . 1 P 2 . 1 V
2 1 u L D u
+ + + (11.6.b)
where
2 1
C and C are column cross sectional dimensions, shown in Figure 1.5.
Figure 11.5.a: Critical sections for punching and beam shears
(square footings)
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 8
Figure 11.5.b: Critical sections for punching and beam shears
(rectangular footings)
Punching shear force resisted by concrete
c
V is given as the smallest of:
d b
2
1 ' f 53 . 0 V
c c o
,
_
+ (11.7)
d b ' f V
c c o
(11.8)
d b ' f 2
b
d
27 . 0 V
c
s
c o
o
,
_
+ (11.9)
When = 2, equations (11.7) and (11.8) give the same value, if 2 > Eq. (11.7) gives
smaller value than that evaluated using Eq. (11.8).
Since there are two layers of reinforcement, an average value of d may be used. The
average effective depth is given as
b c avg
d cm h d 5 . 7 , where
b
d is bar diameter.
Increase footing thickness if additional shear strength is required.
5- Check footing thickness for beam shear in each direction.
If
C u
V V , thickness will be adequate for resisting beam shear without using shear
reinforcement. The critical section for beam shear is located at distance d from column
faces.
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 9
a- In the short direction:
The factored shear force is given by
( )
1
]
1
,
_
d
C L
B net q V
u u
2
2
(11.10)
The factored shearing force resisted by concrete is given as
d B f V
c c
53 . 0 (11.11)
b- In the long direction:
The factored shear force is given by
( )
1
]
1
,
_
d
C B
L net q V
u u
2
1
(11.12)
The factored shearing force resisted by concrete is given as
d L f V
c c
53 . 0 (11.13)
Increase footing thickness if necessary until the condition
C u
V V is satisfied.
6- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction.
The critical section for bending is located at face of column, or wall, for footings supporting
a concrete column or wall, as specified by ACI Code 15.4.2. Figure 11.6 shows critical
sections for flexure for footings supporting concrete columns, masonry walls, and columns
with steel base plates.
a- Reinforcement in the long direction:
( )
2
2
2 2
,
_
C L B
net q M
u u
(11.14)
b- Reinforcement in the short direction:
( )
2
1
2 2
,
_
C B L
net q M
u u
(11.15)
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 10
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 11.6: Critical section for moment (a) concrete column or wall;
(b) masonry wall; (c) column with steel base plate
The reinforcement ratio is calculated based on rectangular section design, where the
minimum reinforcement ratio
min
is not to be less than 0.0018.
(a)
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 11
(b)
Figure 11.6: Flexural reinforcement; (a) square footing; (b)
rectangular footing
According to ACI Code 15.4.3, for square footings, the reinforcement is identical in both
directions as shown in Figure 11.6.a, neglecting the slight difference in effective depth
values in the two directions. For rectangular footings, ACI Code 15.4.4 specifies that the
reinforcement in the long direction is uniformly distributed while portion of the total
reinforcement in the short direction,
s s
A is to be distributed uniformly over a band width,
centered on centerline of column, equal to the length of the short side of footing. Remainder
of reinforcement required in short direction, ( )
s s
A 1 is to be distributed uniformly
outside center band width of footing as shown in Figure 11.6.b.
where
s
A is the total reinforcement required in the short direction, equals the ratio of the
long side to the short side of the footing and
s
is given as
1
2
s
(11.16)
7- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete.
All forces applied at the base of a column or wall must be transferred to the footing by
bearing on concrete and/or by reinforcement. Tensile forces must be resisted entirely by the
reinforcement. Bearing on concrete for column and footing must not exceed the concrete
bearing strength.
The joint could fail by crushing of the concrete at the bottom of the column where the
column bars are no longer effective or by crushing the concrete in the footing under the
column.
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 12
For a supported column, the bearing capacity
n
P is
( )
1
85 . 0 A f P
c n
(11.17)
where
c
f = compressive strength of the column concrete
1
A = column cross-sectional area
= strength reduction factor for bearing = 0.65
For a supporting footing,
( ) ( )
1
1
2
1
85 . 0 0 . 2 85 . 0 A f
A
A
A f P
c c n
(1.18)
where
c
f = compressive strength of the footing concrete
2
A = area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid, cone, or tapered wedge
contained wholly within the footing and having for its upper base the loaded area, and
having side slopes of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal.
When bearing strength is exceeded, reinforcement in the form of dowel bars must be
provided to transfer the excess load. A minimum area of reinforcement must be provided
across the interface of column or wall and footing, even where concrete bearing strength is
not exceeded.
For columns, minimum dowel reinforcement is given by ACI Code 15.8.2.1 as
g s
A A 005 . 0
min ,
(11.19)
where
g
A = column gross cross-sectional area
Required dowel reinforcement is given by
( )
y
n u
req s
f
P P
A
,
(11.20)
8- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement.
Both flexural and dowel reinforcement lengths are checked for anchorage to prevent bond
failure of the dowels in the footing and to prevent failure of the lap splices between the
dowels and the column bars, as shown in Figure 11.7.
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 13
Figure 11.7: Anchorage of reinforcement
9- Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and provided
reinforcement.
Example (11.1):
Design an isolated square footing to support an interior column 40 cm 40 cm in cross
section and carries a dead load of 80 tons and a live load of 60 tons.
Use
2
/ 250 cm kg f
c
,
2
/ 4200 cm kg f
y
, ( )
2
/ 0 . 2 cm kg gross q
all
,
3
/ 7 . 1 m t
soil
, and
m D
f
25 . 1 .
Figure 11.8.a: Footing dimensions
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 14
Solution:
1- Select a trial footing depth:
Assume that the footing is 50 cm thick.
2- Establish the required base area of the footing:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
475 17 5 2 5 0 7 1 75 0 20 t/m . . . . . net q
all
( )
2
011 . 8
475 . 17
60 80
m
net q
P
A
all
req
+
For a square footing, m B 83 . 2 011 . 8
Use 285 cm 285 cm 50 cm footing, as shown in Figure 11.8.a.
3- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure:
( ) ( ) tons 192 60 60 . 1 80 20 . 1 P
u
+
( )
( )
2
2 2
u
u
t/m 64 . 23
85 . 2
192
B
P
net q
4- Check footing thickness for punching shear:
Average effective depth d = 50 7.5 1.6 = 40.9 cm
The factored shear force
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) [ ] tons 54 . 176 809 . 0 809 . 0 85 . 2 85 . 2 64 . 23 V
u
( ) cm b 6 . 323 9 . 40 40 4 +
o
c
V is the smallest of:
d b
2
1 ' f 53 . 0 V
c c o
,
_
+
= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) tons 55 . 249 1000 / 9 . 40 6 . 323 1
1
2
1 250 75 . 0 53 . 0
,
_
+
d b ' f V
c c o
( ) ( ) tons 95 . 156 9 . 40 6 . 323 250 75 . 0
d b ' f 2
b
d
27 . 0 V
c
s
c o
o
,
_
+
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 15
( )
( )
( ) ( ) tons 299 1000 / 9 . 40 6 . 323 250 2
6 . 323
9 . 40 40
75 . 0 27 . 0
,
_
+
tons 54 . 176 tons 95 . 156 V
c
<
Increase footing thickness to 55 cm, and repeat punching shear check.
Average effective depth d = 55 7.5 1.6 = 45.9 cm
The factored shear force
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) [ ] tons 57 . 174 859 . 0 859 . 0 85 . 2 85 . 2 64 . 23 V
u
( ) cm 6 . 343 9 . 45 40 4 b +
o
d b ' f V
c c o
( ) ( ) tons 02 . 187 9 . 45 6 . 343 250 75 . 0
tons 57 . 174 tons 02 . 187 V
c
>
i.e. footing thickness is adequate for resisting punching shear.
5- Check footing thickness for beam shear in each direction:
Figure 11.8.b: Critical sections for beam shear and moment
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 16
( ) ( )( ) tons 22 . 82 1000 / 9 . 45 285 250 53 . 0 75 . 0 V
c
Maximum factored shear force
u
V is located at distance d from faces of column, as shown
in Figure 11.8.b, or:
( )( )( ) tons 22 . 82 tons 61 . 51 766 . 0 85 . 2 64 . 23 V
u
<
6- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction:
The critical section for moment is located at column faces, as shown in Figure 11.8.b, or:
( )( )
( )
m . t 55 . 50
2
225 . 1
85 . 2 64 . 23 M
2
u
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( ) ( )
00228 . 0
250 9 . 45 285 9 . 0
55 . 50 10 353 . 2
1 1
4200
250 85 . 0
2
5
1
1
]
1
( )( )
2
s
cm 82 . 29 9 . 45 285 00228 . 0 A , use mm 16 15 in both directions.
Figure 11.8.c: Critical section for bearing
7- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete:
For column,
( )( )( )( ) tons 192 tons 221 1000 / 40 40 250 85 . 0 65 . 0 P
n
>
i.e. use minimum dowel reinforcement, ( )( )
2
0 . 8 40 40 005 . 0 cm A
s
Use mm 16 4 for dowel reinforcing bars.
For footing,
( )( )( )( )
( )
( )
tons 442 tons 5 . 1436 1000 /
40
260
40 40 250 85 . 0 65 . 0 P
2
2
n
>
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 17
i.e. tons 192 tons 442 P
n
>
8- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement:
Bottom reinforcement ( mm 16 ):
1
e t
and 8 . 0
s
c
b
is the smaller of:
, 3 . 8 8 . 0 5 . 7 cm + or
( )
cm 58 . 9
2 14
6 . 1 15 285
, i.e., c
b
= 8.3 cm
5 . 2 1875 . 5
6 . 1
0 3 . 8
d
K c
b
tr b
>
+
+
, taken as 2.5
( )
( )
cm 86 . 38
250 5 . 2 5 . 3
8 . 0 4200
6 . 1
' f
d
K c
5 . 3
f
d l
c
b
tr b
s e t y
b d
,
_
,
_
,
_
Available length = 122.5 7.5 = 115.0 cm > 38.86 cm
a- Dowel reinforcement ( mm 16 ):
b y b
c
y
d f 0044 . 0 d
' f
f 075 . 0
( )( )
cm 88 . 31
250
4200 6 . 1 075 . 0
l
d
, or
( )( ) cm cm l
d
20 57 . 29 4200 6 . 1 0044 . 0 >
Available length = 55 7.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 = 42.7 cm > 31.88 cm
b- Column reinforcement splices:
( )( ) cm 06 . 49 4200 6 . 1 0073 . 0 l
sp
, taken as 50 cm.
9- Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and provided
reinforcement:
Design drawings are shown in Figure 11.8.d.
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 18
Figure 11.8.d: Design drawings
Example (11.2):
Design an isolated rectangular footing to support an interior column 40 cm 40 cm in cross
section and carries a dead load of 80 tons and a live load of 60 tons. Use
2
250 kg/cm f
c
,
2
4200kg/cm f
y
, ( )
2
0 2 kg/cm . gross q
all
,
3
7 1 t/m .
soil
, and m . D
f
25 1 .
Space limitations are such that one lateral dimension cannot exceed 2.5m.
Solution:
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 19
Figure 11.9.a: Critical section for punching shear
1- Select a trial footing depth:
Assume that the footing is 55 cm thick.
2- Establish the required base area of the footing:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
435 17 5 2 55 0 7 1 7 0 20 t/m . . . . . net q
all
( )
2
03 . 8
435 . 17
60 80
m
net q
P
A
all
req
+
Let B = 2.5 m, m L 21 . 3
5 . 2
03 . 8
Use 325 cm 250 cm 55 cm footing.
3- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure:
( ) ( ) tons 192 60 60 . 1 80 20 . 1 P
u
+
( )
2 u
u
t/m 63 . 23
5 . 2 25 . 3
192
B L
P
net q
4- Check footing thickness for punching shear:
The critical section for punching shear is shown in Figure 11.9.a.
Average effective depth d = 55 7.5 1.6 = 45.9 cm
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 20
The factored shear force
( ) ( )( ) ( ) [ ] tons 56 . 174 859 . 0 859 . 0 5 . 2 25 . 3 63 . 23 V
u
( ) cm b 6 . 343 9 . 45 40 4 +
o
c
V is the smallest of:
d b
2
1 ' f 53 . 0 V
c c o
,
_
+
= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) tons 37 . 297 1000 / 9 . 45 6 . 343 1
1
2
1 250 75 . 0 53 . 0
,
_
+
d b ' f V
c c o
( ) ( ) tons 02 . 187 9 . 45 6 . 343 250 75 . 0
d b ' f 2
b
d
27 . 0 V
c
s
c o
o
,
_
+
( )
( )
( ) ( ) tons 82 . 370 1000 / 9 . 45 6 . 343 250 2
6 . 343
9 . 45 40
75 . 0 27 . 0
,
_
+
tons 56 . 174 tons 02 . 187 V
c
>
i.e. footing thickness is adequate for resisting punching shear.
5- Check footing thickness for beam shear in each direction:
a- In the short direction:
( ) ( )( ) tons 12 . 72 1000 / 9 . 45 250 250 53 . 0 75 . 0 V
c
Maximum factored shear force
u
V is located at distance d from faces of column,
( )( )( ) tons 12 . 72 tons 07 . 57 966 . 0 5 . 2 63 . 23 V
u
<
b- In the long direction:
( ) ( )( ) tons 76 . 93 1000 / 9 . 45 325 250 53 . 0 75 . 0 V
c
Maximum factored shear force
u
V is located at distance d from faces of column,
( )( )( ) tons 76 . 93 tons 39 . 45 591 . 0 25 . 3 63 . 23 V
u
<
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 21
Figure 11.9.b: Critical section for
beam shear (short direction)
Figure 11.9.b: Critical section for
beam shear (long direction)
6- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction:
a- Reinforcement in long direction:
The critical section for bending is shown in Figure 11.9.d.
Figure 11.9.d: Critical section for bending (long direction)
( )( )
( )
m . t 98 . 59
2
425 . 1
5 . 2 63 . 23 M
2
u
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( ) ( )
00311 . 0
250 9 . 45 250 9 . 0
98 . 59 10 353 . 2
1 1
4200
250 85 . 0
2
5
1
1
]
1
( )( )
2
s
cm 69 . 35 9 . 45 250 00311 . 0 A , use mm 18 15 in the long direction.
b- Reinforcement in short direction:
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 22
Figure 11.9.e: Critical section for bending (short direction)
The critical section for bending is shown in Figure 11.9.e.
( )( )
( )
m . t 33 . 42
2
05 . 1
25 . 3 63 . 23 M
2
u
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( ) ( )
00166 . 0
250 9 . 45 325 9 . 0
33 . 42 10 353 . 2
1 1
4200
250 85 . 0
2
5
1
1
]
1
( )( )
2
min , s
cm 17 . 32 55 325 0018 . 0 A
Central band reinforcement = ( )
2
s s
cm 97 . 27 17 . 32
250 / 325 1
2
A
,
_
+
Use mm 16 14 in the central band.
For each of the side bands,
2
10 . 2
2
97 . 27 17 . 32
cm A
s
,
_
Use mm 16 2 in each of the two side bands.
7- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete:
For column,
( )( )( )( ) tons 192 tons 221 1000 / 40 40 250 85 . 0 65 . 0 P
n
>
i.e. use minimum dowel reinforcement, ( )( )
2
0 . 8 40 40 005 . 0 cm A
s
.
Use mm 16 4 for dowel reinforcing bars.
For footing,
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 23
( )( )( )( )
( )
( )
tons 476 tons 5 . 1436 1000 /
40
260
40 40 250 85 . 0 65 . 0 P
2
2
n
>
i.e. tons 192 tons 476 P
n
>
8- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement:
a- Reinforcement in long direction ( mm 18 ):
1
e t
and 8 . 0
s
c
b
is the smaller of:
, 4 . 8 9 . 0 5 . 7 cm + or
( )
cm 27 . 10
2 15
8 . 1 15 325
, i.e., c
b
= 8.40 cm
5 . 2 67 . 4
8 . 1
0 40 . 8
d
K c
b
tr b
>
+
+
, take it equal to 2.5
( )
( )
cm 72 . 43
250 5 . 2 5 . 3
8 . 0 4200
8 . 1
' f
d
K c
5 . 3
f
d l
c
b
tr b
s e t y
b d
,
_
,
_
,
_
Available length = 142.5 7.5 = 135.0 cm > 43.72 cm
b- Reinforcement in short direction ( mm 16 ):
1
e t
and 8 . 0
s
c
b
is the smaller of:
, cm 3 . 8 8 . 0 5 . 7 + or
( )
cm 34 . 8
2 14
6 . 1 15 250
, i.e., c
b
= 8.3 cm
5 . 2 19 . 5
6 . 1
0 30 . 8
d
K c
b
tr b
>
+
+
, take it equal to 2.5
( )
( )
cm 86 . 38
250 5 . 2 5 . 3
8 . 0 4200
6 . 1
' f
d
K c
5 . 3
f
d l
c
b
tr b
s e t y
b d
,
_
,
_
,
_
Available length = 105.0 7.5 = 97.5 cm > 38.86 cm
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 24
c- Column reinforcement splices:
( )( ) cm 06 . 49 4200 6 . 1 0073 . 0 l
sp
, taken as 50 cm.
9- Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and provided
reinforcement:
Design drawings are shown in Figure 11.9.f.
Figure 11.9.f: Design drawings
11.7 Problems
P11.1 Design a circular footing to support a column 40 cm in diameter, and carries a service
dead load of 60 tons, and a service live load of 20 tons.
Use
2
/ 300 cm kg f
c
,
2
/ 4200 cm kg f
y
, ( )
2
/ 7 . 1 cm kg gross q
all
,
3
/ 7 . 1 m t
soil
, and
m D
f
5 . 1 .
P11.2 Design an isolated footing to support a column 25 cm 60 cm in cross section. The
column carries a service dead load of 60 tons, and a service live load of 30 tons, in addition
to a service dead load moment of 8 t.m, and a service live load moment of 4 t.m.
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 25
Use
2
/ 300 cm kg f
c
,
2
/ 4200 cm kg f
y
, and ( )
2
/ 7 . 1 cm kg net q
all
.