Telecom Transmission & Switching System

Engr.Asaf khan

Email:asaf.khan@nu.edu.pk

COURSE OBJECTIVE
To familiarize with different types of switching

systems

To have a understanding of various types signaling systems To have a knowledge of traffic engineering and concepts

To have a concept about Various Transmission Systems

READINGS
Class Notes/Discussions

Books
Telecommunications Switching, Traffic & Networks J.E. Flood Data Communication and Networking, 4th Edition Behrouz A. Forouzan Data and computer Communication , 7th Edition William Stalling
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Signaling in Telecommunication Network John G.van Bose

COURSE OUTLINE
Introduction (Chapter1 J.E Flood) Evolution of Switching systems (Chapter 8 B.A Foruzan) Signaling in PSTN (John G.van Bose) ISDN (William Stalling) Next Generation Network SIGTRAN ATM and Signaling in ATM

Optical Fiber network-SDH (Siemens CBTs+Notes)

DWDM networks (Misc) GPON (Misc) & Miscellaneous Topics
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GRADING POLICY
Assignments 5%

Quizzes
First Sessional Second Sessional

15%
15% 15%

Final Exam

50%

Grading Policy is tentative

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RULES & REGULATIONS

You are expected to take active part during lectures You are strongly discouraged to enter the lecture room after the class has already begun You are strongly advised to attend lectures

Overview
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Introduction to telecommunication Early Telephone network Switching Transmission Media Signaling Standards

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INTRODUCTION TO TELECOM
A telecommunications network can be considered as a system of the following interacting subsystems Switching Systems Transmission Systems

Signaling Systems

EARLY TELEPHONE NETWORK

Stringing a wire between every pairs of telephones that might want to communicate was not good Long Term Policy

A better idea was to connect all the telephones to a central switching office. There an operator could connect one telephone to another via a switch board

SWITCHING OFFICE
In this telephone system, each telephone user could connect to any other telephone in the town by a cranking handle This would ring a bell in the switching office to attract the attention of the operator The operator talked to the telephone user to enquire to whom they wished to be connected to. She then manually connected the caller to the calle using a jumper cable on a plug board to physically connect the telephone wires

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SWITCHING EXCHANGE

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EVOLUTION OF TRUNK EXCHANGES

It was soon apparent that the callers did not just want to talk to the people in the same town but also to the peoples in the neighboring town To connect every telephone in a number of towns to a single switching office was impractical .The wires were too long and the operator would have been overloaded

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TRUNKS
The answer was to have switching offices

Using this two-tier hierarchy It was possible to connect a caller to the switching office that could connect them in turn to the switching office in the destination town
Automatic switching offices enables switching in a fraction of a second

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PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK

Soon Customer wanted to talk to different regions , states and other countries. To cope with this, even more tiers were added to the hierarchy.

To make a call we now dial a number. This number is examined by the local exchange, which decides if it can connect with local telephone exchange or if it needs to connect you via a higher level of hierarchy

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PSTN EXCHANGES HIERARCHY

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LOCAL EXCHANGE
Provides POTs, PRIs, BRIs Serves the subscribers Features for subscribers

Either subscribers on both the ends or subscribers on one end and switch on other end
Gets the clock from Tandem

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TANDEM EXCHANGE
Provide POTS, PRIs, BRIs A center point for local exchanges More PRIs links

Subscribers Features
Gets the clock from transit Can be connected to : Local Tandem Transit
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TRANSIT EXCHANGE
No provision of POTs Connection to Transit on one end and Tandem on other end Lots of PRI links

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TANDEM-TRANSIT EXCHANGE
Serves same as local tandem No provision of POTS

Connected both ends to Transit

Gets the clock from international gateway

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INTERNATIONAL GATEWAY EXCHANGE

No provision of POTS Connected to Transit on one end and International

Gateway on other end

Source of Clock

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CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHES
Class 1 exchanges are international gateways - handing off and receiving traffic from outside country or national networks. Class 2 exchanges are tandem exchanges which interconnected whole regions of the national network. Class 3 exchanges are tandem exchanges connecting major population centers within particular region of the national network. Class 4 exchanges are tandem exchanges connecting the various areas of a city or towns in a region.

Class 5 exchanges are the exchanges to which end-users telephone lines would connect.

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TRANSMISSION MEDIA
In traditional analogue telephone systems the telephone is connected to the local exchange via Cat 3 UTP cables This connection is called local loop. It is typically between 1Km and 10 Km in length.
Higher up in the hierarchy, higher bandwidth cables are used to carry multiple telephone calls. Specifically digital lines on fiber is used Analogue systems used a technique called Frequency Division multiplexing (FDM) is used to do so

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SIGNALING
In telephony context ,signaling means the passing of info and instructions from one point to another relevant to setting up and supervision of a telephone call By Tradition signaling has been divided into two types Subscriber Signaling Trunk signaling

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SIGNALING
The trunk Signaling has further been divided into Channel Associated signaling Common Channel Signaling Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) i.e. Signaling in the speech channel (in-band ) Common Channel Signaling (CCS) i.e signaling in a channel that is totally separated from the speech channels and where the signaling channel is common for a large number of speech channels

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TERMINOLOGIES

British System
Local/Access Network Exchange Local Exchange Junction Trunk Trunk Exchange Trunk network

North American System

Customers loop Central office end office Inter-office trunk Junctor Toll office Trunk network

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STANDARDS
ITU-T ( former Consultative committee of telephone and telegraph) : It studies technical questions, operating methods, tariffs and data communications. ITU-R ( former Consultative committee of international radio communication) : p2p communications, mobile services and broadcasting

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OSI REFERENCE MODEL

Physical layer : defines interface of connections, voltage level and data rate (connectors, signal form, modulation) Link layer : error detection and correction (point to point communication) Network layer : establish connection b/w nodes (End to end connectivity) Transport layer : establish connection b/w hops (End to end reliable transfer and flow control) Session layer : setting up and maintaining a session (begin, end, suspend sessions, integrate connections) Presentation layer : concerned with the format of the data (Represent information, compression, encryption) Application layer : defines nature of the task to be performed. For example e-mail, word processing. (service to the end users
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SUMMARY

Local loop connects subscriber to the local exchange Trunk connects different exchanges

In PSTN Local loop is analogue and trunk is digital employing digital multiplexing techniques e.g. TDM and WDM
SS7 is a common channel signaling protocol
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RECOMMENDED READING
Chapter 1 : Introduction Telecommunications Switching, Traffic and networks by J.E Flood

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