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Piping and instrumentation diagram of pump with storage tank. Symbols according to EN ISO 10628 and EN 62424.
A piping and instrumentation diagram/drawing (P&ID) is a diagram in the process industry which shows the piping of the process flow together with the installed equipment and instrumentation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Contents and Function 2 List of P&ID items 3 Identification and Reference Designation 4 Symbols of chemical apparatus and equipments 5 See also 6 External links
[edit]Contents
and Function
An example of a P&ID.
A piping and instrumentation diagram/drawing (P&ID) is defined by the Institute of Instrumentation and Control as follows: 1. A diagram which shows the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process. In the process industry, a standard set of symbols is used to prepare drawings of processes. The instrument symbols used in these drawings are generally based on International Society of Automation (ISA) Standard S5. 1. 2. The primary schematic drawing used for laying out a process control installation. P&IDs play a significant role in the maintenance and modification of the process that it describes. It is critical to demonstrate the physical sequence of equipment and systems, as well as how these systems connect. During the design stage, the diagram also provides the basis for the development of system control schemes, allowing for further safety and operational investigations, such as the hazard and operability study (HAZOP). For processing facilities, it is a pictorial representation of Key piping and instrument details Control and shutdown schemes Safety and regulatory requirements Basic start up and operational information
[edit]List
of P&ID items
Instrumentation and designations Mechanical equipment with names and numbers All valves and their identifications Process piping, sizes and identification Miscellanea - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers, increasers and swagers Permanent start-up and flush lines Flow directions Interconnections references Control inputs and outputs, interlocks Interfaces for class changes
Computer control system input Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others
[edit]Identification
The P&ID is used for the identification of measurements within the process. Identification letters for measurements are based on Standard ANSI/ISA S5.1 and ISO 14617-6: First-Letter Measurement
Analysis
Burner, Combustion
Voltage
Flow
User's Choice
Hand
Current
Power
Level
User's Choice
User's Choice
Pressure
Quantity
Radiation
Speed, Frequency
Temperature
Weight, Force
Position, Dimension
For reference designation of any equipment in industrial systems the standard IEC 61346 (Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products Structuring principles and reference
designations) can be applied. For the function Measurement the reference designator B is used, followed by the above listed letter for the measured variable. For reference designation of any equipment in a power station the KKS Power Plant Classification System can be applied. [edit]Symbols
Below are listed some symbols of chemical apparatus and equipment normally used in a P&ID, according to DIN 30600 and ISO 14617. Symbols of chemical apparatus and equipment
Pipe
Jacketed pipe
Pump
Bag
Gas bottle
Fan
Axial fan
Radial fan
Dryer
Packed column
Tray column
Furnace
Cooling tower
Heat exchanger
Heat exchanger
Cooler
(Air) filter
Funnel
Steam trap
Viewing glass
Flexible pipe
Valve
Control valve
Manual valve
Needle valve
Butterfly valve
Diaphragm valve
Ball valve
[edit]See
also
Commons:Category:Chemical engineering symbols - A list of P&ID symbols in SVG format Process flow diagram
[edit]External
links
A hazard and operability study (HAZOP) is a structured and systematic examination of a planned or existing process or operation in order to identify and evaluate problems that may represent risks to personnel or equipment, or prevent efficient operation. The HAZOP technique was initially developed to analyze chemical process systems, but has later been extended to other types of systems and also to complex operations and to software systems. A HAZOP is a qualitative technique based on guide-words and is carried out by a multidisciplinary team (HAZOP team) during a set of meetings.
Contents
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1 Method
o o
[edit]Method [edit]Outline
The method applies to processes (existing or planned) for which design information is available. This commonly includes a process flow diagram, which is examined in small sections, such as individual items of equipment or pipes between them. For each of these a design Intention is specified. For example, in a chemical plant, a pipe may have the intention to transport 2.3 kg/s of 96% sulfuric acid at 20C and a pressure of 2 bar from a pump to a heat exchanger. The intention of the heat exchanger may be to heat 2.3 kg/s of 96% sulfuric acid from 20C to 80 C. The HAZOP team then determines what are the possible
significant Deviations from each intention, feasible Causes and likely Consequences. It can then be decided whether existing, designed safeguards are sufficient, or whether additional actions are necessary to reduce risk to an acceptable level. When HAZOP meetings were recorded by hand they were generally scheduled for three to four hours per day. For a medium-sized chemical plant where the total number of items to be considered is 1200 (items of equipment and pipes or other transfers between them) about 40 such meetings would be needed. [1] Various software programs are now available to assist in meetings.
[edit]Parameters
The key feature is to select appropriate parameters which apply to the design intention. These are general words such as Flow, Temperature, Pressure, Composition. In the above example, it can be seen that variations in these parameters could constitute Deviations from the design Intention. In order to identify Deviations, the Study Leader applies (systematically, in order) a set of Guide Words to each parameter for each section of the process. The current standard[2] Guide Words are as follows:
Guide Word
Meaning
NO OR NOT
MORE
Quantitative increase
LESS
Quantitative decrease
AS WELL AS
Qualitative modification/increase
PART OF
Qualitative modification/decrease
REVERSE
OTHER THAN
Complete substitution
EARLY
LATE
BEFORE
AFTER
(Note that the last four guide words are applied to batch or sequential operations.) These are therefore combined e.g. NO FLOW, MORE TEMPERATURE, and if the combination is meaningful, it is a potential deviation. In this case LESS COMPOSITION would suggest less than 96% sulfuric acid, whereas OTHER THAN COMPOSITION would suggest something else such as oil. The following table gives an overview of commonly used guide word - parameter pairs and common interpretations of them.
More
Less
None
Reverse
As well as
Flow
high flow
low flow
no flow
reverse flow
deviating concentration
Pressure
high pressure
low pressure
vacuum
delta-p
Temperature
high temperature
low temperature
Level
high level
low level
no level
different level
Time
backwards
missing actions
Agitation
fast mixing
slow mixing
no mixing
Reaction
slow reaction
no reaction
Start-up / Shut-down
too fast
too slow
actions missed
Draining / Venting
too long
too short
none
deviating pressure
Inertising
high pressure
low pressure
none
failure
DCS failure
failure
Maintenance
none
Vibrations
too low
too high
none
Once the causes and effects of any potential hazards have been established, the system being studied can then be modified to improve its safety. The modified design must then be subject to another HAZOP, to ensure that no new problems have been added.
[edit]Team
HAZOP is normally carried out by a team of people, with roles as follows [2] (with alternative names from other sources):
Name
Alternative
Study leader
Chairman
Recorder
Secretary or scribe
Designer
User
Specialist
(or specialists)
Maintainer
(if appropriate)
In earlier publications it was suggested that the Study Leader could also be the Recorder [3] but separate roles are now generally recommended. A minimum team size of 5 is recommended.[4] In a large process there will be many HAZOP meetings and the team may change as specialists are brought in for different areas, and possibly different members of the design team, but the Study Leader and Recorder will usually be fixed. As many as 20 individuals may be involved[3] but is recommended that no more than 8 are involved at any one time.[4] Software is now available from several suppliers to aid the Study Leader and the Recorder.
[edit]History
The technique originated in the Heavy Organic Chemicals Division of ICI, which was then a major British and international chemical company. The history has been described by Trevor Kletz[3][5]who was the company's safety advisor from 1968 to 1982, from which the following is abstracted. In 1963 a team of 3 people met for 3 days a week for 4 months to study the design of a new phenol plant. They started with a technique called critical examination which asked for alternatives, but changed this to look for deviations. The method was further refined within the company, under the name operability studies, and became the third stage of its hazard analysis procedure (the first two being done at the conceptual and specification stages) when the first detailed design was produced. In 1974 a one-week safety course including this procedure was offered by the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) at Teesside Polytechnic. Coming shortly after the Flixborough disaster, the course was fully booked, as were ones in the next few years. In the same year the first paper in the open literature was also published.[6] In 1977 the Chemical Industries Associationpublished a guide.[7] Up to this time the term HAZOP had not been used in formal publications. The first to do this was Kletz in 1983, with what were
essentially the course notes (revised and updated) from the IChemE courses. [3] By this time, hazard and operability studies had become an expected part of chemical engineering degree courses in the UK.[3]
[edit]References
1. ^ Swann, C. D., & Preston, M. L., (1995) Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol 8, no 6, pp349-353 "Twenty-five years of HAZOPs" 2. ^
a b
British Standard BS: IEC61882:2002 Hazard and operability studies (HAZOP studies)- Application
Guide British Standards Institution. This British Standard reproduces verbatim IEC 61882:2001 and implements it as the UK national standard. 3. ^
a b c d e
Kletz, T. A., (1983) HAZOP & HAZAN Notes on the Identification and Assessment of
Nolan, D.P. (1994) Application of HAZOP and What-If Safety Reviews to the Petroleum, Petrochemical
and Chemical Industries. William Andrew Publishing/Noyes. ISBN 978-0-8155-1353-7 5. ^ Kletz, T., (2000) By Accident - a life preventing them in industry PVF Publications ISBN 0-9538440-0-5 6. ^ Lawley, H. G.,(1974) Chemical Engineering Progress, vol 70, no 4 page 45 "Operability studies and hazard analysis" AIChE 7. ^ Chemical Industries Association (1977) A Guide to Hazard and Operability Studies
A process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagram commonly used in chemical and process engineering to indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment. The PFD displays the relationship between major equipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping details and designations. Another commonly-used term for a PFD is a flowsheet.
Contents
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o o
2.1 Single process unit 2.2 Multiple process units within an industrial plant
6 External links
[edit]Typical
Some typical elements from process flow diagrams, as provided by the open source program,Dia. Click for image legend.
Typically, process flow diagrams of a single unit process will include the following:
Process piping Major equipment items Control valves and other major valves Connections with other systems Major bypass and recirculation streams Operational data (temperature, pressure, mass flow rate, density, etc.), often by stream references to a mass balance.
Pipe classes or piping line numbers Process control instrumentation (sensors and final elements)
Minor bypass lines Isolation and shutoff valves Maintenance vents and drains Relief and safety valves Flanges
Process flow diagrams of multiple process units within a large industrial plant will usually contain less detail and may be called block flow diagrams or schematic flow diagrams.
[edit]Process [edit]Single
process unit
The process flow diagram below depicts a single chemical engineering unit process known as an amine treating plant:
[edit]Multiple
The process flow diagram below is an example of a schematic or block flow diagram and depicts the various unit processes within a typical oil refinery:
[edit]Other
items of interest
A PFD can be computer generated from process simulators (see List of Chemical Process Simulators), CAD packages, or flow chart software using a library of chemical engineering symbols. Rules and symbols are
available from standardization organizations such as DIN, ISO or ANSI. Often PFDs are produced on large sheets of paper. PFDs of many commercial processes can be found in the literature, specifically in encyclopedias of chemical technology, although some might be outdated. To find recent ones, patent databases such as those available from the United States Patent and Trademark Office can be useful.
[edit]Standards
SELASA, 03 MEI 2011
Seperti yang bisa dilihat di gambar diatas panjang potongan pipa tidak terlihat di dalam gambar. Yang diberikan biasanya jarak center ke center dari fitting ke fitting di kedua sisi potongan pipa tersebut. Jadi kalkulasi harus dilakukan untuk menentukan seberapa panjang kita harus memotong pipa supaya spool pipa yang dihasilkan akan sesuai dengan dimensi yang diberikan oleh isometric drawing. Dalam melakukan hitungan ini, selain piping isometric drawing, kita menggunakan WPS dan yard standard sebagai acuan lainnya. Mungkin saya akan bahas di kesempatan berikutnya.
Process engineering
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)
Process engineering (also called process systems engineering) focuses on the design, operation, control, and optimization of chemical, physical, and biological processes through the aid of systematic computer-based methods. Process engineering encompasses a vast range of industries, such as chemical, petrochemical, mineral processing, advanced material, food, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological industries.
Contents
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[edit]Significant
accomplishments
Process design: synthesis of energy recovery networks, synthesis of distillation systems (azeotropic), synthesis of reactor networks, hierarchical decomposition flowsheets, superstructureoptimization, design multiproduct batch plants. Design of the production reactors for the production of plutonium, design of nuclear submarines.
Process control: model predictive control, controllability measures, robust control, nonlinear control, statistical process control, process monitoring, thermodynamics-based control
Process operations: scheduling process networks, multiperiod planning and optimization, data reconciliation, real-time optimization, flexibility measures, fault diagnosis
Supporting tools: sequential modular simulation, equation based process simulation, AI/expert systems, large-scale nonlinear programming (NLP), optimization of differential algebraic equations (DAEs), mixedinteger nonlinear programming (MINLP), global optimization
[edit]History
Process systems engineering (PSE) is a relatively young area in chemical engineering. The first time that this term was used was in a Special Volume of the AIChE Symposium Series in 1961. However, it was not until 1982 when the first international symposium on this topic took place in Kyoto, Japan, that the term PSE started to become widely accepted. The first textbook in the area was Strategy of Process Engineering by Dale F. Rudd and Charles C. Watson, Wiley, 1968. The Computing and Systems Technology (CAST) Division, Area 10 of AIChE, was founded in 1977 and currently has about 1200 members. CAST has four sections: Process Design, Process Control, Process Operations, and Applied Mathematics. The first journal devoted to PSE was "Computers and Chemical Engineering," which appeared in 1977. The Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design (FOCAPD) conference in 1980 in Henniker was one of the first meetings in a series on that topic in the PSE area. It is now accompanied by the successful series on Control (CPC), Operations (FOCAPO), and the world-wide series entitled Process Systems Engineering. The CACHE Corporation (Computer Aids for Chemical Engineering), which organizes these conferences, was initially launched by academics in 1970, motivated by the introduction of process simulation in the chemical engineering curriculum. There are currently about 80 academics in the PSE area in the US, and a listing of these faculty can be found in http://cepac.cheme.cmu.edu/pse1.html. A very large fraction of the faculty in the PSE area can be traced back to Professor Roger W.H. Sargent from Imperial College, one of the pioneers in the area. PSE is an active area of research in many other countries, particularly in the United Kingdom, several other European countries, Japan, Korea, and China. Since 1992 Europe hosts the annual ESCAPE meeting (European Symposium of Computer Aided Process Engineering). Each produces proceedingse.g., see Comput. Chem. Engng., Vol. 21 Supplement (1997) for the Proceedings of the joint PSE 97/ESCAPE 7 meeting held in 1997.