e. xaraiSvili i. gagniZe m.

CavleiSvili
i. nacvliSvili m. nacvalaZe









mi kroekonomi ka
saxelmZRvanelo












gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi 2008



2
saxelmZRvanelo agebulia evropisa da amerikis wamyvan universitetebSi adaptirebuli
mikroekonomikis kursis (Intermediate Microeconomics) silabusebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis
safuZvelze.
saswavlo programa recenzirebulia aSS-is nebraskas universitetis mier; recenzenti qreg r.
Mmakfi, doqtori (PH.D), ekonomikis profesori, biznesis administrirebis fakulteti (nebraskas
universiteti, linkolni, aSS, cmacphee@unlnotes.unl.edu).
kursi gankuTvnilia ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis bakalavriatis studentebisaTvis.



redaqtori profesori e. meqvabiSvili


recenzentebi: profesori r. Ggvelesiani
P profesori i. ananiaSvili


daibeWda iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis
fakultetis saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos gadawyvetilebiT.




e. xaraiSvili i. gagniZe m. CavleiSvili, i. nacvliSvili m. nacvalaZe, 2008

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2008
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal@internet.ge




ISBN 978-9941-12-244-6

3
Sinaarsi

winasityvaoba ................................................................................................................... 7
nawili I _ Sesavali mikroekonomikaSi
Tavi 1. Tanamedrove mikroekonomika da misi meTodologia .......................... 9
1.1 mikroekonomikis arsi .......................................................................................................... 9
1.2 sabazro operaciebi da fasebi ............................................................................................... 10
1.3 mikroekonomikis meTodologia: meTodebi, Teoriebi, modelebi, grafikebi ....................... 14
1.4 pozitiuri da normatiuli analizi ............................................................................................. 29
Tavi 2. moTxovna, miwodeba da sabazro wonasworoba .................................... 32
2.1 moTxovnis mrudi ................................................................................................................ 33
2.2 miwodebis mrudi ................................................................................................................. 35
2.3 sabazro wonasworoba ......................................................................................................... 36
2.4 moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadaadgileba ........................................................... 43
2.5 moTxovnis da miwodebis mrudebis erTdrouli gadaadgileba ............................................. 52
Tavi 3. moTxovnis da miwodebis elastikuroba ....................................................... 57
3.1 moTxovnis da miwodebis safaso elastikuroba .................................................................... 57
3.2 moTxovnis rkaluri safaso elastikuroba ............................................................................... 59
3.3 elastikuroba moTxovnis wrfiv mrudze ............................................................................... 60
3.4 moTxovna Tanabari elastikurobis SemTxvevaSi. izoelastikuroba ..................................... 62
3.5 moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikuroba grZelvadian periodSi .......................................... 63
3.6 moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba sabazro da calkeuli safirmo markis
doneze ................................................................................................................................. 66
3.7 saqonlis eqsploataciis xangrZlivoba da masze moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikuroba ... 67
3.8 moTxovnis elastikuroba Semosavlis mixedviT grZelvadian periodSi ............................... 68
3.9 cikluri dargebi ..................................................................................................................... 69
3.10 elastikurobis Teoriis praqtikuli mniSvneloba ................................................................... 70
nawili II _ momxmarebelTa arCevani
Tavi 4. momxmarebelTa qceva ..................................................................................... 73
4.1 kardinaluri Teoria ................................................................................................................ 73
4.2 ordinaluri Teoria ................................................................................................................. 78
4.3 Senacvlebis zRvruli norma ................................................................................................. 81
4.4 sabiujeto SezRuduloba ........................................................................................................ 84
4.5 momxmareblis optimaluri arCevani .................................................................................... 85
4.6 kuTxuri gadawyvetilebebi ................................................................................................... 87
4.7 ganurCevlobis mrudTa mravalferovneba ............................................................................ 88
4.8 gamoxatuli upiratesobani .................................................................................................... 89
Tavi 5. individualuri da sabazro moTxovna ............................................................ 93
5.1 individualuri da sabazro moTxovnis mrudebi .................................................................... 93
5.2 mrudi `Semosavali-moxmareba~ ........................................................................................ 94
5.3 engelis mrudebi ................................................................................................................... 96
5.4 mrudi `fasi moxmareba~ ..................................................................................................... 98
5.5 fasebis cvlilebis Sedegi: Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebi .......................................... 99
4
5.6 momxmarebelTa qcevis Taviseburebani ............................................................................ 103
5.7 cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsebi ......................................................................................... 106
Tavi 6. arCevani ganusazRvrelobis pirobebSi ........................................................ 114
6.1 sarisko gadawyvetilebebi .................................................................................................... 114
6.2 sarisko Sedegebis Sefaseba ................................................................................................. 121
6.3 riskis miReba da riskis Tavidan acileba .............................................................................. 126
6.4 asimetriuli informacia sadazRvevo bazrebze ...................................................................... 132
nawili III _ warmoeba da danaxarjebi
Tavi 7. warmoebis Teoria ............................................................................................... 138
7.1 warmoeba erTi cvalebadi faqtoris saSualebiT. klebadi zRvruli
mwarmoebluroba ................................................................................................................ 138
7.2 sawarmoo teqnologiis arCeva. teqnikuri da ekonomikuri efeqtianoba ............................... 142
7.3 warmoeba ori cvalebadi faqtoris saSualebiT. izokvantebi da teqnikuri Senacvlebis zona . 144
7.4 mwarmoeblis wonasworoba ................................................................................................ 147
7.5 firmis ganviTarebis gza da masStabidan ukugeba .............................................................. 148
Tavi 8. warmoebis danaxarjebi ..................................................................................... 153
8.1 danaxarjTa gazomva: romel danaxarjebs eniWebaT mniSvneloba? .................................. 153
8.2 firmis warmoebis danaxarjebi moklevadian periodSi ......................................................... 155
8.3 firmis amonagebi da warmoebis danaxarjebi ...................................................................... 159
8.4 danaxarjebi grZelvadian periodSi ....................................................................................... 163
8.5 grZelvadiani da moklevadiani danaxarjebis mrudi ............................................................. 169
8.6 warmoeba ori cvalebadi faqtoriT _ ekonomia asortimentidan ............................................ 175
8.7 dinamiuri cvlilebebi danaxarjebSi _ swavlebis mrudi ........................................................ 178
nawili IV _ konkurentuli bazrebi
Tavi 9. mogebis maqsimizacia da konkurentuli miwodeba .............................. 185
9.1 srulyofili konkurenciis bazrebi ............................................................................................ 185
9.2 mogebis maqsimizacia ........................................................................................................ 187
9.3 zRvruli amonagebi, zRvruli danaxarjebi da mogebis maqsimizacia .................................. 189
9.4 warmoebis moculobis gansazRvra moklevadian periodSi .................................................. 192
9.5 konkurentuli firmis miwodebis mrudi moklevadian periodSi ............................................ 195
9.6 moklevadiani sabazro miwodebis mrudi ............................................................................. 197
9.7 warmoebis moculobis gansazRvra grZelvadian periodSi ................................................... 199
9.8 firmis miwodebis mrudi grZelvadian periodSi ................................................................... 202
Tavi 10. konkurentuli bazrebis analizi ....................................................................... 210
10.1 saxelmwifo politikiT gamowveuli sargeblisa da zaralis Sefaseba _ mwarmoebelTa da
momxmarebelTa danazogi ............................................................................................... 210
10.2 konkurentuli bazris efeqtianoba ........................................................................................ 214
10.3 minimaluri fasebi .............................................................................................................. 216
10.4 garantirebuli fasebi da qvotebi warmoebaze ..................................................................... 218
10.5 saimporto qvotebi da tarifebi ............................................................................................ 222
10.6 gadasaxadebisa da subsidiebis gavlena ............................................................................. 225
nawili V _ sabazro Zalaufleba
Tavi 11. monopolia da monofsonia .............................................................................. 232
5
11.1 mogebis maqsimizacia monopoliis pirobebSi .................................................................. 232
11.2 monopoliuri fasdadeba ..................................................................................................... 242
11.3 monopoliuri bazris statikuri analizi .................................................................................. 249
11.4 mravali sawarmos mqone monopolia. karteli .................................................................. 252
11.5 monofsonia ....................................................................................................................... 256
11.6 monopoliuri Zalauflebis maCveneblebi ........................................................................... 261
Tavi 12 faswarmoqmna ................................................................................................... 264
12.1. nametis miReba da safaso diskriminacia ......................................................................... 264
12.2 pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia ................................................................................. 266
12.3. meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacia ................................................................................ 269
12.4. mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminacia ............................................................................. 273
12.5. mibmiTi gayidvebi ........................................................................................................... 278
12.6. reklama ............................................................................................................................. 283
nawili VI _ arasrulyofili konkurencia
Tavi 13. monopolisturi konkurencia da oligopolia ................................................ 287
13.1 arasrulyofili konkurencia da monopolisturi konkurenciis bazari ...................................... 287
13.2 wonasworoba oligopoliur bazarze .................................................................................... 293
13.3 kurnos modeli .................................................................................................................... 295
13.4 safaso konkurencia ............................................................................................................ 301
13.5 patimarTa dilemis gamoyeneba oligopoliuri faswarmoqmnis dros .................................. 308
13.6 karteli ................................................................................................................................ 312
13.7 faswarmoqmna `danaxarjebi plius~ sqemis mixedviT ..................................................... 316
Tavi 14 TamaSTa Teoria da strategiuli qceva ........................................................ 319
14.1 urTierTdamokidebuli gadawyvetilebebi da neSis wonasworoba ..................................... 319
14.2 ganmeorebadi TamaSebi ................................................................................................... 331
14.3 mimdevrobiTi svlis TamaSebi da strategiuli svla ............................................................. 334
nawili V _ faqtorTa bazrebi
Tavi 15. sawarmoo faqtorTa bazrebi ......................................................................... 343
15.1 sawarmoo faqtorTa danaxarjebis minimizaciis wesi ........................................................ 343
15.2 Sromis bazari ..................................................................................................................... 345
15.3 Sromaze moTxovnis sabazro mrudi .................................................................................. 350
15.4 ekonomikuri renta ............................................................................................................. 352
15.5 monopoliuri da monofsoniuri Zalauflebis bazrebi ............................................................ 354
15.6 ormxrivi monopolia Sromis bazarze ................................................................................. 356
15.7 miwis bazari ...................................................................................................................... 357
Tavi 16. investiciebi, dro da kapitalis bazari ........................................................... 363
16.1 nakadebi da rezervebi ........................................................................................................ 363
16.2 investicia ........................................................................................................................... 365
16.3 droiTi upiratesobebis zRvruli norma ................................................................................ 368
16.4 mimdinare diskontirebuli Rirebuleba ................................................................................ 371
16.5 miwis fasi .......................................................................................................................... 373
16.6 wminda mimdinare Rirebuleba ......................................................................................... 374
16.7 droTaSorisi sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebi _ araganaxlebadi resursebi ............................. 375
nawili VIII _ zogadi wonasworoba da keTildReobis
6
ekonomika
Tavi 17. zogadi wonasworoba da ekonomikuri efeqtianoba .............................. 378
17.1 zogadi wonasworobis analizi ............................................................................................ 378
17.2 gacvlis efeqtianoba ............................................................................................................ 382
17.3 warmoebisa da sasaqonlo bazrebis efeqtianoba ................................................................ 390
Tavi 18 asimetriuli informaciis bazrebi ..................................................................... 402
18.1 asimetriuli bazrebis saxeebi .............................................................................................. 402
18.2 `gadawyveilebis xis koncefcia ........................................................................................ 404
18.3 srulyofili informaciis Rirebuleba ...................................................................................... 410
18.4 auqcionis tipis bazrebi ....................................................................................................... 413
Tavi 19. gare efeqtebi da sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi .................................................. 427
19.1 gare efeqtebi ...................................................................................................................... 427
19.2 bazris fiaskos koreqtirebis meTodebi ............................................................................... 431
19.3 gare efeqtebi da sakuTrebis uflebebi ................................................................................ 440
19.4 saerTo sargeblianobis resursebi ........................................................................................ 444
19.5 sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi (saqoneli) .................................................................................... 446
Tavi 20. keTildReobis ekonomika ................................................................................ 457
20.1 keTildReobis ekonomikis ganmarteba .............................................................................. 457
20.2 samarTlianoba da efeqtianoba .......................................................................................... 457
20.3 socialuri keTildReobis funqcia ......................................................................................... 461
20.4 Semosavlebis ganawileba da gadanawileba ...................................................................... 463
20.5 monopoliis arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli efeqtianobis danakargebi.
kvazioptimumi ................................................................................................................. 465
20.6 ratom arian bazrebi warumatebelni? ................................................................................. 467
gamoyenebuli literatura .................................................................................................. 471
silabusi (C) ............................................................................................................................. 472
Annotation ............................................................................................................................. 478
SeniSvnebisa da winadadebebisaTvis ......................................................................... 480



winasityvaoba

ekonomikisa da biznesis administrirebis mimarTulebiT specialistebis momzadebisa da profesiuli
ganviTarebis Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad aqcenti keTdeba wvrTnis tipis mecadineobebze da
unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze. ekonomikuri unarebi, iseve rogorc ekonomikuri codna, ekonomikuri
azrovnebis mniSvnelovani nawilia. aRniSnuli Sedegis miiRebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba ZiriTad
codnaze orientirebuli kursebis Seswavlas. maTgan erT-erTi wamyvani kursia mikroekonomika.
mikroekonomikis kursis SeswavliT studenti daeufleba ekonomikuri analizisa da gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis instrumentebs, Camouyalibdeba mikroekonomikuri Teoriebisa da koncefciebis gamoyenebis unar-
Cvevebi. Aam kursSi miRebul codnas studenti warmatebiT gamoiyenebs makroekonomikis, sazogadoebrivi
seqtoris ekonomikis, finansuri blokis disciplinebis, ekonometrikisa da sxva sagnebis Sesaswavlad.
7
kursi gansakuTrebulad fokusirebulia mikroekonomikis gamoyenebaze gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesSi. studentebs WirdebaT imis kargad gageba, Tu rogor SeiZleba mikroekonomikis realurad
gamoyeneba saswavlo auditoriis miRma. Aamitom swavlebis dros aqcenti gakeTdeba mikroekonomikis
gamoyenebiT xasiaTze. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWeba winaswar dagegmil da organizebul
saleqcio, seminarul da praqtikul mecadineobebs. problemebze dafuZnebuli swavleba ganxorcieldeba
keisebis, jgufuri muSaobisa da Sefasebis, agreTve onlain-komunikaciebis Tanamedrove meTodebisa da
xerxebis gamoyenebiT.
mikroekonomikis Seswavlisadmi amgvari midgoma gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania biznesis
mimarTulebis studentebisaTvis. maT vTavazobT SeTanxmebul programas saleqcio masalebis, seminaruli
mecadineobebis, studentTa codnis Semowmebis meTodebisa da damxmare literaturis farTo arCevanis saxiT.
YyuradReba gamaxvildeba relevanturi saswavlo masalis ufro siRrmiseul damuSavebaze.
kursSi gansakuTrebuli adgili daeTmoba seminarul, praqtikul mecadineobebsa da damoukidebel
muSaobas. mogvaCnia, rom amocanebis, testebisa da savarjiSoebis amoxsnis, saleqcio masalis situaciuri
analizis, jgufuri muSaobisa da onlain-diskusiebis, yovelkvireuli saSinao davalebebis Sesrulebis Semdeg
iqneba SesaZlebeli masalis Seswavla, gageba da Sefasebis unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibeba.
leqciebis mosmenisa da ukeT aTvisebisaTvis studentebs SevTavazebT saleqcio da saseminaro
prezentaciebs Microsoft PowerPointis formatSi. prezentaciaze leqciebi zust SesabamisobaSi iqneba ZiriTad
saleqcio kursTan; wamodgenili iqneba yvela ZiriTadi koncefcia, grafiki, diagrama, sqema, romelic teqstSia
mocemuli.
mikroekonomikis kursSi SesaZleblad migvaCnia studentis maTematikuri momzadebis donisa da maTi
Semdgomi specializaciidan gamomdinare diferencirebuli midgomebis SemoTavazebac. im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu mikroekonomikis kursi waekiTxebaT im studentebs, romelTac ar aqvT maTematikuri momzadebis
saukeTeso done, SesaZlebelia seminarul mecadineobebze masalebi ganxiluli iqnes grafikul analizze aqcentis
gakeTebis gziT, zogadad ekonomikuri procesebis xarisxobriv gagebaze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu leqtorsa da
seminaris maswavlebels aqvT sakmarisi moculobis dro da studentebis maTematikuri momzadeba iZleva
masalebis ufro Rrma analitikuri Seswavlis SesaZleblobas, maSin diferencirebuli midgoma moxdeba seminarul
mecadineobebze, kerZod individualuri saSinao davalebebis Sesrulebis dros, Sesabamisad, gamocdis drosac.
Tumca ZiriTadi saleqcio masala Seiswavleba sruli moculobiT. aseTi midgoma daexmareba standartis
SemuSavebasac sxvadasxva specialobis studentebisaTvis. es sakiTxi Tanamdrove tendenciebis
gaTvaliswinebiT uaxloes xanSi metad mwvaved dadgeba dRis wesrigSi.
kursis msvlelobis dros leqtorsa da studentebs Soris swavlebis procesis gaaqtiurebis mizniT
gamoyenebuli iqneba distanciuri konsultaciebi internetis saSualebiT. procesi adaptirebulia 2006-2008
saswavlo wlebSi. aseTive meTodiT moxdeba saSinao davalebebis, amocanebsa da proeqtebis monitoringis
ganxorcieleba.
studentebs saSualeba eqnebaT isargeblon mikroekonomikis kaTedris veb-gverdiT
www.economics.tsu..ge/micro, sadac ganTavsebulia: mikroekonomikis kursis swavlebis koncefcia, silabusi,
sagamocdo sakiTxebi, TviTSefasebis testebi, eleqtronuli biblioTeka qarTul, rusul da inglisur enebze,
Sualeduri Sefasebis Sedegebi da sxva.
saleqcio kursi uzrunvelyofilia praqtikuli kursiT, romelic moicavs savarjiSoebs, sxvadasxva sirTulis
amocanebs, testebs, saqmian situaciebs.
swavlebis procesSi gamoiyenebuli iqneba swavlebis aqtiuri meTodebi da formebi: pirdapiri gadacema;
debatebi; situaciebis Sefaseba; modelireba; simulacia; savarjiSoebi; jgufuri muSaoba; kvleva; ormxrivi
Canawerebis dRiurebis warmoeba; mozaika; ablabuda; radari; ZiriTadi, swrafi da gamoyenebiTi kiTxvis
reJimebi. Catardeba test-konkursebi da proeqtebis prezentaciebi.
8
Lleqciebis kurss Tan axlavs C tipis silabusi, romelic ganixileba rogorc studentTan dadebuli
kontraqti.
Aavtorebi gansakuTrebul madlierebas gamoxataven studentebis mimarT, romlebmac 2007-2008
saswavlo wels Seiswavles mikroekonomikis saleqcio kursis Temebi da mogvawodes saqmiani SeniSvnebi da
winadadebebi. gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis madlobas vuxdiT studentebs: bela CaCibaias, baia CaCibaias, ana
nebieriZes, nato mumlaZes, eka ruxaZes, giorgi talaxaZes, qeTevan jibuts, irakli xubuas, mixeil dvaliSvils,
givi melqaZes, nana abramiSvils, Tea beriZes, nino bolqvaZes, Temur SanyulaSvils, Tina odiSarias, beqa
guruls, SoTa kupataZes, nika grZeliSvils, daTo gociriZes, nino lomTaZes, nana lomTaZes.
avtorebi pasuxismgeblobas iReben daSvebul Secdomebze da winaswar bodiSs ixdian maT gamo.
aseve avtorebi miesalmebian yvela saqmian winadadebas da SeniSvnas, romelic gamoTqmuli iqneba
kolegebisa da studentebis mxridan. imeds gamoTqvamen, rom amgvari urTierTanamSromlobiT SeZleben
dasaxuli miznebis ukeT realizacias.
saxelmZRvanelo momzadda Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis mikroekonomikis kaTedraze
avtorTa jgufis mier:
sruli profesori eTer xaraiSvili _ Tavebi: 2, 9, 19, 20.
asocirebuli profesori ineza gagniZe _ Tavebi: 3, 4, 5, 15, 16.
asocirebuli profesori marine CavleiSvili _ Tavebi: 1, 12, 17.
asocirebuli profesori ia nacvliSvili _ Tavebi: 6, 11, 13($1), 14, 18.
asistent profesori marine nacvalaZe _ Tavebi: 7, 8, 10, 13($2,3,4,5,6,7,8).

Pprofesori eTer xaraiSvili
9
Tavi 1. Tanamedrove mikroekonomika da misi meTodologia

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. mikroekonomikis sagnis ganmartebas
2. ekonomikuri modelebisa da cvladebis arsis axsnasa da analizs
3. movlenebis wrfivi da arawrfivi damokidebulebebis grafikul gamosaxvas
4. kuTxuri koeficientebis gaangariSebas

1.1 mikroekonomikis arsi

ekonomika sazogadoebrivi mecnierebaa resursebis SezRudulobisa da arCevanis Sesaxeb. yvela
adamianma, firmam an saxelmwifom unda gaakeTos arCevani da miiRos optimaluri gadawyvetileba
SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi, raTa moaxdinos TavianTi survilebisa da moTxovnilebebis maqsimaluri
dakmayofileba. Tanamedrove mikroekonomika aris mecniereba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis Sesaxeb.
sityva mikro `mcires~ niSnavs. ekonomikis es nawili Seiswavlis arCevans, romelsac akeTeben
ekonomikuri erTeulebi: firmebi, Mmomxmareblebi, investorebi, fermerebi, saojaxo meurneobebi,
muSakebi, faqtiurad nebismieri adamiani, organizacia an sawarmo. konkretulad igi aanalizebs
bazrebis, firmebis, saojaxo meurneobebisa da individebis ekonomikur qcevas (produqtisa da
momsaxurebis fasebs, sawarmos danaxarjebs, Semosavlebs, mogebas da a.S.) mikroekonomika gvixsnis
aRniSnuli ekonomikuri erTeulebi rogor da ratom Rebuloben gadawyvetilebas (magaliTad, momxmareblebi
yidvis, firmebi muSakebis daqiravebis, muSakebi ki sad da ramdeni imuSavon), rogor icvleba maTi
arCevani cvalebadi fasebisa da Semosavlebis zemoqmedebiT.
mikroekonomika gvixasiaTebs rogor saqmianoben, viTardebian dargebi da bazrebi, ratom
gansxvavdebian isini erTmaneTisagan da ra reagirebas axdenen saxelmwifo politikisa da meurneobriobis
globalur ekonomikur procesebze. amdenad, mikroekonomika samewarmeo gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da
individualuri arCevanis safuZvelia. menejerebs, momxmareblebs, investorebs, calkeul adamianebs
yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi seriozuli analizis Catareba da uamravi optimaluri arCevanis miReba uwevT.
swored, aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Seswavla da efeqtiani gadawyvetilebebis miReba aris mikroekonomikis,
rogorc mecnierebis, kvlevis sagani.
ekonomikaSi arsebobs meore donec, romelic makroekonomikad iwodeba. ekonomikis aRniSnuli done
Seiswavlis msxvilmasStabur ekonomikur movlenebs, aanalizebs iseT ekonomikur maCveneblebs,
rogorebicaa erovnuli warmoebis done da zrdis tempi, saprocento ganakveTi, umuSevroba, inflacia,
saxelmwifo politika, romelic Seexeba gadasaxadebs, xarjebs, biujetis deficits, safinanso sistemas da a.S.
zRvari mikro da makroekonomikas Soris nakleb SesamCnevia. maT Soris kavSiri didia. makroekonomikuri
movlena TavisTavad warmoadgens milioni individualuri arCevanis erTobliobas, romelic Tavis mxriv
kavSirSia konkretuli produqtisa da momsaxurebis fasTan. maSasadame, makroekonomika mikroekonomikur
safuZvlebzea agebuli.
10
mikro Tu makroekonomikis sakiTxebis Seswavlisas ekonomikuri analizi moiTxovs gansakuTrebul
gaazrebas im xerxebis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor miiReben adamianebi gadawyvetilebas iSviaTi, SezRuduli
resursebis gamoyenebis pirobebSi.
Semosavlebi, romelbsac momxmareblebi an firmebi gamoiyeneben SezRudulia. adamianebi
cxovroben SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis samyaroSi. SezRudulia adamianis fizikuri da inteleqtualuri
SesaZleblobebi, warmoebis saSualebebi, informacia, dro. resursebis SezRuduloba (Scarcity Resources)
garkveulwilad fardobiTia da ganviTarebasTan erTad misi gadalaxva problema aRar aris. sayuradReboa isic,
rom yvela moTxovnilebaTa erTdrouli da sruli dakmayofileba SeuZlebelia. SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi
aucilebelia maTi racionaluri, optimaluri, efeqtiani gamoyeneba.
Mmikroekonomika gvixsnis: rogor axdens momxmarebeli SezRuduli Semosavlis ukeTesad
ganawilebas sxvadasxva produqtsa da momsaxurebas Soris; rogor anawilebs muSaki samuSao da Tavisufal
dros an rogor gansazRvravs erTi saxis samuSaos sargeblianobas meorisagan; rogor axdens firma SezRuduli
finansebis efeqtian ganawilebas damatebiTi muSakebis dasaqiraveblad imis naclad, rom SeiZinos axali
mowyobilobebi da gamoiyenos isini erTi romelime saxis produqtis warmoebaze.
Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikaSi momxmareblebi, muSakebi da firmebi, gamodian ra deficituri
resursebis ganawilebidan, xasiaTdebian ufro maRali mobilurobiT da gaaCniaT meti arCevanis
SesaZleblobebi. mikroekonomika aRwers aseT arCevans da maTi miRwevis optimalur gzebs. imisaTvis,
rom gaakeTos optimaluri ekonomikuri arCevani, individma unda daTvalos ara marto samomavlo
danaxarjebi, aramed gamouyenebeli sawarmoo SesaZleblobebic. optimaluri arCevanis procesSi
mniSvnelovania 1. zRvruli sidideebis gamoyeneba, romelic gansazRvravs yvela subieqtis mier ekonomikur
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas dovlaTis kidev erTi, damatebiTi erTeulis damatebiTi sargeblisa da zRvruli
danaxarjebis Sedarebas; 2. ekonomikuri wonasworoba _ bazris yvela subieqti cdilobs miaRwios
stabilurobas an iseT situacias, roca sargebeli dovlaTis damatebiTi erTeulidan faravs am erTeulis SeZenaze
gaweul danaxarjebs.

1.2 sabazro operaciebi da fasebi

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamianebi sakuTari survilebis dakmayofilebisaTvis mimarTaven
ekonomikur garigebebs. zogierTi produqtiTa da momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofas adamianebi axdenen sakuTari
ojaxisa da axloblebis daxmarebiT, xolo nawils ki yiduloben. yidvis process gansazRvravs Semosavali, xolo
Semosavlis sidides sakuTreba da misi gamoyenebis ufleba.
ekonomikuri erTeulebi or msxvil jgufad iyofa:: 1. myidvelebi _ aris, erTi mxriv, momxmareblebi,
romlebic iZenen produqtsa da momsaxurebas; meore mxriv, firmebi, romlebic yiduloben Sromas, kapitals,
nedleulsa da masalebs produqtisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis; 2. gamyidvelebi firmebi, romlebic
yidian produqtsa da momsaxurebas; muSakebi, romlebic yidian TavianT samuSao gamocdilebas; resursebis
mflobelebi, romlebic arendiT gascemen miwebs an miyidian sanedleulo resursebs firmebs.
myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis urTierTzemoqmedebiT konkretul adgilze xdeba bazris formireba da
yalibdeba sabazro fasi. fasebi iZlevian informacias produqtis, momsaxurebisa da sawarmoo resursebis
deficitis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, Tu navTobis nedleulze fasi izrdeba, maSin adgili aqvs aRniSnuli resursis
deficits, rac aseve gamoiwvevs gaTbobaze fasis gazrdas. fasebi aiwevs energiis alternatiul wyaroebzec (gazi,
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SeSa da sxva), radgan momxmarebeli eZebs navTobproduqtebis Semcvlels. amasTan, moTxovna aiwevs
SeSis Rumelzec. avtomobilze fasebi SeiZleba daeces, radgan sawvavze zrdadma fasma SeiZleba
gamoiwvios misi gamoyenebis Semcireba. aRniSnuli procesi gagrZeldeba manam, sanam biznesmenebi da
momxmareblebi upasuxeben navTobis nedleulze fasis aweviT gamowveul safaso reaqcias. amrigad,
produqtze ufro maRali fasi warmoebis zrdis stimulirebas axdens.
swored, fasebis cvlilebiT miRebul mosalodnel Sedegebs aanalizebs mikroekonomika.
mikroekonomikas xSirad `fasebis Teoriasac~ uwodeben. analizis mTavari mizania pasuxi gaeces kiTxvebs:
rogor ganisazRvros fasebi? rogor gavlenas axdenen isini ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze?
fasebi adgenen, Tu ramdeni unda gadavixadoT erTeul produqtSi an momsaxurebaSi. zogierTi fasi
wlidan wlamde izrdeba an mcirdeba, zogi erT donezea gaCerebuli. ekonomikaSi moqmedebs sxvadasxva
fasi, amitom unda visargebloT fasebis saSualo donis (fasebis donis) maCvenebliT.
qveyanaSi angariSoben samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss (Consumer Price Index CPI). indeqsi
ganisazRvreba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis im sabazro kalaTis fasebidan gamomdinare, romlebic
warmoadgenen drois raRac periodis manZilze qalaqis tipiuri ojaxis an martoxela adamianis yidvaTa jams.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss aseve cxovrebis Rirebulebis ganmsazRvrel indeqssac uwodeben.
sabazro kalaTis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali produqtebis raodenoba ganviTarebis sxvadasxva donis
mqone qveynebSi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, Tu qalaqis tipiuri ojaxi warmosaxviT ekonomikaSi iZens 10
purs (1 puris fasia 70 TeTri) da 10 kg yvels (1 kg-is fasia 7lari), maSin sabazro kalaTis Rirebuleba iqneba
(100,7=7lari; 107=70lari;) 77 lari (7lari+70lari=77lari).
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi ganisazRvreba CvenTvis saintereso wlisa da romelime sabazo wlis
samomxmareblo kalaTis RirebulebaTa Sefardebis 100-ze gamravlebiT (fasebis indeqsis analogiurad).
magaliTad, SegviZlia gaviangariSoT gaZvirda, Tu gaiafda cxovrebis Rirebuleba 2008 wels 2000 welTan
SedarebiT. amisaTvis unda CavataroT gamoTvla:
= GPI sabazro kalaTis (samomxmareblo kalaTis) Rirebuleba 2008 w. /sabazro kalaTis Rirebulaba
2000w.100. am gaangariSebiT gairkveva droSi realuri Semosavlebis cvlileba.
ganvixiloT nominaluri da realuri Semosavlebi; nominaluri da realuri fasebi; maTi damokidebulebebi.
nominaluri Semosavali (Nominal Income _ NI) esaa Semosavlis sidide gamosaxuli fulad
erTeulebSi, magaliTad, Cveni xelfasi Seadgens 300 lars.
realuri Semosavali (Real Income _ RI) aris Semosavli, romliTac SeviZenT dovlaTis garkveul
raodenobas. magaliTad, Tu Cveni xelfasi aris 300 lari, realuri Semosavali iqneba 200-jer 1,5 laris
Rirebulebis Saqris an 300 cali 1 laris Rirebulebis puris SeZena da a.S. rac ufro maRalia dovlaTis fasebi, miT
ufro naklebi raodenobis produqtis SeZena SeiZleba nominaluri Semosavlis saSualebiT. nominaluri
Semosavlis realurTan Tanafardobas adgens fasebis indeqsi.
fasebis roli gadamwyvetia resursebis ganawilebaSi. igi gviCvenebs raze unda vTqvaT uari, rom
miviRoT sasurveli produqti da momsaxureba. fasi myidvels SesaZleblobas aZlevs SeaTanxmos alternatiuli
Rirebulebis saqonlis arCevisas rogor daxarjos SezRuduli Semosavali. erTi mxriv, dovlaTis fasi, yovelTvis ar
aris imis kargi maCvenebeli, Tu raze vTqvaT aucileblad uari, dovlaTis sxva erTeulis misaRebad; meore
mxriv, droTa ganmavlobaSi fulis msyidvelobiTunarianoba SeiZleba Seicvalos. magaliTad, rodesac dovlaTis
saSualo fasi weliwadSi izrdeba 5%-iT, dovlaTis saSualo raodenoba, romelic SeiZleba SeviZinoT yovel
larze, Semcirdeba. es niSnavs, rom laris msyidvelobiTunarianoba daeca.
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fasebis analizisas mniSvnelovania SefardebiTi fasebis dadgena. SefardebiTi fasi A produqtze an
momsaxurebaze B saqonlis an momsaxurebis fasTan SedarebiT aris A-s fasis Sefardeba B-s fasTan.
dovlaTis fasis SefardebiTi cvlileba _ aris mocemuli dovlaTis fasis cvlileba mTliani dovlaTis saSualo
fasTan mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, Tu weliwadSi mTliani dovlaTis saSualo fasi gaizarda 7%-iT, xolo
avtomobilis fasic aRniSnuli sididiT gaizarda, maTi SefardebiTi fasi ucvleli darCeba. imave wels, Tu kolejSi
swavlebis Rirebuleba gaizrdeba 10%-iT, maSin swavlebis SefardebiTi fasi gaizrdeba. analogiurad, Tu
televizoris fasi gaizarda 3%-iT, maSin misi SefardebiTi fasi Semcirdeba. es imitom moxda, rom wlis
ganmavlobaSi televizoris fasi gaizarda naklebad, vidre mTliani dovlaTis saSualo fasi. fasi xels uwyobs
alternatiul variantebs Soris produqtis, momsaxurebis, bunebrivi resursebis swor ganawilebas.
Tu gvinda SevadaroT produqtis dRevandeli fasi adrindel da samomavlo fasTan, aucilebelia gaizomos
fasebi da moxdes maTi Sedareba fasebis saerTo donesTan.
absoluturi mniSvnelobiT nebismieri produqtis fasi SeiZleba dRes ufro maRali, an dabali iyos vidre
20-30 wlis winaT. magram mTlianobaSi SefardebiTi fasi SeiZleba iafi an Zviri iyos. es ki migviTiTebs
fasebis realur ganzomilebas.
produqtis nominaluri fasi (Nominal Price_NP) warmoadgens absolutur fass (mimdinare fasi,
larebSi). magaliTad, erTi litri benzinis fasi 1990 wels _ 0,70; 2000 wels _ 1,35; 2008 wels _ 2,0 lari iyo.
produqtis realuri fasi (Real Price _ RP) fardobiTi fasis erToblivi maCvenebelia (mudmivi fasi
larebSi). sxva sityvebiT, es fasi koreqtirebulia inflaciis sidideze. magaliTad, iyo Tu ara 2008 wels benzini
ufro Zviri, vidre 1990 wels? amisaTvis gaviangariSoT 2008 welSi benzinze fasi 1990 wlis larebSi.
davuSvaT, 1990 wels CPI 38,8-s udrida da 2008 wels igi 120-mde gaizarda. 2008 wels benzinis realuri fasi
1990 wlis fasebSi iqneba: realuri fasi (RP)= (38,8/120)2lari = 0,64 lari
maSasadame, benzinis realuri fasi 2008 wels 1990 welis fasebiT dabalia, vidre 1990 wels. kerZod,
benzinis realuri fasi Semcirda 8%-iT ((0,64-0,70)/0,70=-0,08), xolo nominalurma fasma aiwia 185%-iT
(2/0,70100=285%); CPI gaizarda 209%-iT ((120-38,8)/38,8=2,09).
ZiriTadad gamoviyenebT realur da ara nominalur fasebs, radgan samomxmareblo arCevanis
variantebi TavisTavSi moicaven fasebis SefardebiT analizs. aseTi SefardebiTi fasi ar aris rTuli
gamosaTvleli, Tu arsebobs SedarebisTvis erTiani baza. yvela fasis erTiani mniSvnelobis dadgena am
problemas gadawyvets. amdenad, rodesac vzomavT fasebs larebSi an sxva valutaSi, unda vifiqroT am valutis
realur msyidvelobiT unarze.

magaliTi 1
nominaluri da realuri Semosavlebis analizi
Tu pirvel wels Cveni nominaluri Semosavali iyo 300 lari, romliTac SegveZlo SegveZina 50 kg xorci
(1 kg-is fasi 6 lari), xolo meore wels isev 300 lari Semosavlis pirobebSi SeviZineT mxolod 30 kg (xorcis fasi
6 laridan 10 laramde gaizarda), maSin SegviZlia davaskvnaT: nominaluri Semosavali meore wels pirvel
welTan SedarebiT igive darCa, xolo realuri Semosavali Semcirda. imisaTvis, rom gvqondes igive
msyidvelobiTunariani Semosavali (SegveZlos 50 kg xorcis SeZena), igi unda Seadgendes 5010=500 lars.
SeiZleba moxdes ise, rom pirvel wels Cveni Semosavali iyos 300, xolo meore wels _ 500 lari. xorcis fasi ki
Sesabamisad _ 6 da 10 lari. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom moimata nominalurma
Semosavalma (300 laridan 500 laramde), xolo realuri Semosavali igive darCa (300/6=50kg; 500/10=50kg.).
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amrigad, Cveni cxovrebis done ar Secvlila. pirvelad aRweril SemTxvevaSi ki cxovrebis donis gauaresebas
hqonda adgili.
SeiZleba ganvixiloT mesame variantic, romelic albaT yvelasaTvis ufro metad sasurvelia. vTqvaT,
orive wels nominaluri Semosavali 300 lari iyo, xolo xorcis fasi 6 laridan Semcirda 5 laramde. maSin vityviT,
rom cxovrebis pirobebi gagviumjobesda, vinaidan moimata realurma Semosavalma. Tu adre 300 lariT
viZendiT 50 kg xorcs, axla SegviZlia 60 kg-is SeZena (300/5=60).
meoTxe SesaZlo SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moxdes, rogorc realuri, ise nominaluri Semosavlebis zrda.
Tu nominaluri Semosavali 300 laridan gaizrdeba 500 laramde, xorcis fasi Sesabamisad 6 laridan 5 laramde
Semcirdeba, am SemTxvevaSi realuri Semosavali gaizrdeba (50kg-dan 60kg-mde). SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes
sxva situaciebic.

1.3 mikroekonomikis meTodologia: meTodebi, Teoriebi, modelebi, grafikebi

ekonomika, rogorc mecniereba, eyrdnoba erTian sabazo cnebebs da meTodebs. ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva etapze kvlevis gansxvavebuli meTodebi gamoiyeneboda. pirveli meTodi, romelsac iyenebda
ekonomikuri mecniereba, iyo formaluri logika. misi umartivesi kategoriebia cneba, msjeloba da daskvna.
formaluri logikis saSualebiT SemuSavebul iqna analizis, sinTezis, induqciis, deduqciis, Sedarebis,
analogiis, hipoTezis, mtkicebisa da a. S. meTodebi.
analizi _ Semecnebis meTodia, romelic mTlianis Semadgenel nawilebad dayofaSi mdgomareobs.
sinTezi _ ki axdens calkeuli nawilebis erT mTlianobaSi gaerTianebas.
induqcia _ konkretuli faqtebis ganzogadebaze dafuZnebuli daskvnis gamotanis meTodia; deduqcia -
meTodia, romlic emyareba daskvnebs, romlebic miiReba zogadidan konkretuli faqtebis ganzogadebiT.
Sedarebis meTodi avlens movlenebisa da procesebis msgavsebasa da gansxvavebebs. analogia _
damyarebulia cnobili movlenidan ucnob movlenaze erTi an ramdenime Tvisebis gadatanaze. magaliTad, Tu
A-s da B-s aqvT saerTo Tvisebebi da A-s aqvs C-s Tvisebebi, maSin B-sac aqvs C-s Tvisebebi.
formalur logikaSi mtkicebulebis qveS igulisxmeba erTi azris WeSmaritebis dasabuTeba meoris
daxmarebiT. mtkicebebi SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti da mcdari.
ekonomistebi kvlevis procesSi intensiurad iyeneben korelaciisa (asaxavs movlenaTa or saxes Soris
sistemur da dasabuTebul kavSirs) da maTematikur meTods.
mikroekonomikuri analizisaTvis mniSvnelovania movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis
dadgena da daskvnebis gamotana. swored, Teoria amtkicebs realobas, faqtebis safuZvelze ayalibebs
debulebebs, yuradRebas amaxvilebs zogierT ZiriTad faqtorze.
ekonomikur TeoriebSi mniSvnelovania debulebebi adamianTa qcevis Sesaxeb. logikis daxmarebiT
aRniSnuli debulebebidan akeTeben daskvnebs. magaliTad, warmoebis mflobelis gadawyvetilebis miRebis
Teoria SeiZleba mdgomareobdes SemdegSi: aaSenos im varaudiT, rom gansazRvruli periodis ganmavlobaSi
gayidvebidan miiRos maqsimaluri mogeba. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi gamosakvlevia iseTi mniSvnelovani
faqtorebi, romlebic gayidvebis momgebianobaze axdenen gavlenas, kerZod, gayidvebis moculoba, produqtis
fasi da pirobebi, danaxarjebis sidide. agreTve unda gakeTdes varaudi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeiZleba
Seicvalos fasebi da danaxarjebis xvedriTi wona sxvadasxva raodenobis produqtis warmoebis pirobebSi.
Semdgom SesaZlebelia gakeTdes kvleva, rogor icvleba mogebaze moqmedi faqtorebi, rogor aisaxeba igi
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gamyidvelTa gadawyvetilebebze. magaliTad, sigaretis mwarmoeblebisaTvis axali gadasaxadebiT dabegvra
gazrdis danaxarjebs produqtis gayidvaze. gamyidvelis mizani ki aris mogebis maqsimizacia. SesaZlebelia
sigaretis warmoebaze gadasaxadis gavlenisa da dargSi dasaqmebis kvleva.
Teoriis codna aucilebelia, magram movlenebze kontrolis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas mxolod mizez-
Sedegobrivi analizi iZleva. magaliTad, SeiZleba daviwyoT daavadebis mkurnaloba an igi maSinve
aRmovfxvraT rogorc ki cnobili gaxdeba misi gamomwvevi mizezi. sxva sityvebiT, Teoria sasargebloa; kargi
Teoria gamoixateba SedegSi, romelsac faqtebi ganamtkiceben. igi dafuZnebulia debulebaze,
mtkicebulebaze, rom mewarmeebi moqmedeben maqsimaluri mogebis miRebis surviliT. aRniSnuli debuleba
SeiZleba iyos ararealuri, vinaidan mewarmeebs da menejerebs sxva miznebic gaaCniaT. mogebis garda isini
SeiZleba dainteresdnen sazogadoebaSi TavianTi reputaciiT an gayidvebis moculobisa da dividendebis
sididiT. ekonomikuri Teoriebi ar gansxvavdeba im Teoriebisagan, romlebsac SeimuSaveben nebismieri sxva
sferos mecnierebi.
realuri samyaros urTulesi movlenebis Sesaswavlad ekonomistebi qmnian da aanalizeben ekonomikur
modelebs (Economic Models). ekonomikuri modeli aris ekonomikuri procesebis an movlenis formaluri
aRwera, romlis struqtura ganisazRvreba rogorc misi obieqturi niSan-TvisebebiT, ise kvlevis subieqtur-
miznobrivi xasiaTiT.
ekonomikuri modeli emsaxureba ekonomikur cvladebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenas. igi gamoiyeneba
Teoriebisagan daskvnebis gamosatanad (logikis, grafikuli agebebisa da maTematikis daxmarebiT) da
saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros konkretuli movlenis winapiroba. amrigad, modeli SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnes imis winaswar gamosavlenad, rom ekonomikuri pirobebis cvalebadoba iwvevs gadawyvetilebebis,
fasebis, gayiduli da SeZenili dovlaTis moculobis cvlilebas.
ekonomikuri modeli, iseve rogorc geografiuli rukac, mravali detalis ignorirebas axdens. magaliTad, imis
dasadgenad, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdens Rvinis _ ,,saferavis_ fasze kaxeTSi setyvis mier saferavis jiSis
venaxebis farTobebis Semcireba, sulac ar aris saWiro saqarTveloSi meRvineobis dargSi mimdinare
procesebis an kaxeTis mosaxleobis adaT-wesebis codna. aseTi detalebi saintereso iqneboda presisaTvis,
magram ver axsnida im fundamentur Zalebs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen Rvino ,,saferavis fasze.
nebismieri modeli aRiwereba cvladebiT. ekonomikuri cvladebi (Economic Variables) ganzomilebadi
naturaluri an fuladi sididea (xarjebi, fasebi), romelTac SeuZliaT miiRon rigi SesaZlo mniSvnelobebi.
cvladebi, romelTa mniSvneloba gamoiyeneba modelSi mocemulobis xarjze parametri ewodeba. modeli
Cveulebriv yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod faqtebis mcire raodenobaze, romlebic zemoqmedeben
cvladebze. igi akavSirebs am cvladebs, akeTebs ra garkveul varauds adamianTa qcevaze da SezRudvebze.
magaliTad, ekonomikuri modeli SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes imis asaxsnelad, rom avtomobilebis SeZena
dakavSirebulia sesxis procentis normasTan an imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor gavlenas moaxdens sagadasaxado
dabegvra ojaxis Semosavlebze da a.S.
modelebi orientirebulia ramdenime ekonomikur cvladebs Soris kavSirebze. magaliTad, mogebis
maqsimizaciaze damyarebuli miwodebis modeli saWiroa miwodebis (saqonlis an momsaxurebis)
moculobaze moqmedi faqtorebis asaxsnelad. modelma SeiZleba aCvenos Tu rogor moqmedebs samSeneblo
masalis fasebis zrda axali mSeneblobis Rirebulebaze. Semdgom SeiZleba gamoviyenoT logika, rom
mSeneblobis Rirebulebis zrda zemoqmedebs mSeneblobis msurvelTa stimulze; aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi
modeli gamoxatavs kavSirs samSeneblo masalis fassa da mSenebare sacxovrebeli saxlebis raodenobas Soris.
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ekonomikuri modelidan gamomdinare daskvna gamoixateba hipoTezis formaSi, romelic warmoadgens
faqtebis mier damtkicebul an uaryofil Sedegebsa da kavSirebs. mtkiceba imisa, rom saSeni masalis fasi
izrdeba, savaraudod amcirebs mSenebare saxlebis raodenobas, danarCeni faqtorebi ucvlelia. swored, es aris
hipoTezis magaliTi.
ekonomikur cvladebze moqmedi faqtori SeiZleba mcire droSi Seicvalos. mSenebare saxlebis
raodenobaze, xis masalaze fasis gazrdis garda moqmedebs mSeneblobaze sesxis saprocento ganakveTic.
misi dabali ganakveTi stimuls iZleva mSeneblobis moculobis zrdisaTvis. Tu masalis fasi izrdeba maSin,
rodesac saprocento ganakveTi mcirdeba, aseT SemTxvevaSi mSeneblobis moculobis cvlileba asaxavs
gadawyvetilebaze am faqtorebis erTobliv zemoqmedebas. amrigad, ori cvladis kavSirze hipoTezis faqtiuri
mtkicebulebis povna xSirad iTxovs sxva cvladebisa da cvlilebis efeqtebis axsnas.
cvladebs, romlebic modelis farglebSi Semodis mza saxiT da ucvlelia _ egzogenuri (Exogeneous
Variable), xolo cvladebs, romlebic unda ganisazRvros modelis meSveobiT _ endogenuri cvladebi
(Endogeneous Variables) ewodeba.
TiTqmis yvela mikroekonomikuri modeli, es iqneba ,,saferavis fasis cvlilebebisa Tu samSeneblo
firmis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis aRmweri modelebi, iyenebs analizis sam instruments: pirobiTi
optimizacia, wonasworuli analizi da SedarebiTi statika.

pirobiTi optimizacia
pirobiTi optimizacia (Constrained Optimization), rogorc mikroekonomikuri analizis
instrumenti, gamoiyeneba gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqtis mier optimaluri (saukeTeso), magram
garkveuli pirobebiT SezRuduli arCevanis ganxorcielebisas.
pirobiTi optimizaciis problema ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: miznis funqciisa (Objective Function) da
SezRudvebis nakrebisagan (Set of Constraints). miznis funqcia aris is damokidebuleba, romlis
maqsimizacias an minimizacias gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqti cdilobs.
magaliTad, momxmarebels surs Tavisi moTxovnilebebis maqsimalurad dakmayofilebis mizniT
garkveuli saxeobis produqtis SeiZina. am SemTxvevaSi, miznis funqcia aris damokidebuleba, romelic
aRwers Tu ramdenad dakmayofilebulia misi moTxovnilebebi produqtis garkveuli raodenobis SeZeniT.
analogiurad, mwarmoebels surs ise dagegmos gamoSvebuli produqtis raodenoba, rom mis
sawarmoeblad minimaluri danaxarjebis gaReba mouxdes. am SemTxvevaSi, miznis funqcia gviCvenebs
mTliani danaxarjebis damokidebulebas produqtis warmoebis raodenobasTan.
pirobiTi optimizaciis problemis gadawyvetisas mniSvnelovania zRvruli analizi. pirobiTi
optimizaciis analizi cxadyofs, rom ekonomikur problemaTa gadawyvetisas erTi SexedviT ,,cxadi pasuxi
xSirad mcdaria. termini zRvruli mikroekonomikaSi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba damokidebuli cvladi
(Dependent Variable) damoukidebeli cvladis (Indipendent Variable) erTi erTeuliT gazrdis Sedegad.
damokidebuli da damoukidebeli cvladebis Sinaarsis ukeT gasagebad, ganvixiloT damokidebuleba or cvlads
_ warmoebuli produqtis raodenobas anu gamoSvebis moculobasa (Output) da produqtis warmoebaze
gaweul mTlian danaxarjs (Total Cost _ TC) Soris. vvaraudobT, rom rac ufro met produqts awarmoebs
firma, miT ufro izrdeba misi mTliani danaxarji. am SemTxvevaSi mTliani danaxarji aris damokidebuli
cvladi. misi mniSvneloba damokidebulia gamoSvebis moculobaze, romelic mocemul SemTxvevaSi
damoukidebel cvladad ganixileba.
16
miznis funqciisa da pirobiTi optimizaciis, cvladebis, agreTve zRvruli analizis ukeT gagebisaTvis
ganvixiloT magaliTebi. Cveni mizania ara mocemuli amocanis amoxsna, aramed miznis funqciisa da
SezRuduli pirobebis identificireba.

magaliTi 2
pirobiTi optimizacia: sajiriTo moednis Robe
davuSvaT, fermers surs cxenebisaTvis sajiriTo moednis SemoRobva oTxkuTxedi formis RobiT. mas
aqvs F metri sigrZis Robis masala da ufro metis yidva ar SeuZlia. samagierod mis winaSea Robis L sigrZisa
da W siganis kombinaciaTa didi arCevani. fermers surs Robis sigrZisa da siganis iseTi kombinaciis
SerCeva, rom miiRos sajiriTo moedanis maqsimaluri farTobi; magram amave dros SemosaRobad
gamoyenebuli masalis sigrZem (moednis perimetrma) ar unda gadaaWarbos F metrs.
a) ra aris am amocanis miznis funqcia?
b) ra aris SezRudva?
a) axseniT am modelSi romeli cvladebia (L, W da F) egzogenuri? endogenuri?
17
amoxsna
a) miznis funqcia aris damokidebuleba, romlis maqsimizaciasac fermeri cdilobs am SemTxvevaSi
sajiriTo moednis LW farTobi. sxva sityvebiT, fermeri SearCevs L-is da W-s raime mniSvnelobebs, raTa
miaRwios LW miznis funqciis maqsimizacias.
b) SezRudva asaxavs im viTarebebs, romlebic dgas fermeris winaSe. am SemTxvevaSi fermeris
gankargulebaSi arsebuli mxolod F sigrZis Robis masala. SezRudva fermerisaTvis niSnavs, rom sajiriTo
moednis perimetri 2L+2W ar unda aRematebodes F Robis masalis sigrZes. ase rom, mocemul
SemTxvevaSi, SezRudva SeiZleba Caiweros Semdegnairad 2L+2Ws F.
g) fermers ukve gaaCnia F sigrZis Robis masala. am modelSi F aris egzogenuri cvladi, radganac is
ganixileba rogorc mocemuli. endogenuri cvladebia L da W, radganac maTi mniSvnelobebi SeirCeva
fermeris mier da ganisazRvreba am modelis farglebSi.
pirobiTi optimizaciis problemas ekonomistebi Semdegnairad gamosaxaven:
max LW
(L,W)

im pirobiT, rom 2L+2Ws F

Canaweris pirveli xazi asaxavs miznis funqcias _ LW farTobs, romlis maqsimizaciaa saWiro.
(minimizaciis SemTxvevaSi max-is nacvlad Caiwereba min). max-is qveS meore xazze gamosaxulia
endogenuri cvladebi, romelTa SerCeva-kontroli gadawyvetilebis mimRebs SeuZlia. am SemTxvevaSi
(L,W)
mianiSnebs, rom fermers SeuZlia SearCios Robis sigrZe da sigane.
Canaweris meore xazi gamoxatavs SezRudvas arCevanis SemzRudav pirobas. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi arCevanis SemzRudavi pirobaa, rom SemoRobili moednis perimetri ver gadaaWarbebs
SemosaRobi masalisF F sigrZes.
sabolood, pirobiTi optimizaciis problemis gamosaxuleba gviCvenebs, rom feremeri SearCevs L da
W-s garkveul mniSvnelobebs sajiriTo moednis farTobis maqsimizaciis mizniT. L da W-s SesaZlo
mniSvnelobebis SerCeva SezRudulia im pirobiT, rom SemosaRobi moednis perimetri ar unda aRematebodes
fermeris gankargulebaSi arsebul SemosaRobi masalis FsigrZes.

magaliTi 3
sareklamo kampania ludis gasayidad
dauSvaT, ludis qarxnas sareklamo kampaniis Casatareblad momavali wlisaTvis gaaCnia 1 milioni
lari. menejerma Tanxa unda gaanawilos radio an tele reklamaze. radio reklama SedarebiT iafia, magram tele
reklamas ufro didi auditoria hyavs. momxmareblisaTvis reklamis vizualuri mxare ufro damajereblad
moqmedebs da sabolood, tele reklama ufro metad zrdis gayidvis moculobas, vidre radio reklama.


18
ludis gayidvebis moculoba sareklamo kampaniis dros
cxrili 1.1
sareklamo kampaniaze mTlianad
daxarjuli Tanxa (lari)
sareklamo kampaniis Semdeg gayiduli ludis raodenoba (litri weliwadSi)
tele reklama radio reklama
0 0 0
100000 4750 950
200000 9000 1800
300000 12750 2550
400000 16000 3200
500000 18750 3750
600000 21000 4200
700000 22750 4550
800000 24000 4800
900000 24750 4950
1000000 25000 5000

sareklamo kampaniis dagegmvis mizniT aucilebelia SeviswavloT ludis bazari. vTqvaT, sareklamo
kampaniis Catarebis Semdeg gaviangariSeT ludis mosalodneli gayidvebis moculoba. sareklamo kampaniaze
daxarjuli Tanxebisa da gayidvebis moculobis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb informacia mocemulia cxrilSi 1.1.
magaliTad, Tu daxarjavT 1 milion lars tele reklamaze, maSin 25000 litr luds gayidiT, xolo Tu igive Tanxas
daxarjavT radio reklamaze, maSin ludis gayidvebi mxolod 5000 litri iqneba. aseve SesaZlebelia
gadanawildes Tanxa sxvadasxva proporciiT tele da radio reklamaze. magaliTad, 400000 lari _ tele, xolo
600000 lari radio reklamaze daixarjos. aseT SemTxvevaSi ludis gayidvebi tele reklamidan iqneba 16000
litri, xolo radio reklamidan _ 4200 litri, sul 20200 (16000+4200) litri ludi.
cxrilSi mocemuli informaciis mixedviT rogor gaanawilebdiT sareklamo kampaniisaTvis gankuTvnil
1 milon lars tele da radio reklamaze gayidvebis maqsimaluri moculobis misaRwevad?
swored es aris pirobiTi optimizaciis magaliTi. unda SearCioT tele da radio reklamebze dasaxarji
Tanxebis (T da R) garkveuli raodenoba ludis gayidvebis moculobis B(T,R) maqsimizaciis mizniT, im
pirobiT, rom daxarjuli Tanxebis raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes sareklamo kampaniis biujets. aRniSnuli
SemTxvevis pirobiTi optimizaciis problema Semdegnairad Caiwereba:

max B (T,R)
(T
,
R)
im pirobiT, rom T+R= 1000000
cxrili 1.1-is swrafi gadaxedviT SesaZloa gavakeToT mcdari daskvna, magaliTad, umjobesia
mTlianad 1 milioni lari davxarjoT tele reklamaze da araferi radio reklamaze. amas cxrilis monacemebic
adasturebs. tele reklama xom yovelTvis ufro met gayidvebs uzrunvelyofs, vidre radio reklama?
rogor unda ganawildes sareklamo biujeti tele da radio reklamebs Soris? dasmul SekiTxvaze swori
pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia SezRuduli optimizaciis analiziT, romelic gulisxmobs zRvruli analizis
Catarebas.
ganvixiloT mocemuli sareklamo kampaniis ramdenime SesaZlo varianti:
19
I varianti: 1000000 lari mTlianad ixarjeba tele reklamaze, ludis gayidvebis moculoba am
SemTxvevaSi aris 25000 litri;
II varianti: 900000 lari tele, xolo 100000 lari radio reklamaze ixarjeba. am SemTxvevaSi ludis
gayidvebis moculoba tele rklamidan _ 24750 litri, xolo radio reklamidan 950 litri ludia. jamSi ludis
gayidvebis moculoba 25700 litris (24750+950) tolia. es Sedegi 700 litriT met gayidul luds niSnavs da
ukeTesia, vidre I variantis Sedegi.
III varianti: kidev ufro ukeTes Sedegs miiRebT, Tu 800000 lars tele reklamaze, xolo 200000 lars
radio reklamaze daxarjavT. am SemTxvevaSi ludis gayidvebis mTliani moculoba 25800 litris (24000+1800)
tolia.
radio reklama calke aRebuli naklebad zrdis gayidvebis moculobas. miuxedavad amisa gayidvebis
moculobis maqsimizaciis mizniT umjobesia sareklamo kampaniis xarjebi gadanawildes tele da radio
reklamaze. am SemTxvevaSi, tele reklamaze daxarjuli damatebiTi 100000 laris zRvruli efeqtianoba bevrad
ufro naklebia, vidre radio reklamaze daxarjul damatebiTi 100000 laris zRvruli efeqtianoba.
Tu 800000 laris nacvlad 900000 laris daxarjvas gadawyvetT tele reklamaze, damatebiTi 100000 laris
zRvruli efeqtianoba iqneba (24750-24000)/100000=0,0075litri TiToeul damatebiT daxarjul larze. erTi
damatebiTi laris daxarjva tele reklamaze ludis gayidvebis moculobas 0,0075 litriT zrdis. magram igive
damatebiTi 100000 laris daxarjvas radio reklamaze aqvs ufro maRali zRvruli efeqtianoba (24000+950-
24000)/100000=0,0095 litri TiToeul damatebiT daxarjul larze. erTi damatebiTi laris daxarjva radio
reklamaze ludis gayidvebis moculobas 0,0095 litriT zrdis.
amrigad, radio reklamis zRvruli efeqtianoba aWarbebs tele reklamis zRvrul efeqtianobas
(0,0095>0,0075).

wonasworobis analizi
mikroekonomikuri analizis meore instrumentia wonasworobis analizi (Equilibrium Analysis).
sistemis wonasworoba aris mdgomareoba, romelic grZeldeba droSi usazRvrod manamde, sanam egzogenuri
faqtorebi ucvlelia. sxva sityvebiT, sanam gareSe faqtorebSi mimdinare cvlilebebi ar daarRveven
wonasworobas.
mikroekonomikaSi konkurentul bazarze wonasworoba miiRweva maSin, roca bazari
gawonasworebulia (Market Clears) _ bazarze mwarmoeblebis mier mocemul fasad miwodebuli produqtis
raodenoba emTxveva momxmareblebis mier amave fasad moTxovnil produqtis raodenobas. naxazze 1. 1
mandarinis bazris wonasworul mdgomareobas gviCvenebs moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTis
wertili.
20


mandarinis wonasworuli fasi aris 2 lari TiToeul kilogramSi. am fasad gamyidvelebs surT Q
3

raodenobis mandarinis gayidva. roca misi fasi 2,50 laria, maSin bazari ar imyofeba wonasworul
mdgomareobaSi, radgan miwodebuli mandarinis raodenoba aWarbebs am fasad moTxovnili mandarinis
raodenobas. Warbi mandarinis raodenobaa Q
5
-Q
2
. bazari ar iqneba wonasworobaSi maSinac ki, Tu
mandarinis fasi 1,50 laria. am dros moTxovna aWarbebs miwodebas. bazarze mandarinis deficitia. Warbi
moTxovnis anu mandarinis deficitia Q
4
-Q
1
raodenoba.
wonasworul fasad, 2 larad, zustad igive raodenobis mandarinis yidva surT momxareblebsac.
mandarinis bazarze aseTi mdgomareoba darCeba ucvlelad ganusazRvreli drois ganmavlobaSi. aseTi
wonasworuli mdgomareoba gagrZeldeba manam, sanam ar Seicvleba bazarze arsebul moTxovnasa da
miwodebaze zemoqmedi gareSe faqtorebi (magaliTad, momxmarebelTa ricxvis moulodneli gazrda an
mosalodneli yinvebis gamo mandarinis cudi mosavali).

SedarebiTi statika
SedarebiTi statika (Comparative Statics), rogorc mikroekonomikuri instrumenti, aanalizebs
ekonomikur modelSi egzogenuri cvladebis cvlilebebis zegavlenas endogenur cvladebze. SedarebiTi statika
SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc wonasworobis, aseve pirobiTi optimizaciis analizis dros. SedarebiTi
statika iZleva ekonomikuri modelis aRweras egzogenuri cvladis cvlilebamde da cvlilebis Semdeg. igi
warmoadgens ekonomikuri modelis sawyisi mdgomareobisa da momxdari cvlilebis Semdgom analizs.
ganvixiloT, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba SedarebiTi statika wonasworobis analizisas. davuSvaT,
saqarTveloSi yinvebis gamo Semcirda mandarinis mosavali. amave dros garTulebulia sazRvargareTidan
misi importi. momxmareblebis gemovneba ar Secvlila da bazarze mandarinis Semcvleli xili ar moipoveba. es
garemoebebi aucileblad gamoiwvevs mandarinze fasis gazrdas.
Q5
Q3
Q1
deficiti
moTxovna (D)
1.50
siWarbe
2.00
2.50
m
a
n
d
a
r
i
n
i
s

f
a
s
i
,

l
a
r
i

mandarinis raodenoba
miwodeba (S)
Q2
Q4
nax. 1.1 wonasworoba mandarinis bazarze
mandarinis wonasworuli fasia 2 lari. Tu mandarinis fasi 2,50 laria, bazari ar imyofeba wonasworobaSi, radgan
miwodebuli mandarinis raodenoba aWarbebs am fasad moTxovnili mandarinis raodenobas. Warbi mandarinis
raodenobaa Q
5
-Q
2. bazari ar iqneba wonasworobaSi maSinac, Tu mandarinis fasia 1,50 lari. am dros moTxovna
aWarbebs miwodebas. bazarze mandarinis deficitia. Warbi moTxovnis, anu mandarinis deficitis raodenobaa Q
4
-Q
1.


0

P

Q

21

naxazze 1.2 asaxulia SedarebiTi statikis meSveobiT momxdari cvlilebebi. cvlilebamde miwodebis
mrudi iyo S
1
, moTxovnis mrudi ki D
1
. sawyis mdgomareobaSi ekonomikuri modelis endogenuri cvladebi,
anu wonasworuli fasi da wonasworuli raodenoba, aris Sesabamisad 1 lari da Q
1
. egzogenurma Sokurma
viTarebam (yinvis gamo mandarinis cudi mosavali) gamoiwvia miwodebis Semcireba anu miwodebis
mrudis marcxniv gadaadgileba S
2
mrudis saxiT. darwmunebiT SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom moTxovnis mrudi
ar gadaadgildeba, radgan yinva momxmareblis mandarinisadmi damokidebulebaze veranair gavlenas ver
axdens. egzogenuri faqtoris cvlilebis Semdeg Seicvala endogenuri cvladebis mniSvnelobebic: axla
wonasworuli fasi 3 laria, xolo wonasworuli raodenobaa Q
2
.
maSasadame, SedarebiTi statikis, rogorc analizis instrumentis gamoyeneba, gviCvenebs, rom
egzogenurma cvlilebebma gamoiwvia fasis zrda da raodenobis Semcireba.

S2
Q2
D1
1.00
3.00
m
a
n
d
a
r
i
n
i
s

f
a
s
i
,

l
a
r
i

mandarinis raodenoba
Q1
S1
nax. 1.2 cvlilebebi mandarinis bazarze
Semcirda mandarinis miwodeba, miwodebis mrudi gadaadgilda S
1
-dan S
2
mdgomareobaSi. wonasworuli fasi gaizarda 1
laridan 3 laramde. mandarinis wonasworuli raodenoba Semcirda Q
2
-dan Q
1
-mde.

0

P

Q

22
ekonomikur-maTematikuri modelireba

ekonomikur-maTematikuri modelirebis umartives saxes warmoadgens modelireba organzomilebian
sivrceSi grafikebis daxmarebiT. aq SeiZleba ganvixiloT ramdenime SemTxveva: 1) argumentis
mniSvnelobis momatebasTan erTad funqciis mniSvneloba matulobs, maSin grafiki aRmavalia; 2)
argumentis mniSvnelobis zrdasTan erTad funqciis mniSvneloba klebulobs, maSin grafiki daRmavalia
(naxazi 1.3, a); 3) argumentis mniSvnelobis SemcirebasTan erTad funqciis mniSvneloba ar icvleba, maSin
amboben, rom funqcias aqvs nulovani daxriloba anu mudmivia; 4) Tu argumentis erTi da igive
mniSvnelobas Seesabameba funqciis ganusazRvreli mniSvnelobebi, maSin funqciis daxriloba usasrulobis
tolia (naxazi 1.3, b).
naxazze 1.3 (a, b) gamosaxulia umartivesi wrfivi damokidebulebebi. realobaSi adgili aqvs ufro
rTul kavSirebs, romlebic gamoisaxebian mrudebiT. imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT funqciis daxrilobis done
mocemuli wertilis garSemo, aucilebelia misdami gavavloT mxebi, ise rogorc es naCvenebia naxazze 1.4.

0



,,a
aRmavali
0 ,,b
daRmavali

daxriloba
nulovani




`a~
0
`b~



`g~
zrdadi
0
`d~

0
0
klebadi klebadi

zrdadi

nax. 1.4 mrudTa daxrilobebi
nax.1.3 wrfivi damokidebulebebi
daxriloba miiswrafis
-ken

23
magaliTi 4
wrfivi damokidebulebis grafikebis ageba
vTqvaT, gvainteresebs damokidebulebis dadgena, romeliRac farTobze qimiuri saSualebebis
gamoyenebasa da marcvleulis mosavals Soris. simartivisaTvis X-iT aRvniSnoT qimiuri saSualebebis
raodenoba (tona), xolo Y-iT _ warmoebuli marcvleulis raodenoba (aTasi tona).
ori cvladi gamoxatavs Semdeg Teoriul Tanafardobas:
Y=f(x)=100X+100 (1.1)
Y=f(x) niSnavs, rom Y damokidebulia X-ze. tolobis meore nawili akonkretebs f damokidebulebas.
Nnaxazze 1.5 naCvenebia am damokidebulebis grafiki. yoveli wertili im wrfeze, romelic gamoxatulia
Y=f(x)-iT, Seesabameba ricxvebis wyvils, rac (1.1) tolobis Tanafardobas akmayofilebs. RerZTa
gadakveTis wertils (0) grafikis sawyiss uwodeben, igi ori cvladis nulovan mniSvnelobas Seesabameba.
(1.1) tolobaSi mocemuli Teoriuli Tanafardoba gviCvenebs, rom Tu X=1, maSin Y unda udrides 200-
s (Y=1001+100). analogiurad, Tu X=2, maSin grafiki gviCvenebs, rom Y=300 (300= 1002+100 ).
naxazze 1.5 gamosaxulia wrfivi damokidebuleba (Linear Relations). mis asagebad unda vicodeT ori
sidide: Tavisufali wevri da kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvneloba. Tu X-is mniSvnelobebi horizontalur RerZzea
moTavsebuli, xolo Y-is vertikalurze, maSin Tavisufali wevri ganisazRvreba Y-is mniSvnelobiT, X=0-is
pirobebSi. grafikulad Tavisufali wevri aris grafikis vertikalur RerZTan gadakveTis wertili, ramdenadac X-is
mniSvneloba am wertilSi nulis tolia. f damokidebulebis Tavisufali wevri 100-is tolia. marcvleulis magaliTSi
am wertils Seesabameba misi warmoebis moculoba qimikatebis gamouyeneblad.
wrfis kuTxuri koeficienti (Slopes Of Graphs) ganisazRvreba Y-is cvlilebiT X-is erTi erTeuliT
Secvlis SemTxvevaSi. Teoriuli damokidebuleba gviCvenebs (naxazi 1.5), rom Tu X izrdeba erTi erTeuliT (1
tona Setanili qimiuri saSualebebi), maSin Y gaizarda 100 erTeuliT (warmoebuli iqna 100 aTasi tona
marcvleuli). amrigad, wrfisaTvis kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvneloba aRniSnul naxazze 100-is tolia. rac metia
kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvneloba, niSnavs imas, rom qimiuri saSualebebis yoveli damatebiTi tona gazrdis
marcvleulis warmoebas 200 aTasi toniT, warmoeba 2-jer ufro mgZnobiare iqneba qimiuri saSualebebis
gamoyenebisadmi.

24

wrfivi damokidebulebis kuTxuri koeficienti SeiZleba gaangariSebul iqnes uSualod grafikis
safuZvelze. naxazi gviCvenebs, rom Tu X=0, maSin, Y=100, xolo Tu X=2, maSin Y=300. Y-is cvlileba am
or mniSvnelobas Soris udris 200-s (300-100), xolo X-is gadideba udris 2-s (2-0). amrigad, Y-is cvlileba X-is
erTi erTeuliT gadidebisas udris 100-s (200/2). wertilis yoveli wyvili, romlebic wrfivi damokidebulebis
kuTxuri koeficientis gasaangariSeblad gamoiyeneba, imave Sedegs mogvcems.

kuTxuri koeficienti da wrfis daxriloba
mocemuli masStabis pirobebSi horizontaluri da vertikaluri RerZebis (X da Y-is mocemuli
mniSvnelobis pirobebSi) wrfis zrdadi kuTxuri koeficienti miT metia, rac ufro daxrilia wrfe X RerZisadmi.
magaliTad, naxazze 1.6 qveda wrfes 200-is toli kuTxuri koeficienti gaaCnia (X-is erTi erTeuliT gadidebisas
Y izrdeba 200 erTeuliT). zeda wrfes 100-is toli kuTxuri koeficienti gaaCnia. marcvleulis magaliTSi qveda
wrfe SeiZleba gamosaxavdes damokidebulebas qimiur saSualebebsa da mosavals Soris mwiri miwis
nakveTisaTvis. ase, rom 1 tona qimiuri saSualeba mTlianad sakmarisi ar aris Tundac garkveuli raodenobis
marcvleulis mosayvanad (magaliTad, drenaJis daxmarebiT qimiuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba
gansakuTrebiT efeqtiani xdeba).
kuTxuri koeficienti da daxriloba urTierTdakavSirebulia mxolod RerZTa mudmivi masStabebis
pirobebSi. Tu vertikaluri RerZi naxazze 1.6 gadakeTebuli iqneba iseTnairad, rom 100 gadaiqceva 200-ad,
200 400-ad da a.S., maSin gansaxilveli damokidebulebis kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvneloba gaormagdeba,
radgan X-is erTi erTeuliT gadidebisas, Y 200-iT gaizrdeba (zeda wrfe), maSin, roca wina SemTxvevaSi X-is
erTi erTeuliT gadidebisas Y mxolod 100-iT izrdeboda, Tumca wrfe daxrili ar gaxdeboda. zustad aseve, erTi
wrfivi damokidebulebis grafiki, maTi kuTxuri koeficientebis Tanatolobis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba meore
wrfivi damokidebulebis grafikze damreci iyos maTi agebis sxvadasxva masStabebis gamoyenebis gamo.

Y=(X)
1 2 3
0
X
Y
400
300
200
Tavisufali
wevri
nax. 1.5 wrfivi damokidebuleba or X da Y cvladebs Soris
naxazze asaxulia wrfivi damokidebuleba Y=f(X) or X da Y cvlads Soris. am wrfis yoveli wertili X da Yis
mniSvnelobebs Seesabameba, rac zemoT gansazRvrul Tanafardobas akmayofilebs.
25


dadebiTi da uaryofiTi kuTxuri koeficientebi
naxazze 1.5 da 1.6 yvela wrfe aRmavalia. aseTi wrfeebis gaswvriv X-is nebismier gazrdas
Seesabameba dadebiTi cvlileba _ Y-is gadideba. amrigad, aRmaval wrfes dadebiTi kuTxuri koeficienti
gaaCnia, e. i. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom gansaxilveli cvladebi dadebiTia.
naxazze 1.7 gamosaxulia daRmavali wrfe. masze warmodgenili g funqcia niSnavs, rom X-is gadideba
iwvevs Y-is uaryofiT cvlilebas.
naxazi 1.7-is saSualebiT SeiZleba gamovTvaloT wrfis kuTxuri koeficienti. roca X=1, Y=300, rac
naxazze isrebiT aris gamosaxuli. analogiurad SegviZlia vaCvenoT, rom roca X=3, Y=100. X-is gadideba am
mniSvnelobebs Soris 2-is tolia (3_1), maSin, roca Y-is Semcireba 200-is tolia (100-300). amrigad, am
wrfis kuTxuri koeficienti, k=100 (200/2).
yvela daRmaval wrfes yovelTvis uaryofiTi kuTxuri koeficienti gaaCnia, radganac Y-is cvlilebebi, rac
X-is nebismier gadidebas Seesabameba, yovelTvis uaryofiTia. RerZTa fiqsirebuli masStabis pirobebSi, rac
ufro daxrilia daRmavali wrfe, miT metia kuTxuri koeficientis uaryofiTi mniSvneloba.
100
1 2 3 4
0
X
Y
400
300
200
nax. 1.6 ufro daxrili wrfe kuTxuri koeficientis didi mniSvnelobiT xasiaTdeba
zeda wrfe mocemul naxazze asaxavs Y=f(X) damokidebulebis grafiks, (rac naCvenebia naxazze 1.5); misi kuTxuri
koeficienti 100-is tolia. ufro daxrili wrfis kuTxuri koeficientia 200.

26

rogor gamoisaxeba wrfe, Tu misi kuTxuri koeficienti nulis tolia? kuTxuri koeficientis nulisadmi toloba
niSnavs, rom X-is gadidebisas YY aranairad ar icvleba. es niSnavs, rom wrfe SeiZleba iyos horizontaluri
RerZis paraleluri.

magaliTi 5
arawrfivi damokidebulebis grafikebis ageba
naxazi 1.8 gviCvenebs arawrfiv damokidebulebas (Nonlinear Relations) qimiuri saSualebebis (X)
gamoyenebasa da marcvleulis (Y) warmoebas Soris. Qqimiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebis gareSe (X=0)
iwarmoeba 100 tona marcvleuli, e.i am mrudis Tavisufali wevris mniSvneloba 100-is tolia. Tu
gamoviyenebT 1 tona qimikats, miviRebT 200 tona marcvals, xolo ori tonis gamoyeneba SesaZleblobas
iZleva marcvleulis gamoSveba gaizardos 280 tonamde. Mmarcvleulis warmoebis maqsimaluri moculoba
(400 tona) miiRweva 5,5 tona qimiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebis dros. Aam wertilis Semdeg X-is gadideba
ganapirobebs Y-is Semcirebas. marcvleulis gamoSveba ecema nulamde, Tu gamoiyeneba 12 tonaze meti
raodenobis qimiuri saSualebebi.
TuU X-is mniSvnelebebi 0-dan 5,5-mdea, X-isa da Y-is kavSiri dadebiTia (pirdapiri) mrudis
gaswvriv, xolo X-is didi mniSvnelobebis SemTxvevaSi kavSiri uaryofiTia (naxazi 1.8). cnobilia, rom
arawrfivi mrudis kuTxuri koeficienti mudmivi ar aris, rogorc wrfis SemTxvevaSi. X-is zogierTi
mniSvnelobebisaTvis Y-is cvlilebebi dadebiTia, sxvebisTvis uaryofiTi an SeiZleba nulis toli iyos
(SeadareT X=4 da X=7). Ees niSnavs, rom Cven SegviZlia visaubroT kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvnelobaze
arawrfivi mrudisaTvis.


Y
400
300
280
Y=(X)
Y=g(X)
100
1 2 3 4
0
X
Y
400
300
200
nax. 1.7 Sebrunebuli wrfivi damokidebuleba or cvlads X da Y-s Soris
naxazze naCvenebia damokidebuleba Y=g(X), rac Y-is Semcirebas akavSirebs X-is gadidebasTan. magaliTad, roca X=0,
Y=400 (Tavisufali wevris mniSvneloba), magram X-is 1-mde gadidebisas, Y 300-mde mcirdeba. wrfis kuTxuri
koeficienti 100-is tolia.
27




A
A
B B
350
dadebiTi
kuTxuri
koeficienti
C
C
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0
X
Y
400
300
280
200
Y=(X)
5,5
nulovani kuTxuri
koeficienti
uaryofiTi kuTxuri
koeficienti
nax. 1.9 arawrfivi mrudis kuTxuri koeficientebi
AA wrfe Y=f(X), mrudis mxebia X=2 wertilSi. mrudis kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvneloba mocemul wertilSi AA wrfis
kuTxuri koeficientiT ganisazRvreba, romlis sidide 70-ia (350-280)/(3-2). analogiurad, BB da CC mxebi wrfeebis kuTxuri
koeficientebi arawrfivi mrudis kuTxur koeficientTa mniSvnelobebis tolia, Sesabamisad, X=5,5 da X=9 wertilebSi. mrudis
kuTxuri koeficienti dadebiTia X-is 5,5-ze naklebi yvela mniSvnelobisaTvis; igi nulis tolia X=5,5 mniSvnelobebisaTvis
(es Y-is maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis wertilia) da uaryofiTia X-is 5,5-ze meti mniSvnelobisaTvis.
nax. 1.8 arawrfivi damokidebuleba
Y=f(X), grafiki arawrfivia; Y-is Secvla, rac X-is erTiT gadidebas Seesabameba, damokidebulia X-is Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobaze.
X-is nulidan 1-mde gadidebisas Y gaizrdeba 100-dan 200-mde (Tavisufali wevris sidide), magram X-is 2-dan 3-mde gadidebisas Y
izrdeba mxolod 80 erTeuliT. X-is 5,5-ze naklebi mniSvnelobis dros X da Y erTmaneTTan dadebiTadaa dakavSirebuli; Y-is
maqsimaluri mniSvneloba miiRweva roca X=5,5; X-is 5,5-ze meti mniSvnelobisas am or cvlads Soris ukudamokidebuleba
arsebobs.
28
arawrfivi mrudis kuTxuri koeficienti yovel wertilze ganisazRvreba mocemul wertilSi am
mrudisadmi mxebis kuTxuri koeficientiT. Ees ganmarteba warmodgenilia naxazze 1.9 A wrfe Y=f(x)
mrudis mxebia X=2 wertilSi. AA wrfeze Y=350, X=3 da maSasadame, AA kuTxuri koeficienti 70-is
tolia (350-280)/(3-2). Aamrigad, mrudis kuTxuri koeficienti X=2 wertilze 70-is tolia.
BB wrfe mocemuli mrudis mxebia X=5,5 wertilSi, roca Y maqsimalur mniSvnelobas aRwevs. Ees
wrfe zustad X RerZis paraleluria. ase, rom am wrfis kuTxuri koeficienti nulis tolia. E
CC wrfis mrudTan Sexebis wertilSi X=9 . vinaidan CC-s uaryofiTi daxriloba gaaCnia, amitom
mrudis kuTxuri koeficientis mniSvneloba X=9 dros uaryofiTi iqneba. rogorc moyvanili magaliTebidan
Cans, mrudis kuTxuri koeficienti dadebiTia maSin, roca mrudi aRmavalia (e.i. X-is gadideba iwvevs Y-is
zrdas) da uaryofiTi, roca mrudi daRmavalia Y(X-is mniSvnelobis gadidebisas Y mcirdeba).

1. 4 pozitiuri da normatiuli analizi


mikroekonomikuri analizi SeiZleba eyrdnobodes pozitiur da normatiul debulebebs. pozitiuri anu
diskriptuli (Positive Analysis) debuleba cdilobs ekonomikuri movlena axsnas mecnierulad, obieqturad da
dasaxos gzebi, Camoayalibos iseTi debulebebi, romlebic aravisaTvis sadao ar iqneba. pozitiurma analizma
SeiZleba iwinaswarmetyvelos iseTi ekonomikuri movlenebis cvalebadoba, rogoricaa warmoeba, Sesyidvebi,
fasebi an Semosavlebi. pozitiuri ekonomikuri Teoriis daxmarebiT ekonomistma SeiZleba Camoayalibos
aseTi tipis debuleba `Tu -----------, maSin ---------~, romlebic faqtebiT da cifrebiT iqneba warmodgenili.
magaliTad, saqarTveloSi, soflis meurneobaSi pozitiuri analizi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT imis asaxsnelad, Tu
subsidiebi rogor gavlenas axdens produqtis fasebze. aRniSnuli analizi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes Semdegi
mtkicebulebis gasakeTeblad _ `Tu fermerebze gaweuli daxmareba Seikveceba, maSin soflis meurneobis
produqtebze fasebi gaizrdeba da momxmareblis nameti Semcirdeba~. es TavisTavad warmoadgens
prognozs, romelic SeiZleba gadamowmebul iqnes, Tu subsidireba namdvilad Seikveceba.
pozitiuri analizi SeiZleba iyos aseTi debulebac: `gadasaxdis dawesebis Sedegad moimatebs produqtis
fasebi; an kargi mosavali ganapirobebs bazarze produqtis miwodebis zrdas da fasebis Semcirebas da a.S.
normatiuli analizi (Normative Analysis) ZiriTadad dafuZnebulia pirad Sexedulebebze. normatiuli
analizi iZleva rekomendaciebs da ayalibebs Semdegi tipis debulebas _ `ekuTvnis gaakeTosL es an is~.
normatiuli debulebis magaliTia _ `politika, romelic aferxebs Tavisufal vaWrobas, unda gamoiricxos~,
aRniSnul mtkicebaSi CarTulia azri, rom kargia iyos Tavisufali vaWroba.
normatiuli debulebebi yvelasaTvis misaRebi SeiZleba ar iyos da sadaoa. ekonomistebs yovelTvis
gaaCniaT sakuTari Sexedulebebi da damamtkicebeli argumentebi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
magaliTad, ekonomistebi daoben imis Taobaze, Caerios Tu ara saxelmwifo bazris funqcionirebaSi. aRniSnul
sakiTxs Tu ekonomikuri efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT mivudgebiT, maSin sabazro meqanizmebSi Caurevloba
gacilebiT maRal Sedegebs gvaZlevs. Tu gavixsenebT imas, rom saxelmwifos erT-erTi funqciaa yvela
moqalaqeze zrunva, maSin uari unda vTqvaT mogebis maRal normebze da SevecadoT elementaruli
sasicocxlo pirobebi SevuqmnaT ukiduresad SeWirvebulebs bazris funqcionirebaSi saxelmwifos Carevisa da
Semosavlebis gadanawilebis gziT.

29
ZiriTadi terminebi
- samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi
- nominaluri fasi
- realuri fasi
- SefardebiTi fasi
- ekonomikuri modeli
- ekonomikuri cvladebi
- egzogenuri cvladi
- endogenuri cvladi
- pirobiTi optimizacia
- wonasworuli analizi
- SedarebiTi statika
- pozitiuri analizi
- normatiuli analizi


ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. mikroekonomikis Seswavlis sagania ekonomikuri subieqtebis firmebis, momxmareblebis,
investorebis, resursebis mflobelebis ekonomikuri qceva. aseve, momxmareblebisa da firmebis
urTierTqmedeba bazrebisa da dargebis formirebis procesSi.
2. inflaciis gamoricxvis mizniT iangariSeba realuri fasebi. realur fasebSi, inflaciis koreqtirebisaTvis
gamoiyeneba fasebis agregirebuli indeqsi CPI.
3. movlenebs Soris mozez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasadgenad mikroekonomika eyrdnoba Teorias,
romelsac SeuZlia martivad axsnas ekonomikuri subieqtebis qceva da samomamvlod
iwinaswarmetyvelos am qcevis xasiaTi. ekonomikur cvladebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenas ki
emsaxureba ekonomkuri modeli da gamoiyeneba Teoriisagan daskvnebis gamosatanad.
4. nebismieri modeli aRiwereba cvladebiT. ekonomikuri cvladebi ganzomilebadi naturaluri an fuladi
sididea. cvladebi, romlebic modelis farglebSi Semodis mza saxiT da ucvlelia _ egzogenuri
ewodeba, xolo cvladebi, romlebic unda ganisazRvros modelis meSveobiT endogenuri cvladebia.
5. yvela mikroekonomikuri modeli iyenebs analizis sam instruments: pirobiTi optimizacia, wo-
nasworuli analizi da SedarebiTi statika. pirobiTi optimizacia gamoiyeneba gadawyvetilebis
mimRebi subieqtis mier optimaluri, magram garkveuli pirobebiT SezRuduli arCevanis
ganxorcielebis dros; wonasworoba aris mdgomareoba, romelic grZeldeba droSi usazRvrod
manamde, sanam egzogenuri faqtorebi ucvlelia. SedarebiTi statika ganixilavs egzogenuri cvladebis
cvlilebebis zegavlenas endogenur cvladebze.
6. normatiuli analizi ekonomikur movlenebs xsnis mecnierulad, obieqturad; normatiuli analizi iZleva
rekomendaciebs, igi yvelasaTvis misaRebi SeiZleba ar iyos da sadaoa.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis
1. ganmarteT mikroekonomikis kursis Seswavlis sagani. ra gansxvavebaa mikroekonomikasa da
makroekonomikas Soris?
2. rogor ganisazRvreba samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi?
3. ra gansxvavebaa nominalur da realur Semosavlebs Soris?
4. ekonomikuri kvlevis ra meTodebs icnobT?
5. daaxasiaTeT ekonomikuri modelis egzogenuri da endogenuri cvladebi. ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris?
6. axseniT wonasworuli mdgomareoba. pasuxi daasabuTeT grafikulad.
30
7. daaxasiaTeT SedarebiTi statika rogorc mikroekonomkuri instrumenti.
8. axseniT wrfivi da arawrfivi damokidebulebebi. ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris? romeli sidideebia saWiro
wrfivi damokidebulebis grafikulad warmosadgenad?
9. romel wrfes gaaCnia dadebiTi kuTxuri koeficienti? uaryofiTi?
10. rogor gaiangariSeba wrfis daxrilobebi da kuTxuri koeficientebi?
11. daasaxeleT pozitiuri da normatiuli analizis magaliTebi.
31
Tavi 2. moTxovna, miwodeba da sabazro wonasworoba

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. mocemuli gantolebis safuZvelze moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis agebas
2. wonasworuli fasisa da raodenobis grafikul analizs
3. faqtorebis gavleniT moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadaadgilebebis Sefasebas
4. bazris wonasworobis statikur analizs
5. moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gamoyenebas konkretuli bazris analizisaTvis


moTxovnis, miwodebisa da sabazro wonasworobis analizi ganvixiloT srulyofili konkurenciis bazris
magaliTze. aRniSnuli bazris damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia: myidvelTa da gamyidvelTa didi raodenoba; saqonlis
identuroba, aradiferencirebuloba; bazarze Tavisufali Sesvla da gasvla; myidvelebis kargad informirebuloba
sabazro fasebis Sesaxeb; fasis miReba.


naxazze 2.1 warmodgenilia srulyofili konkurenciis bazris ZiriTadi modeli. horizontalur RerZze
mocemulia konkretuli saqonlis mTliani raodenoba _ Q, vertikalur RerZze aRniSnulia fasi _ . P
bazari aRiwereba sami ganzomilebiT: 1. samomxmareblo saqonliT (naxazze 2.1 es saqoneli
xorbalia); 2. geografiuli adgilmdebareobiT, sadac xorcieldeba yidva-gayidva (magaliTad, naxazze 2.1 _
saqarTvelo); 3. dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic xorcieldeba transaqcia (naxazze 2.1 es aris 2008 weli).

2.1 moTxovnis mrudi

D

S

0

P

Q

75,7 76,1 76,6
300
400
E









F
f
a
s
i


(
l
a
r
i

e
r
T

t
o
n
a
z
e
)

raodenoba (aTasi tona weliwadSi)
nax. 2.1 xorblis bazari saqarTveloSi, 2008
D aris xorbalze moTxovnis mrudi; S _ xorblis miwodebis mrudi; D da S mrudebis E gadakveTa _ sabazro wonasworobis
wertili.
32
naxazze 2.1 D warmoadgens moTxovnis (Demend) mruds xorblisaTvis. igi gviCvenebs Tu ra
raodenobis xorblis yidvas isurveben momxmareblebi masze sxvadasxva fasis pirobebSi. magaliTad, Tu erT
tona xorbalze fasi 300 laria, maSin wliuri moTxovna Seadgens 76,7 aTas tonas; Tu erT tona xorbalze fasi
400 laria, wliuri moTxovna mxolod 76,1 aTasi tona iqneba.
xorbali SeiZleba Seisyidon firmebma misi saboloo an Sualedur produqtebad gadamuSavebis mizniT
(magaliTad, xorblis spirti, sirofi, burRuleuli, ualkoholo sasmelebi, burbuSelebi da sxv.). naxazze 2.1
naCvenebi moTxovnis nawils e.w. meoradi (warmoebuli) moTxovna Seadgens. magaliTad, moTxovnas
marcvleulis sirofze ganapirobebs ualkoholo sasmelebze arsebuli moTxovna (sirofi ualkoholo sasmelebSi
gamoiyeneba Saqris nacvlad). xorbals aseve yiduloben brokerebi da biTumad movaWreebi, romlebic mas
yidian sacalo movaWreebze, Semdeg ki produqti mieyideba saboloo momxmarebels. moTxovnis meore
nawils warmoadgens pirdapiri moTxovna _ moTxovna uSualod am produqtze. naxazze 2.1 moTxovnis
D

mrudi aCvenebs saqarTvelos bazarze xorblis yvela myidvelis jamur moTxovnas xorbalze.
rogorc aRvniSneT, naxazze 2.1 moTxovnis mrudi warmodgenilia ise, rom vertikalur RerZze
aRniSnulia fasi, xolo horizontalurze _ raodenoba. aseTi mocemuloba xazs usvams moTxovnis mrudis kidev
erT mniSvnelovan interpretacias. moTxovnis mrudi gviCvenebs umaRless fass, romelic `SeiZleba aitanos~
bazarma miwodebuli saqonlis mocemuli raodenobisas. Aamrigad, Tu xorblis mimwodeblebi mTlianad 76,6
aTasi tona xorbals miawvdian bazars, umaRlesi fasi, romliTac igi gaiyideba iqneba 300 lari erT tonaze.
gavixsenoT, rom saqonlis moTxovnaze fasis garda gavlenas axdenen sxva faqtorebic. am faqtorebs
Soris aRsaniSnavia: fasebi urTierTdakavSirebul saqonelze, reklama, momxmarebelTa raodenoba, maTi
Semosavlebi, gemovneba, moda, tradiciebi, molodini da sxva. es is faqtorebia, romlebic moqmedeben tipiuri
saqonlis moTxovnaze. miuxedavad amisa, moTxovnis mrudi gviCvenebs damokidebulebas mxolod saqonlis
fassa da am saqonelze moTxovnis raodenobas Soris. moTxovnis mrudis agebisas vTvliT, rom moTxovnis
raodenobaze moqmedi sxva faqtorebi ucvlelia.
rogorc naxazi 2.1 gviCvenebs, moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia. rac ufro naklebia xorblis fasi, miT
ufro metia moTxovnis raodenoba da piriqiT, rac metia fasi, miT naklebia moTxovnis raodenoba. fassa da
moTxovnis raodenobas Soris ukuproporciul damokidebulebas, rodesac moTxovnaze gavlenis mqone
faqtorebi ar icvleba, moTxovnis kanoni ewodeba.

magaliTi 1
moTxovnis mrudis ageba

amocana
davuSvaT, rom axal avtomobilebze moTxovna saqarTveloSi gamoisaxeba Semdegi formuliT:
P Q
d
1 , 0 3 , 5 = , (2.1)
sadac
d
Q aris axali avtomobilebis raodenoba weliwadSi (aTasi cali), xolo P avtomobilebis saSualo
fasi (aTasi lari).
a) gansazRvreT moTxovna avtomobilebze, Tu misi saSualo fasi Seadgens 15 000 lars? 25 000 lars?
35 000 lars?
b) aageT moTxovnis mrudi avtomobilebisaTvis. Seesabameba Tu ara es mrudi moTxovnis kanons?
amoxsna
33
a) Tu erT avtomobilze fasi aris 15 000 lari, avtomobilebze moTxovnis gansazRvrisaTvis
viyenebT gantolebas (2.1); 15 = P
8 , 3 15 1 , 0 3 , 5 = =
d
Q
e.i. Tu erTi avtomobilis fasi saSualod 15 000 laria, moTxovna arsebobs 3,8 aTas manqanaze;
Tu erTi avtomobilis fasi 25 000 laria ( 25 = P ), moTxovna avtomobilebze iqneba:
8 , 2 25 1 , 0 3 , 5 = =
d
Q
e. i. Tu fasi 25 000 laria, avtomobilebze moTxovna iqneba 2,8 aTasi cali; analogiurad, roca fasi
35 000 laria, moTxovna axal avtomobilebze Seadgens 1,8 aTas cals weliwadSi:
8 , 1 35 1 , 0 3 , 5 = =
d
Q
b) naxazze 2.2 naCvenebia moTxovnis mrudi avtomobilebisaTvis. mrudis asagebad aRvniSnavT wertilebs,
romlebic Seesabamebian fasisa da raodenobis im kombinaciebs, romlebic (a) kiTxvaSi ganvsazRvreT da
vaerTebT maT. mrudi gviCvenebs, rom Tu avtomobilebze fasi izrdeba, momxmareblebi moiTxoven ufro
mcire raodenobiT avtomobilebs. gantolebaSi (2.1) P fasis koeficienti uaryofiTia (am SemTxvevaSi 0,1),
es faqtic imas gvisabuTebs, rom avtomobilis fassa da moTxovnis raodenobas Soris ukuproporciuli
damokidebulebaa.

2.2 miwodebis mrudi

naxazze 2.1 mocemuli S warmoadgens miwodebis (Supply) mruds xorblisaTvis. igi gviCvenebs
xorblis im jamur raodenobas, romlis gasayidad mzad arian mimwodeblebi sxvadasxva fasis pirobebSi.
magaliTad, Tu erT tona xorbalze fasi 300 laria, 2008 wels bazars miewodeba 75,7 aTasi tona xorbali, xolo
400 laris SemTxvevaSi _ 76,1 aTasi tona weliwadSi.
0
P
55
45
35
25
avtomobilebze
moTxovnis mrudi
saqarTveloSi
1,8 2,8 3,8 4,8 5,8
15
f
a
s
i

(
a
T
a
s
i

l
a
r
i
)


raodenoba (aTasi avtomobili weliwadSi)

nax. 2.2 moTxovnis mrudi avtomobilebze
aRniSnuli bazari emorCileba moTxovnis kanons, radgan moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia.
5,3
Q
34
xorblis miwodeba pirvel rigSi xorcieldeba saqarTveloSi moqmedi fermerebis mier. erTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi miwodebuli xorblis raodenoba tolia mocemuli wlis mosavals damatebuli wina wlebis
mosavlidan Senaxuli maragebi. miwodebis S mrudi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc individualuri miwodebis
mrudebis jami.
miwodebis mrudi aRmavalia. igi gviCvenebs, rom maRali fasis pirobebSi mimwodeblebi ufro met
xorbals sTavazoben momxmareblebs, xolo dabali fasis dros isini mzad arian gayidon produqtis ufro mcire
raodenoba. saqonlis fassa da miwodebul raodenobas Soris pirdapirproporciuli damokidebuleba
cnobilia rogorc miwodebis kanoni.
swored iseve, rogorc moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, fasis garda arseboben sxva faqtorebi, romlebic
gavlenas axdenen bazarze miwodebuli saqonlis raodenobaze. magaliTad, warmoebis faqtorebze arsebuli
fasebi (Sroma, nedleuli da sxv.). aseve, miwodebis raodenobaze moqmedebs sxva saqonelze arsebuli fasebic.
magaliTad, bunebriv gazze miwodeba gaizrdeba maSin, Tu navTobze fasi aiwevs. es imiT aixsneba, rom
navTobi da bunebrivi gazi urTierTSemcvleli produqtebia. naxazze 2.1 mocemuli mrudis SemTxvevaSi
vTvliT, rom fasis garda miwodebis raodenobaze moqmedi faqtorebi (magaliTad, warmoebis faqtorebis
fasebi) fiqsirebulia da ar icvleba.

magaliTi 2
miwodebis mrudis ageba
amocana
vTqvaT, xorblis miwodeba aSS_Si gamoisaxeba Semdegi gantolebiT:
Q P Q
S
+ = 15 , 0
(2.2)

sadac
S
Q - aris aSS-Si warmoebuli xorblis raodenoba (mln tona), xolo P aris xorblis fasi (dolari erT
tonaze).
a) ra raodenobis xorbali iqneba miwodebuli bazarze, Tu erTi tona xorblis fasi 2 dolaria? rodesac fasi
3 dolaria? 4 dolaria?
b) aageT xorblis miwodebis mrudi. Seesabameba Tu ara es mrudi miwodebis kanons?
amoxsna
a) 2.2 gantolebis daxmarebiT miwodebuli xorblis raodenoba sxvadasxva fasis pirobebSi iqneba:
15 , 2 2 15 , 0 = + =
S
Q
15 , 3 3 15 , 0 = + =
S
Q
15 , 4 4 15 , 0 = + =
S
Q
maSasadame, Tu erTi tona xorblis fasi aris 2 dolari, miwodebuli xorblis raodenoba Seadgens 2,15
mln tonas weliwadSi.; Tu erTi tonis fasi 3 dolaria, miwodebuli xorblis raodenoba 3,15 mln tonaa, xolo 4
dolaris dros _ 4,15 mln tona weliwadSi.
b) naxazze 2.3 naCvenebia miwodebis mrudis aRmavali grafiki. mrudi miuTiTebs, rom moqmedebs
miwodebis kanoni. amasve adasturebs P fasis dadebiTi koeficienti (+1).

2.3 sabazro wonasworoba

35
naxazze 2.1 moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi E wertilSi ikveTeba. am wertilSi fasi Seadgens 400
lars, xolo raodenoba 76,1 aTasi tonaa. am wertilSi bazari wonasworul mdgomareobaSia. wonasworoba
(Equilibrium) stabilurobis wertilia, rodesac sabazro fasis cvlilebis tendencia ar arsebobs, Tu sxva
gareSe faqtorebi ucvlelia (magaliTad, Semosavlebi, naleqebis raodenoba da sxv.). wonasworuli fasisagan
gansxvavebuli fasis dros moqmedeben Zalebi, romlebic cdiloben Secvalon arsebuli fasi. magaliTad, naxazze
2.4 Cans, rom Tu erTi tona xorblis fasi 500 laria, adgili aqvs Warb miwodebas. am fasis dros miwodebuli
xorblis raodenoba (76,6 aTasi tona) Warbobs moTxovnil (75,7 aTasi tona) raodenobas. is faqti, rom xorblis
mimwodeblebi ver yidian saqonlis sasurvel raodenobas, moqmedebs fasis Semcirebaze. rogorc ki fasi
mcirdeba, moTxovnis raodenoba izrdeba, miwodebis raodenoba mcirdeba da bazari uaxlovdeba wonasworul
fass _ 400 lars erTi tonisaTvis. Tu fasi 300 laria, adgili aqvs Warb moTxovnas. aRniSnuli fasis pirobebSi
moTxovnis raodenoba (76,6 aTasi tona) Warbobs miwodebis (75,7 aTasi tona) raodenobas. myidvelebi ver
yiduloben sasurveli raodenobis xorbals da Cndeba zewola fasis momatebaze. rogorc ki fasi moimatebs,
gaizrdeba miwodebis raodenoba, Semcirdeba moTxovnis raodenoba da bazari isev miiswrafis wonasworuli
fasisaken (400 lari erT tona xorbalze).

P
0,15 2,15 3,15 4,15
0
3
4
2
miwodebis mrudi
xorblisaTvis aSS_Si
f
a
s
i

(
d
o
l
a
r
i

e
r
T

t
o
n
a
z
e
)

raodenoba (mln tona weliwadSi)
nax. 2.3 xorblis miwodebis mrudi
aRniSnuli bazari emorCileba miwodebis kanons, radgan miwodebis mrudi aRmavalia.
Q
36

sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi SesaZlebelia miwodebis fasma mniSvnelovnad
gadaaWarbos moTxovnis fass (naxazi 2.5), xolo miwodebis moculoba ar Seesabamebodes moTxovnis
moculobas (naxazi 2.6). am dros bazari mocemuli saqonlisTvis jer kidev ar aris Camoyalibebuli;
momxmareblebi ar arian sakmarisad mdidarni da moTxovnac dabalia. magaliTad, XX saukunis 90-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi aseTi saqoneli iyo Zalze ZviradRirebuli avtomobilebi.

0
P
75,7 76,1 76,6
500
Warbi moTxovna,
roca fasi aris 300 lari
Warbi miwodeba,
roca fasi aris 500 lari
E
300
400
D







f
a
s
i

(
l
a
r
i

e
r
T

t
o
n
a
z
e
)

raodenoba (aTasi tona weliwadSi)
nax. 2.4 Warbi moTxovna da Warbi miwodeba xorblis bazarze
Tu xorblis fasi 300 laria, bazarze Warbi moTxovnaa: miewodeba mxolod 75,7 aTasi tona, moTxovnaa 76,6 aTasi tona.
Tu xorblis fasi 500 laria, bazarze Warbi miwodebaa, radgan 76,7 aTasi tonis miwodebis dros moTxovna mxolod 75,7
aTas tonaze arsebobs.
S
Q
P
Q
PD
PS
O
nax. 2.5 mowodebis fasi aWarbebs moTxovnis fass (P
S
>P
D
)

S
D
37



meore SemTxvevaSi (naxazi 2.6) moTxovnis maqsimaluri moculoba dabalia miwodebis SesaZlo
minimalur doneze. moTxovnis moculoba imdenad dabalia, rom mimwodeblebisTvis aramomgebiania
saqonlis miwodeba.
wonasworuli mdgomareobis formirebis Sesaxeb ori ZiriTadi midgoma ganixileba:
1. l. valrasis azriT mTavari mniSvneloba eniWeba moTxovnisa da miwodebis moculobebs Soris
arsebul gansxvavebas. Tu P
1
fasis pirobebSi arsebobs Warbi moTxovna (Q
2
Q
1,
naxazi 2.7 `a~), maSin
myidvelTa konkurenciis pirobebSi mimdinareobs fasis zrda manam, vidre ar gaqreba Warbi moTxovna.
Warbi miwodebis SemTxvevaSi (naxazi 2.7 `a~, P
2
fasi) gamyidvelTa Soris konkurencia aqac
iwvevs Warbi miwodebis gaqrobas.

2. a. marSalis azriT mniSvnelovania fasTa Soris arsebuli sxvaoba (P
1
P
2,
naxazi 2.7 `b~).
gamyidvelebi upirvelesad reagireben miwodebisa da moTxovnis fasTa Soris sxvaobaze. rac ufro didia es
gansxvaveba, miT ufro didia miwodebis gazrdis stimuli. miwodebis moculobis gazrda amcirebs am
gansxvavebas da Sedegad miiRweva wonasworuli fasi.
l. valrasis modeli umetesad miesadageba moklevadian, xolo a. marSalis modeli _ grZelvadian
periods.


Q1 QE Q2
`b~ a. marSalis mixedviT

P1
PE
P2
P1
PE
P2
E
D
P
A
B
Warbi
moTxovna
Warbi
miwodeb
a
Q1 Q2 QE
E
K
Q
D
O
`a~ l. valrasis mixedviT

S
L
P
Q O
S
nax. 2.7 wonasworuli fasis formirebis koncefciebi
P
Q
QD QS
O
S
D
nax. 2.6 miwodebis moculoba aWarbebs moTxovnis moculobas (Q
S
>Q
D
)
38
wonasworoba SeiZleba iyos myari da aramyari, lokaluri da globaluri. myari wonasworoba, Tavis
mxriv, aris absoluturi da fardobiTi. aRniSnuli movlenebi warmovadginoT grafikulad. abscisaTa RerZze
aRvniSnoT dro _ T da ordinatTa RerZze fasi _ P (naxazi 2.8 `a~ da `b~).

Tu gadaxra wonasworuli fasidan (naxazi 2.8 `a~ da `b~) TandaTan uaxlovdeba P
E
dones, maSin
bazarze aris myari wonasworoba. absoluturad myar wonasworobas adgili aqvs wonasworuli fasis dadgenis
pirobebSi (naxazi 2.8 `a~), xolo fardobiTad myari wonasworoba miiRweva wonasworuli fasidan mcire
gadaxris pirobebSi (naxazi 2.8 `b~).
wonasworoba aris agreTve lokaluri da globaluri. Tu wonasworoba miiRweva fasis cvalebadobis
mxolod garkveul sazRvrebSi, maSin saubroben lokalur wonasworobaze (P
2
-dan P
3
-mde intervali, naxazi 2.9
`a~). Tu wonasworoba miiRweva fasidan nebismieri gadaxris pirobebSi, maSin wonasworoba globalurad
myaria (naxazi 2.9, `b~).
wonasworoba SeiZleba damyardes fasis cikluri meryeobis Sedegad. Tu meryeobas aqvs Caqrobadi
xasiaTi, maSin wonasworoba myardeba T
1
drois gavlis Semdeg (naxazi 2.10 ,,a~).
Tu meryeobas aqvs Tanabari an feTqebadi xasiaTi (naxazi 2.10 `b~ da `g~), maSin wonasworuli
fasis formireba ar xdeba.

P4
PE
P2
P
P
P3
P1
T
O
P3
P4
O
T
PE
P1
`a~
`b~
nax. 2.9 lokaluri (a) da globaluri (b) wonasworoba
P2
P2
PE
P2
P1
`a~
nax. 2.8 absoluturad myari (a) da fardobiTad myari (b) wonasworoba
T
O
P1
O
T
P
PE
`b~
P
39


umartivesi dinamikuri modeli, romelic gviCvenebs wonasworobis miRwevas fasis Caqrobadi
meryeobis Sedegad, aris obobasqseliseburi modeli (naxazi. 2.11). igi asaxavs wonasworobis formirebis
process iseT dargebSi, sadac warmoebas aqvs fiqsirebuli cikli (magaliTad, soflis meurneoba). am dros
mwarmoeblebi gadawyvetilebas warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb iReben wina wels arsebuli fasebis
safuZvelze da mimdinare periodSi ukve aRar SeuZliaT Secvalon produqtis gamoSvebis moculoba:
) (
1
=
t st
P S Q , (2.3)
sadac Q
st
aris miwodebis moculoba t drois periodSi;
P
t-1
- dovlaTis faqtiuri Rirebuleba t periodis wina wlisaTvis.
wonasworoba obobaqselisebur modelSi damokidebulia moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis
abscisaTa RerZisadmi daxrilobis kuTxeebze. wonasworoba myaria, Tu S miwodebis mrudis daxrilobis
kuTxe metia D moTxovnis mrudis daxrilobasTan SedarebiT (naxazi 2.11 `a~). wonasworuli
mdgomareobisaken moZraoba ganicdis ramdenime cikls. Warbi miwodeba (AB) amcirebs fass (BC),
warmoiqmneba Warbi moTxovna (CF), romelic Tavis mxriv, iwvevs fasis momatebas (FG), Sedegad
fiqsirdeba axali Warbi miwodeba (GH) da a.S. manam, vidre ar damyardeba wonasworoba. am dros
meryeobas aqvs Caqrobadi xasiaTi (gaixseneT naxazi. 2.10 `a~).
P
P
T
O
PE
`b~
T
O
PE
nax. 2.10 meryeoba: Caqrobadi (a), Tanabari (b) da feTqebadi (g)
O
TE
P
PE
`a~
T
`g~
40

wonasworobisaken moZraobam SeiZleba miiRos sxvagvari mimarTuleba, Tu moTxovnis D mrudis
daxrilobis kuTxe metia S miwodebis mrudis abscisaTa RerZisadmi daxrilobasTan SedarebiT (naxazi 2.11
`g~). am SemTxvevaSi meryeobas aqvs feTqebadi xasiaTi da wonasworoba ar myardeba (gaixseneT naxazi
2.10 `g~).
SeiZleba ganvixiloT SemTxvevac, roca fasi axdens regularul meryev moZraobebs wonasworobis
mdgomareobis garSemo (naxazi 2.11 `b~). es xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca D da S mrudebis daxrilobis
kuTxeebi tolia. am dros meryeoba Tanabaria da wonasworoba ar myardeba (gaixseneT naxazi 2.10 `b~).

magaliTi 3
wonasworuli fasisa da raodenobis gamoTvla

amocana
vTqvaT, moTxovnis mrudi xorbalze saqarTveloSi aRiwereba formuliT: P Q
d
4 500 = , xolo
miwodebis mrudi aris: P Q
S
2 100+ = , sadac P aris fasi larebSi erTi tonisaTvis, QQ _ raodenoba aTasi
tona weliwadSi (roca 50 > P ).
gamoTvaleT bazris wonasworuli fasi da raodenoba. wonasworuli fasi aCveneT grafikulad.
O
O
E
Q
C
F
B
H
G
A
D
P
Q
S
`a~
`b~
D
S
P
O
S
Q
P
`g~
nax. 2.11 myari (a) da aramyari (g) wonasworobebi obobaqselisebur modelSi da regularuli
meryeoba (b)

41
amoxsna
wonasworuli fasis misaRebad moTxovnisa da miwodebis raodenobebs vutolebT erTmaneTs:
S d
Q Q =
P P 2 100 4 500 + =
600 6 = P
100 = P
wonasworuli fasi Seadgens 100 lars erT tona xorbalze. wonasworuli raodenobis gansazRvrisaTvis
wonasworuli fasis mniSvneloba Caismeba moTxovnis an miwodebis gantolebaSi:

100 100 4 500 = =
d
Q
100 100 2 100 = + =
S
Q
amrigad, wonasworuli raodenoba Seadgens 100 aTas tona xorbals erT weliwadSi. naxazze 2.12
wonasworoba grafikuladaa gamosaxuli.








2.4 moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadaadgilebebi

Q
P
D
E
120
100
20
100 100 200 300 400 500
0
60
80
40
f
a
s
i

(
l
a
r
i

e
r
T
i

t
o
n
i
s
a
T
v
i
s
)

raodenoba (aTasi tona weliwadSi)
nax. 2.12 bazris wonasworoba
bazris wonasworoba miiRweva E wertilSi, sadac ikveTeba moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi. wonasworuli fasi aris
100 lari tonisaTvis, wonasworuli raodenobaa 100 aTasi tona weliwadSi.
S
42
wina paragrafebSi ganxiluli moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi warmodgenilia im winapirobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom moTxovnisa da miwodebis raodenobaze moqmedi faqtorebi ucvlelia.
moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis mdebareobas da Sesabamisad wonasworuli mdgomareobis
cvlilebas ganapirobebs sxvadasxva faqtori. naxazebze 2.13 da 2.14 naCvenebia arasafaso faqtorebis gavleniT
gamowveuli moTxovnis, miwodebisa da wonasworuli mdgomareobis cvlilebebi. cvlilebebi SeiZleba
gamoiwvios endogenurma (raodenoba, fasi da sxv.) da egzogenurma (momxmarebelTa Semosavlebi,
satarifo ganakveTebi da sxv.) faqtorebma.
sabazro wonasworobis SedarebiTi statikuri analizis Casatareblad, pirvel rigSi, unda ganisazRvros Tu
rogor zemoqmedebas axdens erTi gansazRvruli egzogenuri cvladi calke moTxovnaze an calke miwodebaze.
am cvladis mier gamowveul cvlilebebs gamovsaxavT mxolod moTxovnis an miwodebis mrudis an orive
mrudis erTdrouli gadaadgilebiT. magaliTad, vTqvaT momxmarebelTa Semosavlebis zrdam gazarda
moTxovna garkveul saqonelze. Semosavlebis gavlena sabazro wonasworobaze gamoixateba moTxovnis
mrudis marjvniv gadaadgilebaSi, rogorc naCvenebia naxazze 2.13 ,,a. aRniSnuli cvlileba gamoiwvevs
fasebis matebas da moTxovnis raodenobis gazrdas. sabazro wonasworobis wertili A _dan B wertilSi
gadaadgildeba. amrigad, Semosavlebis gadidebiT gamowveuli moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgileba iwvevs
rogorc wonasworuli fasis, aseve wonasworuli raodenobis zrdas. Dda piriqiT, Semosavlebis SemcirebiT
gamowveuli moTxovnis mrudis marcxniv gadaadgileba iwvevs wonasworuli fasisa da wonasworuli
raodenobis Semcirebas.

Ffasi fasi




D2

D1
D2
Q
O




S

D1
S

nax. 2.13 Semosavlebis cvlilebiT gamowveuli moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgileba
momxmareblis Semosavlis gadideba zrdis moTxovnas saqonelze, moTxovnis mrudi gadaadgildeba marjvniv D
1
-dan D
2
mdgomareobaSi da sabazro wonasworoba gadainacvlebs A-dan B wertilSi. wonasworuli fasi da raodenoba izrdeba (nax.
,,a). Semosavlebis Semcireba iwvevs moTxovnis mrudis marcxniv gadaadgilebas, mcirdeba wonasworuli fasi da
raodenoba (nax. ,,b).

O
A
A
B
B
,,a raodenoba
wonasworuli raodenoba izrdeba

,,b raodenoba
wonasworuli raodenoba mcirdeba

Q
43

ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi. davuSvaT, warmoebis erT-erT sferoSi moimata Sromis anazRaurebam.
daxarjebis zrdis gamo zogierTma firmam SeiZleba Seamciros saqonlis warmoeba, zogi firma ki saerTod
gavides biznesidan. Sromis anazRaurebis zrda miwodebis mruds marcxniv gadaaadgilebs (naxazi 2.14 ,,b).
Ees cvlileba gviCvenebs, rom bazars ufro naklebi saqoneli miewodeba da sabazro wonasworuli
mdgomareoba A -dan B wertilSi gadaadgildeba. Aamrigad, samuSao Zalaze fasis momateba zrdis
wonasworul fass da amcirebs wonasworul raodenobas. Tu samuSao Zalaze fasi Semcirdeba, miwodebis
mrudi gadaadgildeba marjvniv S
1
-dan S
2
mdgomareobaSi. Sedegad wonasworuli fasi mcirdeba, xolo
wonasworuli raodenoba izrdeba (naxazi 2.14 ,,a).





SedarebiTi statikuri analizis CatarebiT SegviZlia CamovayaliboT moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebis
ZiriTadi wesebi:
1. moTxovnis gazrdisa da ucvleli miwodebis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba wonasworuli fasi da wonasworuli
raodenoba (naxazi 2.13 ,,a).
2. moTxovnis Semcirebisa da ucvleli miwodebis SemTxvevaSi mcirdeba wonasworuli fasi da wonasworuli
raodenoba (naxazi 2.13 ,,b).
3. miwodebis zrdisa da ucvleli moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi mcirdeba wonasworuli fasi da izrdeba
wonasworuli raodenoba (naxazi 2.14 ,,a).
4. miwodebis Semcirebisa da ucvleli moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba wonasworuli fasi da mcirdeba
wonasworuli raodenoba (naxazi 2.14 ,,b).
S1
D

D
Q
O
D2
S2
S1
D
D
Q
O
S2
P

,,a raodenoba
wonasworuli raodenoba izrdeba

,,b raodenoba
wonasworuli raodenoba mcirdeba

nax. 2.14 samuSao Zalaze fasis cvlilebiT gamowveuli miwodebis mrudis gadaadgileba
samuSao Zalaze fasis Semcireba miwodebis mruds gadaadgilebs marjvniv S
1
-dan S
2
mdgomareobaSi. wonasworuli
mdgomareoba A-dan B wertilSi gadava. wonasworuli fasi mcirdeba, xolo wonasworuli raodenoba izrdeba (nax. ,,a).
samuSao Zalaze fasis gazrda gamoiwvevs wonasworuli fasis gazrdas da wonasworuli raodenobis Semcirebas (nax. ,,b).
A
B
A
B
44
moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebis dros SeiZleba ufro rTuli SemTxvevebic arsebobdes. ganvixiloT ori
SemTxveva:
1. moTxovna da miwodeba sapirispiro mimarTulebiT icvlebian; 2. moTxovna da miwodeba erTi da
igive mimarTulebiT icvlebian.
pirveli SemTxvevis dros ori savaraudo Sedegi ganixileba: a) miwodeba izrdeba, xolo moTxovna
mcirdeba. aseT dros xdeba fasis Semcirebis ori efeqtis SeTavseba. Sedegad fasi ufro metad Semcirdeba,
vidre amas cal-calke gamoiwvevda miwodebis gazrda da moTxovnis Semcireba. rogori iqneba produqtis
wonasworuli raodenoba? pasuxi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad Seicvala moTxovnisa da miwodebis
parametrebi. Mmocemul SemTxvevaSi moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebis Sedegi TanabarmimarTulia:
moTxovnis gadideba iwvevs produqtis tolfasi raodenobiT gazrdas, xolo moTxovnis Semcireba produqtis
tolfasi raodenobiT Semcirebas. b) miwodeba mcirdeba, xolo moTxovna izrdeba. aseT dros adgili aqvs fasis
gadidebis ori efeqtis SeTavsebas. wonasworuli fasis gadideba ufro meti aRmoCndeba, vidre cal-calke
aRebuli miwodebis SemcirebiT da moTxovnis gazrdiT gamowveuli Sedegi iqneboda. rogoria mocemul
situaciaSi produqtis wonasworuli raodenoba? pasuxi damokidebulia moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebis
SedarebiT parametrebze. Tu miwodebis Semcireba ufro metia moTxovnis gadidebaze, maSin produqtis
wonasworuli raodenoba ufro naklebi aRmoCndeba, vidre Tavdapirvelad iyo; Tu miwodebis Semcireba
SedarebiT ufro naklebia, vidre moTxovnis gadideba, am cvlilebaTa Sedegad produqtis wonasworuli
raodenoba gaizrdeba.
moTxovnisa da miwodebis erTi da imave mimarTulebiT cvlilebis SemTxvevaSic ori savaraudo Sedegi
ganixileba:
a) miwodeba da moTxovna izrdeba. rogor aisaxeba es cvlileba wonasworul fasze? miwodebis gadideba
iwvevs fasis Semcirebas, xolo moTxovnis gadideba fasis gazrdas. Tu miwodebis gadidebis masStabi
moTxovnis gadidebis masStabze metia, wonasworuli fasi Semcirdeba, xolo Tu sapirispiro cvlileba moxda,
maSin wonasworuli fasi gaizrdeba. rogor Seicvleba produqtis wonasworuli raodenoba? moTxovnisa da
miwodebis gazrda produqtis raodenobis gadidebas iwvevs. es niSnavs, rom produqtis wonasworuli
raodenoba ufro metad gaizrdeba, vidre cal-calke aRebuli moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebiT miRebuli
Sedegi.
b) miwodeba da moTxovna mcirdeba. rogor aisaxeba es cvlileba wonasworul fasze? miwodebis
Semcireba iwvevs fasis zrdas, xolo moTxovnis Semcireba fasis Semcirebas. Tu miwodebis Semcirebis
masStabi ufro metia moTxovnis Semcirebis masStabze, maSin wonasworuli fasi izrdeba, Tu sapirispiro
movlenas aqvs adgili, maSin wonasworuli fasi mcirdeba. ra gavlenas moaxdens aRniSnuli SemTxveva
produqtis wonasworul raodenobaze? moTxovnisa da miwodebis erTdrouli Semcireba produqtis raodenobaze
Semamcirebel zemoqmedebas axdens. SesaZlebelia darwmunebiT vifiqroT, rom produqtis wonasworuli
raodenoba ufro naklebi aRmoCndeba, vidre Tavdapirvelad iyo.

magaliTi 4
bazris wonasworobis SedarebiTi statikuri analizi
amocana
45
vTqvaT moTxovna aluminze aSS-s bazarze aRiwereba gantolebiT:
I P Q
d
10 50 500 + = ,
sadac P aris erTi tona aluminis fasi dolarebSi; I _ erTi adamianis saSualo Semosavali aSS-Si
(aTasi dolari weliwadSi).
saSualo Semosavali mniSvnelovani determinantia avtomobilebisa da im saqonlis miwodebisaTvis,
romelTa warmoebasac alumini sWirdeba. vTqvaT, aSS-Si aluminis miwodeba ganisazRvreba formuliT:
B P Q
S
200 50 = ,
sadac B aluminis warmoebisaTvis saWiro boqsitis nedleulis saSualo fasia (dolari erTi tonisaTvis).
amitom aluminis warmoebis daxarjebis gansazRvrisaTvis igi sakvanZo determinantia. rogorc moTxovnis,
aseve miwodebis funqciebSi raodenoba izomeba milion tonebSi weliwadis ganmavlobaSi. amocanaSi
vTvliT, rom boqsitis fasi Tavidanve gansazRvrulia aluminis mwarmoeblebisaTvis.
a) ra egzogenuri da endogenuri cvladebis gamoyofa SegiZliaT am SemTxvevaSi?
b) ra aris aluminis wonasworuli fasi, rodesac 10 = I (anu 10 000$ erT weliwadSi) da $ 2 = B erTi
tonisaTvis?
g) ra mouva moTxovnis mruds, Tu saSualo Semosavlebi iqneba mxolod 5000$ (anu 5 = I , wina
SemTxvevaSi 10 = I ).
aageT moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgileba. gamoTvaleT am mrudis gadaadgilebis gavleniT
wonasworuli fasisa da raodenobis cvlileba. Semdeg aageT moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi.
d) vTqvaT, sidide I rCeba 10-is toli. rogor gadaadgildeba miwodebis mrudi, Tu boqsitis fasi erTi
tonaze mcirdeba 2$ -dan 1,5$-mde? Nnaxazze aCveneT miwodebis mrudis gadaadgileba.
gamoTvaleT am gadaadgilebis gavleniT gamowveuli wonasworuli fasisa da raodenobis cvlileba;
moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis agebiT grafikulad gamosaxeT es gavlena.
amoxsna
a) am magaliTSi egzogenuri cvladebia saSualo Semosavlebi I da boqsitis fasi B . maTi sidideebi
ganisazRvreba im bazrisagan damoukideblad, romelsac vikvlevT. aluminis fasi da raodenoba ki
endogenuri cvladebia. maTi sidide dgindeba im bazris gavleniT, romelsac vikvlevT.
b) CavsvaT sidide 10 = I moTxovnis formulaSi, xolo 2 = B miwodebis formulaSi. Sedegad miviRebT
moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis aRmwer gantolebebs aluminis bazrisaTvis:
P Q
P Q
S
d
50 400
50 600
+ =
=

wonasworuli fasis gansazRvrisaTvis aRniSnul sidideebs vutolebT erTmaneTs:
P
P
P P
=
=
+ =
10
100 1000
50 400 50 600


e.i. wonasworuli fasi aris 10$ erT tona aluminize, xolo wonasworuli raodenoba tolia:
100 10 50 600 = = Q
amrigad, wonasworuli raodenoba aris 100 milioni tona alumini weliwadSi.
g) I sididis cvlileba ar imoqmedebs miwodebaze. magram igi qmnis axal moTxovnas, romelsac vpoulobT
5 = I mniSvnelobis CasmiT moTxovnis formulaSi. naxazze 2.15 naCvenebia aRniSnuli moTxovnis
mrudi da aseve moTxovnis is mrudi, romelsac Seesabameba 10 = I mniSvnelobas. iseve rogorc wina
SemTxvevaSi, wonasworuli fasis gansazRvrisaTvis erTmaneTs vutolebT
d
Q _s da
S
Q _s:
46
P
P
P P
=
=
+ =
5 , 9
100 950
50 400 50 550


e.i. wonasworuli fasi Semcirda 10$-dan 9,5$-mde erTi tonisaTvis. wonasworuli raodenoba
Seadgens:
75 50 , 9 50 550 = = Q

amrigad, wonasworuli raodenoba mcirdeba 100 mln tonidan 75 mln tonamde weliwadSi. es gavlena
naTlad Cans naxazze 2.15.
rogorc vxedavT, es absolutur SesabamisobaSia moTxovnisa da miwodebis meore kanonTan _
moTxovnis Semcireba ucvleli miwodebis SemTxvevaSi iwvevs wonasworuli fasis da wonasworuli
raodenobis Semcirebas.
d) B sididis Semcirebam ar unda imoqmedos moTxovnaze. magram igi qmnis axal miwodebas,
romelsac vipoviT B=1,50 mniSvnelobis CasmiT miwodebis formulaSi:
P Q
S
50 300+ =
naxazze 2.16 naCvenebia axali miwodebis mrudi. wonasworuli fasis dasadgenad erTmaneTs
vutolebT
S
Q _s da
d
Q -s:
P 9
100P 900
P
P P
=
=
+ = 50 300 50 600


P
raodenoba (mln tona weliwadSi)

f
a
s
i

(
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t
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)


10.00
9.50
0
D
1
(I=10)
S (B=2)
75 100
nax. 2.15 wonasworoba aluminis bazarze
bazris wonasworoba Tavdapirvelad myardeba 100 dolari fasis da 100 mln tona raodenobis pirobebSi. rodesac saSualo
Semosavlebi mcirdeba (I=10-dan I=5-mde), aluminis moTxovnis mrudi gadaadgildeba marcxniv. axali wonasworuli fasi
Seadgens 9,50 dolars erTi tonisaTvis, xolo axali wonasworuli raodenoba 75 mln tonas weliwadSi.
D
2
(I=5)
Q
47


wonasworuli fasi mcirdeba 10$-dan 9$-mde erTi tonisaTvis. wonasworuli raodenoba Seadgens:
150
00 , 9 50 600
=
=
Q
Q

amrigad, wonasworuli raodenoba izrdeba 100 mln tonidan 150 mln tonamde weliwadSi (naxazi
2.16). es mdgomareoba Seesabameba moTxovna-miwodebis mesame kanons _ miwodebis zrda Uucvleli
moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi iwvevs wonasworuli fasis Semcirebas da wonasworuli raodenobis gazrdas.

magaliTi 5
axladmokrefili vardebis bazari da 8 martis efeqti

Tu Tqven giyidiaT axladmokrefili vardebi, maSin SeamCnevdiT, rom maTi fasi mniSvnelovnad
icvleba wlis ganmavlobaSi. fasi, rogorc wesi, 8 marts daaxloebiT sam-xuTjer ufro metia, vidre sxva dros.
naxazze 2.17 naCvenebia vardebis fasebi da raodenobebi martsa da agvistoSi sami wlis ganmavlobaSi (2006
w., 2007 w. da 2008 w.) safaso politikis asaxsnelad gamoviyenoT SedarebiTi statikuri analizi.

raodenoba (mln tona weliwadSi)
0
100 150
nax. 2.16 wonasworoba aluminis bazarze
bazris wonasworoba Tavdapirvelad myardeba, rodesac 1 tona aluminis fasi aris 10 dolari da raodenoba 100 mln tona. Tu
boqsitis fasi mcirdeba (B=2 dolaridan B=1,50 dolaramde), miwodebis mrudi gadaadgildeba marjvniv. axali wonasworuli
fasi iqneba 9 dolari erTi tonisaTvis, xolo axali wonasworuli raodenoba 150 mln tona weliwadSi.
P
Q
10
9

f
a
s
i

(
d
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t
o
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)


D (I=10)
S
1
(B=2)
S
2
(B=1,5)
48

naxazi 2.18 gviCvenebs, rom axladmokrefili vardebis bazarze wonasworuli fasi 2008 wlis
dasawyisisaTvis daaxloebiT iyo 2 lari erTi calisaTvis. bazari yovel wels icvleba 8 martis dRes. moTxovna
wiTel vardebze mniSvnelovnad izrdeba, ris Sedegadac moTxovnis mrudi gadaadgildeba marjvniv
1
D -dan
2
D mdgomareobaSi. marjvniv gadaadgileba gamowveulia imiT, rom momxmareblebi, romlebic Cveulebriv
ar yiduloben wiTel vardebs, am dRes iZenen maT TavianTi meuRleebis, Svilebis, mSoblebis,
satrfoebisaTvis da a. S. moTxovnis mrudis marjvniv gadaadgileba wonasworul fass zrdis 5 laramde.
miuxedavad imisa, rom fasi gazrdilia, wonasworuli raodenoba mainc maRalia, vidre adre iyo. es debuleba ar
ewinaaRmdegeba moTxovnis kanons. igi aRwers im faqts, rom 8 marts wonasworoba yalibdeba am dRis
pirobebSi. moTxovnis mrudebi 8 martamde da Mmis Semdeg periodSi gansxvavebulia.
naxazi 2.18 gviCvenebs, Tu ratom unda velodeT wiTel vardebze fasebis piks 8 martis dRes.
Nnaxazis logika aseve gvexmareba avxsnaT vardebis bazris kidev erTi aspeqti _ rogoria TeTri da yviTeli
vardebis bazari. maTi fasi 8 marts aseve imatebs, magram ara ise mniSvnelovnad, rogorc wiTel vardebze.
mTlianobaSi maTi fasebi wiTeli vardebis fasebze ufro stabiluria, radgan TeTri da yviTeli vardebi naklebad
popularulia am dRes da umetesad qorwilebisa da sxva sadResaswaulo RonisZiebebis dros gamoiyenebian. es
RonisZiebebi ufro gafantulia wlis ganmavlobaSi. yviTel da TeTr vardebze moTxovnis mrudebi nakleb
radikalurad icvlebian, vidre wiTeli vardebis. Sedegi aseTia _ maTi wonasworuli fasebi ufro stabiluria.

P
6
5
4
3
2
1
f
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l
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i

c
a
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)


agvisto 2006-2008

nax. 2.17 axladmokrefili vardebis fasebi da raodenobebi
vardis fasebi da raodenobebi yovel wels martSi mniSvnelovnad maRalia, vidre agvistoSi.
2 4 6 8 10
raodenoba (aTasi cali TveSi)

marti 2006-2008

0
Q
49

wiTeli vardebis fasi yovelTvis izrdeba 8 martis moaxloebasTan erTad, Tumca zogierT wlebSi fasi
gacilebiT maRalia. magaliTad, aseTi ram moxda 1999 wels, rodesac Zlierma yinvebma daazianes vardebis
nergebi (naxazi 2.19). Sedegad miwodebis mrudi mkveTrad gadaadgilda marcxniv
1
S -dan
2
S -Si da 1999
wlis dasawyisSi dafiqsirda yvelaze maRali fasi. naxazze naTlad Cans, rom vardebis fasi 8 martis kviraSi
1999 wels gaizarda 6 laramde erTi calze, rac 5 larTan SedarebiT maRali fasia.
wina paragrafebSi Cven vixilavdiT situaciebs, rodesac adgili hqonda mxolod miwodebis an mxolod
moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgilebas. wonasworuli fasisa da raodenobis cvlilebis dinamikas ukeT davinaxavT,
Tu ganvixilavT SemTxvevebs, rodesac orive mrudi erTdroulad gadaadgildeba.
am mosazrebis dasasabuTeblad davubrundeT saqarTvelos xorblis bazars. naxazze 2.20 naCvenebia
wonasworuli mdgomareobebi 2000 da 2008 wlebSi.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi 2000 wels erT tona xorbalze fasi 400 lari iyo (naxazi 2.20, A wertili), xolo
2008 wels fasi 180 laramde Semcirda (naxazi 2.20, B wertili). rogorc aRvniSneT, fasis Semcirebis mizezi
SeiZleba iyos rogorc moTxovnis Semcireba (saerTaSoriso valutis krizisi, TviTmomaragebis gazrda da sxva),
aseve miwodebis gazrdac (kargi amindebiT ganpirobebuli mosavlianobis zrda). orive mrudis gadaadgilebiT
Seqmnilma kombinirebulma efeqtma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira wonasworuli fasi. rac Seexeba wonasworul
raodenobas, masze mrudebis erTdrouli gadaadgilebiT gamowveuli efeqtis analizi ufro rTulia. rogorc viciT,
moTxovnis Semcireba amcirebs wonasworul raodenobas, moTxovnis gazrda ki zrdis mas. naxazi 2.20
gviCvenebs, rom saboloo jamSi wonasworuli raodenoba 76,1 aTasi tonidan 76,6 aTas tonamde gaizarda
weliwadSi.
0
P
D1
S
6
5
40
3
2
1
f
a
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i

(
l
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i

T
i
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o

c
a
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)


nax. 2.18 axladmokrefili vardebis bazari
`Cveulebrivi~ Tveebis ganmavlobaSi vardebis bazari wonasworul mdgomareobaSia. Aam dros fasi meryeobs 2 laris
sazRvrebSi erTi calisaTvis. 8 martis dRis moaxloebasTan erTad moTxovnis mrudi gadainacvlebs marjvniv
1
D -dan
2
D
mdgomareobaSi, wonasworuli fasi da raodenoba imatebs.
2 4 6 8 10
raodenoba (aTasi cali TveSi)

D2
Q
50


2.5 moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis erTdrouli gadaadgileba




D
2008
f
a
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B
76,1 76,6
A
180
400
D
2000
raodenoba (aTasi tona weliwadSi)

S
2008
S
2000
Q
P
0
P
S1
D2
D1
S2
6
5
4
3
2
1
f
a
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nax. 2.19 axladmokrefili vardebis bazari 1999 wels
1999 wlis dasawyisSi mkacrma yinvebma gaanadgura vardis nergebi. miwodebis mrudi gadaadgilda marcxniv S2
mdgomareobaSi, Sedegad gaizarda fasi da miaRwia yvelaze maRal dones _ 6 lars erT calze.
2 4 6 8 10
raodenoba (aTasi cali TveSi)

Q
nax. 2.20 marcvleulis bazari saqarTveloSi 2000-2008 ww.
marcvleulze fasebis Semcireba gamowveulia moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis erTdrouli gadaadgilebiT. moTxovnis
mrudi gadainacvlebs marcxniv D
2000
dan D
2008_Si;
miwodebis mrudi gadaadgildeba marjvniv S
2000
dan S
2008
-Si da
wonasworuli fasi A wertilidan B wertilSi dafiqsirdeba. Sedegad wonasworuli fasi Semcirdeba 400 laridan 180 laramde erT
tonaze.
51
magaliTi 6
moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gamoyeneba broileris bazris analizisaTvis

broileri qaTmis jiSia, romelic ufro xorcis moxmarebisTvis aris gankuTvnili, vidre kvercxis
warmoebisaTvis. saqarTvelos agrosamrewvelo industriisaTvis es SedarebiT axali dargia. Aarc sxva
qveynebSi aqvs mefrinveleobis industrias ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoria. adreul wlebSi qaTams kvercxis
warmoebisaTvis aSenebdnen. qaTmis xorci ganixileboda rogorc SedarebiT `fufunebis~ produqti da
moixmareboda mxolod ardadegebis an dResaswaulebis dros. herbert huveris dapirebam, _ `qaTami yovel
qvabSi~ _, qaTmis xorcis moxmarebaze arnaxuli zrda gamoiwvia. es faqtiurad araferia imasTan SedarebiT,
rac msoflio omis dros moxda. saqonlis xorcze racionis dawesebam mniSvnelovnad gazarda qaTmis xorcis,
rogorc misi Semcvleli produqtis, moxmareba. meore msoflio omis dros formirebuli moTxovnis done kidev
ufro gaizarda omis Semdgom wlebSi. 1960-1990 wlebSi ki qaTmis xorcis moxmareba kvlav arnaxulad
gaizarda, xolo 2000 wlisaTvis 70,1 paundi
1
Seadgina mosaxleobis erT sulze. am droisaTvis es xorcis
moxmarebis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli iyo aSS-Si.
naxazze 2.21 mocemulia broileris realuri fasi da raodenoba mosaxleobis erT sulze 1950-2000
wlebSi. naxazze naTlad Cans broileris realuri fasis radikaluri Semcireba 1950-1990 wlebSi da Semdeg
fasebis ufro naklebad Semcireba 1990_2000 wlebSi. dasaxelebul periodSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda am
produqtis raodenoba mosaxleobis erT sulze. riT SeiZleba aixsnas fasisa da raodenobis aseTi cvlilebebi?

naxazze 2.22 Cans, rom 1950-2000 wlebSi broileris moTxovnis mrudi marjvniv gadaadgilda. es
sxvadasxva faqtoris moqmedebam gamoiwvia; 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qaTmis xorcis moxmareba jer
kidev fufunebis produqtad rCeboda. momxmarebelTa Semosavlebis zrdam gamoiwvia masze moTxovnis
gazrda. momxmareblebi arCevans akeTebdnen qaTmis pirveli xarisxis xorcze, mkerdis nawilze.
momxmarebelTa gemovnebis xSiri cvla iwvevda moTxovnis mrudis marjvniv gadaadgilebas. bevri

1
1 paundi _ 453,59 grami.
Q
0
P
1950
2000
2.40
s
a
c
a
l
o

f
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i

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g
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)

1990
10 30 70
0.70
1.00
raodenoba (girvanqa yovel wels)
nax. 2.21 broileris fasi da raodenoba, 1950-2000
1950 wels broilerze fasi Seadgenda 2,40Ss erT paundze da wliuri moxmareba daaxloebiT 10 paundi iyo. 2000 wels fasi
Semcirda 0,70$mde erT paundze da qaTmis xorcis moxmarebuli wliuri raodenoba gaizarda 70 paundamde.

52
momxmarebeli fiqrobda, rom kangaclili da Sewvis gareSe momzadebuli qaTmis xorci ufro sasargebloa,
vidre saqonlis da Roris xorci. janmrTelobaze orientirebul amerikul ojaxebSi aSkara upiratesoba eniWeboda
qaTmis xorcs, vidre saqonlis da Roris xorcs.
viciT, rom Tu miwodebis mrudi ucvlelia, maSin moTxovnis zrda iwvevs wonasworuli fasis gazrdas.
broileris fasebi 1950-2000 wlebSi mcirdeboda. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgilebis
garda sxva cvlilebebic moxda.

naxazze 2.22 naTlad Cans, rom broilerze wonasworuli fasi da raodenoba yalibdeba moTxovnisa da
miwodebis mrudebis erTdroulad marjvniv gadaadgilebis fonze. ram gamoiwvia broileris miwodebis zrda?
nawilobriv miwodebis marjvniv gadaadgileba gamoiwvia Tanamedrove fermebSi axali teqnologiebis
danergvam, ramac maT saSualeba misca ewarmoebinaT maRali xarisxisa da dabalfasiani qaTmis xorci
mcire fermebTan SedarebiT. aseve adgili hqonda broileris mwarmoebelTa raodenobis zrdas. magaliTad,
1947 wels qaTmis xorcs gasayidad 330 amerikuli kompania awarmoebda. Svidi wlis Semdeg es ricxvi
TiTqmis gasammagda. teqnologiuri winsvlisa da axali mwarmoeblebis bazarze Semosvlis erTdroulma
efeqtma miwodebis mrudi gadaadgila marjvniv TiTqmis imdenjer, ramdenjerac gadaiwia moTxovnam.
Sedegad miviReT xangrZlivi drois periodze gaTvlili fasisa da raodenobis cvlilebeba, rac naxazze 2.22
mocemulia wyvetili xaziT.
ZiriTadi terminebi

- moTxovna
- moTxovnis kanoni
- moTxovnis moculoba
- moTxovnis mrudi
- Warbi moTxovna
- miwodeba
- miwodebis kanoni
- miwodebis moculoba
- miwodebis mrudi
- Warbi miwodeba
- sabazro wonasworoba
- wonasworuli fasi
- wonasworuli raodenoba
- myari wonasworoba
0
Q
P
D1990
D1950
S2000
S1950
S1990
1950

D2000

2.40
s
a
c
a
l
o

f
a
s
i

(
d
o
l
a
r
i

y
o
v
e
l

g
i
r
v
a
n
q
a
z
e
)

1990
10 30 70
0.70
1.00
raodenoba (girvanqa yovel wels)
nax. 2.22 broileris qaTmebis fasebi da raodenobebi, 1950-2000
gadaadgilda rogorc broilerze moTxovnis, aseve miwodebis mrudi. miwodebis mrudi gadaadgilda S
1950
-dan S1990 da S2000-
Si, moTxovnis mrudi _ D
1950
-dan D
1990 da D
2000
-Si.
53
- absoluturad myari wonasworoba
- SefardebiTi myari wonasworiba
- lokaluri wonasworob


ZiriTadi daskvnebi

1. moTxovna-miwodebis analizi mikroekonomikis ZiriTadi instrumentia. konkurentul bazrebze
moTxovna-miwodebis mrudebi ganixileba rogorc fasis funqcia da gviCvenebs ra raodenobis
produqti iqneba warmoebuli firmebis mier da ra raodenobis produqtze iqneba momxmareblis
moTxovna.
2. sabazro meqanizmiT myardeba wonasworoba moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris. sabazro
wonasworoba iseTi mdgomareobaa, rodesac ar aris arc Warbi moTxovna da arc Warbi miwodeba.
3. gansazRvruli bazrisTvis, Tundac miaxloebiT iyos cnobili moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi,
SesaZlebelia wonasworuli fasis gamoTvla moTxovnisa da miwodebis sidideebis gatolebiT.
amasTan, Tu viciT moTxovnisa da miwodebis damokidebuleba sxva ekonomikur cvladebze,
SesaZlebelia am cvladebis zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli sabazro wonasworuli fasisa da saqonlis
raodenobis dadgena. Ees aris bazarze firmebis qcevis axsnisa da winaswarmetyvelebis saSualeba.
4. fasisa da saqonlis raodenobis Sesaxeb monacemTa gamoyenebiT SeiZleba moTxovnis da
miwodebis mrudebze martivi ricxobrivi analizis Catareba. mraval bazarze aseTi monacemebi da
Sefasebebi arsebobs da gaangariSebebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia sabazro qcevis maxasiaTeblebis
dadgena.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis

1. ganmarteT moTxovnis kanoni da aageT igi grafikulad.
2. ganmarteT miwodebis kanoni da aageT igi grafikulad.
3. ra SemTxvevaSia bazari wonasworul mdgomarebaSi?
4. ganixileT v. varlasisa da a. marSalis SexedulebaTa mixedviT wonasworuli fasis formirebis
midgomebi.
5. daaxasiaTeT Warbi moTxovna da Warbi miwodeba.
6. CamoTvaleT baris wonasworuli mdgomareobis saxeobebi.
7. gaanalizeT arasafaso faqtorebiT gamowveuli moTxovnis, miwodebisa da wonasworuli
mdgomareobis cvlilebebi.
8. konkretuli magaliTis safuZvelze warmoadgineT bazris wonasworobis SedarebiTi statikuri
analizi.
9. rogor Seicvleba axladdakrefil vardebze fasebi 23 noembers? 8 marts? saqorwino da sxva
sadResaswaulo dReebSi?
10. daasabuTeT moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis erTdrouli gadaadgilebis SemTxvevebi.
54
Tavi 3. moTxovnis da miwodebis elastikuroba

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis kerZo SemTxvevebis gansazRvras
2. moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikurobis kanonzomierebebisa da specifikurobis axsnas grZelvadian
periodSi
3. elastikurobis Teoriis praqtikuli mniSvnelobis Sefasebas

3.1 moTxovnis da miwodebis safaso elastikuroba

sabazro ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia fasebis xSiri meryeoba, rasac mravali faqtori
ganapirobebs, kerZod, axali saxeobis saqonlis warmoeba, ukve arsebulis gaumjobeseba, savaluto kursebis
meryeoba, Zviri Tu iafi sanedleulo resursebi da sxva.
aRniSnul sinergiul procesebSi ekonomikuri agentebis mxridan SesaZlo reaqciis kvlevis dros, xSirad
gamoiyeneba ara absoluturi, aramed SefardebiTi maCveneblebi. am dros raodenobrivi cvlilebebi umetesad
procentebSi gaizomeba da elastikurobis ( Elastisity ) cnebasac amis gamo eniWeba didi roli.
mocemul TemaSi mokled mimovixilavT moTxovnisa da miwodebis safaso elastikurobis zogad
saxeebs. ZiriTad yuradRebas ki davuTmobT elastikurobis kategoriis drosTan mimarTebis ganxilvas, rogorc
sazogadod, ise calkeul konkretul SemTxvevebSi. ganvixilavT, Tu rogor moqmedebs ekonomikis
ganviTarebis cikluri ryevebi ama Tu im dargis ganviTarebasa da am dargebSi warmoebul produqtebze
moTxovnasa da miwodebaze.
arsebobs bazrebi, sadac moTxovnis moculoba naklebmgrZnobiarea, naklebdamokidebulia,
araelastikuria saqonlis fasis cvlilebis mimarT (naxazi 3.1 `a~) da arsebobs bazrebi,

sadac moTxovnis moculoba Zalze maRalmgrZnobiarea, damokidebulia, elastikuria fasis cvlilebis mimarT
(naxazi 3.1 `b~). amrigad, moTxovnis elastikuroba aris saqonlis fasis cvlilebaze moTxovnis moculobis
damokidebulebis, mgrZnobelobis xarisxi.
moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba warmoadgens saqonelze moTxovnis sididis procentul cvlilebas,
gamowveuls misi fasis 1%-iT cvlilebis dros, roca moTxovnis moculobaze moqmedi sxva faqtorebi
ucvlelia.
Q1 Q0
P
P0
P1
S
E0
E1
Q1 Q0
S1
O
P0
P1
S
E0
E1
D
P
Q
D
O
nax. 3.1 saqonlis moTxovnis moculobaze fasis cvlilebis Sedegi
`a~ naxazze warmodgenilia araelastikuri moTxovna, vinaidan fasis did cvlilebas mohyva saqonelze
moTxovnis moculobis mciredi cvlileba; `b~ naxazze warmodgenilia elastikuri moTxovna, vinaidan fasis
mcire cvlilebas mohyva saqonelze moTxovnis moculobis didad Semcireba.

Q
`a~ `b~
S1
55
moTxovna elastikuria Tu moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis koeficientis mniSvneloba erTze metia
) 1 ( >
P
D
E .
2
moTxovna araelastikuria Tu moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis koeficientis mniSvneloba erTze
naklebia ) 1 ( <
P
D
E . moTxovna aris erTeulovani elastikurobis, roca moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis
koeficientis mniSvneloba erTis tolia ) 1 ( =
P
D
E . ganasxvaveben moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis zRvrul
SemTxvevebs, kerZod absoluturad araelastikur moTxovnas, roca elastikurobis koeficientis mniSvneloba
udris nuls ) 0 ( =
P
D
E da absoluturad elastikur moTxovnas, sadac elastikurobis koeficientis mniSvneloba
miiswrafis usasrulobisken
P
D
E

absoluturad araelastikuri moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi moTxovna avlens fasisadmi absolutur
aradamokidebulebas, araelastikurobas da grafikulad iRebs ordinatTa RerZis paralelur mdgomareobas.
meore SemTxvevaSi moTxovna avlens fasisadmi ganusazRvrel damokidebulebas, srul elastikurobas da
iRebs abscisaTa RerZis paralelur mdgomareobas.
xSirad bazarze erTi saqonlis fasis cvlileba gavlenas axdens meore saqonelze moTxovnis
moculobaze. amgvar damokidebulebas moTxovnis jvaredini safaso elastikuroba aRwers. igi aris romelime
saqonelze moTxovnis moculobis procentuli cvlileba, meore saqonelze fasis % 1 -iT cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi.
urTierTSemcvleli saqonlis pirobebSi moTxovnis jvaredini elastikurobis koeficienti dadebiTia, xolo
urTierTSemavsebeli saqonlis SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis jvaredini elastikurobis koeficienti uaryofiTia.
neitraluri saqonlebis SemTxvevaSi jvaredini elastikuroba 0-is tolia. aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom sazogadod
BA AB
E E = . moTxovnis elastikuroba Semosavlis mixedviT aris moTxovnis moculobis procentuli cvlileba
gamowveuli Semosavlis 1%-iT Secvlis pirobebSi.
Semosavlis mixedviT gansxvavebulia moTxovnis elastikuroba pirveli rigis aucileblobisa da
fufunebis sagnebisaTvis. fufunebis sagnebze moTxovnis elastikuroba Semosavlis mixedviT 1-ze metia
( 1 >
P
I
E ). pirveli rigis aucileblobis sagnebze moTxovnis elastikuroba Semosavlis mixedviT 1-ze naklebia
( 1 0 < <
P
I
E ).
moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis msgavsad SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom zogjer miwodebis moculoba
damokidebulia, mgrZnobiarea, elastikuria fasis cvlilebasTan (naxazi 3.2 `a~). zogjer ki, ar aris
damokidebuli, naklebad mgrZnobiarea, araelastikuria fasis cvlilebasTan (naxazi 3.2 `b~).

2
aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom elastikurobis koeficientis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb evropul da amerikul saxelmZRvaneloebSi SeiZleba
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi Segvxvdes. magaliTad: amerikeli mecnieri g. menqiu wers `vinaidan saqonelze moTxovnis raodenoba
saqonlis fasis ukuproporciulia, raodenobis procentul cvlilebas yovelTvis fasis procentuli cvlilebis sawinaaRmdego niSani aqvs.... am
wignSi mivyvebiT `minus~ niSnis ugulebelyofis farTod gavrcelebul tradicias da elastikurobas dadebiT ricxvad warmovadgenT
(maTematikosebi mas absolutur mniSvnelobas uwodeben)~ (g. menqiu, `ekonomikis principebi~, Tb., 2008 w, gv. 89).
aRniSnulis sapirispirod, evropul saxelmZRvaneloSi vkiTxulobT: `Cven vambobT, rom moTxovnis elastiuroba maRalia,
rodesac igi didi uaryofiTi ricxviT gamoixateba.... moTxovna elastiuria, Tu elastiuroba fasis mimarT `-1-ze~ dabalia, moTxovna
araelastiuria Tu elastiuroba fasis mimarT minus erTsa da nuls Sorisaa~. (d. begi, s. fiSeri, r. dornbuSi, `ekonomika~, Tb., 1999 w.,
gv. 50-51). zogjer elastikurobis maCvenebels dadebiTi ricxvis miRebis mizniT win `-~ niSans uweren, zogjer ki absoluturi
mniSvnelobis gamosaxatad modulSi svamen. miRebulia aseve minus niSnis ugulebelyofac.
56

Amiwodebis safaso elastikuroba aris saqonlis miwodebis moculobis cvlileba, ganpirobebuli
misi fasis 1%-iT cvlilebis Sedegad, miwodebis moculobaze moqmed sxva faqtorTa ucvlelobis
pirobebSi.
praqtikaSi miwodebis zRvruli SemTxvevebi elastikurobis TvalsazrisiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba, Tumca
ufro xSiria sruliad araelastikuri miwodebis kerZo SemTxvevebi, roca 0 =
P
S
E . magaliTad, aseTia nebismieri
cnobili pirovnebis Tu Semoqmedis Sedevrebi, piradi nivTebi. maTi originalebi mxolod erT pirovnebas
eqneba xelT, danarCenebi ki, reproduqciebiT dakmayofildebian.
sapirispirod gansxvavebulia sruliad elastikuri miwodebis zRvruli SemTxveva (
P
S
E ).
miwodebis mruds SeiZleba hqondes usazRvro elastikuroba, Tu garkveuli raodenobis sazRvrebSi saqoneli
iwarmoeba erTgvari mudmivi danaxarjebiT; magaliTad, gulsabnevebi, qinZisTavebi da a.S.

3.2 moTxovnis rkaluri safaso elastikuroba

moTxovnis mrudis or wertils Soris elastikurobis gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba rkaluri elastikurobis
cneba. rkaluri elastikurobis koeficienti Semdegi formuliT gaiangariSeba:
, :
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
P P
P P
Q Q
Q Q
E
P
D
+

= (3.1)
sadac:
P
D
E aris moTxovnis rkaluri elastikuroba;
1 1
P Q _ erTi wertilis Sesabamisi moTxovnis moculobis da fasis done;
2 2
P Q _ meore wertilis Sesabamisi moTxovnis moculobis da fasis done.
magaliTad: Tu gvinda rkaluri elastikurobis koeficientis mniSvnelobis gaangariSeba AK rkalze, roca
A wertilis koordinatebia: Q=10; P =2,10 xolo K wertilis ki - Q=40; P =1,20. monacemebis (3.1)
tolobaSi CasmiT miviRebT:
. 2 , 2
3 , 3
9 , 0
:
50
30
2 , 1 10 , 2
2 , 1 10 , 2
:
40 10
40 10
=

=
+

=
P
D
E

D1
P
Q0 Q1
D1

E0
Q0
P0
P1
S
E0
E1
O
P0
P1
S
E1
D
P
Q
D
O
nax. 3.2 saqonlis miwodebis moculobaze fasis cvlilebis gavlena
`a~ naxazze naCvenebia elastikuri miwodeba, vinaidan fasis mciredi zrdis Sedegad miwodebis
moculoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda; `b~ naxazze naCvenebia araelastikuri miwodeba, vinaidan fasis
mniSvnelovani zrdis Sedegad miwodebis moculoba umniSvnelod gaizarda.

Q
`a~ `b~
Q1
57

3.3 elastikuroba moTxovnis wrfFiv mrudze

moTxovnis mrudisTvis sazogadod gamoiyeneba moTxovnis wrfivi mrudi,
3
romelic maTematikurad
ase Caiwereba:
bP a Q =
(3.2)
sadac: Q da P saqonelze moTxovnis moculoba da fasia, xolo a da b aris dadebiTi ricxvebi. am
tolobaSi a mudmivaSi igulisxmeba fasis garda saqonlis moTxovnaze moqmedi yvela sxva faqtorTa efeqtebi
(rogoricaa: Semosavali, sxva saqonelTa fasebi da a.S.). b asaxavs, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs fasi saqonelze
moTxovnis raodenobaze.
moTxovnis yvela klebad mruds aqvs Tavisi Sesabamisi Sebrunebuli (ukudamokidebulebis,
inversiuli) mrudi, romelic saqonlis fass gamosaxavs, rogorc masze moTxovnis raodenobis funqcias. Cven
SegviZlia vipovoT moTxovnis ukudamokidebulebis (inversiuli) mrudi Tu fass ( P ) gamovsaxavT
raodenobis ( Q) terminebSi. moTxovnis ukudamokidebulebis mrudi wrfivi moTxovnis mrudisTvis aris:
Q
b b
a
P
1
=
(3.2)
Sefardebas b a/ uwodeben Sokur fass. aq moTxovnis moculoba 0-is tolia. naxazze 3.3 gamosaxulia
wrfivi moTxovnis mrudi. Tu gamoviyenebT moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis gamosaTvlel formulas wrfivi
moTxovnis mrudisTvis gveqneba:
Q
P
b
Q
P
P
Q
P
P
Q
Q
E
P
D
=
A
A
=

A
=
% 100
% 100
(3.3)
es formula gviCvenebs, rom b a/ Sokur fasTan (sadac 0 = Q ) moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba
usasrulobisken miiswrafis, xolo roca 0 = P moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba 0-is tolia
4
. G wertilze
moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba 1 tolia, e.i. erTeulovani elastikurobisaa. G wertilidan CrdiloeTiT
moTxovna elastikuria fasis mimarT, xolo G wertilidan samxreTiT moTxovna araelastikuria fasis mimarT.

3
moTxovnis sworxazovani (wrfivi) mrudis upiratesobania:
1. sazogadod wrfec da rkalic erTnairad asaxaven moTxovnisa da miwodebis kanonebs;
2. imisaTvis, rom maTematikurad SeviswavloT rkali, saWiroa is davyoT patara monakveTebad an gavavloT mxebi, rasac
kvlav wrfivi damokidebulebis Seswavlis aucileblobasTan mivyavarT;
3. orive maTgani (wrfec da rkalic) realobis gamartivebuli aRweraa da amitom orive SemTxvevaSi absoluturi sizustiT
movlenebis Seswavla SeuZlebelia;
4. rkali ukeTesad aRwers moklevadian periods da calkeuli firmis maCveneblebs, roca wrfivi ukeTesia grZelvadiani periodisa
da sabazro masStabebisTvis;
5. wrfivi variantis gamoyeneba gacilebiT mosaxerxebelia mrudebis erT wertilSi mobrunebis gamosaxvis SemTxvevebisTvis,
vidre rkali.

4
SegviZlia martivad davrwmundeT Tu moTxovnis formulaSi CavsvavT Sokuri fasis b a/ pirobas:
0 ) / ( = = = a a b a b a Q
58

moTxovnis elastikurobis formula moTxovnis wrfivi mrudis pirobebisTvis gviCvenebs gansxvavebas
moTxovnis mrudis daxrilobis koeficientsa ` b ~ da moTxovnis safaso elastikurobas ` ) / ( Q P b ~ Soris.
mrudis daxrilobis koeficienti cvlilebebs zomavs absolutur raodenobaSi (raodenobis erTeulebSi) rasac iwvevs
fasis erTi erTeuliT cvlileba. amis sapirispirod, moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba zomavs moTxovnis
raodenobriv cvlilebas procentebSi (%) fasis 1%-iT cvlilebis Sedegad. amis gamo elastikurobis cneba
gvexmareba ekonomikuri movlenebis analizSi, raTa sworad davadginoT fasis cvlilebis tendenciebi da Sevu-
daroT erTmaneTs Zalze gansxvavebuli bazrebis pirobebSi, rogoricaa magaliTad: sakvebi produqtebisa da
uZravi qonebis bazrebi, rogorc erTi qveynis, ise sxvadasxva qveynebis magaliTebze da a.S.



3.4 moTxovna Tanabari elastikurobis
SemTxvevaSi. izoelastikuroba

aqamde elastikurobas vikvlevdiT moTxovnisa da miwodebis wrfivi mrudis SemTxvevebSi. am dros
moTxovnis wrfivi mrudis daxrilobis kuTxis sididis ucvlelobis miuxedavad, masze safaso elastikurobis
mniSvneloba meryeobda 0-dan usasrulobamde SualedSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom xandaxan, moTxovnis rkaluri
mrudis SemTxvevaSi safaso elastikuroba mudmivi sidide rCeba.
roca moTxovnis mrudis gaswvriv safaso elastikuroba mudmivi sididea, maSin amboben, rom
aseTi mrudi izoelastikuria ( Isoelastic).
izoelastikuri mrudis gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa moTxovnis mrudi erTeulovani elastikurobiT. aseT
moTxovnis mrudze, mis yovel wertilSi, safaso elastikuroba erTis tolia. ganvixiloT pirobiTi magaliTi. boris
paiWaZis saxelobis erovnul stadionze yvelaze dabalfasiani bileTebis fasi icvleba safexburTo matCis
1 =
P
D
E
bP a Q =
Q
b b
a
P
1
=

2
a

b
a
2

b
a

a
=
P
D
E
0 =
P
D
E
elastikuri nawili
araelastikuri nawili
Q
P
G
nax. 3.3 moTxovnis wrfivi mrudi
moTxovnis wrfiv mrudze G wertilis zemoT moTxovna elastikuria, xolo G wertilis
qvemoT moTxovna araelastikuria. G wertilSi moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba
erTeulovania
59
rangidan gamomdinare. vTqvaT, aseTi bileTebisa da adgilebis raodenoba Seesabameba cxrilSi 3.1 arsebul
monacemebs.
stadionze yvelaze dabalfasiani bileTebis fasi, raodenoba, mayurebelTa
danaxarjebi da matCis organizatorTa Semosavlebi
cxrili 3.1
#
safexburTo matCis
rangi
bileTebis fasi
bileTebis
raodenoba
mayurebelTa
danaxarjebi
organizatorTa
Semosavlebi
1. msoflio Cemp.
SesarCevi matCebi
9 lari 600 9X600=54000l 9X600=54000l
2. evropis Cemp.
SesarCevi matCebi
6 lari 900 6X900=54000l 6X900=54000l
3.
erovnuli
Cempionatis
matCebi
3 lari 1800 3X1800=54000l 3X1800=54000l
am SemTxvevebSi moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis koeficientis mniSvneloba yovelTvis erTis tolia
(erTeulovania) ) 1 ( =
P
D
E
cxrilis monacemebze dayrdnobiT naxazze 3.4 gamosaxulia izoelastikuri moTxovnis mrudi.

aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi momxmarebelTa danaxarjebi da mimwodebelTa Semosavlebi maqsimaluria da
mudmivi rCeba fasisa da moTxovnis moculobis cvlilebebis miuxedavad, e.i. sruldeba piro-
ba: CONST MAX TR TC = = = . aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sazogadod, moTxovnis mrudis rkaluri formis
pirobebSi SeiZleba mravali iseTi SemTxveva dafiqsirdes, sadac dasaSvebia Sesruldes piroba
CONST MAX TR TC = = = da erToblivi amonagebic Tanabari sidide iyos mrudis gaswvriv, magram
moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis koeficientis mniSvneloba mudmivad 1-is toli ar iyos.

3.5 moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikuroba
grZelvadian periodSi

moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikurobis analizis dros mniSvnelovania moklevadiani da grZelvadiani
periodebis interpretacia. zustad unda ganisazRvros ramdenad icvleba moTxovna da miwodeba fasebis
cvlilebis sapasuxod da drois ra intervalSi aRiniSneba es cvlileba.
nax. 3.4 moTxovnis mrudi erTeulovani elastikurobiT
izoelastikuri mrudis gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa moTxovnis mrudi erTeulovani elastikurobiT. aq moTxovnis
mrudis yovel wertilSi ( G B A , , ), safaso elastikuroba erTis tolia.

A
B
G
6
3
600 900
P
1800 Q
9
60
Tu saubaria drois mcire monakveTze, magaliTad, erTi weli an naklebi, maSin miiCneven, rom aris
moklevadiani periodi (Tumca calkeuli dargisa da firmis SemTxvevaSi droiTi periodis ase gansazRvra
sakamaToa).
grZelvadiani periodis qveS igulisxmeba drois iseTi intervali, romlis ganmavlobaSic
mwarmoeblebi da momxmareblebi axdenen Seguebas fasebis cvlilebasTan da cvlian Tavis samomx-
mareblo Cvevebsa da samewarmeo prioritetebs.
sazogadod, moTxovna da miwodeba da maTi amsaxveli mrudebi Zalze gansxvavdebian moklevadian
da grZelvadian periodebSi. moklevadian periodSi fasis ucabedi, moulodneli cvlilebisas moTxovna da
miwodeba ver aswreben movlenasTan Seguebas, xolo grZelvadian periodSi orive maTgani axdens axal
fasebTan adaptacias. saqonelTa umravlesobisTvis grZelvadian periodSi moTxovna gacilebiT ufro
elastikuria, vidre moklevadianSi.
ganvixiloT moTxovnis elastikuroba moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi. magaliTad: saqarTveloSi
2006 wlis bolos moulodnelad gamocxadda 2007 wlidan ruseTidan misaReb bunebriv airze fasis mkveTri
zrda. Sedegad 2-3 Tvis manZilze (moklevadian periodSi) ver moxerxda rusul importze sruli
damoukideblobis miRweva. grZelvadian periodSi saqarTvelo SeZlebs gamoZebnos energomatarebelTa axali
alternativebi da bunebriv airze fasic Semcirdeba.
aRwerili situacia grafikulad gamosaxulia naxazze 3.5, sadac moTxovnis elastikurobis grZelvadian
periodSi adaptaciis I etapis aRweris mizniT mocemulia bunebriv airze moTxovnis sawyisi sabazro modeli.
kerZod, moTxovnis D da miwodebis S mrudebi da wonasworobis
o
E wertili, romelsac Seesabameba
o
P

fasi da
o
Q moculoba.
bunebriv airze fasis gazrda iwvevs S mrudis D mrudis gaswvriv gadaadgilebas
1
S mdgo-
mareobaSi (analizis gamartivebis mizniT CavTvaloT, rom miwodebis mrudi ar Seicvlis daxrilobis kuTxes).
am dros miiReba
1
E wonasworobis axali wertili (
1 1
Q P
) koordinatebiT.
Seguebis procesi TandaTanobiT xorcieldeba. Sedegad miiReba bunebriv airze axali fasi
2
P ) (
1 2
P P <
, romelsac Seesabameba Tavisi axali moculoba. sawyisi
0
E da axali
2
E wonasworobis
wertilebis SeerTebiT miviRebT axal

LR
D
( Long Run - grZelvadiani periodi) moTxovnis mruds, romelic
bunebriv airze moTxovnis grZelvadian adaptacias aRwers (II etapi).

sawyisi moTxovnis mrudi ki SegviZlia
CavTvaloT bunebriv airze moTxovnis
SR
D
( Short Run) moklevadiani periodis mrudad.

61

Tu sawyisi D mrudis Sesabamisi safaso elastikurobis koeficienti ( 0
P
D
E ) nulisken miiswrafoda,
grZelvadian periodSi moTxovnis
LR
D mrudis elastikurobis koeficienti usasrulobisken miiswrafis.

amrigad, sazogadod, moklevadian periodSi moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba dabalia, xolo
grZelvadian periodSi _ maRali.
analogiurad SegviZlia ganvixiloT miwodebis adaptacia droSi. magaliTad: 2006 wlis ianvarSi sxva
qveynebTan erTad, saqarTveloSi gakeTda gancxadeba frinvelis gripis epidemiis SesaZlo gavrcelebis
Sesaxeb.
mosaxleoba panikam moicva da frinvelis xorcsa da kvercxze moTxovna praqtikulad gaqra. Sedegad
qveyanaSi mravali damwyebi firma, romelic awarmoebda frinvelis kvercxs, mosalodneli zaralis gamo,
iZulebuli gaxda daexura warmoeba.
bazarze didi xnis manZilze myofi firmebi: `koda~, `savaneTi,~ `samgori~ da sxvebi SedarebiT myari
safinanso mdgomareobis gamo, ar SeuSindnen zaralis moculobas da ganagrZes warmoeba. avagoT
aRniSnuli bazris modeli D da S mrudebiTa da Sesabamisi
0
E ) (
0 0
Q P wonasworobis wertiliT (naxazi
3.6). esaa is periodi, roca bazarze damyarda wonasworoba gripis epidemiisadmi SiSis gamo.
garkveuli periodis gavlis Semdgom mosaxleobaSi epidemiisadmi panika gaqra da kvlav gaCnda
moTxovna frinvelis xorcsa da kvercxze. amas moklevadian periodSi moyva D moTxovnis mrudis
gadaadgileba
1
D mdgomareobaSi (analizis gamartivebis mizniT CavTvaloT, rom moTxovnis mrudma ar
Seicvala abscisaTa RerZisadmi daxrilobis kuTxe).
D
LR
S1
D
SR
E2
S
E1
E0
P1
P2
Q0
P0
Q2
P
Q
O
nax. 3.5 bunebriv airze moTxovnis adaptacia grZelvadian periodSi
moklevadian periodSi bunebriv airze fasis gazrda iwvevs S mrudis gaswvriv gadaadgilebas
1
S
mdgomareobaSi (I etapi); grZelvadian periodSi (II etapi) moTxovnis mrudi ufro elastikuri gaxdeba, xolo
fasi da moculoba orive Semcirdeba.
Q1
II
I
62
saqarTvelos bazarze moqmedi firmebis warmoebis masStabebi axali sabazro moTxovnisTvis damak-
mayofilebeli ar aRmoCnda. deficitis gamo mkveTrad gaizarda frinvelis kvercxze fasi (2006 wlis oqtomber-
noemberSi mefrinveleobis fermebSi warmoebuli qaTmis 1 cali kvercxis fasi 23 TeTridan gaizarda 35
TeTramde). Sedegad miviReT axali wonasworobis wertili ) (
1 1 1
P Q E (I etapi).
erTeul produqtze fasis aseTma zrdam bazars stimuli misca `efiqra~ miwodebis gazrdaze. 2006 wlis
gazafxulze am dargSi moRvawe saqarTvelos bazridan gasuli firmebi swrafad ver dabrundnen bazarze. amis -
gamo 2007 wlis dasawyisSi kvercxze deficiti Seavso bulgareTidan da ukrainidan Semotanilma saqonelma.
garkveuli periodis Semdeg bazari gajerda am saqonliT, ramac gamoiwvia fasis TandaTanobiTi Semcireba da
miwodeba gadaadgilda axali
1
D mrudis gaswvriv. miwodebis elastikuroba gaizarda miviReT wonasworobis
axali
2
E ) (
2 2
P Q wertili.
axali da Tavdapirveli wonasworobis wertilebis SeerTebiT miviRebT suraTs, romelic gviCvenebs Tu
rogor Seicvala mdgomareoba grZelvadian periodSi. am axal mruds aRvniSnavT S
LR
( Long Run) da
vuwodebT miwodebis grZelvadian mruds (II etapi).
miwodebis sawyisi S mrudi SeiZleba aRvniSnoT S
SR
( Short Run)
,
rogorc miwodebis moklevadiani
mrudi. miwodebis grZelvadiani
LR
S mrudi gviCvenebs iseT situacias, roca mwarmoeblebs miecaT imis
saSualeba, rom Seguebodnen Secvlil fasebs da moexdinaT resursebis gadanawileba maTi gamoyenebis
alternatiul sferoebs Soris.
Aamrigad, SegviZlia CamovayaliboT zogadi daskvna saqonelTa umravlesobisaTvis moTxov-
nisa da miwodebis grZelvadiani adaptaciis Sesaxeb. moklevadian periodSi moTxovnasa da miwo-
debaze (Sesabamisad maTi mrudebis gadaadgilebaze) umetes zegavlenas axdens fasi (naxazebi 3.5. da
3.6. | | | |
2 0 1 0
P P P P > ), xolo grZelvadian periodSi _ moculoba (naxazebi 3. 5. da 3. 6. | | | |
1 0 2 0
Q Q Q Q > ).

3.6 moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba sabazro da
calkeuli safirmo markis doneze

I
II
D1
S
LR
E2
S
SR
E1
E0
P1
P2
Q2
P0
Q0
P
Q
D
nax. 3.6 frinvelis kvercxis miwodebis adaptacia grZelvadian periodSi
moklevadian periodSi saqonelze fasis zrda ganapirobebs miwodebis moculobis gazrdas (I etapi);
grZelvadian periodSi saqonelze fasi mcirdeba, xolo miwodebis moculoba izrdeba.
Q1
63
sazogadod yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli Secdoma moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis gamoyenebis dros
aris is, Tu davuSvebT, rom romelime produqtze araelastikuri moTxovnis gamo, moTxovna imave produqtis
erT-erTi saxeobis calkeuli gamyidvelisTvisac (samarko firmisTvis an brendisTvis) aseve araelastikuri
iqneba.
ganvixiloT ludis magaliTi. cnobilia, rom ludze moTxovna gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare ar aris fasis
mimarT. ludis mwarmoebeli yvela firmis mier saqonelze fasis gazrda mxolod zomierad imoqmedebs ludze
mTlian moTxovnaze.
amgvarad, Tu ludis mwarmoebeli erTi firma (magaliTad: `yazbegi~) gazrdis fass, moTxovna am
markis produqtze SesamCnevad Semcirdeba. momxmareblebi gadaerTvebian im droisaTvis moqmedi sxva
dabalfasiani brendis saqonelze, romlis fasic ar Seicvleba.
amgvarad, SesaZlebelia moTxovna araelastikuri iyos mTlianad bazris doneze, xolo ma-
Ralelastikuri mwarmoebeli (individualuri) firmis doneze.
sabazro da firmis doneze elastikurobis gansxvaveba asaxavs Senacvlebis efeqtis sidides, Tu romeli
myidvelia mgrZnobiare fasis mimarT. ludis SemTxvevaSi tipiur momxmarebels ar aqvs ludis sxva, kargi
Semcvlelis alternativa. amis gamo is aucileblad `yazbegs~ ar saWiroebs da masze fasis gazrdis dros,
momxmareblisTvis sxva safirmo markaze gadasvla dakavSirebuli iqneba moTxovnilebis met-naklebad
dakmayofilebasTan.
ra aris ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtori `yazbegma~ unda gamoiyenos sabazro elastikurobis done
Tu firmis mier warmoebul produqtze moTxovnis elastikuroba ukeT axsnis fasebis cvlilebis efeqts? pasuxi
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras elis `yazbegi~ sxva mwarmoeblebisgan.
Tu konkurentebi: `lomisi,~ `nataxtari~, `hercogi~ da sxva, swrafad Secvlian fasebs, maSin sabazro
elastikurobis Sedegad firma `yazbegis~ mier warmoebul ludze moTxovnis elastikuroba Seicvleba fasTan
erTad. aRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT, Tu firma `yazbegi~ elodeba, rom konkurentebi ar Secvlian fasebs (an
amas gaakeTeben grZelvadian periodSi), maSin Sesabamisad Seicvleba safirmo elastikurobis done.
mocemuli analizi ufro naTeli gaxdeba, Tu gavixsenebT oligopoliur bazarze dominanti (wamyvani, lideri)
firmis qcevas.
Tu firma flobs iseT wils bazarze, rom SeuZlia sabazro fasze zemoqmedeba, maSin Seicvleba
sabazro elastikurobis maCvenebeli, xolo Tu firma pataraa da ar flobs bazris iseT wils, rom SeuZlia
sabazro fasze zemoqmedeba, maSin Seicvleba safirmo elastikurobis done.
3.7 saqonlis eqsploataciis xangrZlivoba da masze moTxovnisa da miwodebis
elastikuroba

moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi moTxovnisa da miwodebis safaso elastikurobis
sazogadod cnobili tendenciebis garda, arsebobs saqonlebi, romlebzec moTxovna moklevadian periodSi
ufro elastikuria, vidre grZelvadianSi. amis mizezia is, rom es saqonlebi (avtomobilebi, macivrebi,
televizorebi da kapitaluri mowyobilobebi, romlebsac iZens mrewveloba) aris xangrZlivi moxmarebis
(eqsploataciis).
TiToeuli aseTi saqonlis raodenoba, romelic aqvT momxmareblebs pirad sakuTrebaSi, mniSvne-
lovnadaa damokidebuli warmoebis wliur moculobebze. Sedegad SesyidvebSi mcire cvlilebas SeuZlia
gamoiwvios didi procentuli ryevebi momxmarebelTa erToblivi rezervis TanafardobaSi.
64
davuSvaT macivrebze fasi gaizarda 10%-iT. eqsperti ekonomistebis azriT es faqti momxma-
reblebisTvis sasurveli macivrebis raodenobas amcirebs 5%-iT. Tu momxmarebels surda ojaxSi qonoda 2-3
macivari an macivari agarakze, igi uars ityvis damatebiTi erTeulis SeZenaze. realurad fasis zrda macivrebis
SeZenis maCvenebels Seamcirebs 5%-ze metad. garkveuli periodis gavlis Semdgom, roca momxmarebelTa
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli macivrebi moralurad da fizikurad gacvdeba da isini Sesacvleli gaxdeba, moTxovna
macivrebze isev gaizrdeba (naxazi 3.7).
grZelvadian periodSi macivrebis saerTo raodenoba, romelic momxmarebelTa sakuTrebaSi aR-
moCndeba iqneba 5%-iT naklebi, vidre fasebis momatebamde arsebuli raodenoba iyo. aseT SemTxvevaSi
macivrebze moTxovnis elastikuroba grZelvadian periodSi iqneba 0,05/0,10=[-0,5], e.i. dabali, xolo
moTxovnis elastikuroba moklevadian periodSi aRmoCndeba ufro maRali.

analogiurad SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes avtomobilebis da sxva xangrZlivi eqsploataciis saqonlebis
magaliTebi. roca izrdeba avtomobilze fasi, gayidvebis moculoba moklevadian periodSi mcirdeba axali
manqanebis SeZenis simciris gamo.
grZelvadian periodSi gayidvebis moculoba izrdeba Zveli avtomobilebis gamocvlis xarjze da
moTxovna matulobs. Sesabamisad moTxovna ufro araelastikuria grZelvadian periodSi, vidre
moklevadianSi.
saqonlis eqsploataciis xangrZlivoba aseve mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens zogierT saqonelze
miwodebis safaso elastikurobis maCvenebelze moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi. moTxovnis
analogiurad aqac aris iseTi SemTxvevebi (moklevadiani eqsploataciis saqoneli), roca miwodeba ufro
elastikuria moklevadian periodSi, vidre grZelvadianSi (naxazi 3.8).
D
LR
D
SR
P
Q
O
nax. 3.7 moTxovna avtomobilebze moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi
grZelvadiani sargeblobis saqonlebisTvis (macivari, avtomobili da a.S.) moTxovna moklevadian
periodSi ufro elastikuria, vidre grZelvadianSi.

65

SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes liTonebis miwodebis magaliTi. rkinis madanze fasis gazrdis dros
moklevadian periodSi izrdeba rkinis jarTis miwodeba. sazogadod, jarTi intensiurad gamoiyeneba dnobis
procesSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom rkinis maRali da sufTa Semcvelobis jarTis maragi klebadia, Sedegad dnobis
procesi Zvirdeba da grZelvadian periodSi jarTze moTxovnis Semcirebis Sedegad miwodebac mcirdeba.
amgvarad, jarTze (moklevadiani sargeblobis saqonelze) miwodebis safaso elastikuroba grZelvadian periodSi
naklebia, moklevadianTan SedarebiT.

3.8 moTxovnis elastikuroba Semosavlis
mixedviT grZelvadian periodSi

saqonelTa eqsploataciis periodis mixedviT gansxvavebulia am saqonlebze Semosavlis mixedviT
moTxovnis elastikuroba grZelvadian da moklevadian periodebSi.
moklevadiani (erTjeradi) gamoyenebis saqonlebisTvis, rogoricaa kvebis produqtebi, sasmelebi,
sawvavi, garToba da a.S. moTxovnis elastikuroba Semosavlis mixedviT ufro maRalia grZelvadian periodSi,
vidre moklevadianSi. magaliTad: ganvixiloT Zlieri ekonomikuri aRmavlobis pirobebSi benzinze moTxovna.
Semosavlebis zrdasTan erTad adamianebi zrdian benzinis moxmarebas vinaidan SeuZliaT meti imogzauron,
SeiZinon didi moculobis avtomobilebi da a.S. magram dasawyisSi am cvlilebebs dasWirdeba dro da
moTxovna gaizrdeba mcire sididiT.
amgvarad, moklevadiani moxmarebis saqonelze Semosavlis mixedviT moTxovnis elastikuroba
grZelvadian periodSi iqneba ufro maRali, vidre maTze moTxovnis elastikuroba Semosavlis mixedviT
moklevadian periodSi.
xangrZlivi eqsploataciis saqonlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sapirispiro situacia. magaliTad,
avtomobilebi. Zlieri ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebSi gaizrdeba im avtomobilebis raodenoba, romlebic surT
hqondeT momxmareblebs sakuTrebaSi. TandaTan, rogorc ki saavtomobilo parki sakmarisad Seicvleba, axali
Sesyidvebi gakeTdeba upiratesad Zveli avtomobilebis Sesacvlelad (axali avtomobilebis Sesyidvis moculoba
mainc gaizrdeba, vinaidan mosaxleobis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli avtomobilebis didi ricxvi ganapirobebs
yovelwliurad ufro metis Secvlas). SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonelze



S
LR

S
SR




P
Q O
nax. 3.8 rkinis jarTis miwodeba moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi
moklevadiani sargeblobis saqonlebisTvis miwodeba moklevadian periodSi ufro elastikuria,
vidre grZelvadianSi.

66
moTxovnis elastikuroba Semosavlis mixedviT moklevadian periodSi ufro maRalia, vidre igive
maCvenebeli grZelvadian periodSi.

3.9 cikluri dargebi

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom xangrZlivi eqsploataciis saqonelze moTxovna mkveTrad reagirebs Se-
mosavlis cvlilebaze moklevadian periodSi. amis gamo dargebi, romlebic awarmoeben aseT saqonlebs, Zalze
mgrZnobiare arian makroekonomikur ryevebze. aRniSnuli damokidebuleba gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia
saqmiani ciklebis dacema da zrda, pirobebSi. amis gamo aseT dargebs uwodeben ciklurs. am dargebis
produqtebis gayidvebis maCveneblebi cikluri cvlilebebis dros zemoqmedeben erTobliv erovnul produqtsa da
erovnul Semosavalze.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi aTeuli wlebis manZilze dakvirvebaTa Sedegad miRebuli statistikuri
monacemebidan Cans, rom pirveli rigis aucileblobis moklevadiani moxmarebis saqonelze (sakvebi,
tansacmeli, sawvavi) moTxovna zustad imeorebs mTliani erovnuli produqtis cvlilebebs, rogorc zrdas, ise
Semcirebas.
SedarebiT gansxvavebulia damokidebuleba grZelvadiani moxmarebis saqonlebis (avtomobilbi,
saojaxo teqnika da a. S.) SemTxvevaSi. am dros moTxovna Cveulebriv aWarbebs mTliani erovnuli
produqtis cvlilebebis masStabebs orive mimarTulebiT, rogorc aRmavlobis dros (mep-is zrdis tempi ufro
mcirea, vidre aseT saqonelze moTxovnis maStabebi), ise recesiis (dacemis) pirobebSi (mep-is Semcirebis
xarisxi ufro naklebia, vidre aseT saqonelze moTxovnis Semcirebis maStabebi).
vfiqrobT, aRniSnul situacias ganapirobebs moTxovnaze moqmedi molodinisa da Semosavlis
faqtorebis sinergiuli moqmedebac. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia individTa ganwyobac. kerZod, rogorc
statistikuri monacemebi gviCveneben adamianebi ukeTesi momavlis molodinSi gacilebiT xelgaSlilebi arian
da Tavisuflad iZenen saqonels. ekonomikuri maCveneblebis mosalodneli gauareseba ki, momxmareblebs
afrTxobs da realur saSiSroebasTan SedarebiT, Semosavlebis ufro metad ekonomiurad xarjvisken
ganawyobs.

3.10 elastikurobis Teoriis praqtikuli mniSvneloba

elastikurobis Teoria mniSvnelovania firmebisa da mTavrobaTa ekonomikuri politikis gansazRvris
dros. firmis SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli mwarmoebeli iyenebs elastikurobis kategorias amonagebis maq-
simizaciis (gazrdis) mizniT. kerZod, Tu firmis mier warmoebuli produqtis gayidvaTa maCveneblebis (fasi
da moculoba) saSualebiT moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis gamoTvliT miviRebT, rom moTxovna elastikuria,
maSin firmis amonagebis gazrda SesaZlebelia produqtze fasis Semcirebis gziT.
zemoaRniSnulis sapirispirod, Tu firmis mier warmoebuli produqtis gayidvaTa maCveneblebis (fasi
da moculoba) saSualebiT moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis gamoTvliT miviRebT, rom moTxovna
araelastikuria, maSin firmis amonagebis gazrda SesaZlebelia produqtze fasis gazrdis gziT (cxrili 3.2 da
naxazi 3.9). aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom erToblivi amonagebi maqsimaluria moTxovnis erTeulovani safaso
elastikurobis pirobebSi ( max = TR , Tu 1 =
P
D
E ).
erToblivi amonagebi da moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba
67
cxrili 3.2
moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis
koeficientis (
P
D
E ) absoluturi
mniSvneloba
fasis cvlilebis gavlena erTobliv amonagebze
Q P TR =
fasi ( P ) izrdeba fasi ( P ) mcirdeba
1 >
P
D
E
TR mcirdeba TR izrdeba
1 <
P
D
E
TR izrdeba TRmcirdeba

elastikurobis Teoriis praqtikuli mniSvnelobis kidev erTi magaliTia saxelmwifo sagadasaxado
politika. davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifos Semoaqvs gadasaxadis gansazRvruli (fiqsirebuli) Tanxa saqonlis
erTeulze, rac iwvevs S miwodebis mrudis
1
S mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas (naxazi 3.10).
P, TR
Q
B
0
`a~ saqonlis fasisa da moTxovnis safaso
elastikurobis damokidebuleba
1 <
P
D
E
1 =
P
D
E
K
1 >
P
D
E
A
0
TR
A B
1 =
P
D
E
1 <
P
D
E 1 >
P
D
E
K
`b~ moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba da erToblivi
amonagebi



nax. 3.9 `a~ da `b~ moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis, fasisa da erToblivi amonagebis
damokidebuleba. saqonelze elastikuri moTxovnis pirobebSi fasis zrda amcirebs erTobliv amonagebs,
xolo araelastikuri moTxovnis pirobebSi fasis zrda iwvevs erToblivi amonagebis gazrdas.
Q
68

gadasaxadis Tanxa nawildeba momxmareblebsa da mwarmoeblebs Soris. igi moicavs agreTve Warb
sagadasaxado tvirTs, romelic aris sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi da wminda danakargi. aq elastikurobis
kategoria asrulebs did rols, radganac saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT gadasaxadis ra nawils ixdis myidveli
da ra nawils gamyidveli.
elastikuri moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi (naxazi 3.10 `a~) gadasaxadis didi nawili gadaixdeba mwar-
moeblis mier, vinaidan elastikuri moTxovnis pirobebSi momxmareblebi mocemul saqonelze fasis zrdis dros
ecdebian moTxovna gadaitanon saqonelSemcvlelebze, xolo araelastikuri moTxovnis pirobebSi amis
gakeTeba gacilebiT rTulia.
Tu miwodeba elastikuria (naxazi 3.10 `b~) gadasaxadis did nawils ixdis momxmarebeli. es
gasagebicaa, miwodebis elastikuroba niSnavs rom mwarmoeblebi martivad SeZleben gadarTon Tavisi
resursebi sxva saqonlis da momsaxurebis warmoebaze. miwodebis araelastikurobis SemTxvevaSi resursebis
gadatana sxva mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs nela, amitom gadasaxadiT dazaraldebian mwarmoeblebi.
amgvarad, gadasaxadis simZime ufro bazris im mxares awveba, romelic naklebelastikuria vinaidan
mas ufro uWirs gadasaxadebze reagireba SeZenili Tu gasayidi saqonlis raodenobis cvlilebiT.
amgvarad, moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikurobis cnebis Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs gava-
analizoT, avxsnaT da movaxdinoT mravali ekonomikuri movlenis prognozireba.

ZiriTadi terminebi
- moTxovnis rkaluri safaso elastikuroba
- izoelastikuroba
- cikluri dargebi

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. moTxovnis elastikurobis formula moTxovnis wrfivi mrudis pirobebisTvis gviCvenebs gansxvavebas
moTxovnis mrudis daxrilobis koeficientsa da moTxovnis safaso elastikurobas Soris.
Q Q
P P
0 0
`a~ elastikuri moTxovna da
SedarebiT araelastikuri
miwodeba
`b~ araelastikuri moTxovna da
SedarebiT elastikuri miwodeba
D
D
S
gadasaxadis
sidide
gadasaxadis
sidide
ixdian mwarmoeblebi
ixdian
mwarmoeblebi
ixdian
momxmareblebi
ixdian momxmareblebi
nax. 3.10 `a~ da `b~ gadasaxadis simZimis gadanawileba
produqtis erTeulze dawasebuli gadasaxadi nawildeba momxmareblebsa da mwarmoeblebs Soris.
elastikuri moTxovnisa da araelastikuri miwodebis SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadis simZime
mwarmoeblebze modis (`a~). produqtze araelastikuri moTxovnisa da elastikuri miwodebis
SemTxvevaSi ufro met gadasaxads momxmarebeli ixdis (`b~).
1
S
S
1
S
69
2. elastikuroba dakavSirebulia drois periodTan. moklevadian periodSi moTxovnasa da miwodebaze
umetes zegavlenas axdens fasi, xolo grZelvadian periodSi _ moculoba.
3. saqonelTa umravlesobisTvis moTxovna ufro elastikuria grZelvadian periodSi, vidre moklevadianSi.
Tumca arsebobs produqtebi, romelTaTvisac aRniSnuli maCvenebeli avlens ukudamokidebulebas.
4. elastikurobis cneba mniSvnelovania cikluri dargebisTvis, romelTa mier warmoebul saqonelze
moTxovna didad icvleba makroekonomikuri ryevebis dros.
5. elastikurobis Teoria mniSvnelovania mTavrobaTaTvis ekonomikuri politikis gansazRvrisas da
firmebisaTvis mogebis maqsimizaciis pirobebis SerCevis dros.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis
1. ra SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba moTxovnis rkaluri safaso elastikurobis koeficienti da rogor
gaiangariSeba igi?
2. isaubreT moTxovnis wrfivi mrudis Sesaxeb.
3. ras niSnavs izoelastikuroba?
4. daaxasiaTed moTxovnis moklevadiani da grZelvadiani adaptacia da gamosaxeT grafikulad.
5. axseniT miwodebis moklevadiani da grZelvadiani adaptacia da gamosaxeT grafikulad.
6. SeudareT erTmaneTs moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba sabazro da safirmo doneze.
7. gansazRvreT kavSiri saqonlis eqsploataciis xangrZlivobasa da masze moTxovnisa da miwodebis
elastikurobas Soris.
8. isaubreT moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis Sesaxeb Semosavlis mixedviT grZelvadian periodSi.
9. ra niSnebi axasiaTebs ciklur dargebs?
10. gansazRvreT elastikurobis Teoriis praqtikuli mniSvneloba, rogorc firmis ise saxelmwifo politikis
doneze.

Tavi 4. momxmarebelTa qceva

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. momxmarebelTa qcevis kardinaluri da ordinaluri Teoriebis ganxilvas
3. momxmarebelTa optimaluri arCevanis gansazRvras
4. momxmarebelTa gamoxatuli upiratesobebis Sefasebas

4.1 kardinaluri Teoria

nebismier myidvels ainteresebs pasuxi sam ZiriTad kiTxvaze:
1. ra iyidos? (kiTxva ukavSirdeba ama Tu im dovlaTis sargeblianobas, romelic warmoadgens
dovlaTis unars, daakmayofilos myidvelis moTxovna);
2. ra Rirs? (kiTxva ukavSirdeba dovlaTis fass);
70
3. aqvs ki sakmarisi Tanxa? (kiTxva ukavSirdeba myidvelis Semosavals).
amgvarad, myidveli arCevanis gakeTebis dros orientacias axdens saqonlis sargeblianobaze, fassa da
sakuTar Semosavlebze. momxmareblis qcevis analizis dros daSvebulia, rom saSualo (tipiuri) myidveli
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas iTvaliswinebs Semdeg faqtorebs:
- racionaluroba survili, Semosavlebi gamoyenebul iqnes maqsimaluri sargeblianobiT;
- fuladi Semosavlebis SezRuduloba (biujetis SezRuduloba);
- upiratesobebisa da faseulobebis sakuTari sistema yoveli myidvelis subieqturi Sexeduleba ama Tu im
dovlaTis sargeblianobis Sesaxeb.
mikroekonomikaSi momxmarebelTa qcevis Teoriam ganviTarebis ori safexuri gaiara, adreul
periodSi am sakiTxs ikvlevda kardinaluri Teoria (k. mengeri, f. vizeri, e. bembaverki), xolo Semdgom
ordinaluri Teoria (v. pareto, e. slucki, j. hiksi, r. aleni).
kardinaluri Teoria efuZneba im winapirobas, rom yovel sasaqonlo nakrebs SeiZleba mieweros
sargeblianobis zusti sidide. e.i. am dros mxolod imis dadgena ki ar SeiZleba, rom erT saqonels meoresTan
SedarebiT ufro meti sargeblianobis mocema SeuZlia, aramed SesaZlebelia agreTve TviT am sargeblianobis
zusti gazomva.
XIX saukunis zogierTi mecnieri fiqrobda, rom yoveli individisaTvis arsebobs keTildReobis an
sargeblianobis gansazRvruli raodenobrivi sazomi da igi sargeblianobis erTeulebSi ( Util U ) gaizomeba.
magaliTad, SesaZleblad Tvlidnen Sefasdes Tu ramdeni sargeblianobis erTeuliT iqneboda bednieri qarTveli
gurmani mayalze Semwvari kalmaxis mirTmevis Semdeg, an fexburTis didi gulSematkivari (tifozi), Tu is
aRmoCndeboda msoflio Cempionatis finaluri matCis dros stadionze da a.S.
momxmareblis qcevis Sefasebis am modelis Tanaxmad yoveli individi irCevs saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis nakrebs imgvarad, rom mis xelT arsebuli Semosavlebis pirobebSi uzrunvelyos maqsimaluri
sargebeli.
sakiTxis aseTi saxiT dasmis pirobebSi Znelad dasajerebelia sargeblianobis (kmayofilebis) raime
ricxviTi sazomis arseboba da aseve isic, rom adamianebi raime saqonlis SeZenis dros yovelTvis racionalurad
iqcevian (sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mkacrad gansazRvraven Tavis sargeblianobas).
Tu davakvirdebiT sakuTar qcevas, vnaxavT, rom Semosavlis miRebis Semdeg Tanxas, pirvel rigSi
vxarjavT im saqonlis SesaZenad, romelic yvelaze metad gvinda; Semdeg im dovlaTs viZenT, rac ukve
SeZenilis Semdgom yvelaze metad gvindoda Tavdapirvelad. vgrZnobT imasac, rom meore saqoneli
pirvelTan SedarebiT nakleb kmayofilebas gvaniWebs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mas pirvel rigSi
SeviZendiT. amgvarad, uneblieT marTlac ise viqceviT, TiTqos vaxdendeT Cveni sargeblianobis
maqsimizacias. Tumca, es yovelTvis ase ar xdeba.
kardinaluri Teoria Tavisi daSvebebiT dResac popularulia ekonomikur TeoriaSi. es ganpirobebulia
imiT, rom rogorc kerZo, ise sazogadoebriv sferoSi, ganuwyvetliv miiReba iseTi gadawyvetilebebi, romelTac
Tundac Teoriis doneze mainc, esaWiroebaT raime formiT gamoxatva.
ganvixiloT pirobiTi magaliTi. grigoli onis raionidan Camosuli studentia. mas mSoblebi
yovelTviurad ugzavnian Tanxas TbilisSi cxovrebis pirobebis Sesaqmnelad. igi yovelkvireulad inaxavs 12
lars imisaTvis, rom miirTvas gemrieli loris buterbrodi an wavides auzze sacuraod, anu miiRos is, rac yvelaze
metad moswons.
loris buterbrodi Rirs 1 lari, xolo auzze saSvis Rirebulebaa 3 lari. grigols orive maTgani Zalian did
kmayofilebas aniWebs, magram Semosavlis SezRudulobis gamo, iZulebulia maT raodenobas Soris arCevani
71
gaakeTos. alternatiuli wyvilebi romelTa arCeva SeuZlia grigols Semosavlis (biujetis) SezRudulobis
pirobebSi mocemulia cxrilSi 4.1.

grigolis mier asarCevi alternatiuli samomxmareblo wyvilebi
cxrili 4.1
loris buterbrodi sacurao auzi
danaxarjebi sul
raodenoba Q
danaxarjebi
1 l
Q

raodenoba
Q

danaxarjebi
3 l
Q

0 0 4 12 12
3 3 3 9 12
6 6 2 6 12
9 9 1 3 12
12 12 0 0 12

grafikulad gamovsaxoT ori saxis saqonlis SeZenis variantebi biujetis sruli xarjvis pirobebSi (naxazi
4.1). AE wrfe warmoadgens grigolis sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfes.
sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfe aris wertilTa geometriuli mdebareoba, romlebic aRniSnaven im
ori SesaZeni saqonlis kombinacias, romlebic xelmisawvdomia (efeqtiania) myidvelisaTvis mocemuli
fasebis pirobebSi.
ganvixiloT, Tu romel samomxmareblo wyvils airCevs grigoli saimisod, rom Semosavlis (12 laris)
srulad daxarjvis pirobebSi miiRos maqsimaluri sargeblianoba.

zemoT aRvniSneT, tom kardinaluri Teoriis fuZemdebel mecnierTa mier SemoTavazebuli iqna
sargeblianobis sazomi erTeuli ( Util U ). CavTvaloT, rom grigolis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba fasdeba
sargeblianobis erTeulebSi im raodenobiT, rac mocemulia cxrilSi 4.2.

loris buterbrodisa da sacurao auzis sargeblianoba grigolisaTvis
cxrili 4.2
loris buterbrodi
sacurao
auzi
E
D
C
4
A
B
3
2
1
6 7 1
O
3 2 5 4 8
nax. 4.1 grigolis sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfe
momxmareblis sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfe is wertilebia ( E D C B A , , , , ), romlebic aRniS-
naven im ori SesaZeni saqonlis kombinacias, romlebic xelmisawvdomia (efeqtiania) myidveli-
saTvis mocemuli fasebis pirobebSi.

9 10 11 12
72
loris buterbrodis sargeblianoba sacurao auzis sargeblianoba
raoden. Q
erToblivi
sargeblianoba
(sargebl. erT.)

zRvruli
sargeblian.
( MU l)
MU
1 larze
raoden.
Q
erToblivi
sargeblianoba
(sargebl. erT.)
zRvruli
sargebl.
( MU a)
MU
1 larze
0 0 0 0
1 8 1 27
2 13 2 45
3 16 3 54
4 18 4 60
5 19,5 5 63
6 20,5 6 65,4

davuSvaT, rom pirveli loris buterbrodis miRebis Semdeg grigolis kmayofileba Seadgens 8
sargeblianobis erTeuls, xolo pirveli stumroba sacurao auzze mas aniWebs 27 erTeuli sargeblianobis tol
kmayofilebas. meore loris buterbrodis mirTmevis Semdeg miRebuli sargeblianoba 5 erTeuliT ganisazRvreba
da naklebia pirveli maTganis miRebis Semdgom arsebul sargeblianobaze.
es ganwyoba SegviZlia Tavadac vigrZnoT, Tu ramdenime nayins mivirTmevT erTdroulad. yoveli
momdevno nayini sul ufro naklebad mogvwoneba da male uarsac ki vityviT romelime maTganze, radgan
dadgeba survilis dakmayofilebis, gajerebis momenti.
zRvruli sargeblianoba esaa damatebiTi sargeblianoba, romelsac momxmarebeli iRebs
dovlaTis yoveli momdevno erTeulis miRebidan. erTi da imave saqonlis an momsaxurebis SeZenidan
miRebuli sargeblianoba (kmayofileba), rodesac procesi uwyvetad mimdinareobs, sul ufro naklebi
sididiT izrdeba, vidre ar dadgeba gajerebis momenti.
es debuleba aris klebadi zRvruli sargeblianobis kanoni, gajerebis kanoni, zogierT ekonomikur
literaturaSi ki mas gosenis pirveli kanoni ewodeba.
erToblivi sargeblianoba zrdadia vinaidan, igi warmoadgens zRvruli sargeblianobebis jams da misi
sidide matulobs sul ufro da ufro mcire moculobebiT (zRvruli sargeblianobis klebadobis gamo) manam, vidre
ar Sewyvets zrdas.
grafikulad gamovsaxoT sacurao auzis erToblivi da zRvruli sargeblianobebi (naxazi 4.2 `a~ da `b~).
2
3
8
5
1,5
1
2
3
8
5
1,
5
1
9
18
8
6
9
3
6
6
2
3
1
2,4
0,8
27
77
7
73

davadginoT, Tu ra raodenobiT unda airCios grigolma TiToeuli dovlaTi, rom moaxdinos
sargeblianobis maqsimizacia. cxrilis 4.2 monacemebiT Tu vimsjelebT, maqsimaluri erToblivi sargeblianoba
orive dovlaTidan aris 65,4+20,5=80,9 erTeuli. igi Seesabameba 6 loris buterbrodsa da 6-jer auzze wasvlis
arCevans e.Ei. saWiroa 24 lari. grigolis biujeti ki Seadgens 12 lars, amitom es arCevani misTvis miuRebelia.
maSasadame, unda moiZebnos iseTi wyvili, romelic daakmayofilebs biujetis SezRudulobis pirobas.
aseTi SeiZleba iyos 2 loris buterbrodi da 3 auzze wasvla (13+54=67). gamouyenebeli rCeba 1 lari, romliTac
kidev SeiZleba sargeblianobis ramdenime erTeulis miReba.
Tu grigoli airCevs 3 loris buterbrodsa da 3-jer auzze wasvlas, maSin is biujetis SezRudulobasac
daakmayofilebs ) 12 3 3 3 ( = + da moaxdens kidec sargeblianobis maqsimizacias.
ganvixiloT Tu rogor miviRoT es maCvenebeli. cxrili 4.3 monacemebidan Cans, rom me-3 erTeuli
loris buterbrodisTvis ( MUl P / l) zRvruli sargeblianobis sidide 1 larze gaangariSebiT aris 3-is toli. igive
sidide miiReba ( MUa P / a), roca grigoli kviraSi 3-jer midis auzze. e.i. grigolisTvis maqsimaluri
sargeblianoba miiRweva im SemTxvevaSi, roca sruldeba piroba:
3 = =
a
a
l
l
P
MU
P
MU
(4.1)
momxmareblis optimaluri arCevani miiReba Semdegnairad: Tu damatebiTi laris daxarjvis
sargeblianoba loris buterbrodze metia vidre auzze, maSin momxmarebels Tavisi sargeblianobis gazrda
SeuZlia buterbrodze danaxarjebis gazrdiT. sanam loris buterbrodze danaxarjebis sargeblianoba ufro metia,
vidre auzze, gaizrdeba SeZenili buterbrodebis raodenoba auzze wasvlis xarjze.
TandaTan loris buterbrodis zRvruli sargeblianoba Semcirdeba, xolo auzis ki gaizrdeba.
sargeblianobis maqsimumi miiRweva mxolod maSin, rodesac damatebiTi laris xarjvis zRvruli sargeblianoba
Tanabari iqneba orive (samomxmareblo kalaTaSi arsebuli yvela) saqonlisTvis. Tanabari zRvruli sargeb-
lianobis es principi maqsimizaciis mniSvnelovani principia mikroekonomikaSi. amgvarad, SegviZlia
CamovayaliboT zogadi daskvna:
1 2 3 4 5 6 Q (auzi) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Q (auzi)

65
63
60
54

45


27
s
a
r
g
e
b
l
i
a
n
o
b
a

(
e
r
T
e
u
l
i
)

8
5
3
`a~ erToblivi sargeblianoba `b~ zRvruli sargeblianoba
s
a
r
g
e
b
l
i
a
n
o
b
a

(
e
r
T
e
u
l
i
)

nax. 4.2 sacurao auzze misvliT miRebuli erToblivi da zRvruli sargeblianobebi
`a~ naxazze gamosaxulia sacurao auzze misvlis erToblivi sargeblianoba, romelic zrdadia da izrdeba sul ufro da ufro
mcire sididiT (klebadi zRvruli sargeblianobis gamo);
`b~ naxazze gamosaxulia sacurao auzze misvlis zRvruli sargeblianoba, romelic klebadia, vinaidan yoveli momdevno
erTeulis miRebiT momxmareblis sargeblianoba klebulobs.

74
momxmareblis sargeblianoba maqsimums aRwevs iseTi samomxmareblo nakrebis SerCevisas,
romelSic Semavali yvela dovlaTis mixedviT zRvruli sargeblianobis Sefardeba fasTan Tanabari sididea
da akmayofilebs biujetis SezRudulobis pirobas.
e.i. samomxmareblo nakrebSi SeiZleba Sediodes n ,..... 4 , 3 , 2 raodenobis saqoneli da formula 4.1
SeiZleba CavweroT ase:
n
n
P
MU
P
MU
P
MU
P
MU
= = = = ...
3
3
2
2
1
1

(4.2.)
(4.2) tolobas uwodeben gosenis meore kanonsac da igi SeiZleba asec gadavweroT:

1 1
2 2
MU P
MU P
=
(4.3)
amrigad, momxmarebelma sargeblianobis maqsimizaciisaTvis saqoneli ise unda SeiZinos, rom
yovelma SeZenilma erTeulma mas gadaxdili fasis proporciuli zRvruli sargeblianoba moutanos.
Tu erTdroulad, erTi da igive proporciiT gaizrdeba fasi da Semosavali, maSin momxmarebeli SeZlebs
SeiZinos igive raodenobisa da Semadgenlobis dovlaTTa nakrebi, rasac adre yidulobda. magaliTad, Tu loris
buterbrodis fasi gaxda 2 lari, xolo auzis saSvi
6 lari da amasTan grigolis Semosavalic gaormagdeba, maSin igi SeZlebs iyidos igive saqonelTa nakrebi,
rasac adre iZenda. am dros ar icvleba momxmareblis realuri Semosavali.
Tu Semosavali da erTi saqonlis fasi ucvleli darCeba, xolo gaizardeba meore dovlaTis fasi (magaliTad,
buterbrodis fasi gaxdeba 2 lari, xolo auzze Sesvlis fasi isev 3 lari darCeba), maSin biujetis ucvlelobis
SemTxvevaSi myidvelis arCevani gadainacvlebs im saqonlis sasargeblod, romelic SedarebiT iafi gaxda. am
dros mcirdeba momxmareblis realuri Semosavali, vinaidan Semcirdeba misi msyidvelobiTi unari.
Cvens SemTxvevaSi moimatebs grigolis siaruli auzze. am dros saxes Seicvlis sabiujeto wrfe. igi
gadava AE mdgomareobidan AF mdgomareobaSi (naxazi 4.3). e.i. Semosavlis mxolod loris
buterbrodebze xarjvis pirobebSi grigoli 12-is nacvlad exla SeiZens mxolod 6-s.
Tu gaizrdeba grigolis biujeti 12 laridan 15 laramde da saqonelTa fasebi ucvleli darCeba, maSin sabiujeto
wrfe gadaadgildeba marjvniv da zeviT
1 1
E A mdgomareobaSi (naxazi 4.3). grigoli ki SeZlebs SeiZinos meti
raodenobis saqoneli.
E
A
5
loris buterbrodi
E1
F
4
A1
3
2
1
O
6
nax. 4.3 sabiujeto wrfis gadaadgilebani
sabiujeto wrfe icvlis mdebareobas fasebisa da Semosavlebis cvlilebis Sedegad. kerZod romelime saqonelze fasis
Semcireba zrdis OX RerZTan daxrilobis kuTxes, xolo fasis gazrda iwvevs sapirispiro movlenas. Semosavlis cvlileba
sabiujeto wrfes gadaaadgilebs paralelurad marjvniv an marcxniv.
12 15
sacurao
auzi

75
amgvarad, Semosavlis gazrdisa da fasebis ucvlelobis pirobebSi, sabiujeto wrfe gadaadgildeba
paralelurad marjvniv da zeviT. analogiurad, Semosavlis Semcirebisa da fasebis ucvlelobis
SemTxvevaSi sabiujeto wrfe gadaadgildeba paralelurad marcxniv da qveviT.
Semosavlis ucvlelobis SemTxvevaSi, Tu icvleba romelime saqonlis fasi, maSin sabiujeto wrfe
icvlis abscisaTa RerZisadmi daxrilobis kuTxes (kuTxe izrdeba OX RerZze aRniSnuli saqonlis fasis
gazrdis SemTxvevaSi. analogiurad, sabiujeto wrfis daxrilobis kuTxe mcirdebaOOX RerZze
aRniSnuli saqonlis fasis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi).

4.2 ordinaluri Teoria

sargeblianobis ordinaluri Teoriis Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba cnobili ekonomistisa da sociologis
vilfredo paretos saxels.
absoluturi (raodenobiTi) skalis saSualebiT subieqturi sargeblianobis gazomvis cdebi warmatebiT ver
iqna ganxorcielebuli. Sedegad mecnierTa jgufma gadawyvita igi Seecvala fardobiTi midgomis principiT. es
gulisxmobda imas, rom momxmareblis qcevis Seswavla ganxorcieldeboda upiratesobaTa rigiTobis anu
ranJirebis safuZvelze.
ordinalur TeoriaSi winapirobad miCneulia, rom alternatiul sasaqonlo nakrebebs (wyvilebs) individi
miawers sargeblianobis Sesatyvis indeqsebs.
indeqsebis gamoyenebiT mJRavndeba sargeblianobis ordinaluri Teoriis ufro maRali universaluroba
kardinalur TeoriasTan SedarebiT. is ar gvaZlevs saSualebas CavataroT zusti da konkretuli gazomvebi,
magram ayalibebs warmodgenas gansaxilveli nakrebis mimarT misi ukeTesobis, uaresobis an igiveobis
Sesaxeb sxva nakrebTan Sedarebis dros.
ordinalur TeoriaSi, kardinalurisagan gansxvavebiT ar ganixileba konkretuli sargeblianobis cifruli
(ricxviTi) mniSvnelobebi. aq daSvebulia, rom momxmarebeli mxolod udarebs erTmaneTs Tavis ganwyobas
dovlaTis sxvadasxva nakrebTa SerCevis SemTxvevaSi. imavdroulad is axdens TiToeuli nakrebis
Tanmimdevrul dalagebas piradi Sexedulebis mixedviT arsebuli upiratesobebis, faseulobaTa kriteriumebis
Sesabamisad. mocemul SemTxvevaSi amosavali donea momxmareblis Semosavali.
momxmareblis survilebis an upiratesobebis analizs asaxavs ganurCevlobis mrudi
( Curve ce Indifferen ). qarTul TargmanSi ganurCevlobis mrudebi SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT
Segvxvdes, ase magaliTad: igiveobis, gulgrilobis, indiferentulobis, ganusazRvrelobis mrudebi da a.S.
ganurCevlobis mrudi (naxazi 4.4) warmoadgens saqonelTa SesaZlo kombinaciebis srul simravles,
romelTac aqvT momxmareblisaTvis Tanabari sididis sargeblianobis miniWebis unari. amgvarad, misTvis
sulerTia romel wyvils airCevs ` Y 3 da X 1 ~ (naxazi 4.4, kombinacia wertilze
1
R ) Tu ` Y 1 da X 3 ~ (naxazi
4.4, kombinacia wertilze
2
R ).
76

ganurCevlobis mrudTa simravle qmnis ganurCevlobis mrudTa ruqas (naxazi 4.5). vinaidan
adamianebisaTvis `bevri~ ukeTesia vidre `cota~, amitom rac ufro marjvniv da maRla mdebareobs
ganurCevlobis mrudi, miT ufro didi sargeblianobis amsaxvelia igi. naxazze 4.5
4
U ufro maRali
sargeblianobis matarebeli mrudia momxmareblisTvis, vidre
3
U . analogiurad
3
U ufro maRali
sargeblianobiT xasiaTdeba, vidre
2
U da a.S. aRniSnulis dakonkretebis mizniT, Tanamedrove
mkvlevarebma TiToeul mruds ruqaze simbolurad mianiWes sargeblianobis sidideebi, rasac sargeblianobis
funqcia ewodeba.

zemoaRniSnuli Teoriebis miRwevaTa gaerTianebis Sedegad Tanamedrove periodSi Camoyalibda
momxmarebelTa qcevis Teoria. misi ZiriTadi daSvebebia:
1. sisavse. igulisxmeba, rom mocemuli A da B sasaqonlo nakrebisaTvis momxmarebels SeuZlia
calsaxad gansazRvros, A nakrebi urCevnia B-s Tu piriqiT, B nakrebi (wyvili) A-s. dasaSvebia isic rom
igi orive maTgans Tanabrad, eqvivalenturad ( B A= ) ganixilavdes.
U1
X
O
Y
nax 4.5 ganurCevlobis mrudTa ruqa
ganurCevlobis mrudTa simravle qmnis ganurCevlobis mrudTa ruqas. rac ufro
marjvniv da maRla mdebareobs ganurCevlobis mrudi, miT ufro didi
kmayofilebisa da sargeblianobis amsaxvelia igi.
U2
U3
U4
R1
R2
2
1
3
X
O
Y
nax 4.4 ganurCevlobis mrudi
ganurCevlobis mrudi warmoadgens saqonelTa SesaZlo kombinaciebis srul simravles,
romelTac aqvT momxmareblisaTvis Tanabari sididis sargeblianobis miniWebis unari.
1 2 3
77
2. tranzituloba. sasaqonlo nakrebebisadmi damokidebuleba ar unda iyos winaaRmdegobrivi. kerZod,
daculi unda iyos tranzitulobis piroba. nebismieri sami B A, da C alternativis Sedarebisas aucilebelia
sruldebodes piroba: Tu A sjobs B-s da B sjobs C -s, maSin A unda sjobdes C -s. amiT xdeba imis
xazgasma, rom individi airCevs SeZlebisdagvarad maRali sargeblianobis indeqsis mqone nakrebs.
3. umjobesia bevri, vidre cota. miviRoT pirobad is, rom gansaxilveli saqoneli yovelTvis sasurvelia
momxmareblisTvis. aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT is faqti, rom saqoneli ar warmoadgens `antidovlaTs~ (es
iseTi saqonelia, romelic umjobesia iyos cota, vidre bevri, magaliTad: dabinZurebuli haeri, garemo, gaCexili
tyeebi da Sedegad Rvarcofebi da mewyerebi da a.S. Tumca aseT SemTxvevebSi mdgomareobis
gamosworeba SeiZleba ise, rom momxmareblis gemovneba Seicvalos antidovlaTis naklebi raodenobis
sasargeblod, ase magaliTad: sufTa haersa da garemoze moTxovnis amaRleba, gaSenebuli tyeebis farTobebis
gazrda da sxva).
4. Senacvlebis zRvruli normis klebadoba. ganurCevlobis mrudebi aris amozneqili koordinatTa
saTavisadmi. amis gamo Senacvlebis zRvruli norma mcirdeba.




4.3 Senacvlebis zRvruli norma

ganvixiloT ganurCevlobis mrudis is monakveTi, romelic yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania
momxmarebelTa qcevis TeoriisTvis. naxazze 4.6 warmodgenilia AB ganurCevlobis mrudi. OE
warmoadgens X dovlaTis moxmarebis minimalurad aucilebel sidides, romelsac momxmarebeli ver
Seeleva, rac ar unda didi raodenobiT SesTavazon Y dovlaTi. analogiurad OD aris Y dovlaTis
moxmarebis minimalurad aucilebeli sidide. X da Y dovlaTebis urTierTSenacvlebas azri aqvs mxolod AB
rkalis sazRvrebSi. mis gareT es ori dovlaTi gamodis rogorc damoukidebeli.
78

amgvarad, Senacvlebis (substituciis) zona - esaa ganurCevlobis mrudis monakveTi, romelSic
SesaZlebelia erTi dovlaTis meoreTi efeqtianad Secvla.
Tu Senacvlebis zonas ganurCevlobis mrudze ganvixilavT saqonelTa raodenobis mixedviT,
aRvniSnavT ra X -iT X saqonlis raodenobas, xolo Y -iT Y saqonlis raodenobas (naxazi 4.7), maSin
SefardebiT AX AY/ davaxasiaTebT ori saqonlis Senacvlebis zRvrul normas (
on Substituti of Rate Marginal - MRS).
AX
AY
= MRS
(4.4.)
sadac: MRS aris X saqonlis Y -iT Senacvlebis zRvruli norma. `-~ niSani emateba imisaTvis rom MRS
miviRoT dadebiTi. sazogadod es Sefardeba aris uaryofiTi, vinaidan individi uars ambobs Y saqonelze da
Y A mniSvneloba uaryofiTia.
X saqonlis Y saqonliT Senacvlebis zRvruli norma ( MRS) aris Y saqonlis is raodenoba,
romelzec individi mzadaa uari Tqvas, rom miiRos X saqonlis erTi damatebiTi erTeuli.
amgvarad, MMRS gviCvenebs im Rirebulebas, romelic aqvs erTi adamianisTvis, erTi saqonlis erT
damatebiT erTeuls, gamosaxuls meore saqonlis erTeulebSi. imisaTvis, rom viyoT Tanmimdevruli am
saxelmZRvaneloSi, MRS ganvixiloT, rogorc vertikalur RerZze aRniSnuli saqonlis raodenoba, romelzec
mzadaa momxmarebeli uari Tqvas imisaTvis, rom miiRos OX horizontalur RerZze aRniSnuli saqonlis erTi
damatebiTi erTeuli.
C
A
B
D
X
O
Y
nax 4.6 Senacvlebis zona ganurCevlobis mrudze
ganurCevlobis mrudis is monakveTi, romelSic SesaZlebelia erTi dovlaTis meoreTi efeqtianad
Secvla warmoadgens yvelaze saintereso monakveTs momxmarebelTa qcevis
SemswavlelTaTvis.

E F
79

ganvixiloT naxazi 4.8. AB monakveTze MRS=7 niSnavs, rom - AX AY/ =-(-7/1)=7, e.i.
momxmarebeli mzadaa daTmos 7 erTeuli Y saqoneli imisaTvis rom miiRos 1 erTeuli X saqoneli. analo-
giurad, MRS=5 niSnavs rom - AX AY/ =-(-5/1)=5, es niSnavs, rom momxmarebeli mzadaa daTmos 5
erTeuli saqoneli imisaTvis rom miiRos 1 erTeuli X saqoneli da a.S.

es aris imis mizezi, rom ganurCevlobis mrudebi aris amozneqili koordinatTa saTavis mimarT. garda
amisa MRS klebadoba gulisxmobs imasac, rom rogorc X ise Y saqonels (rogorc yvela sxva saqonels)
gaaCniaT klebadi zRvruli sargeblianoba. amis gamo, momxmarebeli yoveli damatebiTi X saqonlisTvis sul
ufro cota Y saqonelze ityvis uars. amrigad, Senacvlebis zRvruli normis ( MRS) klebadoba warmoadgens
momxmarebelTa mier saqonelze upiratesobis miniWebis mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels.
nax. 4.8 Senacvlebis zRvruli norma
AB monakveTze MRS=7 e.i. momxmarebeli mzadaa daTmos 7 erTeuli Y
saqoneli imisaTvis, rom miiRos 1 erTeuli X saqoneli da a.S.

A
B
D
E
G
-7
-5
-2
-1
10
5
3
2
1 2 3 4 5
17
X A
Y- Y A
Y A
X
Y
A
B
X
O
Y
nax 4.7 Senacvlebis zRvruli normis gamosaxva
Tu Senacvlebis zonas ganurCevlobis mrudze ganvixilavT saqonelTa raodenobis mixedviT, maSin
SefardebiT AX AY/ davaxasiaTebT ori saqonlis Senacvlebis zRvrul normas (MRS).

X X+ X A
80
ganurCevlobis mrudis Senacvlebis zonis gaswvriv moZraobis dros icvleba X da Y saqonlis
raodenobebi nakrebSi ise, rom sargeblianoba momxmareblisTvis ucvleli rCeba. X -is raodenobis momateba
iwvevs Y -is raodenobis Semcirebas, anu erTi erTeuli X saqonlis sargeblianoba (
X
U ) kompensirdeba Y
saqonlis garkveuli raodenobis cvlilebis Sedegad miRebuli sargeblianobiT (
Y
U ). Tu am cvlilebebs
gamovsaxavT sargeblianobis erTeulebSi, SegviZlia CavweroT rom:
y
x
U
U
MRS =
AX
AY
=
(4.5)
garda amisa, nivTobrivad anu CvenTvis xilulad, X da Y dovlaTTa samomxmareblo kalaTaSi
monacvleoba gamoixateba momxmareblis mier saqonelTa fasebis Sesabamisad sxvadasxva Tanxis
gadaxdaSi. roca samomxmareblo kalaTaSi matulobs X saqonlis raodenoba, maSin gadasaxdel TanxaSic X
saqonlis fasis Sesabamisi cvlilebebi xdeba.
MRS absoluturi mniSvneloba raime rkalze gaiangariSeba formuliT 4.4 (naxazi 4.8). romelime
konkretul wertilSi MRS mniSvneloba tolia am wertilSi gavlebuli mxebis daxrilobis kuTxis absoluturi
mniSvnelobis. vinaidan zemoT SevTanxmdiT, rom Senacvlebis mimarTuleba aris X saqonlis erT erTe-
ulTan mimarTebaSi, maSin MR SmniSvneloba unda gaangariSebul iqnes OX horizontalur RerZTan
Seqmnili kuTxis tangensiT, romelic gamoiTvleba Semdegnairad:
Y
X
P
P
X Y MRS = A A = /
(4.6)
Tu gavaerTianebT 4.5 da 4.6 tolobebs da amasTan gavixsenebT, rom Tavisi SinaarsiT
y
U da
x
U
sargeblianobebi ordinalur TeoriaSi asruleben igive funqciebs, rasac
y
MU da
x
MU zRvruli sargeblianobebi
kardinalur TeoriaSi, maSin vnaxavT, rom rogorc kardinaluri ise ordinaluri Teoria midis erT tolobasTan,
amitom SeiZleba CavweroT, rom:
y
x
y
x
y
x
MU
MU
P
P
U
U
MRS = = =
AX
AY
= (4.7)
sadac:
xy
MRS aris X saqonlis Y -iT Senacvlebis zRvruli norma;
Y Y A saqonlis raodenobis cvlilebis sidide;
X X A saqonlis raodenobis cvlilebis sidide;
Y U
y
saqonlis zRvruli sargeblianoba ordinalur TeoriaSi;
X U
x
saqonlis zRvruli sargeblianoba ordinalur TeoriaSi;
Y P
y
saqonlis fasi;
X P
x
saqonlis fasi;
Y MU
y
saqonlis zRvruli sargeblianoba kardinalur TeoriaSi;
X MU
x
saqonlis zRvruli sargeblianoba kardinalur TeoriaSi.

4.4 sabiujeto SezRuduloba

81
ganurCevlobis mrudebi saSualebas gvaZleven gamovlenil iqnes momxmarebelTa upiratesobani.
Tumca ar gaiTvaliswineba ori viTareba: saqonelTa fasebi da momxmarebelTa Semosavlebi. mrudebi
mxolod gviCveneben erTi dovlaTis meoreTi Secvlis SesaZleblobas, Tumca isini ar gansazRvraven romeli
nakrebia momxmareblisaTvis ufro momgebiani.
am informacias gvaZlevs sabiujeto SezRuduloba ( Constraint Budget ). is gviCvenebs, Tu
rogori samomxmareblo nakrebi SeiZleba iqnes SeZenili mocemuli Tanxis saSualebiT. grafikulad mas
wrfis forma aqvs (naxazi 4.9. gaixseneT da SeadareT kardinalur TeoriaSi ganxilul sabiujeto wrfes).
Tu I - momxmareblis Semosavalia; X P
x
dovlaTis fasi, Y P
y
dovlaTis fasi, xolo X da Y
Seadgenen SeZenil dovlaTTa raodenobas, maSin sabiujeto SezRudulobis toloba SeiZleba Caweril iqnes
Semdegi saxiT:
Y P X P I
y x
+ = (4.8) an , X
P
P
P
I
Y
y
x
y
= (4.9)

roca
y
P I Y X / ; 0 = = anu momxmareblis mTeli Semosavali ixarjeba Y dovlaTis SesaZenad. misi
raodenobis daTvla advilia, SevafardebT ra Semosavals am dovlaTis fasTan. Tu
x
P I X Y / ; 0 = = anu Cven
vpoulobT X dovlaTis raodenobas, romelsac momxmarebeli yidulobs
x
P fasSi mTeli SemosavliT. Sedegad
SegviZlia avagoT sabiujeto wrfe (naxazi 4.9), sadac -
y
x
P
P
danaxarjTa (biujetis) kuTxuri koeficientia, romelic
gansazRvravs sabiujeto wrfis daxrilobas abscisaTa RerZTan. sabiujeto wrfis daxriloba tolia misi O X
RerZTan Seqmnili kuTxis tangensis mniSvnelobis. amis gamo SegviZlia CavweroT, rom igi aris
Y
X
X
Y
P
P
P
I
P
I
X Y = = A A /


4.5 momxmareblis optimaluri arCevani

x
P
I
-
y
x
P
P

y
P
I

X
O
Y
nax. 4.9 sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfe
sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfe gviCvenebs, rogori samomxmareblo nakrebebi SeiZleba
iqnes SeZenili mocemuli Tanxis saSualebiT. igi gadis im wertilebze, sadac aRiniSneba
TiToeuli saqonlis SeZenis ukiduresi pirobebi: roca momxmarebeli saerTod ar iZens erT
an meore saqonels.

82
Cven ukve SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, Tu rogor irCeven momxmareblebi ra raodenobiT iyidon esa Tu
is saqoneli sakuTari upiratesobebis sistemisa da sabiujeto SezRudulobis gaTvaliswinebiT. vgulisxmobT, rom
momxmareblebi iqcevian racionalurad e.i. irCeven saqonels ise, rom miiRon maqsimaluri sargeblianoba
maTTvis xelmisawvdomi SezRuduli biujetis pirobebSi. imisaTvis, rom pasuxobdes maqsimizaciis
moTxovnebs sabazro kalaTam unda daakmayofilos ori piroba (simartivisTvis SevniSnavT, rom es pirobebi
kardinaluri Teoriis pirobaTa analogiuria):
1. is unda mdebareobdes sabiujeto wrfeze;
2. man unda uzrunvelyos momxmareblisTvis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yvelaze ukeTesi kombinacia.
momxmareblis arCevanis problemis gadawyveta SegviZlia gamovsaxoT naxazze 4.10. masze sami
ganurCevlobis mrudia, romlebic aRweren momxmareblis upiratesobebs X da Y saqonelTa Soris arCevanis
dros. aRvniSnavT, rom L wertili ganurCevlobis
1
U mrudze ar warmoadgens yvelaze ukeTes arCevans.
Tuki Semosavali gadanawilebuli iqneba ise, rom meti daixarjos X saqonelze da naklebi Y -ze, maSin
momxmareblis sargeblianoba SeiZleba gaizardos. kerZod, gadavalT ra D wertilSi, momxmarebeli xarjavs
igive Tanxas, magram aRwevs kmayofilebis ufro maRal dones, romelic ukavSirdeba
2
U ganurCevlobis
mruds. vinaidan adamianebi fiqroben, rom is saqoneli, rac maT moswonT ukeTesia bevri hqondeT, vidre
cota, amitom ufro maRali sargeblianobis mqone ganurCevlobis mrudze arsebuli kalaTa ufro misaRebia
maTTvis.
damatebiT SevniSnavT, rom kalaTebs, romlebic ganlagebuli arian ganurCevlobis
2
U mrudis
marjvniv da zemoT, magaliTad
3
U mrudze (wertili M ), moaqvT meti kmayofileba, magram arsebuli
biujetis pirobebSi maTi SeZena SeuZlebelia. aqedan gamomdinare D kalaTa momxmarebels aZlevs
maqsimalur kmayofilebas.
am analizidan Cans, rom kalaTa, romelsac moaqvs maqsimaluri kmayofileba geometriulad
unda mdebareobdes ganurCevlobis mrudisa da sabiujeto wrfis Sexebis wertilSi. am wertilSi sabiujeto
wrfis daxriloba utoldeba ganurCevlobis mrudis daxrilobas.
es mniSvnelovani daskvnaa: kmayofileba maqsimums aRwevs im SemTxvevaSi, roca Senacvlebis
zRvruli norma utoldeba am saqonelTa fasebis Sefardebas. amgvarad: momxmarebels SeuZlia miiRos
maqsimaluri sargeblianoba (kmayofileba) maSin, Tuki X da Y saqonelTa moxmarebis struqturis
koreqtirebas moaxdens ise, rom MRS udrides maTi fasebis fardobas.
Y
X
P
P
MRS = (4.10)
sadac: MRS - aris Y saqonlis X saqonliT Secvlis zRvruli norma;
X P
x
saqonlis fasi;
Y P
y
saqonlis fasi.
83

tolobaSi 4.10 mocemuli piroba gviCvenebs pirobebis optimizaciis saxeebs, romlebic xSirad
gamoiyeneba ekonomikur TeoriaSi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi maqsimaluri kmayofileba miiRweva maSin,
roca zRvruli sargeblianoba (Marginal Benefit) (sargeblianoba dakavSirebuli X saqonlis erTi damatebiTi
erTeulis miRebidan), utoldeba zRvrul danaxarjebs ( Cost Marginal ) ( X saqonlis damatebiTi erTeulis
danaxarjebs).
zRvruli sargeblianoba gamoiTvleba MRS-is saSualebiT. D wertilSi MRS udris ganurCevlobis
mrudis daxrilobis kuTxes (romelic Tavis mxriv X da Y saqonelTa fasebis Tanafardobis tolia). imave
wertilSi zRvruli danaxarjebi ganisazRvreba sabiujeto wrfis daxrilobiT, romelic daxris kuTxis tangensiT
ganisazRvreba da Tavis mxriv X da Y saqonelTa fasebis Tanafardobis tolia.
Tu MRS metia an naklebi vidre fasebis Tanafardoba, maSin momxmareblis kmayofileba ar aRwevs
maqsimalur mniSvnelobas. sabiujeto wrfis gaswvriv moZraobiT biujetis gadanawileba mimdinareobs
manam, vidre ar mivaRwevT D wertils, sadac fasebis Tanafardoba zustad utoldeba MRS.
amgvarad, momxmareblis sargeblianobis maqsimizacia miiRweva maSin, roca saqonelTa
sargeblianobis Tanafardoba maTi fasebis Tanafardobis tolia. ufro martivad rom avxsnaT, sar-
geblianobis maqsimizaciis mizniT, sasurvel saqonelTa Soris yvelaze ZviradRirebulma sargeblianobac
yvelaze maRali unda moitanos. amasTan SeZenili yoveli saqonlis mixedviT daxarjul TiToeul larze,
sargeblianobac Tanabari unda iyos. e.i. aqac unda Sesruldes racionaluri qcevis piroba, rom zRvruli
sargebeli unda iyos danaxarjebze meti an toli mainc: . MC MB>
4.6 kuTxuri gadawyvetilebebi

zogjer momxmareblebi raime saqonelTan mimarTebaSi iReben ukidures gadawyvetilebebs. maga-
liTad, saerTod ar xarjaven Tanxas mogzaurobasa da garTobaze. ganurCevlobis mrudTa analiziT
SesaZlebelia gamovsaxoT aseTi gadawyvetilebebi.
naxazi 4.11 gviCvenebs im individis qcevas, romelsac aqvs saSualeba iyidos deserti AB sabiujeto
wrfis Sesabamisad da irCevs SeiZinos mxolod xili da saerTod ar miirTvas nayini. grafikulad esaa e.w.
kuTxuri gadawyvetilebis SemTxveva situacia, roca erTi saqonlis meoreTi Senacvlebis zRvruli
y x
P P /
M
L
D
K
U1
X
O
Y
nax. 4.10 momxmareblis wonasworuli mdgomareoba
momxmareblis optimaluri arCevania D wertili,
2
U ganurCevlobis mrudisa da sabiujeto wrfis Sexebis
wertili. aq sabiujeto wrfe exeba ufro maRali sargeblianobis amsaxvel ganurCevlobis mruds. M wertilis
miRweva SeuZlebelia saWiro Tanxebis uqonlobis gamo.
U2
U3

84
norma ar utoldeba sabiujeto wrfis daxrilobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi optimaluri samomxmareblo kalaTa
Zevs grafikis kuTxeSi.

B wertilSi, romelic warmoadgens maqsimaluri kmayofilebis wertils, xilis nayiniT Senacvlebis
zRvruli norma MRS metia, vidre arsebuli sabiujeto wrfis daxriloba. es utoloba gviCvenebs, rom Tuki
momxmarebels eqneboda imdeni nayini, rom SesaZlebloba qonoda kidev eTqva uari masze, is kvlav
sixaruliT gadacvlida nayins xilze. amasTan unda gvaxsovdes, rom nayinis uaryofiTi raodenobis gamoyeneba
SeuZlebelia. kuTxuri gadawyvetilebis aRmocenebis SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli araa, rom MRS fasebis
Tanafardobis toli iyos.
Senacvlebis zRvruli normis sazogadod miRebuli tolobisgan gansxvavebiT (
Y X
P P MRS / = ),
imisaTvis, rom xilsa da nayins Soris arCevanis dros kuTxuri gadawyvetilebis SemTxvevaSi moxdes
kmayofilebis maqsimizacia, aucilebelia Sesruldes Semdegi utoloba:

Y X
P P MRS / > (4.11)
am utolobis marjvena mxare Sebrundeba Tuki kuTxuri gadawyvetileba A wertilSi aRmoCndeba da
ara B -Si (naxazi 4.11). nebismier SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa, rom zemoT aRwerili, zRvruli danaxarjebis da
zRvruli sargeblianobis toloba, sruldeba mxolod im dros, roca yvela moxmarebuli saqonlis raodenoba
dadebiTi sididea.
amgvarad, cvalebad ekonomikur garemoSi prognozi SesaZeni saqonlis raodenobaze, damokidebulia
samomxmareblo upiratesobebze (rogorc mocemul, aseve Tanmdev saqonelTan mimarTebaSi) da biujetis
sidideze (momxmarebelTa sabiujeto wrfis daxrilobaze).
Tu xilis nayiniT Senacvlebis zRvruli norma gacilebiT metia, vidre fasebis Tanafardoba, rogorc es
xdeba naxazze 4.11, nayinze fasis umniSvnelo Semcireba ar Secvlis momxmareblis arCevans, is mainc
mxolod xils miirTmevs. Tu nayinis fasi sagrZnoblad daiklebs, maSin momxmarebeli uceb gadaerTveba
masze.

4.7 ganurCevlobis mrudTa mravalferovneba

nax. 4.11 kuTxuri gadawyvetileba
grafikze gamosaxulia im individis qceva, romelic irCevs SeiZinos mxolod xili da saerTod ar miirTvas
nayini. esaa e.w. kuTxuri gadawyvetileba - situacia, roca erTi saqonlis meoreTi Senacvlebis zRvruli
norma ar utoldeba sabiujeto wrfis daxrilobas.
nayini

x
i
l
i



A
B
U
1
U
2
U
3
85
ekonomikur literaturaSi ganxiluli ganurCevlobis mrudebis grafikuli gamosaxulebebi erTmaneTisgan
Zalze gansxvavdeba. amis safuZvelia is, Tu rogoria ori saqonelis damokidebuleba. naxazze 4.12
gamosaxulia ganurCevlobis mrudTa mravalferovneba.

sruli urTierTSemcvleli saqonlisTvis, magaliTad: TeTri da wiTeli bali, Savi da TeTri TuTa,
damokidebulebis amsaxveli ganurCevlobis mrudebi mocemulia naxazze 4.12 `a~. zogi srulad Semavsebeli
saqonelia, magaliTad: kompiuteris monitori da procesori. maT damokidebulebas asaxavs naxazi 4.12 `b~. Tu
momxmareblisTvis orive saqoneli Tanabrad misaRebia, ganurCevlobis mrudebs aqvT naxazze 4.12 `g~
mocemuli saxe. im SemTxvevaSi, roca momxmareblisTvis garkveuli upiratesoba erT maTgans eniWeba
meoresTan SedarebiT, ganurCevlobis mrudebi naxazze 4.12 `d~ da `e~ gamosaxul formas iReben.
magaliTad, wiTeli ( X ) da TeTri (Y ) Rvinis miReba. pirveli ufro sasargebloa saojaxo sadilTan mcire doziT
(`d~), xolo meore maTgani did nadimze molxenis dros (`e~).
Tu momxmareblisTvis misaRebia mxolod Y saqoneli, maSin ganurCevlobis mrudi iRebs naxazze
4.12 `v~ gamosaxul formas. mxolod X saqonelis msurvelis ganwyoba naCvenebia naxazis 4.12 `z~
SemTxvevaSi. SevniSnavT, rom aseTi SemTxveva kuTxuri gadawyvetilebis absoluturad ukiduresi formaa.
Tu saqonelTa erTad gamoyeneba sasurveli da misaRebi ar aris, maSin aseTi wyvilis ganurCevlobis mrudebs
naxazis 4.12 `T~ SemTxveva asaxavs.

4.8 gamoxatuli upiratesobani

momxmarebelTa qcevis TeoriaSi didi adgili eTmoba gamoxatuli upiratesobebis (preferenciebis)
sakiTxis ganxilvas. aq saWiroa dadgindes, SesaZlebelia Tu ara gansazRvrul iqnes momxmareblis
upiratesobani, Tuki cnobilia misi arCevanis variantebi. es SesaZlebelia, Tuki aris sakmarisi informacia im
sxvadasxva alternativebis garkveuli raodenobis Sesaxeb, romlebic airCies momxmareblebma Semosavlebisa
da fasebis ama Tu im donis pirobebSi.
Y
X
Y

X

`a~
Y
X `b~ `g~ `d~ X

Y

Y

Y

`e~ `v~ X X X
Y
`z~
nax. 4.12 ganurCevlobis mrudTa mravalferovneba
X
Y
`T~
86
ZiriTadi idea martivia. Tu momxmarebeli irCevs erT sabazro kalaTas, meoris sanacvlod da Tu
SerCeuli kalaTa Rirs ufro Zviri, vidre misi alternativa, maSin momxmarebelma upiratesoba unda
mianiWos arCeul sabazro kalaTas.
davuSvaT, rom lukas qonda sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfe
1
L da airCia A kalaTa (naxazi 4.12).
SevadaroT A kalaTa B da D-s. vinaidan lukas SeeZlo eyida sabazro kalaTa B (ise rogorc
1
L wrfis
qvemoT moTavsebuli yvela kalaTa) magram ar moiqca ase, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom A kalaTa misTvis
upiratesia, vidre B .
erTi SexedviT Cans, rom A da D kalaTebis pirdapiri Sedareba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan D ar
mdebareobs
1
L wrfeze. davuSvaT, rom sakvebisa da tansacmlis SefardebiTi fasebi Seicvala ise, rom axali
sabiujeto wrfe gaxda
2
L da amis Semdgom lukam airCia sabazro kalaTa B . vinaidan D Zevs sabiujeto
wrfeze
2
L , magram ar iqna arCeuli e.i. misTvis B upiratesia vidre D (da nebismieri kalaTa
2
L wrfis
qvemoT).
vinaidan A upiratesia B -ze da B upiratesia D-ze, Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom lukasTvis
A kalaTa upiratesia D-ze. aRniSnulis garda naxazze 4.12 Cans, rom A kalaTa umjobesia yvela danarCen
kalaTebze, romlebic moTavsebuli arian Ria ferad daStrixul zonaSi. vinaidan sakvebi da tansacmeli ufro
metad dovlaTia, vidre antidovlaTi, amitom yvela kalaTebi, romlebic mdebareoben muqi zonis daStrixul
marTkuTxedSi A wertilis zemoT da marjvniv, arian upiratesi, vidre A. amgvarad, ganurCevlobis mrudi,
romelic gadis A wertilze, unda iyos dauStrixav farTobze.
fasebisa da Semosavlebis cvalebadobis pirobebSi, individis upiratesobebis ufro maRali sizustiT
gamovlenis mizniT, SegviZlia visargebloT ganurCevlobis mrudiT.
ganvixiloT naxazi 4.13. davuSvaT luka, romelic SemosazRvrulia
3
L sabiujeto wrfiT (romelic ise
iqna SerCeuli, rom gaevlo A wertilze), axla irCevs sabazro kalaTas E . vinaidan E arCeulia imis
miuxedavad, rom RirebulebiT A-s tolia (is mdebareobs imave


y
x
L
1
L
2
A

B

D

nax. 4.12 gamoxatuli upiratesobebi: ori sabiujeto wrfe
lukas qonda sabiujeto SezRudulobis
1
L wrfe da airCia A kalaTa. vinaidan lukas
SeeZlo eyida sabazro kalaTa B magram ar moiqca ase, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom A
kalaTa misTvis upiratesia, vidre B .


87
sabiujeto wrfeze), E upiratesia A-ze, rogorc yvela marTkuTxedis wertilebi E -s marjvniv da zemoT.
upiratesobaTa mimarTulebebs gansazRvravs romelime optimaluri kalaTis aRmniSvnel wertilze marjvniv da
zeviT gavlebuli wrfeebi da maT Soris moTavsebuli farTobi.

magaliTad, naxazi 4.13 A, E da G wertilebidan gavlebuli wrfeebi, moicaven im kalaTebs, romelTa Sesa-
xebac SeiZleba pirdapir iTqvas, rom isini upiratesia wrfeebis gadakveTis wertilSi arsebul kalaTebTan
SedarebiT.
davuSvaT, rom lukam, romelic SemosazRvrulia
4
L sabiujeto wrfiT (romelic A wertilzec gadis),
airCia sabazro kalaTa G . vinaidan SerCeul iqna G da ara A, amitom G upiratesia A-ze, rogorc yvela
sabazro kalaTebi marTkuTxedSi G -s zemoT da marjvniv. Cven SegviZlia gavagrZeloT msjeloba im
daSvebiT, rom upiratesobebi aris amozneqili. aseT SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan E upiratesia A-ze, yvela
sabazro kalaTebi (naxazi 4.13) AE monakveTis zemoT da marjvniv upiratesi unda iyos A kalaTasTan
SedarebiT. analogiuri argumentebis Sesabamisad, yvela wertili AG monakveTze da mis zemoT aseve upi-
ratesia A wertilTan SedarebiT. vinaidan arCeuli iqna G e. i. G iyo yvelaze upiratesi
4
L sabiujeto wrfeze
da mis qvemoT arsebul kalaTebze (maT Soris A-zec), amitom G kalaTis marjvniv da zemoT arsebuli
kalaTebi upiratesia A-ze. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare ganurCevlobis mrudi unda mdebareobdes zeda, muq
ferad daStrixul farTobSi.
gamoxatuli upiratesobebi gamoiyeneba imis Sesamowmeblad, Tu ramdenad emTxveva arCevanis
individualuri varianti momxmarebelTa qcevis Teoriis daSvebebs. igi gvexmareba gavigoT, Tu rogor
akeTebs momxmarebeli arCevans konkretul situaciaSi.

ZiriTadi terminebi
- zRvruli sargeblianoba
- erToblivi sargeblianoba
- sargeblianobis funqcia
- Senacvlebis zRvruli norma
nax. 4.13 gamoxatuli upiratesobebi: 4 sabiujeto wrfe
naxazze ganxilulia 4 sabiujeto wrfe im daSvebiT, rom upiratesobebi aris amozneqili. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan E upiratesia A-ze, yvela sabazro kalaTa AEmonakveTis zemoT da
marjvniv upiratesi unda iyos A kalaTasTan SedarebiT.

x
y
A

E

B

G

L
3
L
1
L
2
L
4
88
- sabiujeto SezRuduloba
- kuTxuri gadawyvetilebebi
- gamoxatuli upiratesobebi

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. momxmareblis arCevanis Teoria eyrdnoba varauds, rom adamianebi moqmedeben racionalurad,
raTa miiRon maqsimaluri sargeblianoba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gansazRvruli kombinaciis
SeZeniT.
2. samomxmareblo arCevans aqvs ori urTierTdakavSirebuli nawili: samomxmareblo upiratesobis
(preferenciebis) Seswavla da sabiujeto SezRudulobis analizi, romelic gansazRvravs individis
arCevans.
3. momxmareblebi arCevans akeTeben sabazro kalaTebis anu saqonelTa nakrebebis SedarebiT. eko-
nomistebi uSveben, rom am dros yoveli saqonlis met raodenobas upiratesoba eniWeba naklebTan
SedarebiT.
4. Senacvlebis zRvruli norma (MRS) klebadia da momxmareblis upiratesobebi aris amozneqili.
sargeblianobis maqsimizaciis dros Senacvlebis zRvruli norma utoldeba SeZenili ori saqonlis fasebis
Tanafardobas. zogjer sargeblianobis maqsimizacia miiRweva `kuTxuri gadawyvetilebiT~. am
SemTxvevaSi Senacvlebis zRvruli norma araa aucilebeli fasebis Tanafardobis toli iyos.
5. gamoxatuli upiratesobis Teoria gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba Seswavlili iqnes individebis mier
gakeTebuli arCevani, fasebisa da Semosavlebis cvlebis dros.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis
1. aRwereT sargeblianobis kardinaluri Teoriis ZiriTadi daSvebebi.
2. CamoayalibeT gosenis pirveli kanoni.
3. CawereT da gansazRvreT gosenis meore kanoni.
4. CamoTvaleT momxmarebelTa qcevis Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi.
5. gansazRvreT sabiujeto wrfe da grafikulad gamosaxeT misi gadaadgilebis SemTxvevebi.
6. isaubreT ganurCevlobis mrudis da sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfis Sesaxeb.
7. ras niSnavs MRS?
8. grafikulad gamosaxeT da axseniT momxmareblis optimaluri arCevanis piroba maTematikuri
aparatis gamoyenebiT.
9. grafikulad gamosaxeT ganurCevlobis mrudTa saxeebi.
10. aRwereT momxmareblis gamoxatuli upiratesobebi.
89
Tavi 5. individualuri da sabazro moTxovna

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. individualuri da sabazro moTxovnis kanonzomierebebis gansazRvras `Semosavali- moxmareba~
da `fasi-moxmareba~ determinantebiT
2. momxmarebelTa qcevis Taviseburebebis axsnas
3. cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis Sefasebas

5.1 individualuri da sabazro moTxovnis mrudebi

ganvlil TemaSi Cven CamovayalibeT momxmarebelTa qcevis Teoriis safuZvlebi. aRvniSneT, rom
momxmarebelTa upiratesobebis gamovlena gvexmareba gavigoT Tu rogor irCeven momxmareblebi
optimalur kalaTas da rogor axdenen sargeblianobis maqsimizacias sabiujeto SezRudulobis pirobebSi. es
dagvexmareba SeviswavloT momxmarebelTa moTxovnis Taviseburebani, rogorc individualur, ise sabazro
doneze.
sazogadod, momxmareblis moTxovnaze moqmed faqtorTa Sorisaa myidvelTa ricxovnobac. rac ufro
meti myidveli hyavs bazars, miT metia moTxovna saqonelze da piriqiT.
aqamde vixilavdiT moTxovnis individualur mrudebs. ekonomikuri TeoriisaTvis sainteresoa
moTxovnis sabazro mrudis Seswavlac. igi miiReba myidvelTa individualuri moTxovnis mrudebis
horizontalurad SekrebiT.
ganvixiloT magaliTi: naxazze 5.1 `a~ da `b~ SemTxvevebi warmoadgenen daviTisa da qeTevanis
moTxovnaTa individualur mrudebs.
daviTi bazarze moTxovnas waradgens 12 larze dabali fasebis pirobebSi, xolo qeTevani 10 larze
dabali fasebis pirobebSi. roca fasi 7 laria daviTi yidulobs 8 cal saqonels (naxazi 5.1 `a~), xolo qeTevani 5
cals (naxazi 5.1 `b~).
moTxovnis sabazro mrudi 12-dan 10 laramde fasebis SualedSi gaimeorebs daviTis moTxovnis
individualuri mrudis formas, vinaidan bazarze mxolod erTi myidvelia.
fasis 10 laris niSnulze moTxovnis sabazro mrudi mimarTulebas Seicvlis bazarze meore myidvelis
gamoCenisa da Sesabamisad moTxovnis moculobis gazrdis gamo. 7 lari fasis pirobebSi myidvelTa erToblivi
moTxovna Seadgens 13 (5+8) erTeuls. Tu daviTis maqsimaluri moTxovnis moculoba 16 erTeulia, xolo
qeTevanis 20, sabazro moTxovna iqneba 36 (20+16), rasac zustad asaxavs moTxovnis sabazro mrudi
(naxazi 5.1 `g~).
msgavs process eqneba adgili sami da meti myidvelis SemTxvevaSic da sabolood moTxovnis
sabazro mrudi iqneba gacilebiT elastikuri, vidre moTxovnis calkeuli individualuri mrudebi.
90


5.2 mrudi `Semosavali-moxmareba~

ganvlili Temidan viciT, rom nebismier sabiujeto wrfes gaaCnia Tavisi ganurCevlobis mrudTan
Sexebis wertili, rac momxmareblis optimalur arCevans aRniSnavs. aseve cnobilia, rom fuladi Semosavlebis
zrda iwvevs biujetis wrfis marjvniv da zemoT paralelur gadaadgilebas. ganvixiloT magaliTi, romelic
aRwerilia naxazze 5.2. momxmareblisTvis MB sabiujeto SezRudulobis pirobebSi optimaluri arCevania
K wertili, romelsac Seesabameba 2 X da 3Y saqoneli. Semosavlis zrdisa da fasebis ucvlelobis pirobebSi,
sabiujeto wrfe gadaadgildeba
1 1
B M mdgomareobaSi. aq optimaluri arCevania
1
K (4 X da 6Y ) wertilSi.
Semosavlis Semdgomi zrdis SemTxvevaSi sabiujeto wrfe gadava
2 2
B M mdgomareobaSi, sadac optimaluri
kalaTa ganTavsdeba
2
K (6 X da 9Y ) wertilSi.
naxazze 5.2 `a~ Cans, rom ganurCevlobis mrudTa biujetis wrfeebTan Sexebis wertilebia
2 1
; ; K K K . isini gviCveneben momxmareblis wonasworul mdgomareobebs misi Semosavlis zrdasTan
erTad.
Tu koordinatTa saTavesa da
2 1
; ; K K K wertilebs SevaerTebT miviRebT mruds, romelsac j. hiqsma
uwoda mrudi `Semosavali-moxmareba~. ekonomikur literaturaSi igi cxovrebis donis mrudis saxeliTac
SeiZleba Segvxvdes. sazogadod, moTxovnis yoveli mrudi Semosavlis garkveul dones Seesabameba, xolo
SemosavalSi nebismieri cvlileba iwvevs Tavad moTxovnis Secvlas da misi mrudis gadaadgilebas.
naxazebis 5.2 `a~ da `b~ erT sibrtyeze dalagebiT es naTlad Cans. mrudze `Semosavali-moxmareba~ arsebuli
K wertili (naxazi 5.2. `a~) Seesabameba A wertils DmoTxovnis mrudze (naxazi 5.2 `b~). analogiurad
1
K
wertils Seesabameba C wertili
1
D moTxovnis mrudze, xolo
2
K aisaxeba E wertilSi
2
D moTxovnis
mrudze. amgvarad, roca mrudi `Semosavali- moxmareba~ zrdadia, maSin Semosavlis zrda iwvevs
moTxovnis gazrdas da misi mrudis marjvniv gadaadgilebas. amis gamo, Semosavlis mixedviT elastikuroba
dadebiTia (vgulisxmobT normalur, maRalxarisxian dovlaTs).
P
D
20+16
12
7
10
0
P
Q
D
0
7
10
12
3 8 16
nax. 5.1 `a~ da `b~ daviTisa da qeTevanis moTxovnaTa individualuri mrudebia, `g~ -
moTxovnis sabazro mrudi
`a~ naxazze gamosaxulia daviTis individualuri moTxovnis mrudi. `b~ naxazi asaxavs qeTevanis
moTxovnis individualur mruds. sabazro moTxovna gamosaxulia `g~ naxazze, romelic miiReba daviTisa da
qeTevanis moTxovnaTa individualuri mrudebis horizontalurad SekrebiT.
7
10
20 Q 5
`a~ `b~ `g~
Q
D
8+5=13
3 13 36
P
91
Tu mrudi `Semosavali - moxmareba~ koordinatTa saTavidan gamova 45
0
kuTxiT, es niSnavs, rom
Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad momxmarebeli erTnairi proporciiT gazrdis X da Y dovlaTTa moxmarebas. Tu
SenaZeni saqonlis raodenoba gaizrdeba araproporciulad, maSin Seicvleba mrudis OX RerZTan daxrilobis
kuTxe.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi moTxovna mcirdeba Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad, aseTia dabalxarisxiani
(mdare) saqoneli. masze Semosavlis mixedviT elastikuroba uaryofiTia. momxmarebeli aseT saqonels
Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad naklebi raodenobiT iZens.
ganvixiloT magaliTi: kviraSi 4 dRe beqa samagistro naSromze muSaobis gamo intensiurad dadis
erovnul biblioTekaSi. Sesvenebis dros, Tavisi materialuri SesaZleblobis mixedviT, is Tavis meniuSi
iTvaliswinebs kartofilian (fasi 0,30 l) an xorcian (fasi 0,60 l) Rvezels.
Tu beqas yovelkvireulad 3,60 lari aqvs gaTvaliswinebuli Sesvenebaze sakvebad saWiro xarjebisTvis,
igi yidulobs 6 cal kartofilian Rvezels (naxazi 5.3, A wertili). biujetis 7,20 laramde gazrdis pirobebSi
SesyidvaTa proporcia ucvleli rCeba da optimaluria B wertilSi arsebuli 12 cali kartofiliani Rvezelis SeZena.
10,80 lariani biujetis pirobebSi beqa cvlis Tavis SesyidvaTa struqturas. biujetis 3-jer gazrdis gamo igi
18 kartofilian Rvezels ki ar iZens, aramed 10 cals. danarCen Tanxas is xarjavs xorciani Rvezelis sasargeblod
( C wertili).
mrudi `Semosavali-
moxmareba~
`aA~
`bA~
X
M2
M1
M
9
6
3
2 4
6
K
U1
U2
U3
K2
K1
2 4 6 Qx
Px
D D1 D2
A
C
E
B B1 B2
nax. 5.2 Semosavlis cvlilebis efeqti
2 1
; ; K K K gviCveneben momxmareblis wonasworul mdgomareobebs misi Semosavlis zrdasTan
erTad. mrudze `Semosavali-moxmareba~ arsebuli K wertili (nax. `a~) Seesabameba A wertils D
moTxovnis mrudze (nax. `b~). analogiurad
1
K wertils Seesabameba C wertili
1
D moTxovnis
mrudze, xolo
2
K aisaxeba E wertilSi
2
D moTxovnis mrudze.


y

92
am SemTxvevaSi xorciani Rvezeli gamodis rogorc maRalxarisxiani produqti, xolo kartofiliani Rvezeli
- dabalxarisxiani. am mizezis gamo Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad beqas moTxovnis moculoba kartofilian
Rvezelze mcirdeba.


5.3 engelis mrudebi

XX saukuneSi ekonomist mecnierTa mier SemCneul iqna, rom realuri Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad
pirveli rigis aucileblobis dovlaTTan SedarebiT, ufro metad izrdeba meore rigis aucileblobis dovlaTis
moxmareba.
pirveli mkvlevari, romelic akvirdeboda Semosavlebis gavlenas momxmarebelTa xarjebis struqturaze
iyo germaneli statistikosi ernest engeli. man Tavisi kvlevis Sedegebi Camoayaliba kanonis saxiT da
aRniSna, rom Semosavlis mixedviT araelastikuri moTxovnis mqone yoveli saqonlisTvis ( 1 0 < <
P
I
E ),
romelime konkretuli momxmareblisTvis arsebobs iseTi dovlaTi, romlisTvisac moTxovna elastikuria
( 1 >
P
I
E ). es damokidebuleba engelma gamoxata grafikulad. maT engelis mrudebi (Engel Curve)
ewodeba.
vinaidan mrudi `Semosavali - moxmareba~ aRwers damokidebulebas moxmarebuli saqonlis rao-
denobasa da individualur Semosavals Soris, igi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes engelis mrudebis agebis dros.
ganvixiloT naxazze 5.4 aRwerili magaliTi. aq Cans, rom Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba SeZenili
saqonlis raodenoba. magaliTad, Tu X saqoneli iqneboda sakvebi, maSin engelis mrudi miiRebda iseT
saxes, rogoric mocemulia naxazze 5.4.`a~. esaa zogadi damokidebuleba Semosavlis zrdasa da sakvebze
danaxarjebs Soris (izrdeba Semosavali da izrdeba danaxarjebi).
aRsaniSnavia, rom engelis mrudis forma icvleba dabalxarisxiani saqonlis SemTxvevaSi. amis
safuZvelia aseT saqonelze Semosavlis mixedviT moTxovnis elastikurobis uaryofiTi mniSvneloba. (karto-
x
o
r
c
i
a
n
i

R
v
e
z
e
l
i
s

r
a
o
d
e
n
o
b
a

kartofiliani Rvezelis raoden.
mrudi `Semosavali-moxmareba~
U
3

6 10 12 24 48
U1
U2
A
B
C
nax. 5.3 mrudi `Semosavali-moxmareba~ dabalxarisxiani saqonlisaTvis
zogierT SemTxvevaSi moTxovna mcirdeba Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad, aseTia dabalxarisxiani saqoneli.
gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi xorciani Rvezeli gamodis rogorc maRalxarisxiani produqti, xolo kartofiliani
Rvezeli - dabalxarisxiani.

93
filiani Rvezeli xorcianTan SedarebiT dabalxarisxiania, ix. naxazi 5.3.). Sedegad viRebT engelis mruds,
romlis forma gamosaxulia naxazze 5.4 `b~.


engelis mrudebi h. tornkvistis interpretaciiT warmodgenilia naxazze 5.5. abscisaTa RerZze aviRoT
momxmarebelTa Semosavlebi , I xolo ordinatTa RerZze im produqtebis raodenoba, rasac isini iyeneben.
Semosavlebis zrdis Sesabamisad, upirveles yovlisa, xdeba moTxovnis gajereba sasursaTo saqonliT,
Semdeg standartuli xarisxis samrewvelo saqonliT da mxolod amis Semdeg maRalxarisxiani produqtiTa da
momsaxurebiT.
SemCneulia saintereso kanonzomiereba. maSinac ki, roca mimdinareobs gadasvla maRalxarisxian
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, xdeba axali afeTqeba standartuli xarisxis yoveldRiuri moxmarebis
samrewvelo saqonelze moTxovnaSi. magaliTad: Tu momxmarebeli sargeblobs SedarebiT ucnobi firmis
mier warmoebuli saojaxo teqnikiT, Semosavlebis gazrdis kvaldakval mas uCndeba survili isargeblos cnobili
brendebis ( SONY PHILIPS, Boch, & Villeroy da a.S.) mier damzadebuli teqnikiT, avejiTa Tu
sayofacxovrebo nivTebiT.
Semosavali Semosavali
sakvebi kartofiliani
Rvezeli
engelis mrudi
`b~ `a~
10,8
7,2
3,6
10,8
7,2
3,6
nax. 5.4. `a~ da `b~ engelis mrudebi
Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba SeZenili saqonlis raodenoba. esaa zogadi damokidebuleba
Semosavlis zrdasa da sakvebze danaxarjebs Soris (naxazi 5.4.`a~). engelis mrudis forma icvleba
dabalxarisxiani saqonlis SemTxvevaSi. amis safuZvelia mdare saqonelze Semosavlis mixedviT
moTxovnis uaryofiTi elastikuroba (naxazi 5.4`b~).
engelis mrudi
dabalxarisxiani
saqonlisTvis
94


5.4 mrudi: `fasi-moxmareba~

mrudis `Semosavali-moxmareba~ ganxilvis dros miRebuli piroba iyo dovlaTze fasebis ucvleloba,
icvleboda mxolod Semosavali. amJamad mudmiv sidided aviRoT Semosavali, xolo cvalebadi sidide iyos
erT-erTi dovlaTis fasi.
ganvixiloT magaliTi: dimitris aqvs kviraSi 40 lari saimisod, rom SeiZinos latariis bileTebi ( X
saqoneli) an wavides kinoTeatrSi ( Y saqoneli). orive saxis bileTis fasia 4 - 4 lari. sawyisi sabiujeto wrfea
1
BL (naxazi 5.6 `a~). am wrfis daxriloba tolia:
1 = 4/4 = /P P
Y X

davuSvaT, rom Semcirda latariis bileTis fasi da gaxda 2 lari. am dros miiReba axali
2
BL sabiujeto
wrfe, romlis daxrilobaa
y x
P P / =2/4=1/2. optimaluri kalaTaa K (
2
BL sabiujeto wrfisa da
2
U
ganurCevlobis mrudis Sexebis wertili). Tu kidev Semcirdeba latariis bileTebis fasi da gaxdeba 1 lari, maSin
miviRebT axal BL
3
sabiujeto wrfes, romlis daxriloba udris 1/4, xolo momxmareblis optimaluri kalaTaa C .
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom yovel sabiujeto wrfes Tavisi optimaluri samomxmareblo kalaTa Seesabameba. amis
gamo dimitris arCevanis cvlileba samomxmareblo kalaTis struqturaSi iwvevs imas, rom misi optimaluri
kalaTebia A, K da C .
Tu SevaerTebT X (latariis bileTi) saqonelze fasis Semcirebis Sedegad miRebuli optimaluri
kalaTebis amsaxvel A, K da C wertilebs, miviRebT mruds `fasi-moxmareba.~
naxazidan 5.6 `a~ gamomdinare Cven SegviZlia avagoT naxazi 5.6 `b~. aq latariis bileTebis fasisa
da maTze dimitris moTxovnis moculobis urTierTdamokidebulebis gamosaxviT
samrewvelo saqoneli
standartuli samomxmareblo
xarisxiT
Q
O
nax. 5.5 engelis mrudebi tornkvistis interpretaciiT
momxmareblis Semosavlis zrdis Sedegad pirvel etapze izrdeba moTxovna pirveli rigis aucileblobis sagnebze,
Semdgom saSualo standartis sayofacxovrebo saqonelze, xolo momdevno etapze momxmarebls uCndeba survili
SeiZinos Zalze ZviradRirebuli saqoneli.
I
maRalxarisxiani saqoneli
da momsaxureba
sasursaTo saqoneli
95

vnaxavT, rom naxazze 5.6 `a~ arsebuli A wertili Tavisi maCveneblebiT (latariis bileTebis SemTxvevaSi)
Seesabameba
1
A wertils naxazze 5.6 `b~. analogiurad K Seesabameba
1
K , xolo C Seesabameba
1
C .
amgvarad,
1
A
1
K da
1
C wertilebis SeerTebiT miviRebT latariis bileTebze moTxovnis D mruds. igi kidev
erTxel gvixsnis CvenTvis kargad nacnob moTxovnis kanons latariis bileTebze fasis Semcireba zrdis masze
moTxovnis moculobas.

5.5 fasebis cvlilebis Sedegi: Semosavlisa da
Senacvlebis efeqtebi

zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevebSi fasebisa da Semosavlebis cvlileba da ucvleloba rigrigobiT gvqonda
pirobad miRebuli. amjerad ganvixiloT iseTi SemTxveva, roca moTxovna icvleba fasebis meryeobis
Sedegad, ramac SeiZleba ori saxis efeqti gamoiwvios: Semosavlis efeqti da Senacvlebis efeqti. cnobilia, rom
fasebis zrda amcirebs realur Semosavals, xolo Semcireba - zrdis realur Semosavals. Semosavlis efeqti
ukavSirdeba realuri Semosavlis cvlilebas da misi zemoqmedeba moTxovnis moculobaze gamoixateba
saqonelze moTxovnis moculobis zrdiT an SemcirebiT. ufro martivad Semosavlis efeqti aRmocendeba
maSin, roca fasis Semcirebis dros imave Semosavlis donis pirobebSi momxmarebels SeuZlia meti
SeiZinos.
Y

k
i
n
o
T
e
a
t
r
i
s

b
i
l
e
T
e
b
i

P
x

X latariis bileTebi

Q
X

10 2 16 20 40
5
6
8
10 2 0
2
1
16
`a~
`b~
U1 U2 U3
A
L3

A1
K1
C1
nax. 5.6 `a~ da `b~ mrudi fasi-moxmareba~
saqonelze fasis Semcireba saSualebas iZleva igi SeZenil iqnes meti raodenobiT. procesis
gagrZelebis Sesabamisad kvlav gaizrdeba SeZenili saqonlis raodenoba. Sedegad mrudi `fasi-
moxmareba~ asaxavs moTxovnis kanons.
L2
B
C
L
1

K
4
D
mrudi `fasi-
moxmareba~
96
Senacvlebis efeqti fasebis cvlilebis Sedegad mdgomareobs moTxovnis moculobis adaptaciaSi
SefardebiT fasebTan. roca erTi saqonlis fasi mcirdeba, xolo meoresi ar icvleba, momxmarebeli ufro meti
raodenobiT iZens gaiafebul saqonels. samomxmareblo kalaTaSi izrdeba gaiafebuli saqonlis xvedriTi wili
meore saqonlis raodenobis Semcirebis xarjze.
ganvixiloT magaliTi: davuSvaT, rom X dovlaTze fasi mcirdeba, xolo Y dovlaTze fasi ucvleli
rCeba. Semosavlis done sawyisi mdgomareobisTvis ganisazRvreba AB sabiujeto wrfis saSualebiT (naxazi
5.7). Tu erT dovlaTze Semcirdeba fasi ( X dovlaTi), maSin adgili eqneba or process: 1. gaizrdeba individis
realuri Semosavali, anu biujetis saSualebiT meti raodenobis saqonlis SeZenaa SesaZlebeli. 2. xorcieldeba uf-
ro ZviradRirebuli Y dovlaTis, TandaTanobiT Secvla ufro iafi X dovlaTiT.
AB sabiujeto wrfesTan
1
U ganurCevlobis mrudis Sexebis wertili gviCvenebs momxmareblis
0
E
Tavdapirvel wonasworul mdgomareobas (naxazi 5.7.`a~). X saqonlis fasis Semcirebis Sedegad
momxmarebeli iZens meti raodenobiT X saqonels da Sedegad AB sabiujeto wrfe gadadis
1
AB
mdgomareobaSi (naxazi 5.7.`b~). aq wonasworuli arCevani miiReba ufro maRali sargeblianobis mqone
2
U
mrudis
1
E wertilze, romelSic igi mxebia axali
1
AB sabiujeto wrfisTvis. davadginoT am axali wonasworuli
mdgomareobis misaRebad ra roli iTamaSes calke realuri Semosavlis zrdam da calke saqonelTa
urTierTSenacvlebam.
sakiTxis grafikulad gamosaxvis mizniT gavavloT
2 1
B A sabiujeto wrfe ise, rom igi iyos
1
AB
sabiujeto wrfis paraleluri da imavdroulad mxebi
1
U ganurCevlobis sawyisi mrudisTvis. Sexebis wertili
aRvniSnoT
2
E wonasworobis mdgomareobiT (naxazi 5.7.`g~).
2 1
B A sabiujeto wrfis paraleluri gadatana marcxniv da qvemoT gamosaxavs Semosavlis Semcirebas
(ixile Tavi 4; $4.1). amasTan erTad
1
U ganurCevlobis mrudTan Sexebis piroba gulisxmobs imas, rom
momxmareblisTvis sawyisi sargeblianoba ucvleli darCa da saqonelTa SerCeuli raodenobis cvlileba mxolod
Senacvlebis efeqtis gavleniT moxda.
amgvarad, Tavdapirveli da axali sargeblianobebis sidide SenarCunebuli iqna. axla gamovTvaloT
Senacvlebis da Semosavlis efeqtebis raodenobrivi mniSvnelobebi OX RerZze
1 0
E E da
2
E wonasworobis
wertilebis proeqciaTa saSualebiT. kerZod, naxazze 5.7 `g~ X saqonelze moTxovnis saerTo moculoba
gaizarda
2
KK sididiT. aq
2 3
K K raodenobiT X saqonelze moTxovnis momateba gamoiwvia Semosavlis
efeqtma, xolo darCenili
3
KK cvlileba gamowveulia Senacvlebis efeqtiT. saerTo efeqtia
2
KK .
97

0
E

0
E

1
U
1
U

1
U
0
E

1
E

1
E
2
E

Y
X
X
Y
Y
2
U
2
U

A
A
A
B
B
B

1
A
K
K

K

2
K
2
K

3
K
X 2
B
saerTo efeqti
Semosavlis
efeqti
Senacvlebise
feqti
nax 5.7. `a~, `b~ da `Gg~ - Semosavlis da Senacvlebis efeqtebi normaluri saqonlisaTvis
erT saqonelze fasis Semcirebis Sedegad miiReba ori saxis efeqti, I (Semosavlis) roca igive SemosavliT met
saqonels vyidulobT da II (Senacvlebis), roca samomxmareblo kalaTaSi erT saqonels meoreTi SevcvliT.
`a~ naxazze gamosaxulia momxmareblis sawyisi optimaluri arCevani.
`b~ naxazze gamosaxulia momxmareblis optimaluri arCevani X saqonelze fasis Semcirebis Sedegad. am dros
sabiujeto wrfe AB gadadis
1
AB mdgomareobaSi da miiReba axali wonasworuli arCevani
1
E wertilSi
ganurCevlobis mrudze - U
2 .
`g~ naxazze mocemulia
2 1
B A sabiujeto wrfe, igi aris
1
AB sabiujeto wrfis paraleluri. 0X RerZze X saqonelze
Semosavlis efeqtis mniSvnelobaa
2 3
K K , xolo
3
KK
aris Senacvlebis efeqtis sidide. saerTo efeqtis sididea
2
KK
.
1
B
`a~
`b~
`g~
98
Senacvlebis efeqti (Substitution Effect) esaa momxmareblis moTxovnis struqturis ( X da Y
saqonelTa raodenoba nakrebSi) Secvla gamowveuli samomxmareblo kalaTaSi Semavali erT-erTi saqonlis
fasis Secvlis Sedegad, Semosavlis efeqtis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. grafikulad igi erTidaimave ganurCevlobis
mrudis gaswvriv, gansxvavebuli daxrilobis mqone sabiujeto wrfeebTan Sexebis wertilebze arsebuli
samomxmareblo kalaTebis SerCevaSi gamoixateba.
Semosavlis efeqti (Income Effect) esaa zemoqmedeba, romelic mimdinareobs samomxmareblo
moTxovnaze realuri Semosavlis cvlilebis xarjze, rac gamowveulia dovlaTze fasis cvlilebis Sedegad,
Senacvlebis efeqtis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. grafikulad igi sabiujeto wrfis paraleluri gadataniT sxvadasxva
ganurCevlobis mrudebTan Sexebis wertilebze arsebuli samomxmareblo kalaTebis SerCevaSi gamoixateba.
sazogadod, Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebi Tavisi sididiT gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva xarisxis
saqonlisaTvis (sqema 5.1).


kerZod, normaluri (standartuli) dovlaTisTvis saerTo efeqti Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebis
jamis tolia.
dabalxarisxiani (mdare) saqonlisTvis saerTo efeqti aris Senacvlebisa da Semosavlis efeqtebis
sxvaoba, sadac Warbobs Senacvlebis efeqtis sidide.
gifenis saqonlisTvis saerTo efeqti aris Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebis sxvaoba, sadac
Warbobs Semosavlis efeqti.




5.6 momxmarebelTa qcevis Taviseburebani

1. normaluri
(standartuli)
saqoneli

Senacvlebis efeqti Semosavlis efeqti
saerTo efeqti
2. dabalxarisxiani
(mdare)
saqoneli

Senacvlebis efeqti
saerTo efeqti
Semosavlis efeqti
3. gifenis saqoneli

Semosavlis efeqti
Senacvlebis efeqti
saerTo efeqti
sqema 5.1 Semosavlis da Senacvlebis efeqti X saqonelze fasis Semcirebis Sedegad

99
momxmareblis qcevis TeoriaSi miRebulia, rom individebi iqcevian racionaluri qcevis zogadi
principebis Sesabamisad. Tumca realurad es yovelTvis ase ar xdeba. arsebobs adamianTa qcevis
Taviseburebani, romlebic ganisazRvreba gemovnebisa da upiratesobebis gavleniT. amerikelma ekonomistma
h. leibenstainma momxmareblis moTxovna dayo or did jgufad: funqcionalur da arafunqcionalur saxeebad
(sqema 5.2).


funqcionaluria moTxovna, romelic ganpirobebulia im samomxmareblo Tvisebebis mixedviT,
romlebic damaxasiaTebelia zogadad TviT ekonomikuri dovlaTisaTvis. magaliTad, funqcionaluria
moTxovna, rodesac kompiuteris magidas viZenT imis gamo, rom is gvWirdeba kompiuteruli teqnikis ufro
moxerxebulad gamoyenebis mizniT.
arafunqcionaluria moTxovna, romelic ganpirobebulia iseTi kategoriebiT, romelic uSualod ar aris
dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri dovlaTisTvis damaxasiaTebel ZiriTad TvisebebTan. magaliTad, prestiJuli,
moduri, avangarduli saqonlis SeZena an eqskluziuri saqonlis SeZena. am dros saqonlis SeZenis funqcionalur
daniSnulebas emateba da gansazRvravs individis gemovnebisa da upiratesobebis piradi modeli.
arafunqcionalur moTxovnaSi gamoiyofa socialuri, spekulaciuri da araracionaluri moTxovnis
saxeebi (sqema 5.2).
socialuri moTxovnis saxeobebia: umravlesobasTan mierTebis efeqti, snobis efeqti da veblenis efeqti.
maT ekonomikur literaturaSi qselur gare efeqtebs uwodeben. ganvixiloT TiToeuli cal-calke.
1. umravlesobasTan mierTebis efeqti (Bandwagon Effect). momxmarebeli cdilobs ra ar Camor-
Ces sxvebs, yidulobs imas, rasac sxvebi. mis qcevas gansazRvravs sxva momxmarebelTa Sexedulebebi da es
damokidebuleba pirdapiria, e.i. umravlesobasTan mierTebis efeqtis qveS igulisxmeba momxmarebelTa
moTxovnis zrdis efeqti. aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom efeqti dadebiTia. naxazze 5.8 gamosaxulia
moTxovnis sawyisi D mrudi, romelic
1
P wertilidan icvlis mimarTulebas momxmarebelTa ricxovnobis
zrdis Sedegad moTxovnis gazrdis gamo.
sqema 5. 2 momxmareblis moTxovnis klasifikacia h. leibenstainis mixedviT
I
momxmarebelTa moTxovna
funqcionaluri arafunqcionaluri
socialuri spekulaciuri araracionaluri
umravlesobasTan
mierTebis
efeqti
snobis efeqti veblenis
efeqti
100
umravlesobasTan mierTebis efeqtis moqmedebis Sedegad axali moTxovnis mrudi
1
D ufro elas-
tikuria. amgvarad,
2 1
P P fasebis diapazonSi fasis cvlilebis efeqti gamosaxuli


saqonelze moTxovnis cvlilebiT Seadgens
1 3
Q Q
, xolo umravlesobasTan mierTebis efeqtia
2 3
Q Q
. dadebiTi
efeqti gulisxmobs imas, rom umravlesobasTan mierTebis efeqtis raodenobrivi mniSvneloba aWarbebs fasis
cvlilebis efeqts.
2. snobis efeqti (Snob Effect). am SemTxvevaSi momxmareblis survilia gamoirCeodes masaSi.
aqac calkeuli momxmareblis arCevani ganisazRvreba sxvaTa gemovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, magram saqme
gvaqvs ukudamokidebulebasTan. individi principulad ar yidulobs imas, rasac umravlesoba.
snobis efeqtis qveS igulisxmeba moTxovnis Semcireba imis gamo, rom sxva adamianebi iyeneben
am saqonels. momxmareblis reaqcia mimarTulia sapirispiro mxares. am dros amboben, rom efeqti
uaryofiTia. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Tu dominirebs snobis efeqti, maSin moTxovnis axali mrudi
naklebelastikuria TavdapirvelTan SedarebiT (naxazi 5.9). D aris sawyisi moTxovnis mrudi.
1
P fasis dros
moqmedebas iwyebs snobis efeqti da sul ufro cota momxmarebeli yidulobs am saqonels. snobis efeqtis
zemoqmedebis Sedegad miRebuli moTxovnis axali mrudia
1
D . am SemTxvevaSi fasis cvlilebis efeqtia
3 1
Q Q , xolo
1
Q
D1
Q
D
O
P2
P1
2
Q
fasis cvlilebis efeqti
P
3
Q
umravlesobasTan mierTebis
efeqti
nax. 5.8. moTxovnaze umravlesobasTan mierTebis efeqtis zemoqmedeba
umavlesobasTan mierTebis efeqtis zemoqmedebis Sedegad
1
P fasis pirobebSi icvleba moTxovna. amgvarad,
2 1
P P
fasebis diapazonSi fasis cvlilebis efeqti gamosaxuli saqonelze moTxovnis cvlilebiT Seadgens
3 1
Q Q
, xolo
umravlesobasTan mierTebis efeqtia
2 3
Q Q .
101

snobis efeqtia
3 2
Q Q . fasis cvlilebis efeqtis raodenoba aWarbebs snobis efeqtis sidides, amis gamo iTvleba,
rom efeqti uaryofiTia.
3. veblenis efeqti (Veblen Effect). aRniSnul efeqts h. leibenstaini uwodebs prestiJul an
sademonstracio moxmarebas. veblenis efeqtis qveS gulisxmoben samomxmareblo moTxovnis gazrdis efeqts,
romelic ukavSirdeba saqonelze fasis zrdas.

igi grafikulad gamosaxulia naxazze 5.10. D - moTxovnis Tavdapirveli mrudia.
1
P kritikuli fasis
dros, moqmedebas iwyebs veblenis efeqti. es niSnavs, rom fasis
2
P donis pirobebSi (romelic
1
P -ze maRalia
da Cveulebriv moTxovnis naklebi moculoba Seesabameba), aRar arsebobs Tavdapirveli moTxovnis funqcia:
veblenis efeqti
P1
P2
Q1
D1
Q
D
O
Q2
fasis cvlilebis
efeqti
P
nax. 5.10. veblenis efeqtis gavlena moTxovnaze da moTxovnis `zrdadi~ mrudi
veblenis efeqtis moqmedebis Sedegad momxmarebeli saqonels masze fasis gazrdis Sedegad yidulobs.
1
P kritikuli
fasis dros, moqmedebas iwyebs veblenis efeqti. moTxovnis sidide izrdeba
2
Q -mde. Sedegad miRebuli mrudi
1
D
- warmoadgens moTxovnis `zrdad~ mruds veblenis efeqtis gamo.



Q
3

snobis efeqti
D1
Q1
D
Q O
P2
P1
Q2
fasis cvlilebis efeqti
P
Q
3

nax. 5.9. moTxovnis cvlileba snobis efeqtis dros
snobis efeqtis zemoqmedebis Sedegad mcirdeba moTxovna saqonelze.
1
P fasis dros moqmedebas iwyebs snobis
efeqti. Sedegad am SemTxvevaSi fasis cvlilebis efeqtia
3 1
Q Q
, xolo snobis efeqtia
3 2
Q Q
.
102
e.i. moTxovnis sidide
3
Q -mde ki ar mcirdeba, aramed momxmareblis sademonstracio moqmedebis, prestiJis
interesebidan gamomdinare moTxovna izrdeba
2
Q -mde.
amrigad, adgili aqvs moTxovnis funqciis `anomalur~ qcevas. moTxovna izrdeba fasis zrdasTan
erTad, rac ewinaaRmdegeba moTxovnis kanons. amis Sedegad miRebuli mrudi
1
D - warmoadgens
moTxovnis `zrdad~ mruds veblenis efeqtis gamo.
arafunqcionaluri moTxovnis erT-erTi saxea spekulaciuri moTxovna. igi aRmocendeba maRali
inflaciis an krizisis molodinSi myof sazogadoebaSi. momavalSi fasebis gazrdis saSiSroebac aseve awmyoSi
axdens saqonelze damatebiTi moTxovnis (Sesyidvebis) stimulirebas.
araracionaluri moTxovna warmoiqmneba myisieri survilis, ganwyobis ucabedi Secvlis, kaprizis an
axirebis Sedegad. es aris iseTi moTxovna, romelic arRvevs momxmareblis racionaluri qcevis pirobebs. am
ganwyobis gavleniT gaweul xarjebze momavalSi sinanuls gamoTqvamen.

5.7 cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsebi

nebismier qveyanaSi socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema xSiradaa gacxarebuli diskusiebis asparezi. aq
mudmivad ganixileba socialuri daxmarebebis, SeRavaTebis da pensiebis gacemisa da garkveuli periodulobiT
maTi sididis koreqtirebis sakiTxebi. momxmarebelTa qcevis Teoria ganixilavs cxovrebis Rirebulebis
ganmsazRvrel indeqsebs da maTi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas socialuri mimarTulebis saxelmwifo
programebis ganxorcielebis dros.
sabazro ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi arsebuli sistemis CarCoebSi pensioneri iRebs Semweobas,
romlis sididec ganisazRvreba misi SromiTi saqmianobis istoriis safuZvelze. gasacemi Tanxebis koreqtireba
cxovrebis Rirebulebis ganmsazRvreli indeqsebis Sesabamisad, xdeba garkveuli periodis gavlis Semdgom.
ganvixiloT indeqsebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba cxovrebis Rirebulebis Sefasebis mizniT, esenia:
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (Consumer Price Index - CPI), cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsi (Cost of
Living Index - COL), laspeiresis indeqsi (Index Laspeires), paaSes indeqsi (Index Paashe) da jaWvuri
Sewonili indeqsebi (Chain-Weighted Price Index). TiToeuli maTgani ganvixiloT calcalke.

cxovrebis Rirebulebis (idealuri) indeqsi
cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsi (Cost-of-Living Index - COL) anu cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri
indeqsi (Ideal Cost-of-Living Index) gansazRvravs cvlilebebs saqonelTa da momsaxurebis fasebSi. is aseve
iTvaliswinebs fasebis cvlilebis Sedegad momxmareblis mier Sesyidvebis struqturaSi gamowveul
Senacvlebis efeqts.
cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsis gansazRvris mizniT aSS-is Sromis statistikis biuro monacemebs
agrovebs ramdenime wyaros saSualebiT. aq gaTvaliswinebulia xarjebi dakavSirebuli adgilmdebareobasTan,
sakvebTan, sargeblianobasTan, janmrTelobis SenarCunebasTan, transportTan da a.S. amgvarad, aRniSnuli
indeqsis gamoTvlisas gaiTvaliswineba:
- adgilmdebareoba: moicavs Sesyidvebs, arendas an binis qiras sacxovrebeli pirobebis Sesaqmnelad;
- sakvebi: moicavs adgilze sakvebis standartuli kalaTis Sesyidvis xarjebs;
103
- sargeblianoba: moicavs danaxarjebs eleqtroenergiaze, gaTbobis mizniT daxarjul bunebriv airze,
satelefono momsaxurebaze da a.S.
- jandacva: moicavs danaxarjebs jandacvaze;
- transporti: moicavs danaxarjebs avtomobilebis dazRvevaze, satransporto saSualebebSi gamoyenebul
sawvavze, momsaxurebasa da remontze, transportirebaze da a.S;
- sxvadasxva: sxva danaxarjebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba yoveldRiur yofa-cxovrebas da ar aris asaxuli
zemoCamoTvlil punqtebSi.
sakiTxis detalurad ganvixilvis mizniT moviyvanoT magaliTi: nino 1996-97 saswavlo wels ivane
javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikis fakultetis I kursis studenti iyo. I
semestris manZilze, sakvebze da wignebze danaxarjebis dasafarad, mas mSoblebi TveSi 200 lars
ugzavnidnen. am dros aSS dolaris gacvliTi kursi larTan mimarTebaSi iyo 1:1,3. ninos danaxarjebi sakvebze
Seadgenda 120 lars (30 kg. pirobiTi produqti, 1 kg. 4 larad), xolo wignebze 80 lars (8 cali wigni, TiTo 10
larad).
ninos studentobis periodSi, kerZod III kursis pirvel semestrSi (1998 wlis seqtember-dekemberi)
ruseTSi dawyebuli didi safinanso krizisis Sedegad qarTulma larma didi inflacia ganicada (aSS dolarTan
mimarTebaSi laris gacvliTma kursma Seadgina 1:2,4). mSoblebi ninos Sepirdnen igive msyidvelobiTi unaris
mqone biujets, Tumca fasebis cvlilebis gamo, sargeblianobis ucvlelobis pirobebSi, nino iZulebuli iyo
Seecvala SesyidvaTa struqtura. monacemebi aRwerili situaciis Sesaxeb mocemulia cxrilSi 5.1.

ninos biujetis xarjvis struqtura I da III kursebze
cxrili 5.1
# SesaZeni kalaTa
saqonelTa raodenoba, fasebi da xarjebi
1996 wels
saqonelTa raodenoba, fasebi da xarjebi
1998 wels
1. wignebi 8
10lari
(8X10=80)
4
40 lari
(4X40=160)
2. sakvebi 30 pir. kg
4 lari
(30X4=120)
48 pir. kg
5 lari
(48X5=240)
sul xarjebi 200 lari 400 lari

gamovTvaloT Tu ramdeniT unda gazrdiliyo ninos biujeti, cxovrebis axali pirobebidan gamomdinare.
am sakiTxis grafikuli axsna mocemulia naxazze 5.11.
sawyisi sabiujeto SezRuduloba, romelic aqvs ninos I kursze, warmodgenilia
1
L wrfiT naxazze 5.11.
wignebisa da sakvebis kombinacia, romelic uzrunvelyofs umaRles sargeblianobas, warmodgenilia A
wertilSi, romelic mdebareobs
1
U ganurCevlobis mrudze. Cven SegviZlia davrwmundeT, rom sargeblianobis
es done Rirs 200 lari, rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 5.1.
200 lari = 30kg X 4 l + 8 X 10 l
rogorc naxazi 5.11 gviCvenebs imisaTvis, rom ninos III kursze mieRwia sargeblianobis imave
donisTvis, rac qonda mas I kursze, sWirdeboda biujeti, romelic mocemulia
2
L sabiujeto wrfeze B wertilis
saxiT da Seesabameba 48 kg produqts da 4 wigns. nino ase imitom moiqca, rom zogad kursebTan SedarebiT
speckursebis saxelmZRvaneloebis fasi sazogadod gacilebiT maRalia, maTi patara tiraJis gamo. amasTan,
104
SesamCnevad gaizarda maRalkaloriuli sakvebis fasebic. aRniSnulis gamo imave sargeblianobis donis
misaRebad, rac ninos I kursze qonda, II kursze dasWirda 400 lari.
400lari = 48kg X 5l + 4 X 40l


Sesabamisad cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri koreqtireba ninosTvis Seadgens 200 lars (400 200 =
200), xolo cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri indeqsi ki tolia 2.00-is (400 / 200=2.00).
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis ( CPI ) msgavsad, cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqss sWirdeba
sabaziso weli, romlisTvisac indeqsi 100-is toli iqneba (Tu cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri indeqsis
mniSvneloba aris 100 niSnavs, rom cxovrebis Rirebuleba ar Seicvala). magaliTSi I kursi CavTvaloT
sabaziso wlad. ase rom cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsis mniSvnelobaa 200 da es gulisxmobs cxovrebis
gaZvirebas 100%-iT.
cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri indeqsi warmoadgens sargeblianobis gansazRvruli donis
miRebis Rirebulebas mimdinare fasebSi, sabaziso wlis sargeblianobis analogiuri donis miRwevis
RirebulebasTan SedarebiT.
cnobilia, rom samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi ( CPI ) gansazRvravs fasebis cvlilebas saqonelsa da
momsaxurebaze myari (mudmivi) sabazro kalaTis mixedviT, sabaziso da saangariSo periodisTvis
erTsadaimave qalaqsa an qveyanaSi.
amgvarad, zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom samomxmareblo fasebis
da cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri indeqsebi identuri maCveneblebi araa da isini erTdroulad ar
SeiZleba iqnen gamoyenebuli movlenebis urTierTSedarebis dros.
w
i
g
n
e
b
i
,

c
a
l
i

20
10
4
nax. 5.11 momxmareblis optimaluri arCevani
wignebisa da sakvebis kombinacia, romelic uzrunvelyofs umaRles sargeblianobas, warmodgenilia A wertilSi.
Cven SegviZlia davrwmundeT, rom sargeblianobis es done Rirs 200 lari. saimisod, rom ninom III kursze
miaRwios sargeblianobis imave dones, rac qonda mas I kursze, sWirdeba biujeti, romelic warmodgenilia
2
L
sabiujeto wrfeze B wertili (48 kg produqti da 4 wigni).
2
L sabiujeto wrfis paralelurad, A wertilamde
gadataniT, sawyisi sargeblianoba SenarCunebuli iqneba da SesaZlebelia Semosavlis donis gansazRvra
cxovrebis idealuri indeqsis Sesabamisad.




48 80 sakvebi, kg
A

B
L
1
L
2
L
3
U1
105
cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri indeqsis gansazRvridan gamomdinare misi gamoTvla moiTxovs
informaciis did nakads, vinaidan aucilebelia individualuri upiratesobebis gamovlena, rac gansxvavebulia
mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebisaTvis. gamoTvlebs arTulebs aseve saqonelTa fasebi da xarjebi sxvadasxva
regionebis mixedviT.

laspeiresis indeqsi
realurad indeqsebis gamoTvla efuZneba ara momxmarebelTa upiratesobebs, aramed momxmarebel-
Ta Sesyidvebis raodenobas. fasebis indeqsi, romelic CPI-s analogiurad, gamoiyenebs sabaziso periodis
fiqsirebul samomxmareblo kalaTas, cnobilia laspeiresis fasebis indeqsis saxelwodebiT (Index Laspeires).
laspeiresis indeqsi pasuxobs kiTxvaze: ras udris sabaziso periodSi arCeuli samomxmareblo
kalaTis mimdinare wlis fasebSi gamosaxuli Rirebulebis Sefardeba, sabaziso periodis fasebSi
gamosaxul imave kalaTis SesaZenad saWiro RirebulebasTan.
ninosTvis III kursze I kursis Sesabamisi kalaTis Rirebuleba laspeiresis mixedviT Seadgenda:
30 X 5 + 8 X 40 = 470 lari
aseTi danaxarjebi ninos aZlevda saSualebas
3
L sabiujeto wrfeze (naxazi 5.9) aerCia A kalaTa (an
nebismieri sxva am wrfeze).
3
L sabiujeto wrfe miRebul iqna
2
L wrfis marjvniv gadaadgilebiT A
wertilamde (rogorc Semosavlis zrda). SevniSnavT, rom
3
L wrfe aris sabiujeto wrfe, romelic miscemda
ninos saSualebas mimdinare fasebiT 1998 wels SeeZina 1996 wlis Sesabamisi kalaTa. am dros
sargeblianoba rCeba igive, rac iyo 1996 wels. Tu miviRebT, rom sabaziso 1996 weli 100-is tolia, maSin
laspeiresis indeqsi Seadgens:
100 X 470 / 200 = 235
Cvens magaliTSi da sazogadodac, laspeiresis indeqsi gacilebiT maRalia, vidre cxovrebis Rirebulebis
indeqsi.
davuSvaT, rom 1996 wels ninos hqonda biujeti, romelic ukavSirdeboda
3
L wrfes. mas SeeZlo
aerCia kalaTa A, magram naTelia, rom sargeblianobis ufro maRal dones is maSin miaRwevda, roca iyidda
met produqts da nakleb wignebs (imoZravebda, ra marjvniv
3
L wrfeze, ixile Tavi 4; $4.7).
A da B wertilebze nino iRebs Tanabar sargeblianobas. aRniSnulis gamo, ninosTvis ufro
momgebiania cxovrebis Rirebulebis koreqtireba laspeiresis indeqsis mixedviT.
laspeiresis indeqsi cxovrebis Rirebulebis koreqtirebas, cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealur
indeqsTan SedarebiT axdens siWarbiT (metobiT).
mocemuli daskvna WeSmaritia samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsTan mimarTebaSic, vinaidan las-
peiresis indeqsi gulisxmobs, rom momxmareblebi ar cvlian Tavis samomxmareblo Cvevebs fasebis
cvlilebasTan erTad. amasTan SesaZlebelia, rom momxmareblebma Sesyidvebis struqturis cvlilebis
pirobebSic ki miaRwion imave sargeblianobis dones.
praqtikuli gaTvlebi aCvenebs, rom laspeiresis indeqsiT gansazRvruli Tanxebi aWarbebs im
Tanxas, romelic saWiroa momxmareblis fasebis zrdis kompensirebisTvis.
socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemaSi da sxva saxelmwifo programebSi CPI -is gamoyeneba
pensionerebisTvis iwvevs kompensaciebis siWarbes umravlesobisTvis da Sedegad moiTxovs did
106
saxelmwifo xarjebs. aRniSnulis gamo mTavrobebi iyeneben ufro rTul indeqsebs, romlebic gulisxmoben
TviT momxmarebelTa qcevis sqemis Secvlas.

paaSes indeqsi
laspeiresis indeqsisgan gansxvavebiT paaSes indeqsi (Index Paashe) koncentrirebas akeTebs
mimdinare wels momxmarebelTa kalaTebis Sesyidvebis Rirebulebaze.
paaSes indeqsi pasuxs gvaZlevs Semdeg kiTxvaze: ras udris mimdinare wlis fasebSi im Tanxis
jamis Sefardeba, rac individs sWirdeba imisaTvis, rom SeiZinos mimdinare samomxmareblo kalaTa,
im TanxasTan, rac eRireboda igive kalaTa sabaziso wels.
SevudaroT erTmaneTs laspeiresis da paaSes indeqsebi:
- laspeiresis indeqsi: sabaziso wels SerCeuli kalaTis Rirebuleba gamoxatuli mimdinare wlis fasebSi,
Sefardebuli im TanxasTan, rac saWiroa imave kalaTis SesaZenad sabaziso wlis fasebSi;
- paaSes indeqsi: mimdinare wlis fasebSi gamoxatuli Tanxa, rac saWiroa individisTvis mimdinare
wels SerCeuli kalaTis SesaZenad, Sefardebuli imave Sesyidvebis RirebulebasTan sabaziso wels.
laspeiresis da paaSes indeqsebi aris indeqsebi fiqsirebuli wonebiT (Fixed Weight Indexes), rac
niSnavs, rom sxvadasxva saqonlis da momsaxurebis raodenoba TiToeul indeqsSi rCeba ucvleli.
laspeiresis indeqsSi samomxmareblo kalaTaSi saqonlis raodenoba ucvleli rCeba sabaziso wlis
doneze, xolo paaSes indeqsisTvis is ucvleli rCeba mimdinare wlis doneze.
davuSvaT, rom arsebobs sul ori saqoneli: sakvebi ( F ) da tansacmeli ( C ). Tu:

T
PF da
T
PC aris Sesabamis saqonelze fasebi mimdinare wels
B
PF da
B
PC - Sesabamis saqonelze fasebi sabaziso wels
T
F da
T
C - Sesabamisi saqonlis raodenoba mimdinare wels
B
F da
B
C - Sesabamisi saqonlis raodenoba sabaziso wels
maSin laspeiresis (
L
I ) da paaSes (
P
I ) indeqsebi ase SeiZleba CavweroT:
L
I = ) (
B T B T
C PC F PF + / ) (
B B B B
C PC F PF +
P
I = ) (
T T T T
C PC F PF + / ) (
T B T B
C PC F PF +
aRniSnuli formulebis daxmarebiT gamovTvaloT indeqsebi ninosTvis: sabaziso wlis kalaTis
Sesyidva mimdinare wels aris 470 lari, xolo imave kalaTis Rirebuleba sabaziso wels Seadgenda 200 lars e.i.
L
I = 100 X 470 / 200 = 235
analogiurad mimdinare fasebSi mimdinare wlis kalaTis Rirebuleba aris 400. imave kalaTis
Rirebuleba sabaziso wels iyo 232 (48X4+4X10=232). Sesabamisad paaSes indeqsi aris:
P
I = 100 X 400 / 232 = 172
rogorc mosalodneli iyo paaSes indeqsis mniSvneloba naklebia laspeiresis indeqsze. amis gamo
xarjebis Semcirebis mizniT mTavrobebi socialur programebSi iyeneben swored paaSes indeqss. sazogadod
romelime indeqsis gamoyeneba damokidebulia kvlevis konkretul mizanze. saqarTveloSi oficialuri statistika
samomxmareblo fasebisa da inflaciis gasazomad umetesad iyenebs laspeiresis indeqss, asevea did
britaneTSi, xolo aSS iyenebs paaSes indeqss.

107
jaWvuri Sewonili indeqsebi
cxovrebis Rirebulebis gamosaTvleli srulyofili indeqsis Seqmna Zalze did sirTuleebs ukavSirdeba.
amis gamo saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebi xSirad cvlian im indeqsebs, romlebsac gamoiyeneben saxelmwifo
programebSi. praqtikuli miznebis ukeT gansaxorcieleblad aSS-s mTavrobam 1995 wlidan daiwyo fasebis
jaWvuri Sewonili indeqsis (Chain-Weighted Price Index) gamoyeneba.
jaWvuri Sewonilobis SeTavazeba ganapiroba im problemebma, romlebic iqmneboda realuri mTliani
Sida produqtis maCveneblebis Sedarebis dros grZelvadian periodSi fasebis xSiri cvlilebis pirobebSi. am dros
Sedareba xdeba mxolod wina wlis maCveneblebTan (am SemTxvevaSi sabaziso weli yovelTvis gasuli, wina
welia). es aadvilebs analizs da fasebs Soris didi meryeobac SedarebiT gamoricxulia. es aRiniSna XX
saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, roca energomatereblebis fasebze dafiqsirda Sokuri cvlileba. cnobilia, rom 1975 wels
navTobis mompovebelTa kartelis mier 3-jer gazrdilma fasebma gamoiwvia grZelvadiani ekonomikuri krizisi
msoflios masStabiT.

ZiriTadi terminebi
- Semosavlis efeqti
- Senacvlebis efeqti
- funqcionaluri moTxovna
- arafunqcionaluri moTxovna
- socialuri, spekulaciuri da araracionaluri moTxovna
- umravlesobasTan mierTebis efeqti
- snobis efeqti
- veblenis efeqti

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. sabazro moTxovnis mrudi aris bazarze saqonlis yvela momxmareblis individualuri moTxovnis
mrudebis horizontaluri Sekreba. igi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes imis Sesaswavlad, Tu ramdeni
uRirs momxmarebelTa erTobliobas gansazRvruli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moxmareba.
2. engelis mrudebi gamosaxaven urTierTobas moxmarebuli saqonlis raodenobasa da Semosavals Soris.
isini sasargebloa imis ganxilvisas, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba momxmarebelTa danaxarjebi sxvadasxva
donis Semosavlis pirobebSi.
3. moTxovnili saqonlis raodenobaze fasis cvlilebis efeqti SeiZleba or nawilad daiyos: Senacvlebis
efeqti, roca kmayofilebis done ucvlelia fasis cvlilebis dros da Semosavlis efeqti, roca fasi mudmivia,
xolo kmayofilebis done icvleba. gifenis saqonlis SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba saqonelze
moTxovnis zrdadi individualuri mrudi.
4. qselur efeqtebs adgili aqvs maSin, roca erTi adamianis moTxovnaze pirdapir gavlenas axdens sxva
momxmarebelTa mier saqonlis SeZenaze miRebuli gadawyvetileba. dadebiTi qseluri efeqtia
`umravlesobasTan mierTebis efeqti~, xolo uaryofiTia `snobis efeqti~. `veblenis efeqti~ aRwers
individTa sademonstracio Sesyidvebis qcevas.
5. sxvadasxva qveynis mTavrobebi cxovrebis Rirebulebis gamosaTvlelad iyeneben specialur
indeqsebs. cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri indeqsi sxvadasxva periodebisTvis sargeblianobis donis
SenarCunebaze akeTebs aqcents. CPI , rogorc laspeiersis fasebis yvela indeqsi, zrdis cxovrebis
108
Rirebulebis idealur indeqss. misgan gansxvavebiT, paaSes indeqsi ki amcirebs mas. jaWvuri
Sewonilobis indeqsebis SemoReba ganapiroba grZelvadian periodSi realuri mTliani Sida produqtis
maCveneblebis Sedarebis dros fasebis xSiri cvlilebis problemam.

109
kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis
1. horizontalurad SekribeT individualuri moTxovnis mrudebi.
2. ras gulisxmobs Semosavlis efeqti?
3. grafikulad gamosaxeT Senacvlebis efeqti da axseniT igi.
4. isaubreT e. engelis statistikuri dakvirvebis Sesaxeb da gamosaxeT engelis mrudebi.
5. daxazeT da axseniT mrudi `fasi-moxmareba~.
6. daxazeT da axseniT mrudi `Semosavali-moxmareba~.
7. gansazRvreT cxovrebis Rirebulebis idealuri indeqsi.
8. CamoTvaleT laspeiresis indeqsis maCveneblebi.
9. ras gulisxmobs paaSes indeqsi?
10. gansazRvreT ratom gamoiyeneba jaWvuri Sewonili indeqsebi.
110
Tavi 6. arCevani ganusazRvrelobis pirobebSi

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. sarisko gadawyvetilebebis Sedegebis axsnas
2. riskisadmi sxvadasxvagvari damokidebulebis mqone adamianTa arCevanis Sefasebas
3. riskis miRebis, misi Tavidan acilebis an Semcirebis pirobebis aRweras
4. sadazRvevo bazarze asimetriuli informaciis analizs

6.1 sarisko gadawyvetilebebi

N nebismieri adamianis cxovreba aRsavsea gaurkveveli da sarisko situaciebiT. magaliTad,
mewarmeebi dganan riskis winaSe, roca iReben gadawyvetilebebs axali biznesis dasawyebad, safondo
birJaze an fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze movaWreni ewvian risks aqciebiT vaWrobisas, radganac ar ician
SeZenili aqciebis mosalodneli momavali Rirebuleba da a.S. riskisa da arasruli informaciis (gaurkvevlobis)
pirobebSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis analizi gvexmareba ukeTesad SevicnoT ekonomikuri garemo,
magaliTad, sadazRvevo bazari da auqcionebi, sadac risks da arasrul informacias (gaurkvevloba) centraluri
roli ukaviaT. Aamave sakiTxebis Seswavla aiolebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi mravali alternatividan saukeTeso
gadawyvetilebis miRebas. magaliTad, SeTavazebuli samuSaoebidan romels davTanxmdeT, kompaniebis
mier gamoSvebuli aqciebi viyidoT Tu saxelmwifo obligaciebi, ra fasi SevTavazoT gamyidvels da a.S.
davuSvaT, Tqven wels SeiZineT satelevizio kompania `imedis mier gamuSvebuli erTi aqcia 100
larad. radganac Tqven ar iciT am aqciis mosalodneli fasi erTi wlis Semdeg (misi fasi safondo birJaze
SeiZleba gaizardos an Semcirdes telekompaniis biznesis funqcionirebisa da sxva uamravi faqtoris
zemoqmedebis Sedegad), Tqvens mier SeZenili aqcia riskis Semcvelia. Mmagram ramdenad didia es riski?
rogoria am aqciis riskis sidide im sxva SesaZlo SenaZenTan SedarebiT, romelic Tqven imave 100 lariT
SegeZloT geyidaT? Aam da msgavs SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema moiTxovs riskiani Sedegebis aRweras.
5

Aam mizniT ganvixiloT sami cneba: albaTobis ganawileba (Probability Distribution), mosalodneli
mniSvneloba (Expected Value) da variacia (Variance).

albaToba
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar iciT, ra eRireba Tqveni telemaRaziis aqcia momaval wels, Tqven mainc
SegiZliaT aRweroT misi SesaZlo Rirebuleba. sailustraciod ganvixiloT magaliTi.

magaliTi 1.
telemaRaziaSi investirebis SesaZlo Sedegebi
davuSvaT, rom Tqvens mier ganxorcielebul 100 larian investicias erTi wlis Semdeg sami SesaZlo
Sedegi SeiZleba hqondes:

5
ganasxvaveben gaurkvevlobisa da riskis cnebebs. Ggaurkvevlobis (Uncertainty) cneba aRniSnavs situacias, roca cnobilia Sedegebi, xolo TiToeuli
Sedegis moxdenis albaToba ki -ara. riskis (Risk) cneba gulisxmobs situacias, roca cnobilia yvela SesaZlo Sedegic da TiToeuli maTganis moxdenis
albaTobac. simartivisaTvis Cven ganvixilavT mxolod risks.
111
- misi Rirebuleba gaizardos 20%-iT da miaRwios 120 lars. (SesaZlo Sedegi A);
- Mmisi Rirebuleba darCes igive - 100 lari (Sedegi B);
- Mmisi Rirebuleba daeces 20%-iT 80 laramde (Sedegi C).
Tqvens mier 100 lariani investiciis ganxorcieleba telekompaniis aqciaSi aris latariis TamaSis magaliTi.
realur cxovrebaSi lataria SesaZlo SansebiT TamaSia. mikroekonomikaSic am termins igive mniSvneloba
aqvs. Cven viyenebT termins `lataria gaurkveveli Sedegis mqone nebismieri movlenis aRsaniSnavad,
iqneba es fasian qaRaldebSi investireba, safexburTo matCis angariSi Tu kamaTelis Cveneba azartuli
TamaSisas.
zemoT aRweril latareas aqvs sami Sedegi: A, B, C. Llatariis TiToeuli Sedegis albaToba aris am
Sedegis dadgomis (moxdenis) Sansi anu SesaZlebloba. Tu 10-dan mxolod 3 Sansi arsebobs imisa, rom
dadges A Sedegi, maSin vambobT rom A-s albaToba aris 3/10 anu 0,30. Tu 10-dan B Sedegis dadgomis
mxolod 4 Sansi arsebobs, maSin B-s albaToba aris 4/10 anu 0,40. davuSvaT, C Sedegis albaTobac aris 0,30
(sxvanairad SeuZlebelicaa, radgan samive Sedegis albaTobaTa jami unda udrides 1-s).
latariis Sedegebis albaTobis ganawileba asaxavs yvela SesaZlo Semosavals da TiToeul SesaZlo
SemosavalTan dakavSirebul albaTobebs. naxazi 6.1 gviCvenebs telemaRaziis aqciis fasis albaTobis
ganawilebas. TiToeuli sveti gviCvenebs SesaZlo Semosavals, xolo svetis simaRle ki TiToeuli SesaZlo
Semosavlis albaTobas. magaliTad, naxazidan Cans, rom 80 laris miRebis albaToba aris 0,30.
nebismieri latariis albaTobas aqvs ori mniSvnelovani Tviseba:
- TiToeuli Sedegis albaToba aris 0-sa da 1-s Soris;
- yvela SesaZlo Sedegis albaTobaTa jami 1-is tolia.
ra iwvevs sxvadasxva Sedegis sxvadasxva albaTobebs? zogjer movlenis moxdenis albaToba
damokidebulia bunebis mkacrad gansazRvrul kanonebze an warsulSi Segrovili monacemebis analizze.
magaliTad, maRla agdebuli 20 TeTriani monetis borjRalos figuriani zedapiriT dacemis albaToba aris 0,50.
am faqtis dasadastureblad Tqven SegiZliaT piradad CaataroT cda: aisroloT moneta maRla mravalgzis (100,
200-jer an metjer). monetis davardnis Semdeg miRebuli Sedegebis SedarebiT, advilad darwmundebiT, rom
saerTo Sedegebidan (ramdenjerac aisroleT moneta) daaxloebiT 50% iyo monetis borjRalos figuriani
zedapiriT dacemis SemTxveva.
aseT da msgavs SemTxvevebSi vambobT, rom arsebobs movlenis moxdenis obieqturi albaToba.
albaTobis obieqturi gageba efuZneba im sixSires, ra sixSiriTac movlenis moxdenis tendencia
mJRavndeba. davuSvaT, rom SarSan q. TbilisSi avtomanqanebis gatacebaTa CvenTvis cnobili 100
SemTxvevidan 75 damTavrda sapatrulo policiis mier kanondarRvevis mcdelobis warmatebuli aRkveTiT,
xolo 25 warumateblad. aseT SemTxvevaSi albaToba aris obieqturi, realurad momxdari situaciis
aRmwereli, radganac dafuZnebulia uSualod sapatrulo policiis mier warmatebiT ganxorcielebul qmedebaTa
sixSireze mcdelobaTa saerTo ricxvidan. magram rogor gavzomoT riski, Tuki warsulSi aseTi mcdelobebi ar
yofila?

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Y riskiani situacia yovelTvis arc monetis agdebis magaliTis analogiuria. xSirad SeuZlebelia
mosalodneli Sedegis albaTobis dadgena. magaliTad, telekompania `imedis aqciis SemTxvevaSi gana
SesaZlebelia zustad vicodeT 20%-iT fasis zrdis albaToba marTla 0,30-ia Tu ara? Cveni varaudi am
SemTxvevaSi dafuZnebulia ara bunebis kanonebis an obieqturi viTarebis Sinagani logikis codnaze, aramed
movlenebis ganviTarebis scenaris Cvens subieqtur rwmenaze.
iseT albaTobas, romelic asaxavs sarisko movlenebis moxdenis subieqtur dajerebas,
subieqturi albaToba ewodeba.
subieqturi albaTobebic unda akmayofilebdnen obieqturi albaTobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zemoT
aRweril or pirobas. Tumca, gadawyvetilebis mimReb sxvadasxva individs SesaZloa riskiani situaciis
SesaZlo Sedegebis albaTobisadmi sxvadasxvanairi rwmena hqondes. subieqturi albaToba esaa
subieqturi SegrZneba, rom romelime Sedegi (qmedebis, movlenis) dadgeba. es SegrZneba SeiZleba
efuZnebodes individis Sexedulebas an gamocdilebas, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi warsulSi am movlenis
moxdenis albaTobaTa sixSires an bunebis kanonzomierebebs.
Tu albaToba ganisazRvreba subieqturad, maSin sxvadasxva adamians sxvadasxvanairad SeuZlia igi
gansazRvros da Sesabamisad gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebebi miiRos. sxvadasxva informacia an erTi da
igive informaciis damuSavebis sxvadasxvagvari SesaZleblobebi xSirad warmoadgenen gansxvavebuli
subieqturi albaTobebis safuZvlebs.

mosalodneli mniSvneloba (maTematikuri lodini)
ra Semosavals unda velodeT Cvens mier telemaRaziis aqciaSi 100 lariani sarisko investiciidan?
Asaamisod, saWiroa gavecnoT mosalodneli mniSvnelobis (Expected Value) cnebas.
Nnebismieri latariis mosalodneli mniSvneloba aris SesaZlo Sedegebis saSualo Semosavali (Payoffs),
romelic moaqvs TiToeul Sanss.
gaurkvevlobasTan dakavSirebuli situaciis mosalodneli mniSvneloba (maTematikuri lodini) - es
aris yvela SesaZlo Sedegis Sesabamisi Semosavlebis saSualo Sewonili, sadac TiToeuli SesaZlo
Semosavlis wona am Semosavlis miRebis albaTobis tolia.
80 l 100 l 120 l
Semosavali
nax. 6.1 albaTobis ganawileba TiToeuli sveti gviCvenebs SesaZlo Semosavals, xolo svetis simaRle ki
TiToeuli SesaZlo Semosavlis albaTobas. 80 laris miRebis albaToba aris 0,30.
113
amrigad, mosalodneli mniSvneloba gamoxatavs im Semosavals, romelsac SesaZloa saSualod velodeT.
telemaRaziaSi 100 lariani investiciis Cvens magaliTSi mosalodneli mniSvneloba iqneba

moxdeba Tu e, Semosavalz s - albaToba s -
moxdeba Tu e, Semosavalz s - albaToba s -
moxdeba Tu e, Semosavalz s - albaToba s - a mniSvnelob i mosalodnel
C C C
B B B
A A A
+
+ +
+ =

CavsvaT Sesabamisi mniSvnelobebi am formulaSi
M M 100 80 30 0 100 40 0 120 30 0 = + + = ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( a mniSvnelob i mosalodnel
latariis Mmosalodneli mniSvneloba zomavs latariis im saSualo Semosavals, romelsac Tqven
miiRebT, Tu latarea ganmeordeba mravalgzis. 100 lariani investireba wlebis ganmavlobaSi rom
gangexorcielebinaT telekompaniis aqciebSi, Tqveni mosalodneli Semosavali TiToeuli aqciidan marTlac
iqneboda daaxloebiT 100 lari.
ufro zogadad, Tu arsebobs n mosalodneli Sedegi, romelTa Sesabamisi Semosavlebi aris
1
X da
,
.........
n
X X
2
amasTanave TiToeuli maTganis moxdenis albaToba aris Sesabamisad
1 r
P da , .........
rn r
P P
2
maSin
mosalodneli mniSvneloba E tolia
n rn r r
X P X P X P X E + + + = .. ..........
2 2 1 1
) (

variacia (dispersia)
variacia (Variance) aris gaurkveveli situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebis cvalebadobis sazomi. sarisko
situaciis variacia (dispersia) asaxavs SesaZlo Sedegebis mosalodneli mniSvnelobidan saSualo
gadaxras. cvalebadoba (Variability) - es aris is sazRvrebi, romelSic icvleba (varirebs) gaurkveveli
situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebi.

magaliTi 2
gansxvavebuli variaciis mqone aqciebi
davuSvaT, Tqven gaqvT arCevani: SeiZinoT telekompaniis aqcia 100 larad an komunaluri
momsaxurebis kompaniis - dasufTavebis samsaxuris aqcia, romlis fasic aseve 100 laria. Nnaxazi 6.2
gviCvenebs orive am kompaniis aqciaTa fasebis albaTobebis ganawilebas.
114

aRsaniSnavia, rom orive aqciis fasis mosalodneli mniSvneloba aris Tanabari _ 100 lari. Tumca tele-
aqcia ufro riskiania, vidre komunaluri momsaxurebis kompaniis aqcia.
am ori aqciis SesaZlo Semosavlebis cvalebadoba (romlis sazomsac variacia warmoadgens) sruliad
gansxvavebulia TiToeul SemTxvevaSi. Mmeriis dasufTavebis samsaxuris aqciis Rirebuleba droTa
ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT igive rCeba, maSin roca telekompania `imedis aqciis fasi mniSvnelovnad
meryeobs. M mokled, telekompaniis aqciis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi investori ufro mets moigebs an aseve
ufro mets waagebs, vidre adgilobrivi komunaluri momsaxurebis kompaniis aqciaSi investirebis dros.
riskianobis xarisxis Sefasebis sakiTxSi meti sicxadis Setanis mizniT davubrundeT Cvens mier
ganxilul magaliTs da naxazs 6.2 komunaluri momsaxurebis kompaniis aqciis albaTobis ganawilebas aqvs
naklebi variacia.
gamoTvlebi gviCveneben, rom dasufTavebis samsaxuris aqciis mosalodneli Semosavlidan - 100
laridan namdvili Semosavlis 10 Sansidan gadaxris mxolod 2 Sansi arsebobs.
Aamis sapirispirod, telekompania `imedis aqciis albaTobis ganawilebas aqvs maRali variacia. 10
Sansidan 6 SemTxvevaSi namdvili Semosavali gansxvavdeba/gadaxrilia mosalodneli Semosavlidan - 100
laridan. maRali variaciis mqone aqcia ufro metad sariskoa, vidre dabali variaciis mqone aqcia.
zogadad variaciis gamosaTvlelad saWiroa sami safexuris gavla:
1. gamoiTvleba latariis mosalodneli mniSvneloba;
2. yoveli SesaZlo SedegisaTvis miRebul namdvil Semosavlebs akldeba mosalodneli mniSvneloba, xolo
Semdeg miRebuli sidide ayvaniliaY kvadratSi. AmiRebul maCvenebels ewodeba kvadratul gadaxra
(Squared Deviation);
3. yoveli SesaZlo SedegisaTvis kvadratuli gadaxra mravldeba am SedegTan dakavSirebul albaTobaze.
Semdeg ikribeba miRebuli namravlebi. namravlebis dajamebiT miRebuli Sedegi aris variacia.
cxrili 6.1 `a~ da cxrili 6.1 `b~ gviCveneben, Tu rogoraa gamoTvlili ori aqciis variaciebi. es gamoTvlebi
adastureben, rom telekompaniis aqciis variacia metia komunaluri momsaxurebis aqciis variaciaze. es
niSnavs, rom telekompaniis aqciis saSualo gadaxra misi mosalodneli mniSvnelobidan ufro metia,

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`a~ telekompania `imedi

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Semosavali
`b~ meriis dasufTavebis samsaxuri

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nax. 6.2 ori kompaniis aqciaTa fasebis albaTobebis ganawileba. orive aqciis fasis mosalodneli mniSvneloba aris
Tanabari _ 100 lari. Tumca tele-aqcia ufro riskiania, vidre komunaluri momsaxurebis kompaniis aqcia. am ori aqciis SesaZlo
Semosavlebis cvalebadoba gansxvavebulia. Mmeriis dasufTavebis samsaxuris aqciis Rirebuleba droTa ganmavlobaSi
daaxloebiT igive rCeba. telekompania `imedis aqciis fasi mniSvnelovnad meryeobs.

80 l
115
vidre komunaluri kompaniis aqciis fasis saSualo gadaxra misive mosalodneli mniSvnelobidan. amitom
telekompaniis aqciis SeZena ufro sarisko operaciad ganixileba, vidre komunaluri momsaxurebis kompaniis
aqciis SeZena.

telekompania ,,imedis aqciis variaciis gamoTvla
cxrili 6.1 `a~

telekompania `imedi-s aqciis variaciis gamoTvla
Semosavali albaToba kvadratuli gadaxra kvadratuli gadaxris
namravli albaTobaze
80 0.3 (80-100)
2
=400 0.3X400=120
100 0.4 (100-100)
2
=0 0.4X0=0
120 0.3 (120-100)
2
=400 0.3X400=120
variacia 120+0+120=240

komunaluri momsaxurebis kompaniis aqciis variaciis gamoTvla
cxrili 6.1 `b~
komunaluri momsaxurebis kompaniis aqciis variaciis gamoTvla
Semosavali albaToba kvadratuli gadaxra kvadratuli gadaxris
namravli albaTobaze
80 0.1 (80-100)
2
=400 0.1X400=40
100 0.8 (100-100)
2
=0 0.8X0=0
120 0.1 (120-100)
2
=400 0.1X400=40
variacia 40+0+40=80
L
sarisko gadawyvetilebebis riskianobis alternatiul sazomad gamoiyeneba standartuli gadaxra (Standard
Deviation). igi ariTmetikuli (kvadratuli) fesvia variaciidan. standartuli gadaxrac gvawvdis zustad igive
informacias gadawyvetilebis riskianobis Sesaxeb (Tu ramdenad didia riski), rogorc variacia. zemoT aRwerili
gaTvlebis SemTxvevaSi gveqneba:
- telekompaniis aqciis standartuli gadaxra aris ariTmetikuli fesvi 240-dan anu 15,5;
- standartuli gadaxra komunaluri momsaxurebis kompaniidan aris ariTmetikuli fesvi 80-dan anu 8,9.
cvalebadobas zomaven Semdegi garemoebis gamo: didi sxvaoba mosalodnel da namdvil
Semosavlebs Soris (dadebiTi an uaryofiTi) gulisxmobs did risks. A sxvaobebs mosalodnel da TiToeuli
Sedegis namdvil Semosavlebs Soris ewodeba gadaxrebi (Deviations).
6

TavisTavad gadaxris maCveneblebi ar gamodgebian cvalebadobis maCveneblad, radgan isini xan
dadebiTia, xan _ uaryofiTi, xolo saSualo Sewonili gadaxra yovelTvis aris 0. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi gadaxrebi
erTmaneTs abaTileben, ramac SeiZleba Seqmnas iluzia TiTqos saSualo gadaxra aris umniSvnelo sidide.

6
., . , , . 2002, . ., 5, gv. 150-151

116
Aam problemis gadasaWrelad TiToeuli gadaxris maCvenebeli unda aviyvanoT kvadratSi, raTa miviRoT
dadebiTi mniSvnelobebi ase miviRebT kvadratul gadaxrebs (Squared Deviations). Aamis Semdeg
cvalebadobas vangariSobT standartuli gadaxris (Standard Deviation) meSveobiT: jer vangariSobT
namdvili Sedegebis mosalodnelidan gadaxris kvadratTa saSualo mniSvnelobas (saSualo Sewonils), xolo
Semdeg ki amoviRebT kvadratul fesvs am saSualo Sewonilidan. cvalebadobis kidev erTi maCvenebeli -
variacia aris standartuli gadaxris kvadrati.
zemoT aRniSnul moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba ori alternativisa da TiToeulisaTvis ori SesaZlo
Sedegis SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia cxrilSi 6.2

cvalebadobis gaangariSeba standartuli gadaxris meSveobiT
cxrili 6.2

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alternativa 1
alternativa 2
rac ufro naklebia standartuli gadaxra/variacia, miT ufro naklebriskiania gadawyvetileba da
naklebad gaurkvevelia Sedegi.
zogadad ori Sedegis (
1
X da
2
X ), maTi Sesabamisi ori albaTobis (
2 1 r r
P P , ) da mosalodneli
mniSvnelobis - ) (X E SemTxvevaSi variacia gaiangariSeba Semdegi formuliT
] )) ( [( ] )) ( [(
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
X E X P X E X P
r r
+ = o
standartuli gadaxra o aris ariTmetikuli fesvi variaciidan.







6.2 sarisko Sedegebis Sefaseba


wina paragrafSi aRvwereT sarisko Sedegebi albaTobis ganawilebis, mosalodneli mniSvnelobisa da
variaciis cnebebis meSveobiT. am paragrafSi aRvwerT, Tu rogor afasebs da adarebs erTmaneTs riskis
gansxvavebuli xarisxis mqone alernativebs gadawyvetilebis mimRebi individi. kerZod, vaCvenebT rogor
SeiZleba sargeblianobis funqciis koncefciis gamoyeneba sarisko alernativebis Sefasebisas.

| | | |
2
2 2
2
1 1
) ( Pr ) ( Pr X E X X E X + = o
117
sargeblianobis funqcia da riskisadmi damokidebuleba
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT magistraturis damamTavrebeli kursis studenti da universitetis
damTavrebisTanave muSaobis dasawyebad miiReT ori SeTavazeba. pirveli samuSao SemogTavazaT
mineraluri wylebis bazarze ukve kargad cnobilma da warmatebiT momuSave msxvilma kompaniam `wyali
margebeli, sadac gTavazoben 54 000 lars wliuri xelfasis saxiT. meore samuSaos ki gTavazobT internet-
qselis meSveobiT samrewvelo saqonliT movaWre firma `axdenili ocnebebi, romelic Tqveni mSoblebisa da
naTesavebis mieraa daarsebuli. radganac es firma jer-jerobiT zaraliT muSaobs, igi gTavazobT mxolod 4 000
lar wliur xelfass. garda amisa, gpirdebian 100 000 lars premiis saxiT Tu kompanias eqneba warmatebuli weli
da gaxdeba momgebiani.
orive kompaniis Seswavlisa da Sefasebis Semdeg darwmundiT, rom premiis miRebis an
miuReblobis albaTobebi Tanabaria (0,5). am SemoTavazebebidan romeli samuSaos miRebas
daTanxmdebodiT? (realur cxovrebaSi albaT gaiTvaliswinebdiT xelfasis permanentulad zrdis
SesaZleblobebsac. aseve samuSaosTan dakavSirebul arafulad aspeqtebs, magaliTad: samuSao pirobebs,
samuSaos xasiaTs, adgilmdebareobas da a.S.)
Zalian saintereso gadawyvetilebis miRebis winaSe dgaxarT. erTi SexedviT, `wyali margebelSi
muSaobis dawyebisas Tqven gaqvT garantirebuli Semosavali. `axdenil ocnebebSi muSaobis dawyebisas ki
Tqveni xelfasi azartuli TamaSiviTaa: Sansebis naxevari modis 4 000 larian xelfasze, xolo meore naxevari _
104 000 larze (4 000 stabiluri xelfasi + 100 000 lari premia). Tu SeadarebT SemoTavazebebs erTmaneTTan
maTi Sesabamisi mosalodneli mniSvnelobebis mixedviT, aRmoaCenT, rom `axdenili ocnebebis
mosalodneli xelfasi `wyali margebelis mier yovelgvari riskis gareSe SemoTavazebuli xelfasis tolia _ 54 000
lari. am cifris gamosaangariSeblad mogiwevdaT im gamoTvlebis Catareba, romelTa Sesaxebac Ppirvel
paragrafSi visaubreT.
`axdenili ocnebebis mosalodneli xelfasi:(0,5 X 4 000)= (0,5 X 104 000)=54 000 lari
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive samuSaos xelfasis mosalodneli odenoba erTi da igivea, erT-erTi
maTgani (kompaniaSi `wyali margebeli) araviTar risks ar Seicavs, xolo meore sarisko SemoTavazebaa.
rogor vafasebT sxvadasxva alternativebs, romelebic riskis sxvadasxva xarisxs Seicaven? erT-erTi
gza aris sargeblianobis funqciis gamoyeneba. naxazi 6.3 asaxavs sargeblianobasa da Semosavals Soris
urTierTdamokidebulebas.
rogorc naxazidan Cans, sargeblianobis funqcia zrdadia, rac gulisxmobs Semdegs - adamianebs meti
Semosavali urCevniaT (radganac met sargeblianobas iReben). naxazi aseve asaxavs zRvruli sargeblianobis
klebadobas - Semosavlis zrdis kvalobaze Semosavlis Tundac sruliad umniSvnelo sididiT zrdisas yovel
damatebiT erTeuls sul ufro da ufro klebadi sargeblianoba moaqvs. magaliTad, igive naxazis mixedviT,
dabali Semosavlis pirobebSi (4 000 lari) Semosavlis umniSvnelo zrdas moaqvs ufro meti sargeblianoba (QR
monakveTi), vidre maRali Semosavlis pirobebSi (104 000 lari) Semosavlis imave sididiT zrdas (ST
monakveTi). QR monakveTis sigrZe aRemateba ST monakveTis sigrZes.
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naxazi 6.4 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor unda gamoviyenoT sargeblianobis funqcia samuSaos Sesaxeb ori
sxvadasxva SemoTavazebis SefasebisaTvis:
R
T
S
sargeblianobis
funqcia
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Semosavali (aTasi lari)
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nax. 6.3 damokidebuleba sargeblianobasa da Semosavals Soris klebadi zRvruli sargeblianobis dros.
sargeblianobis funqcia zrdadia: adamianebs meti Semosavali urCevniaT (radganac met sargeblianobas iReben).
zRvruli sargeblianoba klebadia Semosavlis umniSvnelo sididiT zrdisas yovel damatebiT erTeuls sul ufro da ufro
klebadi sargeblianoba moaqvs. dabali Semosavlis pirobebSi (4000 lari) Semosavlis umniSvnelo zrdas moaqvs ufro
meti sargeblianoba (QR monakveTi), vidre maRali Semosavlis pirobebSi (104000 lari) Semosavlis imave sididiT
zrdas (ST monakveTi).

A
C
D
B
60
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230
320
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funqcia
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Semosavali (aTasi lari)
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nax. 6.4 riskis mowinaaRmdege adamianis sargeblianobis funqcia da mosalodneli mniSvneloba
`axdenili ocnebebis mosalodneli sargeblianoba naklebia `wyali margebelis mosalodnel sargeblianobasTan SedarebiT.
gadawyvetilebas garantirebuli Semosavlis, anu kompania `wyali margebelis sasargeblod miiRebT.

54
119
- `wyali margebelSi miRebuli Semosavlis sargeblianoba naxazze Seesabameba B wertils _ 54 000
lari Semosavali, romelsac Seesabameba 230 erTeuli sargeblianoba, anu U (54 000)=230;
- `axdenili ocnebebis Semosavlis sargeblianoba premiis gareSe mxolod garantirebuli xelfasis
miRebis SemTxvevaSi Seesabameba A wertils. am SemTxvevaSi iRebT 4000 lar Semosavals,
romelsac moaqvs 60 erTeuli sargeblianoba, anu U (4 000)=60;
- `axdenili ocnebebis Semosavlis sargeblianoba, roca garantirebul xelfasTan erTad iRebT premias,
Seesabameba C wertils. am SemTxvevaSi iRebT 104 000 lar Semosavals, romelsac moaqvs 320
erTeuli sargeblianoba, anu U (104 000)=320;
- `axdenili ocnebebis mosalodneli sargeblianoba aris misive Semosavlebis (an 4 000 an 104 000)
Sesabamisi sargeblianobebis mosalodneli mniSvneloba.
am SemTxvevaSi mosalodneli sargeblianoba tolia:
0,5 X U(4 000) + 0,5 X U(104 000) = 0,5 X 60 + 0,5 X 320 = 190
naxazze 6.4 D wertils Seesabameba 190 erTeuli sargeblianoba.
ufro zogadad, nebismieri sarisko situaciis mosalodneli sargeblianoba aris misi SesaZlo
Semosavlebis Sesabamisi sargeblianobebis mosalodneli mniSvneloba. kerZod, Tu iT ....... B Z B A , ,
aRvniSnavT gaurkveveli situaciis SesaZlo Semosavlebs, maSin misi mosalodneli sargeblianoba
gamoiTvleba Semdegnairad:
mosalodneli sargeblianoba =
= A-s albaToba X A-s Semosavlis sargeblianobaze, Tu A moxdeba
+ B-s albaToba X B-s Semosavlis sargeblianobaze, Tu B moxdeba
+
.........................................................................................................................................................................
+ Z-s albaToba X Z-s Semosavlis sargeblianobaze, Tu Z moxdeba
naxazis 6.4 analizi gviCvenebs, rom `axdenili ocnebebi igive mosalodnel Semosavals gTavazobT,
rasac `wyali margebeli (54 000 lari), magram pirvelis mosalodneli sargeblianoba naklebia im mosalodnel
sargeblianobasTan SedarebiT, romelsac miiRebT, Tuki kompania `wyali margebelis SemoTavazebas
daTanxmdebiT (190<230). Tu orive SemoTavazebas naxazze 6.4 gamosaxuli sargeblianobis funqciis
mixedviT SeafasebT, maSin gadawyvetilebas udaod garantirebuli Semosavlis, anu kompania `wyali
margebelis sasargeblod miiRebT.
naxazebi 6.3 da 6.4 asaxaven riskisadmi uaryofiTad ganwyobili adamianis (Risk Averse)
sargeblianobis funqciebs. riskis mowinaaRmdge adamiani Tanabari mosalodneli Semosavlebis
SemTxvevaSi upiratesobas aniWebs garkveulobas da garantirebul Semosavals. naxazze 6.4 gamosaxuli
klebadi zRvruli sargeblianobis funqcia gviCvenebs, rom garkveuli movlenis garantirebuli Semosavlis
sargeblianoba aWarbebs sarisko Semosavlis mosalodnel sargeblianobas, miuxedavaT imisa, rom sarisko
Semosavlis mosalodneli Rirebuleba da garantirebuli Semosavlis mosalodneli Rirebuleba erTmaneTis tolia.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom roca midixarT `axdenil ocnebebSi samuSaod, garantirebuli Semosavlis
aRmniSvneli urisko situaciis _ B wertilis zemoT Tqven geqnebaT 104000 54000 = 50000 lariT meti
Semosavali, vidre maSin Tu garantirebul Semosavals amjobinebdiT. meore SemTxvevaSi, Tu premias ver
miiRebT da mxolod Tavdapirvel 4000 larian xelfass dasjerdebiT, maSin Tqven gaqvT 54000-4000=50000
lariT naklebi Semosavali (B wertilis qvemoT). radganac zRvruli sargeblianoba klebadia, qveda nawilSi (B
120
wertilis qvemoT) sargeblianobis Semcireba ufro metia, vidre sargeblianobis mateba zeda nawilSi (B wertilis
zemoT).
ganxilul magaliTSi, klebadi zRvruli sargeblianobis kanonis gamo gadawyvetilebis mimRebi
subieqtis sargeblianoba ufro metad mcirdeba gaurkveveli situaciis arasasurveli Sedegis dadgomisas (B
wertilis qvemoT), vidre igi matulobs gaurkveveli situaciis sasurveli Sedegis dadgomisas (B wertilis
zemoT). swored amitom gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqti riskis mowinaaRmdge xdeba. adamianTa
umravlesoba swored aseTebi arian.

riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobili da riskis moyvaruli adamianebi
zogierTi adamiani riskisadmi neitralurad aris ganwyobili. riskisadmi neitraluri adamiani erTmaneTs
adarebs gaurkveveli situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebis mxolod da mxolod mosalodnel mniSvnelobebs (magaliTad,
mosalodnel Semosavlebs) da misTvis sul erTia garkveuli Tu gaurkveveli Sedegebi, Tu orives mosalodneli
Semosavali erTnairia. risk-neitraluri adamianis sargeblianobis funqcia wrfea: , bI a U + = sadac a da b
dadebiTi ucvleli sidideebia. axla ganvixiloT gaurkveveli situacia ori SesaZlo SemosavliT:
1
I da
2
I , romelTa
Sesabamisi albaTobebia
r
P da ). (
r
P 1 am gaurkveveli situaciis mosalodneli sargeblianoba ) (EU aris
] ) ( [ ) )( ( ) (
2 1 2 1
1 1 I P I P b a bI a P bI a P EU
r r r r
+ + = + + + =
advilad SevamCnevT, rom gamosaxuleba did frCxilebSi aris gaurkveveli situaciis mosalodneli
mniSvneloba (Expacted Value - EV). amrigad, mosalodnel sargeblianobasa da mosalodnel mniSvnelobas
Soris arsebobs aseve wrfivi funqciuri damokidebuleba:
) (EV b a EU + =
naxazi 6.5 gviCvenebs riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobili adamianis sargeblianobis funqcias. isev
davubrundeT kompaniebSi muSaobis dawyebis Sesaxeb zemoT ganxilul or SemoTavazebas.
igi aris swori xazi, rac migvaniSnebs rom zRvruli sargeblianoba aris mudmivi. rogoric ar unda iyos
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqtis Semosavlis done (dabali Tu maRali), Semosavlis nebismieri umniSvnelo
cvlilebisas miRebuli sargeblianoba aris erTi da igive sidide. (naxazze 6.5 ST monakveTi tolia QR
monakveTisa).

121

riskis moyvaruli adamiani gaurkvevel situacias amjobinebs erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvrul
situacias, Tu orive situaciis mosalodneli mniSvnelobebi erTnairia. Tu Tqven riskis moyvaruli adamiani
brZandebiT, maSin TqvenTvis `axdenil ocnebebSi muSaobis mosalodneli sargeblianoba gadaaWarbebs
`wyali margebelSi miRebuli garantirebuli Semosavlis sargeblianobas.
naxazi 6.6 gviCvenebs riskis moyvaruli adamianis sargeblianobis funqcias. am SemTxvevaSi
sargeblianobis funqcia zrdad zRvrul sargeblianobas gamoxatavs. Semosavalis yoveli umniSvnelo zrdisas
miRebuli zRvruli sargeblianoba izrdeba Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad. (ST monakveTis sigrZe aRemateba QR
monakveTis sigrZes).

6.3 riskis miReba da riskis Tavidan acileba

ekonomistebis azriT, adamianTa umravlesobas riski arasasurvelad miaCnia, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
roca saqme exeba mniSvnelovan TanxebTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebebs (SeiZinon Tu ara dazRveva
avtomobilebisaTvis an daabandon Tu ara fuli fasian qaRaldebSi). avtomZRolebi yiduloben dazRvevas im
rwmeniT, rom maT mier gadaxdili dazRvevis safasuri, bevrad naklebia im TanxebTan SedarebiT, risi
gaRebac maT SesaZloa mouxdeT avtoavariis dros. avtomZRoli riskis srul likvidacias an mis Semcirebas
cdilobs. avtomZRolisagan gansxvavebiT, adamiani, romelic Tavisi danazogebis garkveul nawils fasian
qaRaldebSi abandebs, risks iRebs sakuTar Tavze.

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Semosavali (aTasi lari)
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nax. 6.5 riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobili adamianis sargeblianobis funqcia
sargeblianobis funqcia gamoixateba swori xaziT, radganac zRvruli sargeblianoba aris mudmivi. rogoric ar unda
iyos gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqtis Semosavlis done (dabali Tu maRali), Semosavlis nebismieri umniSvnelo
cvlilebisas miRebuli sargeblianoba aris erTi da igive sidide. ST monakveTi tolia QR monakveTis.

122

rodis arian mzad riskis misaRebad riskisadmi uaryofiTad ganwyobili adamianebi da rodis surT misi
sruli anulireba an Semcireba? dasmul kiTxavze pasuxis gasacemad gavecnoT riskis premiis koncefcias da
riskis uarmyofeli adamianis stimulebs dazRvevis SeZenis mimarT.
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Semosavali (aTasi lari)
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nax. 6.6 riskis moyvaruli adamianis sargeblianobis funqcia.
sargeblianobis funqcia asaxavs zrdad zRvrul sargeblianobas. Semosavalis umniSvnelo zrdisas miRebuli zRvruli
sargeblianoba izrdeba Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad. ST monakveTis sigrZe aRemateba QR monakveTis sigrZes.
123
riskis premia
riskis premia (Risk Premium) es aris im Tanxis maqsimaluri odenoba, romlis gadasaxdeladac
mzad aris riskisadmi uaryofiTad ganwyobili adamiani, raTa Tavidan aicilos riski. zogadad premia
damokidebulia im sarisko alternativebze, romelTa winaSec dgas adamiani.
ori alternatiuli samuSaos Sesaxeb Cvens mier wina paragrafSi ganxilul magaliTSi arCevani
ganxorcielda garkveuli situaciisa da garantirebuli Semosavlis SemTavazebeli kompaniis sasargeblod. Tu
Tqveni, rogorc arCevanis ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtis, mosalodneli xelfasi `axdenil ocnebebSi iqneboda
mniSvnelovnad didi, vidre garantirebuli Semosavali `wyali margebelidan, maSin SesaZloa arCevani
saqmianobis damwyebi mcire sawarmos _ `axdenili ocnebebis sasargeblod gagekeTebinaT.
naxazi 6.7 gviCvenebs, rom roca `axdenili ocnebebis mosalodneli xelfasi aris 54 000 lari da `wyali
margebelis xelfasi 29 000, `axdenili ocnebebis xelfasis mosalodneli sargeblianoba (naxazi 6.7, wertili D)
aWarbebs mosalodnel sargeblianobas, romelic `wyali margebelSi miRebul xelfass moaqvs (F wertili).


naxazi 6.7 aRwers Zalian mniSvnelovan sakiTxs _ riskisadmi uaryofiTad ganwyobilma admanianma
SesaZloa amjobinos gaurkvevloba, da Sesabamisad riski, garantirebul Semosavalsa da erTmniSvnelovnad
garkveul situacias. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, riskis uarmyofeli adamiani mzadaa riskis misaRebad, Tu
iarsebebs damatebiTi `jildo premiis saxiT, romelic moaxdens am riskis kompensacias.
Tu ramdenad didi an mcire unda iyos es damatebiTi `jildo, damokidebulia gaurkveveli situaciis
riskis premiaze. riskis premia aris aucilebeli sxvaoba gaurkveveli situaciis mosalodnel mniSvnelobasa
da ueWveli Sedegis Semosavals Soris. am situaciaSi gadawyvetilebis mimRebi neitraluria saeWvo da
ueWveli Sedegebis mimarT. riskis premiis asaxsnelad warmovidginoT, rom gadawyvetilebis mimRebi
29
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Semosavali (aTasi lari)
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nax. 6.7 riskis mowinaaRmdege adamianma SesaZloa riski amjobinos gaurkvevlobas
roca `axdenili ocnebebis mosalodneli xelfasi aris 54 000 lari da `wyali margebelis xelfasi 29 000, maSin `axdenili
ocnebebis xelfasis mosalodneli sargeblianoba (naxazze D wertili) aWarbebs `wyali margebelSi miRebuli xelfasis
mosalodnel sargeblianobas (F wertili). OAFC aris `wyali margebelis sargeblianobis funqcia, xolo OADC `axdenili
ocnebebis sargeblianobis funqcia.
54
190
124
subieqtis winaSe dgas ori alternativa _ gaurkveveli raime situacia da udaod cxadi Sedegis momtani situacia,
romlis Semosavali tolia gaurkveveli situaciis mosalodneli Semosavlisa. aqamde Catarebuli msjelobis
safuZvelze cxadia, rom subieqti amjobinebs garkveul Sedegs da garantirebul Semosavals.
magram axla davuSvaT, rom Seamcires garantirebuli Semosavlis odenoba. Tu garantirebuli
Semosavali umniSvnelod Semcirda, maSin SesaZloa gadawyvetilebis mimRebs isev garantirebuli
Semosavali urCevnia gaurkveveli situaciis mosalodnel Semosavals. magram Tuki garantirebul
Semosavals mniSvnelovnad SevamcirebT, maSin SesaZloa gaurkvevelis situaciisa da riskis Semcveli
alternativis sasargeblod gakeTdes arCevani. riskis premia gviCvenebs im wertils, sadac individis
upiratesobebi icvleba sapirispiro mimarTulebiT. riskis premia im Tanxis odenobaa, romliTac unda
Semcirdes garantirebuli Semosavali, raTa riskisadmi uaryofiTad ganwyobili gadawyvetilebis
mimRebi individi neitraluri iyos Tavdapirvel sarisko situaciisa da arasarisko, magram axla ukve
Semcirebuli garantirebuli Semosavlis mimarT.
ufro zogadad, Tu Cven gvaqvs gaurkveveli situacia ori SesaZlo SemosavlebiT _
1
I da
2
I ,
Sesabamisi albaTobebiT
r
P da ), (
r
P 1 maSin riskis premia RP SegviZlia gamoviangariSoT Semdegi
formulidan, sadac formulis marcxena mxare gaurkveveli situaciis mosalodneli sargeblianobaa
] ) ( [ ) ( ) ( ) ( RP I P I P U I U P I U P
r r r r
+ = +
2 1 2 1
1 1
naxazi 6.8 gviCvenebs rogor SeiZleba gamovsaxoT riskis premia `axdenili ocnebebis
SemoTavazebis SemTxvevaSi.
gavixsenoT, rom `axdenil ocnebebSi muSaobis dawyebis saSualo Semosavali (mosalodneli
mniSvneloba) tolia 54 000 laris (D wertili), romlis Sesabamisi sargeblianoba naxazze 6.8 aris 190 erTeuli.
190 erTeuli sargeblianoba amave naxazis mixedviT Seesabameba 37 000 larian garantirebul Semosavals,
miRebuls `wyali margebelidan (E wertili). E da D wertilebs erTnairi sargeblianoba aqvs, riskis uarmyofeli
adamiani airCevs garantirebul 37000 larian Semosavals da Sesabamis samuSaos. `axdenili ocnebebis mier
SeTavazebuli samuSaos riskis premia ki iqneba 17 000 lari (54 000 - 37 000). naxazze ED monakveTis
sigrZe gamoxatavs swored riskis premias.
naxazze 6.8 grafikis saSualebiT aRwerili 17 000 laris riskis premiis interpretireba
yoveldRiur sametyvelo enaze Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: Tu `wyali margebeli marTlac gTavazobT 37 000
larian garantirebul Semosavals (E wertili), maSin `axdenilma ocnebebma sul mcire 17 000 lariT meti
mosalodneli saSualo Semosavali unda SemogTavazoT, rom miiRoT SemoTavazeba. es 17 000 lari aris is
minimaluri Tanxa _ `jildo, romlisTvis gulisTvisac garantirebuli Semosavlis miRebis ueWveloba unda
gacvaloT saTuo, magram ufro maRali Semosavalis miRebis SesaZleblobaze. riskisadmi uaryofiTad
ganwyobili adamiani amjobinebs gaurkvevelobasa da risks, Tu gaurkveveli situaciis mosalodneli
saSualo Semosavali riskis premiaze ufro meti odenobiT aRemateba garantirebuli Semosavals.
riskis premiis uniSvnelovanesi determinanti aris gaurkveveli situaciis cvalebadoba (variacia). Tu
erTmaneTs SevadarebT toli mosalodneli mniSvnelobisa da gansxvavebuli variaciebis mqone or gaurkvevel
situacias, ufro maRali variaciis mqone gaurkveveli situaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iqneba ufro maRali riskis
premiac. es garemoeba niSnavs, rom rac ufro maRalia riski, miT meti damatebiTi `jildo sWirdeba
adamians am riskis misaRebad.

125


riskis Tavidan acileba. riski da dazRveva
riskis premiis Cvens mier ganxorcielebuli analizi gviCvenebs, rom riskisadmi uaryofiTad ganwyobili
adamiani mzadaa riskis sakuTar Tavze asaRebad, Tu amisaTvis sakmarisad did `jildos miiRebs. riskis
uarymyofeli adamianis qcevis es logika naTels hfens im SemTxvevebsac, roca igive adamiani amjobinebs
riskis Tavidan acilebas dazRvevis SeZenis gziT.
riskis Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis sailustraciod, warmovidginoT, rom Tqven
SeiZineT axali Zvirfasi avtomobili da amasTanave wlis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva
xarjebis dasafarad gankuTvnili gaqvT 50 000 lari. Tu yvelaferi ise warimarTeba, rogorc dagegmili gaqvT,
anu Tu avtomobili gamarTulad imuSavebs da avtoavariac ar SegemTxvevaT, maSin Tqveni
samomxmareblo xarjebis odenoba isev 50 000 lari iqneba.
magram Tu avtomanqanisaTvis dazRveva SeZenili ara gaqvT da mas avtosagzao SemTxvevaSi
daazianebT, maSin SesakeTeblad 10 000 laris daxarjva mogiwevT. es gauTvaliswinebeli danaxarji sxva
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad gankuTvnil Tqvens wliur xarjebs 40 000 laramde Seamcirebs.
davuSvaT, rom Tqveni manqanis avtoavariaSi dazianebis albaToba aris 0,05. Sesabamisad, avariis gareSe
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi manqaniT mgzavrobis albaToba iqneba 0,95. Tu Tqveni manqana ar aris
dazRveuli, maSin Tqven dgaxarT riskis winaSe: 40 000 laris samomxmareblo xarjebiT darCenis Sansi 5%-
ia, xolo 50 000 laris samomxmareblo xarjebiT darCenis Sansi ki 95%.
axla davuSvaT, rom Tqven SegiZliaT SeiZinoT 10 000 laris Rirebulebis wliuri dazRvevis polisi
weliwadSi 500 larad. polisis Rirebulebas - 500 lars ewodeba dazRvevis premia (sadazRvevo Senatani).
dazRvevis aseTi polisis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi, sadazRvevo kompania Tanaxmaa gadaixados avtoavariisas
dazianebuli Tqveni manqanis SesakeTebeli xarji 10 000 laris odenobiT. aseT sadazRvevo poliss ori
damaxasiaTebeli niSani gaaCnia: (1) mTlianad faravs yvela xarjs, romelic SesaZloa gamoiwvios manqanis
60
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Semosavali (aTasi lari)
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nax. 6.8 riskis mowinaaRmdege adamianis riskis premia
E da D wertilebs erTnairi sargeblianoba aqvs. `axdenili ocnebebis mier SeTavazebuli samuSaos riskis premia aris
17 000 lari (54 000-37 000). naxazze ED monakveTis sigrZe gamoxatavs riskis premias.


54
126
avariaSi dazianebam, anu eweva danaxarjebis srul kompensacias da (2) polisis Rirebuleba obieqturad aris
Sefasebuli (Fairly Priced). obieqturad Sefasebuli sadazRevvo polisis dros dazRvevis premia sadazRvevo
kompaniis mier dapirebuli sakompensacio Tanxis mosalodneli mniSvnelobis tolia. obieqturad Sefasebuli
sadazRvevo polisis fasi (anu dazRvevis premia) dazRveuli zianis dasafari Tanxis mosalodneli mniSvnelobis
tolia.
Cveni magaliTis SemTxvevaSi kompaniis mier dapirebuli 10 000 laris gadaxdis Sansi 5%, xolo
gadauxdelobis ki - 95%-ia. amitom sadazRvevo kompaniis mier dapirebuli sakompensacio Tanxis
mosalodneli mniSvneloba aris (0,05 X 10000)+(0,95X0)=500 lari. obieqturad Sefasebuli sadazRvevo polisi
sxvanairadac SegviZlia aRvweroT: erT larze sadazRvevo premiis odenoba (500/10 000) avtoavariis
albaTobis toli unda iyos (0,05).
riskis Tavidan acilebis logika aCvenebs, rom aseTi sadazRvevo polisis SeZena xelsayrelia.
polisis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi samomxmareblo xarjebi aris
- 50 000 - 500=49 500 (avtoavariis SemTxvevis gareSe)
- 50 000 500 - 10 000 + 10 000= 49 500 (avtoavariis SemTxvevaSi)
ase rom, sadazRvevo polisi mTlianad auqmebs risks, amasTanave, saSualebas iZleva yovelgvari
gaurkvevlobis gareSe daixarjos 49 500 lari wliuri samomxmareblo xarjebis saxiT. sadazRvevo polisis gareSe
samomxmareblo xarjebi aris: 50 000 lari (avtavariis gareSe) da 40 000 lari (avtoavariis SemTxvevaSi)
sadazRvevo polisis SeuZenlobis SemTxvevaSi samomxmareblo xarjebis mosalodneli mniSvneloba
aris 0,95 50000+0,05 40 000=49500. ase rom, samomxmareblo xarjebis mosalodneli mniSvneloba (49
500) polisis SeuZenlobis SemTxvevaSi tolia polisis SeZenis Semdeg darCenili realuri samomxmareblo
xarjebisa (50 000 - 500=49 500). radgan riskis mowinaaRmdege adamiani garkveulobas amjobinebs
erTnairi mosalodneli mniSvnelobis gaurkvevel Sedegebs, amitom yovelTvis urCevnia SeiZinos
samarTlianad Sefasebuli sadazRevvo polisi, romelic danakargis srul kompensirebas hpirdeba.
riskis uarmyofel individebs aqvT dazRvevis SeZenis Zlieri stimulebi, magram ratom surT
sadazRvevo kompaniebs sadazRvevo polisebis momxmareblebisaTvis miwodeba? Tu riskis uarmyofeli
adamianebi qmnian moTxovnas sadazRvevo bazarze, maSin miwodeba riskis moyvaruli sadazRvevo
kompaniebis mieraa Seqmnili? sadazRvevo kompaniebi sakuTar Tavze iReben klientebis risks im imediT,
rom klientebis zaralis anazRaureba ar mouwevT bednieri SemTxvevebis wyalobiT? dazRvevis miwodebis
msurveli kompaniebis arseboba srulebiTac ar gulisxmobs, rom dazRvevis mimwodeblebi riskis moyvarulebi
arian. sadazRevvo biznesis istoriaze Tvalis gadavleba advilad dagvarwmunebs am Tvalsazrisis
WeSmaritebaSi.
mkvlevarebi miuTiTeben,
7
rom sadazRvevo biznesis fesvebi antikuri epoqidan modis. Zvel
saberZneTsa da romis imperiaSi dRevandeli sicocxlis dazRvevis polisis msgavsi dazRvevis mimwodeblebi
imdroindeli gildiebi iyvnen (ostatTa gaerTienebebi antikur samyaroSi). gildiebi sTxovdnen TavianT wevrebs
garkveuli Tanxa permanentulad SeegrovebinaT organizaciis wevrebis ojaxebis dasaxmareblad ojaxis ufrosis
moulodnelad gardacvalebis SemTxvevebisaTvis. Sua saukuneebis italiaSi warmoiSva marcvleulis dazRvevis
sistema: fermerebma Seqmnes kooperaciuli gaerTianeba, sadac cudi amindis SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTis
danakargebs azRvevdnen. maTi SeTanxmebis mixedviT, qveynis erT nawilSi mcxovrebi fermerebi, sadac
kargi amindi iyo, kompensacias uxdidnen qveynis sxva nawilSi mcxovreb fermerebs, romlebsac amindma ar

7
Bernstein, P.L., Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk, Chapter 5., New York, 1996
127
gaumarTla. da bolos, 1771 wels daarsda mTels msoflioSi cnobili sadazRvevo kompania `loids of london
(LIoyds of London), rodesac kompania `loids-is kuTvnil yavis saxlSi moRvawe adamianTa jgufi
SeTanxmda, gaeRoT piradi simdidre jgufis wevrebisa da klientebis moulodneli danakargebis dasafaravad.
adamianTa jgufi, romelic dazRvevis premias uxdida `loids-s Sedgeboda gemTmflobelebis, vaWrebisa da
Senoba-nagebobebis mflobelebisagan.
istoriuli magaliTebi naTlad gviCveneben dazRevvis fundamentur princips _ adamianTa jgufi,
romelTac aranairi danakargebi ar aqvs, kompensacias uxdis imaT, visac danakargebi gauCndaT sarisko
situaciebSi. riskis ganawilebisa da riskebis damoukideblobis principebi Tanamedrove sadazRvevo
biznesis fuZemdebluri principebia. dazRveva Tavis SinaarsiT aris riskis ganawileba adamianTa jgufis
mier, ise, rom arcerTi maTgani ar iRebs gansakuTrebulad didi odenobis risks sakuTar Tavze. swored
amitom sadazRvevo bazari SesaZloa warmoiSvas maSinac ki, roca dazRvevis mimwodebeli jgufis wevrebi
riskis uarmyofeli adamianebi arian. erTaderTi piroba rac am dros unda Sesruldes, aris riskebis
damoukidebloba.
individebis mier sakuTar Tavze aRebuli riskebi garkveuli doziT damoukidebeli unda iyvnen
erTmaneTisagan. riskebis damoukideblobis SemTxvevaSi, roca erTi adamiani zaralobs, arseboben sxva
dauzaralebeli adamianebi, romlebic ixdian dazaralebulisaTvis kompensacias. riskebis damoukideblobis es
debuleba marTebulia TiTqmis yvela saxis dazRvevis SemTxvevaSi (avtomobilis, sicocxlis, qonebis,
janmrTelobis dazRveva Tu sxva). arsebobs iSviaTi gamonaklisebi, roca riskebis damoukideblobis principi ar
sruldeba. magaliTad, stiqiuri ubedurebebis dros adamianTa qonebisa da janmrTelobisadmi miyenebuli ziani
SesaZloa imdenad farTod gavrceldes, rom sadazRvevo kompaniebs mouwioT didZali sakompensacio
Tanxebis gacema. aseT SemTxvevebSi sadazRvevo kompaniebi didi finansuri sirTuleebis winaSe
aRmoCndebian. aseTi SemTxvevbi gamonaklisia. umravles SemTxvevaSi sadazRvevo bazrebi warmatebiT
funqcionireben: riskis ganawileba SesaZlebelia da riskebi erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelia.


6.4 asimetriuli informacia sadazRvevo bazrebze

sadazRvevo polisebi, rogorc wesi, Seicaven mosalodneli zaralis SemTxvevaSi zaralis odenobis
dauzRvevel minimums (Deductible). wina paragrafSi ganxiluli magaliTis SemTxvevaSi, dauzRveveli
minimumi aris manqanis SekeTebis xarjebis is nawili (magaliTad 1000 lari), romelic sadazRvevo polisis
mflobelma unda gadaixados, xolo danarCeni nawili sadazRvevo kompaniis mier aris dazRveuli da kompania
uxdis polisis mflobels. dauzRveveli minimumi riskebs sruli dazRvevidan nawilobriv dazRvevad gadaaqcevs,
anu moiTxovs Tana-gadaxdas.
ratom aweseben sadazRevvo kompaniebi dauzRvevel minimums? ratom moiTxoven Tqvengan
Tanagadaxdas zaralis kompensaciisas? sadazRvevo kompaniebis aseTi qceva ganpirobebulia asimetriuli
informaciis arsebobiT. asimetriuli informacia gulisxmobs iseT situacias, roca bazarze monawile erT-
erTi mxare flobs ufro met informacias sakuTari qcevisa da Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, vidre meore mxare.
sadazRvevo bazrebze asimetriuli informacia ori mniSvnelovani formiT vlindeba: esenia moraluri safrTxe
(Moral Hazard) da araxelsayreli SerCeva (Adverse Selection).
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moraluri safrTxe warmoiSoba, Tu dazRveul mxares aqvs SesaZlebloba faruli moqmedebiT gavlena
moaxdinos dazRveuli SemTxvevis moxdenis albaTobaze. araxelsayreli SerCeva warmoiSoba, roca erT-erTi
mxare flobs farul informacias SemTxvevis riskis an zaralis odenobis Sesaxeb.

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faruli qmedeba: moraluri safrTxe
davubrundeT wina paragrafSi aRweril avtomobilis dazRvevis magaliTs. davuSvaT, Tqven SeiZineT
sadazRvevo polisi, romelic mTlianad faravs avtomobilis qurdobisa da SekeTebis xarjebs avtoavariis
SemTxvevaSi. xom ar gamoiwvevs es garemoeba Tqveni sifxizlis modunebas? ramdenad frTxili iqnebiT
Tqvens moqmedebebSi imasTan SedarebiT, Tu srulad dazRveuli ar iqneboda Tqveni avtomobili? SesaZloa
Tqven marTlac naklebi yuradRebiT marToT manqana, moumatoT siswrafes, Tavi aRar SeikavoT Zlieri
wvimis pirobebSi mgzavrobisagan, aRar SeiZinoT usafrTxoebis ZviradRirebuli mowyobilobebi
manqanisaTvis, Ram-RamobiT aRar daayenoT igi dacul avtosadgomze an uyuradRebod miatovoT mcire
xniT manqanidan gadmosvlisas. wminda efeqti, rac Tqveni sifxizlis modunebam gamoiwvia, aris
mosalodneli zaralis albaTobis gazrda. magaliTad, sruli dazRvevis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi zaralis Sansi Tu
10% iyo, axla SesaZloa gaxdes 15%, 20% an sulac ufro meti.
es magaliTi warmoadgens moraluri safrTxis koncefciis ilustrirebas. moraluri safrTxe aRwers
fenomens, roca dazRveuli mxare nakleb mzrunvelobas iCens dazRveuli obieqtis mimarT, vidre igi
gamoiCenda dazRvevis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi. radganac sadazRvevo kompaniebs ar SeuZliaT
monitoringi ganaxorcielon klientebis yoveldRiur qmedebebze, informacia aseTi qmedebebis Sesaxeb
dafarulia sadazRvevo kompaniisaTvis. sadazRevvo polisis miyidvis Semdeg kompanias aRar SeuZlia
gavlena moaxdinos klientis qcevaze.
klientebis mxridan aseTi faruli qmedebebis arseboba didi problemaa sadazRvevo kompaniebisaTvis,
rameTu moraluri safrTxis SesaZlebloba pirdapir axdens gavlenas kompaniis mogebaze. Tu Cvens mier
ganxilul magaliTSi sadazRvevo kompania muSaobs nulovani mogebis pirobebSi da avtomobilis dazianebis
albaToba aris 10%, maSin klientebis mxridan naklebi sifrTxilis gamoCeniT avtomobilis dazianebis
albaTobis gazrda 20%-mde kompanias daazaralebs (mogebis sidides uaryofiT ricxvad gadaaqcevs).
sadazRvevo kompaniebisaTvis moraluri safrTxis problemis mogvarebis erTerTi saSualeba
SemdegSi mdgomareobs: sadazRvevo kompaniebi dazRveuls uxdian kompensacias mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki klienti daasabuTebs, rom SemTxveva ar gamouwvevia mis uyuradRebo qcevas, naklebi
sifrTxilis gamoCenas an uzrunvelobas. magram sadazRvevo kompaniebisaTvis aseTi praqtika zogjer
mouxerxebelia. igi moiTxovs bevr dros da kompaniis mxridan TiToeuli SemTxvevisaTvis ZviradRirebuli
kvleva-Ziebis Catarebas.
aseTi gamoZiebis Catarebis SemTxvevaSic ki Zalzed Znelia klientis faruli qmedebebis saaSkaraoze
gamotana da kompensaciis gadaxdaze uaris Tqma. magaliTad, sasursaTo maRaziis win gaCerebuli
avtomanqanis qurdobis an dazianebis SemTxvevaSi rogor SeiZleba sadazRevvo kompaniam gaarkvios,
klientma Segnebuli gaufrTxileblobiT datova saval nawilze gaCerebuli manqana Tu Zalian eCqareboda da
ramdenime wuTSi sigaretis yidvis Semdeg swrafad dabrunebas apirebda.
moraluri safrTxis problemis mogvarebis ukeTesi gzaa sadazRvevo polisis mflobelebisaTvis faruli
qmedebebisagan Tavis Sekavebis stimulebis gaCena. (magaliTad, avtomZRolisaTvis sadazRvevo polisis
miyidvasTan erTad mgzavrobisas sifrTxilis gamoCenis stimulebis SenarCuneba).
sadazRvevo polisiT gaTvaliswinebuli dauzRveveli minimumi aris swored aseTi stimulebis gaCenis
erTerTi saSualeba. Tu dazRveulma mZRolma icis, rom avtoavariis SemTxvevaSi mas mouwevs SekeTebis
xarjebis nawilis Tavad dafarva, savaraudod, igi ufro yuradRebiT marTavs avtomobils.
sadazRvevo bazris wilis gazrdisaTvis erTmaneTTan konkurenciaSi myofi sadazRvevo kompaniebi
saintereso dilemis winaSe dganan: erTi mxriv, sadazRvevo polisi unda faravdes mosalodneli zianis xarjebis
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rac SeiZleba met nawils, raTa individebma SeiZinon igi, xolo meore mxriv, dauzRveveli minimumi unda
iyos mniSvnelovnad didi, raTa dazRveul pirs faruli qmedebebisagan Tavis Sekavebis stimulebi gauCinos.

faruli informacia. araxelsayreli SerCeva
moraluri safrTxis fenomeni gvixsnis, Tu ratom ar axdenen riskebis srulad dazRvevas zogierT
SemTxvevaSi sadazRvevo kompaniebi. araxelsayreli SerCevis fenomeni ki gvixsnis, Tu ratom axorcieleben
sadazRvevo kompaniebi potenciuri klientebis erTiani jgufis diferencirebas riskis xarisxis mixedviT da ratom
axdevineben erTi da igive kategoriis klientebs gansxvavebul sadazRevvo Senatanebs. moraluri safrTxis
SemTxvevaSi sadazRvevo kompaniebi dauzRveveli minimumis meSveobiT cdiloben zemoqmedebas
klientebis qcevis stimulebze, xolo araxelsayreli SerCevisas _ kompaniebi dazRvevis premiis odenobiT
gavlenas axdenen erTi da igive kategoriis potenciuri klientebis sxvadasxva jgufze. potenciuri klientebis
saerTo jgufidan sarisko jgufebs ufro met dazRvevis premias axdevineben, xolo naklebad sarisko jgufebs ki
SedarebiT naklebs.
Cvens magaliTSi avtomZRolTa saerTo raodenoba bazarze sxvadasxva individisagan Sedgeba. maT
Soris zogi ufro metad gamocdili, daxelovnebuli da frTxili mZRolia, zogi - naklebad. naklebad frTxili da
gamoucdeli mZRolebi avtoavariisas ufro didi riskis matareblebi arian. Tu sadazRvevo kompaniebi erTnair
sadazRvevo Senatans daawesebdnen orive tipis mZRolebisaTvis, maSin axalbeda mZRolebisaTvis polisis
miyidva ufro naklebad xelsayreli iqneboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi sadazRevvo kompaniis mier
ganxorcieldeboda misi interesebis sazianod klientebis araxelsayreli SerCeva, rameTu klientebis am jgufis
riskis xarisxi ufro maRalia, vidre dazRvevis premia (sadazRevo Senatani).
sadazRvevo kompanias SeuZlia am viTarebis gaTvaliswineba da araxelsayreli SerCevis problemis
mogvareba potenciur klientTa sxvadasxva jgufisaTvis maTi riskis xarisxis Sesabamisi sadazRvevo Senatanis
dawesebiT. Cvens magaliTSi sadazRvevo kompaniebma, araxelsayreli SerCevis problema SesaZloa
moagvaron Semdegnairad: 30-wlamde axalgazrda mZRolebs dauweson ufro maRali sadazRvevo Senatani,
xolo mZRolTa ufro xandazmul kategorias ki ufro naklebi sadazRevevo Senatani.
xSirad potenciur klientTa jgufis riskebis sidideebi imdenad diferencirebulia, farTo speqtrs moicavs
da informacia miuwvdomelia sadazRvevo kompaniisaTvis, rom Znelia TiToeuli risk-jgufisaTvis Sesabamisi
dazRvevis premiis dadgena. sadazRvevo kompaniis uunaroba, ganasxvavos erTmaneTisagan
sadazRvevo polisebis SemZenTa riskis sidideebi, kompaniebs uqmnis seriozul siZneleebs da
warmoSobs araxelsayreli SerCevis problemas.
magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT kompania, romelic janmrTelobis dazRvevis poliss yidis. fiqsirebuli
sadazRvevo Senatanis pirobebSi sadazRvevo polisi, romelic srulad faravs mkurnalobis xarjebs, ufro metad
mimzidveli aRmoCndeba maRali riskis matarebeli individebisaTvis (magaliTad, cxovrebis arajansaRi wesis
moyvarulebisaTvis an memkvidreobiTi avadmyofobis matareblebisaTvis), vidre dabali riskis mqone
individebisaTvis. aseTi situacia iwvevs sadazRvevo kompaniisaTvis xarjebis zrdas. martivi gamosavali
iqneboda sadazRvevo kompaniis mier sadazRevvo Senatanis gazrda riskis maRali xarisxis gamo.
araxelsayreli SerCevis problemis gadasaWrelad sadazRvveo Senatanis gazrda ar gamoiwvevda
dadebiT Sedegebs. yvela potenciuri klientisaTvis sadazRvevo Senatanis erTnairad gazrda kidev ufro
gaauaresebda situacias: maRali riskis mqone individebi isev gaagrZelebdnen polisis SeZenas (sadazRvevo
polisi maTTvis Zalzed Rirebulia), xolo dabali riskis matarebeli zogierTi individi ki saerTod aRar SeiZenda
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poliss maRali sadazRvevo Senatanis gamo (SesaZloa maT polisi arc ki dasWirdeT, rameTu kargi
janmrTeloba aqvT).
sadazRvveo polisis xarjebis dasafarad dazRvevis premiis odenobis gazrda moqmedebs dabali riskis
matarebel individTa im jgufze, romelTac jer kidev surdaT sadazRvevo polisis SeZena. aseTi nabijiT
sadazRvevo kompaniam klientebis araxelsayreli SerCeva ganaxorciela potenciur klientTa sxvadasxva
jgufebidan.
SeuZliaT Tu ara sadazRvevo kompaniebs warmatebiT funqcionireba araxelsayreli SerCevis
problemis arsebobisas? warmatebis momtani erT-erTi gza iqneba, Tu kompaniebi momxmareblebs
SesTavazeben sadazRvevo polisebis farTo speqtrs, miscemen saSualebas Tavad SearCion maTTvis yvelaze
misaRebi sadazRvevo polisi. is momxmareblebi, romlebsac mosalodneli avadmyofobis naklebi Sansebi
aqvT, SearCeven sadazRvevo poliss, romelic iTvaliswinebs didi odenobis dauzRvevel minimums da mcire
sadazRvevo Senatans.
mcire dauzRveveli minimumisa da didi sadazRvevo Senatanis mqone polisi ki mimzidveli iqneba iseTi
momxmareblebisaTvis, romelTac mosalodneli avadmyofobis ufro meti Sansebi aqvT.
araxelsayreli SerCevis problemis mogvarebis kidev erTi gzaa sadazRvevo kompaniebis mier
polisebis ara calkeul individze, aramed adamianTa jgufze miyidva. magaliTad, zogjer sxvadasxva firmebi
TavianTi TanamSromlebisagan moiTxoven janmrTelobis savaldebulo dazRvevas. sadazRvevo kompania,
romelic aseT firmas jgufur sadazRvevo poliss sTavazobs, faqtiurad aerTianebs maRali da dabali riskis
mqone firmis TanamSromelTa riskebs.
sxvadasxva xarisxis riskebis aseTi `nakrebi saSualebas aZlevs sadazRvevo kompanias warmatebiT
gadaWras araxelsayreli SerCevis problema. TiToeuli maTganisaTvis sadazRvevo polisi individualurad rom
mieyida, maSin firmis maRali riskis mqone TanamSromlebisaTvis es SeTavazeba Zalzed mimzidveli
aRmoCndeboda, xolo dabali riskis mqone firmis TanamSromlebi ar moindomebdnen polisis SeZenas.

ZiriTadi terminebi
- gaurkvevloba
- riski
- mosalodneli mniSvneloba (maTematikuri lodini)
- variacia
- riskis moyvaruli, riskis uarmyofeli da riskisadmi neitraluri adamianis sargeblianobis funqcia
- riskis premia
- samarTlianad Sefasebuli sadazRvevo polisi
- riskebis ganawileba
- riskebis gaerTianeba
- moraluri ziani
- araxelsayreli SerCeva

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. gaurkvevloba aris situacia, roca cnobilia Sedegebi, xolo TiToeuli Sedegis moxdenis albaToba ki ara.
riski aRniSnavs situacias, roca cnobilia Yyvela SesaZlo Sedegi da TiToeuli maTganis moxdenis
albaTobac.
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2. sarisko situaciis mosalodneli mniSvneloba (maTematikuri lodini) aris yvela SesaZlo Sedegis
Sesabamisi Semosavlebis saSualo Sewonili sidide. mosalodneli mniSvneloba gamoxatavs ZiriTad
tendencias anu im Semosavals, romelsac saSualod SesaZloa velodeT.
3. sarisko situaciis variacia asaxavs SesaZlo Sedegebis mosalodneli mniSvnelobidan saSualo gadaxras.
variacia aris gaurkveveli situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebis cvalebadobis sazomi. igi axasiaTebs im
sazRvrebs, romelSic icvleba (varirebs) gaurkveveli situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebi.
4. riskis mowinaaRmdege adamiani amjobinebs garkveulobas gaurkvevel situaciasTan SedarebiT, Tuki
orive situaciis mosalodneli mniSvnelobebi tolia. riskis mowinaaRmdege gadawyvetilebis mimRebi
individis upiratesobebi SesaZloa aRiweros sargeblianobis funqciis meSveobiT, romelic klebadi
zRvruli sargeblianobis kanons asaxavs. riskis mowinaaRmdege individi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
afasebs gaurkveveli situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebs maTi sargeblianobebis mixedviT. riskisadmi
neitralurad ganwyobili adamiani gaurkvevel situacias afasebs SesaZlo Sedegebis Sesabamisi
Semosavlebis mosalodneli mniSvnelobis mixedviT.
5. riskis moyvaruli individi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas afasebs gaurkveveli situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebs
riskis mowinaaRmdege adamianis msgavsad: afasebs maT Sesabamisi sargeblianobebis mixedviT,
oRond aseTi adamianis sargeblianobis funqcia zrdad zRvrul sargeblianobas gamoxatavs.
6. riskis premia aris im Tanxis maqsimaluri odenoba, romlis gadaxdisTvisac mzad aris riskis uarmyofeli
adamiani. riskis premia aris aucilebeli sxvaoba gaurkveveli situaciis Semosavlis mosalodnel
mniSvnelobasa da ueWveli Semosavlis odenobas Soris. gadawyvetilebis mimRebi riskis
mowinaaRmdege individi indiferentulia risksa da garkveulobas Soris arCevanis mimarT.
7. obieqturad (samarTlianad) Sefasebuli sadazRvevo polisis fasi dazRveuli zianis dasafari Tanxis
mosalodneli mniSvnelobis tolia. riskis mowinaaRmdege individi risksa da gaurkvvelobas yovelTvis
amjobinebs SeiZinos obieqturad Sefasebuli sadazRvevo polisi.
8. dazRveva Tavis SinaarsiT aris riskis ganawileba adamianTa jgufis SigniT, ise rom arcerTi maTgani ar
iRebs gansakuTrebulad did risks sakuTar Tavze. sadazRvevo bazari SesaZloa warmoiSvas maSinac ki,
roca dazRvevis mimwodebeli jgufis wevrebi riskis uarmyofeli adamianebi arian.
9. riskis ganawilebisa da gaerTianebis, aseve riskebis damoukideblobis principebi Tanamedrove
sadazRvevo biznesis fuZemdebluri principebia. sadazRvevo sistemaSi adamianTa jgufi, romelsac
aranairi danakargebi ar aqvs, uxdis kompensacias imaT, visac danakargebi gauCndaT sarisko
situaciebSi.
10. asimetiuli informaciis arseboba sadazRvevo bazrebze warmoSobs moraluri zianisa da araxelsayreli
SerCevis problemebs. asimetriuli informacia gulisxmobs iseT situacias, roca bazarze monawile erT-
erTi mxare flobs ufro met informacias sakuTari qcevis an Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis

1. ratom aris albaTobaTaA jami 1-is toli?
2. ra aris latariis mosalodneli mniSvneoba (maTematikuri lodini)? ra aris variacia? risi sazomia TiToeuli
maTgani?
3. ra gansxvavebaa latariis mosalodnel mniSvnelobasa da latariis mosalodnel sargeblianobas Soris?
4. axseniT, rom klebadi zRvruli sargeblianobis kanoni aucileblad gulisxmobs riskis uarmyofel adamians.
5. ra gansxvavebaa riskis moyvarul, riskis uarmyofel da riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobili adamianis
sargeblianobis funqciebs Soris?
6. ra aris riskis premia? ra gansazRvravs mis sidides?
133
7. rogor gamoiTvleba samarTlianad Sefasebuli sadazRvevo polisis fasi?
8. ra aris moraluri ziani? ra aris araxelsayreli SerCeva? axseniT gansxvaveba maT Soris da moiyvaneT
magaliTebi.
134
Tavi 7. warmoebis Teoria

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. warmoebis procesis analizs erTi cvalebadi faqtoris saSualebiT
2. warmoebis procesis analizs ori cvalebadi faqtoris saSualebiT
3. kapitalis SromiT teqnikuri Senacvlebis zRvruli normis gazomvas
4. mwarmoeblis wonasworobis miRwevis pirobebis gaanalizebas
5. masStabidan ukugebis aRweras


7.1 warmoeba erTi cvalebadi faqtoris saSualebiT. klebadi zRvruli
mwarmoebluroba

warmoebis procesis cnebis qveS resursebis produqtad gardaqmnis procesi igulisxmeba. Tanamedrove
mikroekonomikaSi warmoeba gulisxmobs mizandasaxul saqmianobas warmoebis faqtorebis (resursebis)
gamoyenebiT sasurveli Sedegebis misaRwevad. Tu resursebis gamoyenebis moculoba cnobilia, maSin
xdeba Sedegis maqsimizacia, xolo Tu cnobilia Sedegi (romlis miRwevac aucilebelia), maSin xdeba
resursebis moculobis minimizacia.
sawarmoo funqcia (Production Function) gansazRvravs danaxarjebis mocemuli raodenobidan
saqonlis gamoSvebis maqsimalur raodenobas. igi ajamebs gamoSvebis danaxarjebis sxvadasxva
kombinaciis teqnikurad efeqtian gzebs.
warmoebis procesSi mravali faqtori gamoiyeneba. aqedan gamomdinare, firmis ekonomikuri
saqmianoba SeiZleba aisaxos Semdegi sawarmoo funqciiT:
= Q ), ,..., , (
2 1 n
F F F (7.1)
sadac
Q - warmoebis maqsimaluri moculobaa mocemuli danaxarjebis pirobebSi:
1
F - gamoyenebuli pirveli faqtoris raodenoba;
2
F - gamoyenebuli meore faqtoris raodenoba;
. . .
n
F - gamoyenebuli me-n-e faqtoris raodenoba.
sawarmoo funqciis kerZo SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba Caiweros Semdegnairad:
Q = F (K, L) (7.2)
igi gviCvenebs gamoSvebis maqsimalur moculobas (Q), romelic firmas SeuZlia awarmoos
warmoebis faqtorebis _ Sromisa (L) da kapitalis (K) sxvadasxva raodenobis gamoyenebiT.
135
Tu davuSvebT, rom
1
F aris cvalebadi faqtori, danarCeni (n-1) faqtorebi ki ) ,.... (
2 n
F F mudmivi,
maSin es piroba Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:
Q= f (F1, F2,Fn) (7.3)

rodesac warmoebas erTi cvalebadi faqtoris mixedviT vaanalizebT, warmoebis cvalebad faqtorad
Sromas ganvixilavT. warmoebaSi cvalebadi faqtoris gavlenis asaxvis mizniT Tavdapirvelad ganvsazRvroT
mTliani, saSualo da zRvruli produqti.
mTliani produqti (Total Product TP) es aris ekonomikuri dovlaTis raodenoba, romelic
gamoSvebulia garkveuli raodenobis cvalebadi faqtoris (Sromis) gamoyenebiT (igulisxmeba, rom sxva
faqtorebis raodenoba fiqsirebulia).
Tu erTobliv produqts gavyofT cvalebadi faqtoris daxarjul raodenobaze, miviRebT saSualo
produqts (Averige Product AP):
AP = TP / F
1
an AP = Q / F
1

an roca F
1
=L da Q=Q(K,L)
AP = Q / L (7.4)
zRvruli produqti (Marginal Product - MP) aris mTliani produqtis nazrdi, romelic miiReba
Sromis erTi erTeulis damatebiT, rodesac sxva faqtorebis danaxarjebi ucvlelia:

1
/ F TP MP A A = an
1
/ F Q MP A A =
an MP = Q / L (7.5)
mTliani produqti (TP) warmoebaSi cvalebadi faqtoris (F
1
) gamoyenebis zrdasTan erTad gaizrdeba.
Tumca mocemuli teqnologiis CarCoebSi am zrdas sazRvari aqvs. ganvixiloT naxazi 7.1.
I stadiaze (OA) zRvruli produqtis sidide izrdeba, xolo II stadiaze (AB) zRvruli produqtis sidide
mcirdeba da B' wertilSi saSualo produqts utoldeba: MP=AP (naxazi 7.1 `b). Tu I stadiaze (OA) mTliani
produqti nela izrdeba, vidre gamoyenebuli cvalebadi faqtoris raodenoba, maSin II stadiaze (AB) mTliani
produqti ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre gamoyenebuli cvalebadi faqtoris raodenoba (naxazi 7.1 `a~).
warmoebis III stadiaze (BC) zRvruli produqti saSualo produqtze naklebia (MP<AP), ris Sedegadac
mTliani produqti cvalebadi faqtoris danaxarjebTan SedarebiT ufro nela izrdeba. rodesac zRvruli produqti
naklebia saSualo produqtze, saSualo produqti mcirdeba.









IV
stadia
I
stadia
II
stadia
III
stadia
m
T
l
i
a
n
i

p
r
o
d
u
q
t
i

Q1
Q2
Q3
(a)
TP
const

B

C

136



















I stadiaze (OA) Sromis zRvruli da mTliani mwarmoebluroba izrdeba. es aisaxeba zRvruli da saSualo produqtis zrdaze. am dros
MP>AP (nax. `b~). mTliani produqti nela izrdeba, vidre gamoyenebuli cvalebadi faqtoris raodenoba. II stadiaze (AB) zRvruli
produqtis sidide mcirdeba da B' wertilSi utoldeba saSualo produqts (MP=AP, nax. `b). mTliani produqti ufro swrafad izrdeba,
vidre gamoyenebuli cvalebadi faqtoris raodenoba (nax. `a~). III stadiaze (BC) MP<AP, ris Sedegadac mTliani produqti cvalebadi
faqtoris danaxarjebTan SedarebiT ufro nela izrdeba. IV stadiaze (C wertilis Semdeg), roca MP<0 cvalebadi ( F
1
)

faqtoris zrda
iwvevs mTliani produqtis gamoSvebis Semcirebas.

naxazidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia gavakeToT zogadi daskvna: Tu zRvruli produqti metia
saSualo produqtze, saSualo produqti izrdeba. Tu zRvruli produqti naklebia saSualo produqtze,
saSualo produqti mcirdeba. zRvruli produqti utoldeba saSualo produqts maSin, rodesac saSualo
produqti aRwevs maqsimums.
bolos, IV stadiaze (C wertilis Semdeg), roca MP<0 cvalebadi F
1
faqtoris zrda iwvevs mTliani
produqtis gamoSvebis Semcirebas (im pirobiT, rom cvalebadi faqtoris yvela erTeuli xarisxobrivad
erTgvarovania da yoveli axali erTeulis TandaTanobiTi mateba ar iwvevs teqnologiis xarisxobriv cvlilebas).
naxazidan gamomdinare SeiZleba CamovayaliboT klebadi zRvruli ukugebis kanoni.
klebadi zRvruli ukugebis kanoni (Low of Diminishing Marginal Return) amtkicebs, rom
romelime sawarmoo faqtoris gamoyenebis zrdasTan erTad (Tu sxva danarCeni faqtorebi ucvlelia),
dgeba iseTi momenti, rodesac damatebiT cvalebadi faqtoris gamoyeneba iwvevs produqtis
gamoSvebis moculobis Tavdapirvelad SedarebiT, Semdgom ki absolutur Semcirebas. ramdenime
faqtorisgan erT-erTis gamoyenebis zrda (danarCeni faqtorebis ucvlelobisas) iwvevs misi gamoyenebidan
miRebuli ukugebis TandaTanobiT Semcirebas.
A
nax. 7. 1 cvalebadi faqtoris zrda; warmoebis stadiebi
MP
AP
137

klebadi zRvruli ukugebis kanoni Teoriulad mkacrad ar aris dasabuTebuli, igi eqsperimentuli wesiT
ufroa dadgenili (Tavdapirvelad soflis meurneobaSi, Semdgom sxva dargebSi). am kanons aqvs ara
absoluturi, aramed SefardebiTi xasiaTi. pirvel rigSi, igi gamoiyeneba mxolod drois moklevadian
monakveTSi, rodesac warmoebis Tundac erTi faqtori mainc ucvleli rCeba. teqnikuri progresi mudmivad
cvlis am sazRvrebs. aRniSnulis ilustracia movaxdinoT grafikze (naxazi 7.2).
















X
1
-iT aRvniSnoT cvalebadi faqtoris maqsimalurad SesaZlo gamoyeneba I teqnologiiT. aSkaraa, rom
II teqnologiaze gadasvla saSualebas iZleva gaizardos cvalebadi faqtoris raodenoba X
2
-mde (X
2
> X
1
), III
teqnologiaze gadasvla X
3
-mde da a.S.
aRsaniSnavia, rom zRvruli produqti mTliani gamoSvebis mrudis nebismieri wertilisaTvis mrudis
mocemul wertilSi misi mxebis daxrilobis kuTxis tangensis tolia. Tu gavixsenebT naxazs 7.1 `a~, A
wertilisaTvis:

1 0
1
X X
AX
tg = o (7.6)
C wertilSi mTliani produqti aRwevs maqsimums, xolo zRvruli produqti 0-is tolia (MP=0). C
wertilamde MP> 0, am wertilis Semdeg MP<0. warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT
me-15 TavSi visaubrebT.

7.2 sawarmoo teqnologiis arCeva. teqnikuri da ekonomikuri
efeqtianoba

cvalebadi faqtori F
1
C2
C1
I
m
T
l
i
a
n
i

p
r
o
d
u
q
t
i

Q

O
X1
X2 X3
II
III
C3
nax. 7.2 mTliani produqtis zrda da cvalebadi faqtoris gamoyeneba axal teqnologiaze gadasvlis
pirobebSi
X
1
gviCvenebs

I teqnologiiT cvalebadi faqtoris maqsimalurad SesaZlo gamoyenebas. II teqnologiaze gadasvla cvalebadi
faqtoris raodenobas zrdis X
2
-mde (X
2
> X
1
), III teqnologiaze gadasvla X
3
-mde da a.S.


138
produqtis garkveuli raodenobis gamoSvebisaTvis warmoebis faqtorebis SeerTebis mravali
kombinacia arsebobs. magaliTad, avtomobilebis warmoebisas SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas didi raodenobis
Sroma martiv amwyob xazebze, an piriqiT, mcire raodenobis Sroma ZviradRirebuli, maRali sirTulis robotul
teqnikasTan erTad. sawarmom mogebis maqsimizaciisa da TviTRirebulebis minimizaciis mizniT, nebismieri
moculobis produqtis sawarmoeblad, saukeTeso sawarmoo teqnologiebi unda airCios.
firmam, romelic iwyebs raime saqonlis warmoebas da cdilobs iyos efeqtiani, unda icodes, rogoria am
saqonlis warmoebis alternatiuli wesebi. am miznis misaRwevad ki unda gamoiyenos teqnologiuri da
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT warmoebis efeqtiani meTodebi.
warmoebis wesi teqnologiurad efeqtianad iTvleba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar arsebobs sxva wesi,
romlis drosac mocemuli raodenobis produqtis sawarmoeblad ixarjeba Tundac erTi resursiT naklebi
raodenoba im pirobiT, rom sxva saxis resursi meti raodenobiT ar ixarjeba.
Tu arsebobs warmoebis pirveli da meore wesi da pirveli wesis pirobebSi erTi faqtori mainc
gamoiyeneba meti raodenobiT, vidre meoris dros, xolo sxva saxis danaxarjebi erTmaneTis tolia, maSin
pirveli wesis dros erTi saxis resursi mainc araracionalurad ixarjeba. am resurss aqvs alternatiuli Rirebuleba,
romelic aucileblad unda iqnas mxedvelobaSi miRebuli.
Tu warmoebis meore wesis dros, faqtorTa imave raodenobis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba warmoebul
iqnas meti saqoneli, vidre pirveli wesis dros da Tu firma ar awarmoebs produqtis damatebiT raodenobas, am
SemTxvevaSi resursebs araracionalurad xarjavs.
ganvixiloT cxrili 7.1, sadac mocemulia xorblis warmoebis 4 sxvadasxva wesi.




xorblis warmoebis alternatiuli wesebi
cxrili 7. 1
saWiro resursebi
Sroma (dRe) traqtori (cali) miwa (ha)
mowyobiloba
(cali)
I 10 4 6 15
II 18 1 4 19
III 10 4 4 25
IV 10 5 6 25

IV wesi teqnologiurad araefeqtiania, radgan am dros ufro meti miwa da traqtori gamoiyeneba, vidre
III wesis dros. Tu miwa da traqtori ufaso iqneboda, SesaZlebelia romelime firmas IV wesi aerCia, magram
am pirobebSic ki es araviTar upiratesobas ar mogvcemda. firma ar gamoiyenebs teqnologiurad araefeqtian
warmoebis wess.
I, II da III warmoebis wesebi teqnologiurad efeqtianad iTvleba. magaliTad, I wesis dros
gamoiyeneba miwis ufro meti farTobi, magram naklebi mowyobiloba, vidre III wesis dros; warmoebis II
139
wesis dros ixarjeba meti Sroma, vidre III wesis dros, magram naklebi traqtorebi da mowyobilobebi
gamoiyeneba. teqnologiurad efeqtiani wesis arCevis Semdeg firmam unda airCios ekonomikurad efeqtiani
warmoebis wesic. man unda moaxdinos danaxarjebis minimizacia mogebis maqsimizaciis misaRwevad.
warmoebis wesi ekonomikurad efeqtianad iTvleba maSin, rodesac mocemuli raodenobis
produqtis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli danaxarjebis saxeebis alternatiuli Rirebuleba minimaluria.
ekonomikuri efeqtianobis misaRwevad firmam unda ganixilos da gaTvalos yvela saxis danaxarji,
romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas garkveuli raodenobis produqtis sawarmoeblad. cxrilSi 7.1 firmam unda
gaTvalos, Tu romeli wesis (I, II Tu III) gamoyenebis dros iqneba xorblis warmoeba yvelaze efeqtiani
mocemuli miwis, Sromis, mowyobilobebisa da traqtorebis Rirebulebis pirobebSi. magaliTad, Tu Sroma
gaZvirda, maSin II wesi naklebefeqtiani gaxdeba, xolo Tu mowyobilobebi gaZvirdeba, maSin firma ar
airCevs III wess.
warmoebis iseT wess, romelSic didZali kapitali da mcire samuSao Zala gamoiyeneba,
kapitaltevadi anu kapitalintensiuri ewodeba, xolo warmoebis iseT wess, romelSic didi raodenobiT
samuSao Zala da Sesabamisad mcire kapitali gamoiyeneba Sromatevadi, anu Sromaintensiuri ewodeba.
cxrili 7.1-is monacemebidan gamomdinare II wesi ufro Sromaintensiuria, vidre danarCeni.
teqnologiuri da ekonomikuri efeqtianobis gansxvavebaTa Sesabamisad optimaluri sawarmoo
procesis arCeva aris sainJinro-teqnikuri gadawyvetileba, romlis Semdeg xdeba sxva ekonomikuri
gadawyvetilebis miReba. inJineri an sxva teqnikuri eqsperti uars ambobs teqnologiurad araefeqtian wesebze,
irCevs teqnologiur procesebs, romlebic xasiaTdebian resursebze minimaluri moTxovniT. Semdeg
ekonomistma unda SearCios ekonomikurad efeqtiani wesi minimaluri danaxarjebiT maqsimaluri
efeqtianobis miReba. es ki seriozuli ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebaa.
teqnologiurad efeqtiani warmoebis wesis ganzogadebisaTvis ekonomistebi firmis sawarmoo
funqciiT sargebloben.
firmebi sainJinro-teqnikur da ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs ar ganixilaven rogorc mocemulobas.
isini mudmivad cdiloben SeimuSaon ekonomikurad ufro efeqtiani warmoebis wesebi. amitom is mudmiv
cvlilebebs ganicdis da Sesabamisad miwodebac icvleba.

7.3 warmoeba ori cvalebadi faqtoris saSualebiT. izokvantebi da
teqnikuri Senacvlebis zona

gavixenoT sawarmoo funqcia. warmoebis moculobis cvlileba Cven ganvixileT im daSvebiT, rodesac
icvleboda mxolod erTi resursi _ F
1
, danarCeni resursebi _ F
2
, F
3
. . . F
n
_ iyo mudmivi.
SemoviRoT meore daSveba: sawarmoo funqcia Sedgeba ara erTi, aramed ori cvalebadi faqtorisagan,
xolo warmoebis moculoba mudmivi sididea.
amrigad,
sawarmoo funqcia (I) sawarmoo funqcia (II)

Q = f (F
1
, F
2
, . . . F
n
) Q = f (F
1
, F
2
)
cons

140


II sawarmoo funqcia grafikulad gamosaxeba izokvantebis ruqis saSualebiT. izokvantebis
erTobliobas, romelTaganac TiToeuli gviCvenebs produqtis maqsimalur gamoSvebas gamoyenebuli
resursebis saSualebiT, izokvantebis ruqa (Isoquant Map) ewodeba.
naxazze 7.4 mocemulia izokvantebi firmisTvis, romelic uSvebs X saqonels da gamoiyenebs mxolod
2 resurss:
1
F - Sromas da
2
F - kapitals.
mocemuli teqnologiiT produqtis erTi da igive raodenoba, Cvens SemTxvevaSi 30 erTeuli X
saqoneli, SeiZleba miviRoT kapitalis didi raodenobis gamoyenebiT (naxazi 7.4 A wertili) an Sromis ufro
meti raodenobis gamoyenebiT (D wertili). SesaZlebelia Sualeduri variantebic (B da C wertilebi). Tu
SevaerTebT am resursebis yvela kombinacias, romelTa Sedegad miiReba gamoSvebis erTi da igive
moculoba, miviRebT izokvantas. izokvanta mrudia, amitom SesaZlo kombinaciebis ricxvi usasrulo iqneba.
es uzrunvelyofs firmis mier produqtis warmoebis organizaciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis moqnilobas.


nax. 7.4 izokvantebi
30 erTeuli X saqonlis warmoeba SesaZlebelia kapitalis (A wertili) an Sromis (D wertili) ufro didi raodenobis gamoyenebiT.
SesaZlebelia Sualeduri variantebic (B da C wertilebi). resursebis yvela kombinaciis SeerTebiT, romelTa Sedegad miiReba
gamoSvebis erTi da igive moculoba, miviRebT izokvantas _

I
1
. izokvantebi I
2
da I
3
aseve gviCveneben 40 da 50 erTeuli X
saqonelis warmoebis yvela SesaZlo kombinacias Sromisa da kapitalis sxvadasxva raodenobiT gamoyenebis pirobebSi.

izokvanta (Isoquant) asaxavs warmoebis faqtorebis danaxarjTa kombinaciebs, romlebic
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnan gansazRvruli moculobis produqtis sawarmoeblad. igi gviCvenebs
warmoebis faqtorebis (resursebis) usasrulod mravalricxovan kombinacias, rac ganapirobebs
produqtis erTi da igive moculobis gamoSvebas.
izokvanta warmoebis procesSi niSnavs igives, rasac ganurCevlobis mrudi moxmarebis procesSi.
isini erTnairi TvisebebiT xasiaTdebian: aqvT daRmavali forma, Cazneqilni arian koordinatTa saTavis
5
4
K=2
L=1
K=1 L=1
K=1 L=2
2
1
D
C
B
A
L
O
K
I1=30
I2=40
I3=50
3
f
a
q
t
o
r
i

F
2
,

k
a
p
i
t
a
l
i

1 2 3 4 5
faqtori F
1
, Sroma

cvalebadi
sidideebi
mudmivi
sidideebi

mudmivi
sidide
cvalebadi
sidideebi

cons
141
mimarTulebiT da ar kveTen erTmaneTs. izokvanta, romelic mdebareobs ufro maRla da marjvniv,
warmoadgens gamosaSvebi produqtis ufro did moculobas. Tumca ganurCevlobis mrudebisagan
gansxvavebiT, sadac momxmareblis mTliani kmayofilebis zusti gazomva SeuZlebelia, izokvantebi
gviCveneben warmoebis realur dones. es kargad Cans naxazze 7.4, sadac TiToeuli izokvanta gviCvenebs
warmoebis sxvadasxva raodenobas: 50 40 , 30
3 2 1
= = = I I I , erTeul produqts.
izokvantebi mxolod teqnikuri Senacvlebis (substituciis) zonaSi ganixileba, sadac isini erTmaneTs
ar kveTen. am faqtis sailustraciod davuSvaT sawinaaRmdego mosazreba izokvantebis gadakveTa (naxazi
7. 5).
davuSvaT, pirveli izokvanta -
1
I kveTs meores -
2
I -s A da D wertilebSi. es niSnavs, rom ufro
naklebi raodenobis produqtis warmoebisTvis (magaliTad 30 cali X saqoneli) saWiroa imdenive resursi,
ramdenic saWiro iqneboda ufro meti raodenobis produqtis warmoebisTvis magaliTad 40 cali X saqonlis
warmoebisTvis.

nax. 7.5 teqnikuri Senacvlebis (substituciis) zona
Tu
1
I kveTs
2
I -s (A da D wertilebi), naklebi raodenobis raodenobis produqtis warmoebisTvis imdenive resursia saWiro, rac ufro
meti raodenobis produqtis warmoebisTvis. Cven ganvixilavT izokvantis BC nawils _ teqnikuri Senacvlebis zonas. izokvantis
kuTxuri koeficienti gviCvenebs erTi resursis (kapitalis) teqnikur Senacvlebas (substitucia) meoreTi (Sroma). M kapitalis SromiT
teqnikuri Senacvlebis zRvrul norma (MRTSLK) tolia - Y/X.

aSkaraa, rom aseTi sawarmoo kombinacia araefeqtiania. racionaluri mwarmoeblisaTvis resursebis
optimaluri kombinaciebis arCevanis problema SeiZleba dadges mxolod teqnikuri Senacvlebis zonaSi, e.i.
BC mrudis farglebSi. swored aRniSuli zona iqneba Cveni analizis sagani.
ganvixiloT naxazi 7.5. Sromis danaxarjebis zrda (F
1
faqtori) kompensirdeba kapitalis danaxarjebis
(F
2
faqtori) SemcirebiT. izokvantis kuTxuri koeficienti gviCvenebs, Tu rogor xdeba erTi resursis (kapitali)
teqnikuri Senacvleba meoreTi (Sroma). amitom am koeficientis absoluturi mniSvneloba axasiaTebs
teqnikuri (an teqnologiuri) Senacvlebis zRvrul normas (Margimal Rate of Technical (or
Technological) Substitution) MRTS. teqnikuri Senacvlebis zRvruli norma (MRTS) analogiuria
momxmareblis qcevis TeoriaSi Seswavlili Senacvlebis zRvruli normis (MRS):
C
Y
2


Y
1


B
K


A
L
O
K
I1
f
a
q
t
o
r
i

F
2
,

k
a
p
i
t
a
l
i

faqtori F
1
, Sroma
L


D
I
2
X
1


X
2


142

X
Y
MRTS
LK
A
A
= an
L
K
MRTS
LK
A
A
= (7.7)



7.4 mwarmoeblis wonasworoba

mwarmoeblisaTvis izokvantebis daxmarebiT Catarebul analizis dros gamoiyeneba resursebis
danaxarjebisa da gamoSvebuli produqtis naturaluri maCveneblebi. mocemuli danaxarjebiT gamoSvebis
maqsimizacia SesaZlebelia izokostis (Isocost Line) saSualebiT. danaxarjebis donis Sesaxeb informaciis
safuZvelze aigeba izokosta, romelic sabiujeto wrfis analogiuria (naxazi. 7.6).
Tu
1
P aris Sromis faqtoris (F
1
) fasi, xolo P
2
kapitalis (F
2
) faqtoris fasi, maSin mwarmoebeli C
biujetiT iyidis X erTeul
1
F da Y erTeul
2
F warmoebis faqtorebs:
Y P X P C
2 1
+ = (7.8)
anda .
2 2
1
P
C
X
P
P
Y + = (7.9)
Tu w aris Sromis Rirebuleba (sargo), xolo r kapitalidan miRebuli sargeblis ganakveTi, maSin
Sromisa da kapitalisTvis
rK wL C + = anda . L
r
w
r
C
K = (7.10)

nax. 7.6 izokosta
MN izokosta gviCvenebs resursebis kombinacias, romelTa warmoebaSi gamoyenebac erTnair danaxarjebs gvaZlevs.
mwarmoeblebis biujetisa da resursebis fasis zrda an Semcireba, izokostas gadaadgilebs Sesabamisad marjvniv ( MN izokosta
gadaadgildeba N M ' ' mdgomareobaSi) an marcxniv ( MN izokosta gadaadgildeba MN mdgomareobaSi).
gantoleba gviCvenebs resursebis kombinacias, romelTa warmoebaSi gamoyeneba erTnair
danaxarjebs gvaZleven (naxazi 7.6). mwarmoeblebis biujetis zrda an resursebze fasebis Semcireba izokostas
marjvniv gadaaadgilebs MN izokosta gadaadgildeba N M ' ' mdebareobaSi, xolo biujetis Semcireba an
-
r
w

w
c

r
c

M '
N'
N
M
M ' '
N ' '

L
O
K

143
fasebis zrda izokostas marcxniv, N M ' ' ' ' mdebareobaSi gadaadgilebs. izokvantis izokostasTan SexebiT
ganisazRvreba mwarmoeblis wonasworuli mdgomareoba (naxazi 7.7). T wertilSi izokvantas da izokostas
aqvT erTnairi daxriloba. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba wonasworobis piroba Semdegnairad
CavweroT:

r
w
L
K
MRTS
LK
=
A
A
= (7.11)
izokvantis izokostasTan Sexebis wertilSi produqtis gamoSvebis am moculobis dros firma
axdens danaxarjebis minimizacias. am dros warmoebis faqtorebis zRvruli produqtis fasebTan Tanafardoba
erTmaneTis tolia:
. ...
2
2
1
1
n
n
P
MRP
P
MRP
P
MRP
= = = (7.12)

nax. 7.7 mwarmoeblis wonasworoba
izokvantis izokostasTan SexebiT ganisazRvreba mwarmoeblis wonasworuli mdgomareoba. mwarmoeblis
wonasworobis wertilSi (T) firma axdens danaxarjebis minimizacias.
L

7.5 firmis ganviTarebis gza da masStabidan ukugeba

warmoebis faqtorebis Senacvlebis dros Catarebulma analizma aCvena ra xdeba maSin, rodesac firma
warmoebis erT faqtors meoreTi cvlis da produqtis gamoSvebis mudmiv moculobas inarCunebs. grZelvadian
periodSi, rodesac yvela danaxarji cvalebadia, firmam produqtis gamoSvebis zrdis saukeTeso xerxi unda
gansazRvros. gamoSvebis zrdis miRwevis erT-erTi saSualeba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Secvalos
saqmianobis masStabi warmoebaSi amoqmedebuli yvela faqtoris proporciuli zrdiT. davuSvaT, rom 1 heqtari
miwidan 2,0 tona xorblis asaRebad saWiroa erTi muSa da erTi kombaini; rogor Seicvleba gamoSvebis
moculoba, Tu 2 heqtar miwaze mosavlis asaRebad gamoyenebuli iqneba ori muSa da ori kombaini?
gamoSveba albaT gaizrdeba, magram zustad 2-jer?
masStabidan ukugeba (Return to Scale) es iseTi proporciaa, romlis drosac produqtis
gamoSveba gaizrdeba warmoebis faqtorebis proporciuli gazrdiT. ganvixiloT sami gansxvavebuli
SemTxveva: masStabidan zrdadi ukugeba, masStabidan mudmivi ukugeba da masStabidan klebadi ukugeba.
T
I1 -
r
w


L
O
K
I2
I3
144

masStabidan zrdadi ukugeba

Tu gamoSvebis moculoba 2-jer metad izrdeba warmoebis danaxarjebis 2-jer gazrdis pirobebSi,
adgili aqvs masStabidan zrdad ukugebas (Increazing Return to Scale). aseTi ukugebis mizezi imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom warmoebis ufro msxvili masStabi saSualebas iZleva gamoyenebul iqnas rTuli,
msxvilmasStabiani teqnologiebi, qarxnebi da aRWurvilobebi. konveieri zrdadi ukugebis cnobili magaliTia.
masStabidan zrdadi ukugebis SesaZlebloba mniSvnelovani problemaa saxelmwifo politikis
TvalsazrisiT. Tu adgili aqvs masStabidan zrdad ukugebas, maSin ekonomikurad momgebiania erTi msxvili
firma (SedarebiT naklebi xvedriTi danaxarjebiT) da ara mravalricxovani wvrili firmebis arseboba (SedarebiT
maRali xvedriTi danaxarjebiT). msxvil firmas SeuZlia mis mier dawesebuli fasebis gakontroleba.

masStabidan mudmivi ukugeba
Tu danaxarjebis 2-jer gazrdisas gamoSvebac 2-jer gaizardeba, SeiZleba visaubroT masStabidanF
mudmivi ukugebis arsebobaze (Constant Return to Scale). masStabidan mudmivi ukugebis dros firmis
saqmianobis farglebi misi warmoebis faqtorebis mwarmoeblurobaze gavlenas ar axdens: erTi qarxana,
romelic iyenebs garkveul sawarmoo process, SeiZleba martivad iqnas dublirebuli da maSin ori qarxana
mogvcems orjer met produqts. magaliTad, msxvil turistul saagentos SeuZlia klientebs SesTavazos igive
momsaxureba da gamoiyenos kapitalis (saofise farTi) da Sromis (turistuli agentebi) iseTive kombinacia,
rogorsac iyenebs umniSvnelo raodenobis klientebis momsaxure mcire saagento.

masStbidan klebadi ukugeba
danaxarjebis 2-jer gazrdas SeiZleba Tan mohyves produqciis gamoSvebis orjer ufro naklebad zrda.
masStabidan klebad ukugebas (Decreazing Return to Scale) zogierTi firma msxvilmasStabiani
warmoebis dros awydeba. warmoebis organizaciasTan dakavSirebul sirTuleebs da msxvilmasStabiani
sawarmoo procesebis ganxorcielebas SeiZleba Tan moyves rogorc Sromis, aseve kapitalis mwarmoeblurobis
Semcireba. TanamSromlebsa da xelmZRvanelobas Soris komunikacia Zneldeba, amitom klebadi ukugebis
situacia, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebuli iqneba dasmuli amocanis koordinaciis problemasTan da
komunikaciebis sirTulesTan.

masStabidan ukugebis aRwera
masStabidan ukugebis arseboba Tu ararseboba grafikulad mocemulia naxazze 7.8. OS wrfe, romelic
koordinatTa saTavidan iwyeba, TiToeul grafikze sawarmoo process aRniSnavs.
sawarmoo procesSi gamoiyeneba warmoebis faqtorebi _ Sroma da kapitali, romliTac warmoebuli
unda iqnas produqciis sxvadasxva gamoSvebis done TanafardobiT: Sroma 5 sT da manqana-sT _ 2 sT.







S

6
30
4
kapitalze danaxarji
manqana-sT
kapitalze danaxarji
manqana-sT

S



4

145


















naxazze 7.8 firmis sawarmoo funqcia gviCvenebs masStbidan mudmiv ukugebas. 5 sT Sromisa da
2 sT manqanebis muSaobisas warmoebis moculoba 10 erTeuls Seadgens. rodesac orive faqtori 2-jer izrdeba,
gamoSveba 10-dan 20 erTeulamde izrdeba. rodesac faqtorebi sammagdeba, sammagdeba produqciis
gamoSvebac _ 10-dan 30 erTeulamde.
naxazze 7.9 firmis sawarmoo funqcia gviCvenebs masStabidan zrdad ukugebas. axla izokvantebi
ufro axlosaa erTmaneTTan ganlagebuli. gamoSvebis 10-dan 20 erTeulamde gasazrdelad, warmoebis
faqtorebis danaxarjebi saWiroa 2-jer ufro naklebi raodenobiT gavadidoT, xolo 30 erTeulis sawarmoeblad 3-
jer ufro mcired.
naxazze 7.10 naxazi 7.9-is sapirispiro situaciaa aRwerili. sawarmoo funqcia gviCvenebs
masStabidan klebad ukugebas. produqtis gamoSvebis proporciuli zrdis dros izokvantebi sul ufro
Sordebian erTmaneTs.
amrigad, izokvantis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia ekonomiurad iqnas gamoyenebuli mocemuli
warmoebis moculobisaTvis arsebuli resursebi, ganisazRvros dargSi sawarmos minimaluri efeqtiani zoma.
zrdadi ukugebis SemTxvevaSi, firmam aucilebelia gazardos warmoebis moculoba, ramdenadac es iwvevs
mis xelT arsebuli resursebis SefardebiT ekonomias.












SromiTi danaxarji, sT
kapitalze danaxarji
manqana-sT

S



4

2



nax. 7.8 masStabidan mudmivi ukugeba
sawarmoo procesi axdens masStabidan mudivi ukugebas,
rogorc amas OS wrfeze izokvantebis moZraoba gviCvenebs.
izokvantebi ganlagebulia Tanabari manZiliT gamoSvebis
moculobis proporciuli gazrdis dros.
nax. 7.9 masStabidan zrdadi ukugeba
sawarmoo procesi axdens masStabidan zrdad ukugebas, rogorc
amas OS wrfeze izokvantebis moZraoba gviCvenebs.
izokvantebi ganlagebulia erTmaneTTan sul ufro axlos
gamoSvebis moculobis proporciuli gazrdis dros.

30
20
10
0 5 10 15
146



nax. 7.10 masStabidan klebadi ukugeba

sawarmoo procesi axdens masStabidan klebadi ukugebis demostrirebas, rogorc amas OS wrfeze izokvantebis moZraoba gviCvenebs.
izokvantebi ganlagebulia erTmaneTTan sul ufro Sors gamoSvebis moculobis proporciuli gazrdis dros.

masStabidan klebadi ukugeba mianiSnebs, rom firmis minimaluri efeqtiani zoma ukve miRweulia
da warmoebis moculobis gazrda uazrobaa. masStabidan ukugeba mkveTrad gansxvavebulia firmebisa da
dargebis mixedviT. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, rac metia masStabidan ukugeba, miT metia dargebSi msxvili
firmebis gaCenis SesaZleblobebi. warmoeba ZiriTad kapitalSi did investiciebs moiTxovs, amitom zrdadi
ukugebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi ufro maRalia, vidre momsaxurebis
sferoSi. momsaxureba dakavSirebulia ufro intensiuri Sromis danaxarjebTan da SeiZleba mcire raodenobis
gamoyenebis dros iseTive efeqtiani iyos, rogorc didi masStabis pirobebSi.

ZiriTadi terminebi
- sawarmoo funqcia
- mTliani produqti
- saSualo produqti
- zRvruli produqti
- izokvanta
- izokosta
- teqnikuri Senacvlebis zRvruli norma
- masStabidan zrdadi ukugeba
- masStabidan mudmivi ukugeba
- masStabidan klebadi ukugeba

ZiriTadi daskvnebi

1. warmoebis procesSi mravali faqtori gamoiyeneba. firmis ekonomikuri saqmianoba SeiZleba aisaxos
sawarmoo funqciiT, romelic gansazRvravs danaxarjebis mocemuli raodenobidan saqonlis
gamoSvebis maqsimalur raodenobas.
2. rodesac warmoebas erTi cvalebadi faqtoris mixedviT vaanalizebT, warmoebis cvalebad faqtorad
Sromas ganvixilavT. warmoebaSi cvalebadi faqtoris gavlenis asaxvis mizniT ganisazRvreba
mTliani, saSualo da zRvruli produqti.
3. Tu zRvruli produqti metia saSualo produqtze, saSualo produqti izrdeba. Tu zRvruli produqti
naklebia saSualo produqtze, saSualo produqti mcirdeba. zRvruli produqti utoldeba saSualo produqts
maSin, rodesac saSualo produqti aRwevs maqsimums.
4. warmoebis wesi teqnologiurad efeqtianad iTvleba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar arsebobs sxva wesi,
romlis drosac mocemuli raodenobis produqtis sawarmoeblad ixarjeba Tundac erTi resursiT naklebi
raodenoba im pirobiT, rom sxva saxis resursi meti raodenobiT ar ixarjeba. warmoebis wesi
ekonomikurad efeqtianad iTvleba maSin, rodesac mocemuli raodenobis produqtis sawarmoeblad
gamoyenebuli danaxarjebis saxeebis alternatiuli Rirebuleba minimaluria.
5. rodesac sawarmoo funqcia Sedgeba ara erTi, aramed ori cvalebadi faqtorisagan, xolo warmoebis
moculoba mudmivi sididea, grafikulad gamosaxeba izokvantebis ruqis saSualebiT. izokvanta
asaxavs warmoebis faqtorebis danaxarjTa kombinaciebs, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnan
gansazRvruli moculobis produqtis sawarmoeblad. igi gviCvenebs warmoebis faqtorebis (resursebis)
usasrulod mravalricxovan kombinacias, rac ganapirobebs produqtis erTi da igive moculobis
gamoSvebas.
SromiTi danaxarji, sT

147
6. teqnikuri (an teqnologiuri) Senacvlebis zRvruli norma gviCvenebs im proporcias, romliTac
mewarme erT resurss (kapitali) Caanacvlebs meoreTi (Sroma).
7. danaxarjebis donis Sesaxeb informaciis safuZvelze aigeba izokosta. izokvantis izokostasTan Sexebis
wertilSi produqtis gamoSvebis am moculobis dros firma axdens danaxarjebis minimizacias da
miiRweva mwarmoeblis wonasworoba.
8. masStabidan ukugeba iseTi proporciaa, romlis drosac produqtis gamoSveba gaizrdeba warmoebis
faqtorebis proporciuli gazrdiT. arsebobs masStabidan zrdadi, klebadi da mudmivi ukugeba.
masStabidan ukugeba mkveTrad gansxvavebulia firmebisa da dargebis mixedviT.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis

1. rogor airCeva warmoebis teqnikurad (teqnologiurad) efeqtiani wesi?
2. ra maCveneblebiT airCeen warmoebis ekonomikurad efeqtian wess?
3. grafikulad gamosaxeT izokvanta da axseniT igi;
4. SeadareT erTmaneTs izokosta da sabiujeto wrfe. ra msgavseba da gansxvaveba aris maT Soris?
5. ra pirobebSi miiRweva mwarmoeblis wonasworoba?
6. isaubreT Sromisa da kapitalis erTmaneTTan Senacvlebis Sesaxeb;
7. CamoTvaleT masStabidan ukugebis SemTxvevebi, daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli maTgani da moiyvaneT
Tqveni magaliTebi.

148
Tavi 8. warmoebis danaxarjebi

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. danaxarjebis gansazRvras moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi
2. moklevadiani da grZelvadiani periodebis danaxarjTa mrudebis agebas da daxasiaTebas
3. danaxarjebis minimizaciis mizniT warmoebis faqtorebis optimaluri Tanafardobis SerCevas
4. warmoebis moculobis donis gansazRvras minimaluri danaxarjebiT

8.1 danaxarjTa gazomva: romel danaxarjebs eniWebaT mniSvneloba?

sanam ganvixilavT firma danaxarjTa minimizaciis wess, ganvsazRvroT ra igulisxmeba danaxarjebis
cnebaSi, rogor unda moxdes maTi gazomva, romeli danaxarjebi gaiTvaliswineba firmis mTlian
danaxarjebSi. aSkaraa, rom danaxarjebSi Sedis xelfasi, romelsac firma uxdis Tavis muSakebs, arenda,
romelsac is ixdis saofise farTisTvis. magram ra xdeba maSin, rodesac firma TviTon flobs saofise farTs da ar
uwevs arendis gadaxda? rogor unda ganvixiloT is saxsrebi, romelic firmam aRWurvilobaze an kvleviT
samuSaoebze ori sami wlis win gaiRo da jer ar anazRaurebula? SevecadoT am kiTxvebze pasuxi gavceT im
ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis konteqstSi, romelsac firmis xelmZRvanelebi iReben.
ekonomikuri da sabuRaltro danaxarjebi. warmoebis danaxarjebis gaangariSebis dros
gansxvavebulia ekonomistis da buRaltris xedva. buRaltrisTvis mniSvnelovania saangariSo periodSi firmis
finansebis retrospeqtiuli xedva, maT uwevT aqtivebsa da pasivebze Tvalyuris devneba da firmis saqmianobis
efeqtianobis Sefaseba. sabuRaltro danaxarjebi (Accaunting Cost) is danaxarjebia, romelic izomeba
buRaltris mier (Sesabamisi muxlebiT). magaliTad, sabuRaltro danaxarjebi moicavs faqtiur xarjebs
damatebuli amortizaciis xarjebi kapitalur aRWurvilobebze.
ekonomistebi da menejerebi firmis saqmianobas perspeqtivaSi ganixilaven. maT uwevT deficituri
resursebis ganawilebis racionaluri gzebis Zieba. Sesabamisad, maTi interesis sagania samomavalo
danaxarjebi, danaxarjebis Semcirebisa da momgebianobis amaRlebis gzebisa da xerxebis Zieba.
ekonomistebs saqme aqvT ekonomikur danaxarjebTan (Economic Cost)), e.i. danaxarjebTan, romlebic
dakavSirebulia xelidan gaSvebul SesaZleblobebTan.
alternatiuli danaxarjebi. ekonomistebi terminebs `ekonomikuri danaxarjebi da `alternatiuli
danaxarjebi iyeneben rogorc sinonimebs. alternatiuli danaxarjebi, igive alternatiuli Rirebuleba
(Opportunity Cost) dakavSirebulia im SesaZleblobebTan, romelic firmam xelidan gauSva SezRuduli
resursebis gamoyenebis gamo yvelaze maRali mogebis misaRebad. magaliTad, zogierTi firma flobs
Senobas, amitom igi ar ixdis ofisis farTobis saarendo gadasaxads. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom danaxarjebi
saofise farTobisaTvis nulis tolia? am danaxarjebs buRalteri ganixilavs, rogorc nulovans, magram ekonomisti
SeniSnavs, rom firmas SeeZlo mieRo Semosavali saofise farTobidan, Tu mas sxva kompaniaze
gaaqiravebda. es xelidan gaSvebuli saarendo Tanxa Seadgens saofise farTis gamoyenebis alternetiul
149
danaxarjs da gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes, rogorc biznesis gaZRolis ekonomikuri danaxarjebis Semadgeneli
nawili.
buRaltrebi da ekonomistebi gaangariSebebis dros iyeneben faqtobriv fulad danaxarjebs, romelic
cnobilia, rogorc fuladi nakadebi (Cash Flows). fuladi nakadebi moicaven xelfass, masalebisa da saarendo
gadasaxdelebis Rirebulebas.
ganvixiloT, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba ekonomikuri danaxarjebi sabuRaltro danaxarjebisagan.
davuSvaT, maRaziis mflobeli muSaobs Tavis maRaziaSi, magram xelfass TviTon ar iRebs. am dros fuladi
transaqcia xorcieldeba (miuxedavad imisa, rom sabuRaltro danaxarjebi ar Cans), firma mainc gaiRebs
alternatiul danaxarjebs _ mesakuTres sxvagan muSaobisas SeeZlo mieRo konkurentuli xelfasi.
aseve sxvadasxvagvarad ganixilaven buRaltrebi da ekonomistebi amortizacias. rodesac fasdeba
biznesis momavali momgebianoba, ekonomisti an mmarTveli daiTvlis qarxnis kapitalisa da mowyobilobebis
danaxarjebs. es danaxarjebi moicavs aramarto fulad danaxarjebs mowyobilobis SeZenasa da eqspluataciaze,
aramed im danaxarjebsac, romlebic dakavSirebulia ZiriTadi kapitalis fizikur da moralur cveTasTan.
buRaltrebi firmis saqmianobis Sefasebis dros xelmZRvaneloben dabegvris moqmedi wesebiT, raTa
ganisazRvros saamortizacio gadasaxdelebis odenoba da mogeba.
aradabrunebadi danaxarjebi. alternatiuli danaxarjebi xSirad aracxadia. miuxedavad amisa,
is mainc unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros. gansxvavebuli
mdgomareobaa aradabrunebadi danaxarjebis (Sunk Cost) dros. es is sawarmoo danaxarjebia, romlebic
SesaZloa ar iqnes dabrunebuli. es danaxarjebi yvelasTvis naTelia, magram ekonomikuri
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros, konkretul SemTxvevaSi, xdeba maTi ignorireba.
daubrunebeli danaxarjebi ar anazRaurdeba, amdenad isini gavlenas ar axdenen firmis
gadawyvetilebebze. magaliTad, ganvixiloT qarxnis SekveTiT damzadebuli specialuri mowyobilobis yidva.
davuSvaT, am mowyobilobis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod im mizniT, risTvisac igi Tavidanve iyo
gankuTvnili da misi rekonstruqcia alternatiuli gamoyenebis mizniT SeuZlebelia. aseT mowyobilobaze
gaweuli xarjebi aradabrunebadi danaxarjebia. vinaidan ar arsebobs mowyobilobis alternatiuli
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, misi alternatiuli Rirebuleba nulis tolia. aseTi mowyobilobis yidvis
gadawyvetileba (mniSvneloba ar aqvs, warmatebulia an warumatebeli), firmis amJamindel gadawyvetilebaze
gavlenas aRar axdens.
ra moxdeba maSin, Tu SesaZloa misi gamoyeneba sxva SemTxvevaSi _ mowyobilobis gadakeTeba
gasayidad anda sxva firmebze arendisTvis? am SemTxvevaSi misi gamoyeneba gamoiwvevs ekonomikur
danaxarjebs, ufro zustad ki alternatiul danaxarjebs.
axla ganvixiloT perspeqtiuli aradabrunebadi danaxarjebi. davuSvaT, firmas jer ar uyidia specialuri
mowyobiloba, mxolod fiqrobs, Rirs Tu ara misi yidva. perspeqtuli aradabrunebadi danaxarjebi aris
investiciebi. firmam unda gadawyvitos, aris Tu ara specialur mowyobilobaSi Cadebuli investicia
ekonomikuri, anu moitans Tu ara igi sakmaris Semosavals imisaTvis, rom gamoisyidos Tavi. SemdgomSi
Cven detalurad aRvwerT, rogor unda iqnes miRebuli aseTi saxis sainvesticio gadawyvetileba.

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8. 2 warmoebis danaxarjebi moklevadian periodSi


optimaluri gadawyvetilebis misaRebad firmas srulyofili informacia unda hqondes danaxarjebis
Sesaxeb. moklevadian periodSi firmis danaxarjebi iyofa mudmiv da cvalebad danaxarjebad.
mudmivi danaxarjebi (Fixed Costs - FC) iseTi danaxarjebia, romelic ar icvleba warmoebis
moculobis cvlilebis dros. maT miekuTvneba danaxarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia Senobebis, nagebobebisa
da manqana-mowyobilobebis gamoyenebasTan, arendasTan, kapitalur remontTan, agreTve administraciuli
xarjebi (administraciuli da kapitaluri remontis xarjebi SeiZleba pirobiTad mudmiv danaxarjebs
mivakuTvnoT, radganac isini garkveul donemde warmoebis zomaze arian damokidebulni).
warmoebis moculobis zrdasTan erTad amonagebi izrdeba, amitom saSualo mudmivi danaxarjebi
(mudmivi danaxarjebi produqtis erTeulze) mcirdeba. saSualo mudmivi danaxarjebi (Average Fixed Costs
- AFC) Semdegnairad gaiangariSeba:
Q FC AFC / = (8.1)
sadac FC mudmivi danaxarjebia, Q produqtis raodenoba.
cvalebadi danaxarjebi (Variable Costs - VC) is danaxarjebia, romlebic icvleba warmoebis
moculobis cvlilebis dros. maT miekuTvneba danaxarjebi nedleulze, eleqtroenergiaze, damxmare masalebze,
Sromis anazRaurebaze. gansxvavebiT mudmivi danaxarjebisagan, cvalebadi danaxarjebi, rogorc wesi,
izrdeba an mcirdeba produqtis gamoSvebis proporciulad. warmoebis organizaciis sawyis periodSi cvalebadi
danaxarjebi izrdeba ufro swrafad, vidre gamoSvebuli produqtis moculoba (naxazi 8.1).
saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebi (Average Variable Costs - AVC) ganisazRvreba cvalebadi
danaxarjebis (VC) SefardebiT produqtis moculobasTan ( Q )
. / Q VC AVC = (8.2)
saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebis ( AVC) cneba metad mniSvnelovania firmis efeqtianobis,
wonasworuli mdgomareobisa da misi ganviTarebis axlo perspeqtivebis gansazRvrisTvis (gafarToeba,
warmoebis Semcireba, dargidan gasvla).
mTliani danaxarjebi (Total Costs - TC an C) aris warmoebis procesSi firmis mudmivi da
cvalebadi danaxarjebis erToblioba:
VC FC TC + = (8.3)
mTliani danaxarjebi aris warmoebuli produqtis ( Q ) funqcia: = TC ) (Q . naxazze 8.1 mocemulia
mudmivi, cvalebadi da mTliani danaxarjebis mrudebi. mTliani danaxarjebis mrudi aigeba mudmivi da
cvalebadi danaxarjebis mrudebis SekrebiT.
151

warmoebis optimaluri zomis miRwevis Semdeg (
1
Q wertili) xdeba cvalebadi da Sesabamisad mTliani danaxarjebis SedarebiTi
ekonomia. warmoebis Semdgomi gafarToeba cvalebadi danaxarjebs gazrdis.

saSualo mTliani danaxarjebi (Average Total Costs ATC an AC), igive xvedriTi danaxarjebi
gaiangariSeba mTliani danaxarjebis ( TC) SefardebiT produqtis raodenobasTan (Q).
Q VC FC Q TC ATC / ) ( / + = = (8.4)
sxvanairad, misi gaangariSeba SeiZleba saSualo mudmivi ( AFC) da saSualo cvalebadi ( AVC)
danaxarjebis SejamebiT:
AVC AFC ATC + = (8.5)
grafikulad ATC mrudi miiReba AFC da AVC mrudebis SekrebiT (naxazi 8.2).

firmis TeoriisTvis metad mniSvnelovania saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis cnebac. saSualo mTliani
danaxarjebis Sedareba produqtis fasTan mogebis sididis gansazRvris saSualebas gvaZlevs.
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Q
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warmoebuli raodenoba
VC
FC
Q
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Q
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nax. 8.2 saSualo mudmivi, saSualo cvalebadi da saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis mrudebi
AVC
AFC
Q
1
A1
1A
saSualo cvalebadi ( AVC) da saSualo mTliani danaxarjebi (ATC) minimaluria, roca miiRweva sawarmos
teqnologiurad optimaluri zoma (Q
1
).

nax. 8.1 mudmivi, cvalebadi da mTliani danaxarjebis mrudebi
152
zRvruli danaxarjebi (Marginal Costs - MC) aris mTliani danaxarjebis nazrdi, romelic gamoiwvia
warmoebis erTi erTeuliT gadidebam. zRvrul danaxarjebSi igulisxmeba danaxarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia
produqtis bolo erTeulis warmoebasTan:

) (
=
A
A
+
A
A
=
A
+ A
=
A
A
=
Q
VC
Q
FC
Q
VC FC
Q
TC
MC ) (Q (8.6)
imis gamo, rom FC=0, amitom mudmivi danaxarjebi gavlenas ar axdenen zRvruli danaxarjebis
sidideze. zRvruli danaxarjebi aris mxolod cvalebadi danaxarjebis warmoebuli funqcia:
, / Q VC MC A A = (8.7)
rodesac , ATC MC< saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis mrudi ( ATC) daRmavalia, e.i. produqtis yvela
momdevno erTeulis warmoeba amcirebs saSualo danaxarjebs. rodesac , ATC MC> saSualo mTliani
danaxarjebis mrudi aRmavalia, e.i. produqtis yoveli morigi erTeulis warmoeba zrdis saSualo danaxarjebs.
rodesac mi n , = A T C maSin . ATC MC= zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi ( MC) kveTs saSualo cvalebadi
( AVC) da saSualo mTliani ( ATC) danaxarjebis mrudebs minimumis wertilebSi (naxazi 8.3).
ratom kveTs zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi saSualo mTliani da saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebis
mrudebs maTi minimumis wertilebSi? es xdeba imitom, rom Tu ATC da AVC mrudebi daRmavalia, e.i.
es danaxarjebi mcirdeba, MC yovelTvis maT dablaa (produqtis damatebiTi erTeulis warmoebaze gaRebuli
danaxarjebi saSualoze dabalia, rac amcirebs saSualo danaxarjebs). Tu ATC da AVC danaxarjebi izrdeba,
maTi mrudebi aRmavalia da MC maT zeviTaa (produqtis damatebiTi erTeulis warmoebaze gaRebuli
danaxarjebi metia saSualoze, rac zrdis saSualo danaxarjebs). ATC da AVC minimaluria, roca isini MC-s
tolia. Tu amasTan erTad MC izrdeba, maSin man aucilebelad minimumis wertilebze unda gaiaros.

am msjelobis sailustraciod ganvixiloT magaliTi. davuSvaT, Tqven ramdenime testirebis safuZvelze
miiReT saSualo qula (A=100). morig testirebaze ki 80 qula (M=80). radgan zRvruli (damatebiTi) qula
(M) saSualoze naklebia, amitom saSualo mniSvneloba mcirdeba (M<A=80<100 anu maTi saSualo aris
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nax. 8.3 zRvruli da saSualo danaxarjebis mrudebi
roca MA<ATC, saSualo mTliani danaxarjebi (ATC) mcirdeba. roca MA>ATC saSualo mTliani danaxarjebi izrdeba.
zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi (MC) saSualo cvalebadi (AVC) da saSualo mTliani (ATC) danaxarjebis mrudebs
minimumis wertilebSi kveTs.

ATC
AVC
153
180/2=90, ese igi A Semcirda). Tu morigi testirebis Sedegad 120 qulas miiRebdiT, maSin saSualo
mniSvneloba gaizrdeboda, radgan zRvruli qulebi saSualoze metia (M>A=120>100 anu maTi saSualo aris
220/2=110, ese igi A gaizarda).
wina TavSi ganvixileT zRvruli da saSualo mwarmoebluroba. axla grafikulad gamovsaxoT
urTierTdamokidebuleba zRvrul da saSualo mwarmoeblurobasa da zRvrul da saSualo danaxarjebs Soris.
zogadad, isini erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi sarkiseburad simetriulebi arian (naxazi 8.4). aseTi Tanafardoba
SesaZlebelia sawarmoo funqciisa da danaxarjebis funqciis garkveuli saxeebisaTvis.


8. 3 firmis amonagebi da warmoebis danaxarjebi

firmis saqmianobis ufro detaluri analizisaTvis ganvmartoT Semdegi cnebebi:
mTliani amonagebi (Semosavali) (Total Revenue - TR) aris firmis produqtis realizaciidan
miRebuli Semosavlis Tanxa da Semdegnairad gaiangariSeba
TR=PxQ (8.8)
sadac
TR - mTliani amonagebia (Semosavali);
P - produqtis fasi;
Q - realizebuli produqciis raodenoba.
AP
C
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O
produqciis raodenoba
nax. 8.4 saSualo da zRvruli danaxarjebisa da saSualo da zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis
urTierTdamokidebuleba
zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi (MC) saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebis mruds (AVC) minimumis wertilSi kveTs. zRvruli
produqtis mrudi (MP) saSualo produqtis mruds (AP) maqsimumis wertilSi kveTs. rodesac MC<AVC, saSualo
cvalebadi danaxarjebi mcirdeba da piriqiT. rodesac MP>AP, saSualo produqti izrdeba da piriqiT.
MC
AVC
MP
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damokidebuleba gayiduli produqciis raodenobasa da miRebul Semosavals Soris gamoisaxeba
mTliani amonagebis mrudiT (naxazi 8.5). im SemTxvevaSi, roca fasi mudmivia, igi aris wrfe da gamodis
koordinatTa saTavidan. grafikidan gamomdinare, MN/ON = tga=P.
saSualo amonagebi (Average Revenue - AR) aris Semosavali, romelic miiReba gayiduli
produqtis erTi erTeulidan:
. / Q TR AR = (8.9)



zRvruli amonagebi (Marginal Revenue - MR) aris mTliano amonagebis nazrdi, miRebuli
damatebiT erTi erTeuli produqtis warmoebis Sedegad.
.
) (
P
Q
Q
P
Q
Q P
Q
TR
MR =
A
A
=
A
A
=
A
A
= (8.10)
naxazi 8.5-is mixedviT
P MR tga ON MN Q TR AR = = = = = / / (8.11)
zRvruli amonagebis mrudi (MR) daRmavalia (naxazi 8.6). is SeiZleba uaryofiTic gaxdes
gamoSvebis maRali moculobis dros.
N

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nax. 8.5 mTliani amonagebis mrudi
mTliani amonagebis mrudi (TR) aris wrfe (im SemTxvevaSi, roca fasi mudmivia). MN/ON = tga=P.
raodenoba Q

TR

M
155

Tu firmis moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia, maSin SegviZlia aRvniSnoT zRvruli amonagebis ori
Tavisebureba. 1. roca izrdeba produqtis gamoSveba, zRvruli amonagebi mcirdeba; 2. zRvruli
amonagebi naklebi unda iyos im fasze, romliTac produqtis bolo erTeuli gaiyida.
zRvruli amonagebis mrudis forma damokidebulia mxolod firmis moTxovnis mrudis formaze.
zRvruli danaxarjebi da zRvruli amonagebi gansazRvraven gamoSvebis moculobas (naxazi 8.7).
optimaluri gamoSveba aris
1
Q romlis drosac zRvruli amonagebi utoldeba zRvrul danaxarjebs:
MC MR= (8.12)
1
Q
-
is

marcxniv zRvruli amonagebi ufro metia, vidre zRvruli danaxarjebi da firmam unda gazardos
gamoSveba, rogorc es naCvenebia isrebiT. Tu produqtis gamoSveba ufro didia, vidre
1
Q , zRvruli
amonagebi naklebia zRvrul danaxarjebze da mogeba izrdeba gamoSvebis SemcirebiT. Tu firmas aqvs
danakargebi
1
Q gamoSvebis dros ( E wertilSi), man unda gadawyvitos uari Tqvas warmoebaze, Tu
awarmoos
1
Q . am problemas mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.
O
MR

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nax. 8. 6 zRvruli amonagebis mrudi
raodenoba Q

156

vTqvaT, firmam gadawyvita Tavis muSakebs xelfasi gauzardos, an gaizarda nedleulis fasi. amis
Sedegad, TiToeuli gamoSvebis moculobisTvis zRvruli danaxarjebi gaizrdeba. am cvlilebas gviCvenebs
naxazi 8.8. MC gadaadgildeba C M ' mdgomareobaSi. Tu firma irCevs variants, rodesac C M ' = MR, E'
wertilSi ufro maRali zRvruli danaxarjebi amcirebs mogebis gazrdis SesaZleblobas (
1
Q -dan
2
Q -mde).

firmis gamoSvebis moculobis gansazRvra
cxrili 8.1
zRvruli
piroba
gadawyvetileba Semowmeba
MC MR> gamoSvebis zrda
MC MR< gamoSvebis Semcireba
MC MR= optimaluri gamoSveba Tu mogeba dadebiTia, SesaZlebelia mocemuli donis warmoeba.
Q1
E
1
MR

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nax. 8.8 zRvruli danaxarjebis gavlena gamoSvebaze
firma irCevs variants, rodesac MR=MC, gadadis E' wertilSi da uSvebs Q
2
-s. Tu zRvruli
danaxrjebi gaizrdeba, mogebis gazrdis SesaZlebloba mcirdeba. am dros firma amcirebs
gamoSvebis moculobas Q
1
-dan Q
2
-mde.
gamoSveba

MC
MR

MC


MR

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nax. 8.7 zRvruli danaxarjebisa da zRvruli amonagebis mrudebi
Tu zRvruli amonagebi metia zRvrul danaxarjebze (MR>MC) mogebis maqsimizaciisaTvis firmam unda
gazardos gamoSveba. Tu zRvruli amonagebi naklebia zRvrul danaxarjebze (MR<MC) firmas mogebis
maqsimizacia SeuZlia gamoSvebis Semcirebis xarjze.

gamoSveba

157
Tu mogeba ar aris dadebiTi, firma unda daxuros (moklevadian
periodSi) an datovos bazari (grZelvadian periodSi).

vTqvaT, firmis moTxovnis mrudi da zRvruli amonagebis mrudi gadaadgilda marjvniv. TiToeuli
gamoSvebis moculoba, fasi da zRvruli amonagebi sawyisze maRali iqneba (naxazi 8.9) MR mrudi
gadaadgildeba
R M '
mdgomareobaSi da viRebT E
1
wertils, e.i. ufro maRalma moTxovnam gamoiwvia is,
rom firma zrdis gamoSvebis moculobas
Q
1
Q
-dan

2
Q -
mde.

8.4 danaxarjebi grZelvadian periodSi

grZelvadian periodSi firmam SeiZleba Secvalos warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebuli moculoba. am
TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor SeirCes warmoebis faqtorebis kombinaciebi, romlebic minimumamde daiyvanen
warmoebis danaxarjebs. aseve ganvixilavT grZelvadiani periodis danaxarjebsa da produqtis gamoSvebis
doneebs Soris kavSirs. dasawyisSi ufro detalurad SevCerdebiT firmis danaxarjebze ZiriTadi kapitalis
gamoyenebis dros. Semdeg avxsniT, Tu rogor iReben monawileobas es danaxarjebi SromiT danaxarjebTan
erTad sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi.

kapitalis gamoyenebis Rirebuleba
firmebi xSirad qiraoben, lizingiT iReben aRWurvilobas an ubralod yiduloben kapitals. ganvixiloT
SemTxveva, rodesac xdeba kapitalis arendiT aReba. davuSvaT, rom Delta Air lines gegmavs TviTmfrinavis
Bboing 777-is yidvas 150 mln dolarad. kompanias axlave rom gadaexada msxvili Tanxa TviTmfrinavSi,
ekonomikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, SenaZenis fasi ganawilebuli iqneboda mTeli periodis manZilze.
es aviakompanias saSualebas miscemda Seedarebina Tavisi Semosavlebi da danaxarjebi yovelwliuri fuladi
nakadis mixedviT. TviTmfrinavis saeqsploatacio vada 30 welia. amortizirebis danaxarjebi am dros
weliwadSi 5 mln dolars utoldeba. aRniSnuli Tanxa SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc wliuri ekonomikuri cveTa
(amortizacia).
MR


Q
2
E
1
Q
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MR
1

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nax. 8.9 zRvruli amonagebis zrdis gavlena gamoSvebaze
Tu firmis zRvruli amonagebi gaizarda, MR mrudi gadaadgildeba M
1
R
1
mdgomareobaSi. gamoSvebis moculoba,
fasi da zRvruli amonagebi sawyisze maRalia. firma zrdis gamoSvebis moculobas
Q
Q
1
-dan Q
2
-mde
gamoSveba

MC
MR

MC


158
Cven ar viTvaliswinebT, rom Tu aviakompania uars ityoda TviTmfrinavis SeZenaze, mas SeeZlo 150
mln dolaridan sargebeli (procentis saxiT) mieRo. es xelidan gaSvebuli sargebeli warmoadgens alternatiul
danaxarjebs, romlis gaTvalsiwinebac aucilebelia. amrigad, kapitalis gamoyenebis Rirebuleba (User Cost
of Capital) warmoadgens TviTmfrinavis flobisa da eqspolataciis yovelwliur danaxarjebs misi gayidvis an
yidvaze uaris Tqmis nacvlad. es aris amortizacias damatebuli procenti (anu finansuri Semosavali), romelic
SeiZleboda miRebuliyo sxva adgilas misi investirebis SemTxvevaSi. formalurad es ase gamoiyureba:
kapitalis gamoyenebis Rirebuleba = ekonomikuri cveTa (amortizacia) + (saprocento ganakveTi)
X (kapitalis Rirebuleba) (8.12)
Cvens magaliTSi, avialaineris ekonomikuri cveTa weliwadSi 5 mln dolaris tolia da Seadgens
1/30=3,33 procents weliwadSi. Tu Delta-s SeeZlo gamoemuSavebina wliuri 10%, SegviZlia gamovTvaloT
kapitalis gamoyenebis Rirebuleba r = 3,33+10 = 13, 33% weliwadSi.
grZelvadian periodSi firmaSi icvleba warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebis moculobebi. Tavdapirvelad
ganvsazRvroT, Tu rogor airCevs firma warmoebis faqtorebis kombinacias, rac warmoebis minimalur
danaxarjebs iZleva mocemeuli moculobis saqonlis gamoiSvebisas. Semdeg ki ganvixiloT Tanafardoba
grZelvadiani periodis danaxarjebsa da gamoSvebis doneebs Soris.

warmoebis faqtorTa SerCeva danaxarjebis minimizaciis mizniT
rogor SeirCes warmoebis faqtorebis kombinacia, rom gamoSvebul iqnas produqtis gansazRvruli
moculoba minimaluri danaxarjebiT? simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom arsebobs mxolod ori cvalebadi
warmoebis faqtori: Sroma (izomeba samuSao saaTebiT) da kapitali (izomeba mowyobilobis gamoyenebis
droiT weliwadSi).
firmis mier gamoyenebuli Sromisa da kapitalis raodenoba, damokidebuli iqneba am warmoebis
faqtorTa fasebze. vvaraudobT, rom orive faqtors konkurentuli bazari gaaCnia, e.i. maTi fasebi ar
eqvemdebareba firmebis mxridan gavlenas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi Sromis fasi utoldeba ubralod xelfasis w
dones. magram rogoria kapitalis fasi?
kapitalis fasi. grZelvadian periodSi firmas SeuZlia koreqtireba gaukeTos gamoyenebuli kapitalis
raodenobas (Tu kapitali moicavs specializirebul mowyobilobebs, romelTac ar aqvT alternatiuli gamoyenebis
SesaZlebloba, am mowyobilobaze gaweuli xarjebi mainc ar aris daubrunebeli da unda iqnes
gaTvalsiwinebuli; firma gadawyvets, Tu ramdeni kapitali unda gamoiyenos praqtikulad). magram Sromaze
danaxarjebisagan gansxvavebiT, kapitalze Tavdapirveli msxvili xarjebi aucileblad unda iqnes gaRebuli.
kapitalze firmis danaxarjebi rom SevadaroT Sromaze danaxarjebs, saWiroa kapitalze danaxarji
warmovadginoT rogorc nakadi, anu gadaangariSebuli TiTo weliwadze (larebSi). amisaTvis xarjebi unda
gadanawildes da gaiweros mTeli eqspulataciis periodze. gasaTvaliswinebelia xelidan gaSvebuli procentic,
romelsac firma aiRebda am fulis investirebiT.
amrigad, kapitalis fasi utoldeba kapitalis gamoyenebis Rirebulebas r = amortizaciis normas +
procentuli ganakveTi (8.13)
kapitalis saarendo ganakveTi. zogjer kapitalis yidvis nacvlad xdeba misi arenda. magaliTisTvis
SegviZlia moviSvelioT maRalsarTulian SenobaSi ofisis arendiT aReba. am SemTxvevaSi kapitalis fasi
saarendo ganakveTis (Rental Rate), anu kapitalis erTeulze wliuri saarendo xarjis tolia. unda
ganvasxvavoT Tu ara arendiT aRebuli da SeZenili kapitali? ara. Tu kapitalis bazari konkurentulia, saarendo
ganakveTi unda iyos gamoyenebis Rirebulebis (r) toli. ratom? imitom, rom konkurentul bazarze kapitalis
159
mflobeli firmebi (rogorc saofise Senobis mflobeli) elodebian, rom Senobis arendiT gacemis SemTxvevaSi
miiReben konkurentul Semosavals. konkurentuli Semosavali kapitalis gamoyenebis Rirebulebas
utoldeba.
bevr saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoiTqmis varaudi, rom mTeli kapitali r saaarendo ganakveTiT aiReba
arendaSi. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, es daSveba mizanSewonilia. kapitali, romlis yidvac xdeba, unda
ganixilebodes, TiTqos igi arendiT aris aRebuli saarendo ganakveTis Sesabamisad. es, Tavis mxriv,
kapitalis gamoyenebis Rirebulebis tolia.
mocemuli Tavis darCenil nawilSi Cven Semdeg daSvebas vakeTebT: firma arendiT iRebs mTel Tavis
kapitals saarendo ganakveTiT an r `fasiT~, zustad ise, rogorc igi qiraobs Sromas saxelfaso ganakveTiT, anu
w fasiT. axla Cven SegviZlia gamovarkvioT, rogor iTvaliswinebs firma am fasebs saWiro kapitalisa da
Sromis dasaangariSeblad.
izokosta da warmoebis faqtorTa danaxarjebi
ganvixiloT warmoebis faqtorebis daqiravebis xarjebi, rogorc firmis izokosta. gavixsenoT, rom
izokosta gviCvenebs Sromisa da kapitalis yvela SesaZlo kombinacias, romlebic SeiZleba SeZenil iqnes
mocemuli mTliani danaxarjebis dros. gavixsenoT, rom mTliani danaxarjebi (C) warmoebis garkveuli
moculobisaTvis tolia Sromisa (wL) da kapitalis danaxarjebis (rk) jamisa:
C = wL + rk (8.14)
naxazze 8.10 C
0
izokosta aRwers Sromisa da kapitalis yvela SesaZlo kombinaciebs, romelTa
daqiravebis saerTo danaxarjebi C
0
-s utoldeba.
Tu mTlian danaxarjebze gantolebas gadavwerT rogorc wrfis gantolebas, miviRebT:
K= C/r - (w/r) L (8.15)
amrigad, izokostas aqvs AK/AL = -(w/r) daxriloba, romelic tolia saxelfaso ganakveTis fardobisa
kapitalis arendis ganakveTTan. es daxriloba analogiuria sabiujeto wrfis daxrilobisa. Tu firma uars ambobs
erT erTeul Sromaze (da ukan iRebs w lars) raTa iyidos w/r erTeuli kapitali, romlis fasia r erTi erTeulisTvis,
misi mTliani danaxarjebi igive rCeba. magaliTad, Tu xelfasi Seadgens 10 lars, xolo kapitalis arendis
danaxarjebi 5 lars, firmas SeuZlia erTeuli Sroma ori erTeuli kapitaliT Secvalos mTlian danaxarjebSi
cvlilebis gareSe.












A A



C
0
C
1
C
2




nax. 8.10 mocemuli moculobis produqciis warmoeba minimaluri danaxarjebiT
Q
1
A
L
2
L
1
L
3

K
2






K
1
K
3


kapitalis wliuri
danaxarji
Sromis wliuri danaxarji
160
izokosta gviCvenebs warmoebis faqtorebis yvela kombinacias, romlis drosac firmis danaxarjebi igive rCeba. C
0
izokosta

Q
1
izokvantas exeba A wertilSi da gviCvenebs, rom Q
1
warmoebis moculobis miRweva SeiZleba minimaluri danaxarjebiT, roca
danaxarjebi Sromaze aris L
1
da kapitalze K
1
. warmoebis faqtorebis sxva kombinaciebi L
2
, K
2
da L
3
, K
3
igive moculobis produqcias
iZleva ufro maRali danaxarjebiT.


warmoebis faqtorebis SerCeva
vTqvaT vapirebT Q
1
moculobis warmoebas. rogor vawarmooT es moculoba minimaluri danaxarjebiT?
naxazze 8.10 mocemulia izokvanta (Q
1
).

masze avirCioT wertili, romelSic danaxarjebi minimaluria.
dauSvaT, firma apirebs warmoebis faqtorebze daxarjos C
0
. samwuxarod, C
0
danaxarjebis pirobebSi ar
arsebobs faqtorebis iseTi kombinacia, romelic Q
1
moculobis uzrunvelsayofad sakmarisi iqneboda. magram
warmoebis es done SeiZleba miRweul iqnas C
2
mTliani danaxarjebis doniT an K
2
erTeuli kapitalis da L
2

erTeuli Sromis, aseve K
3
erTeuli kapitalis da L
3
erTeuli Sromis gamoyenebiT. aseTive moculobis produqcia
SeiZleba ufro iafad iqnas warmoebuli C
1
danaxarjebiT (Tu gamoyenebuli iqneba K
1
erTeuli kapitali da L
1

erTeuli Sroma). faqtiurad, C
1
izokosta aris yvelaze dabla mdebare izokosta, romelic Q
1
moculobis produqciis
gamoSvebis saSualebas iZleva. Q
1
izokvantisa da C
1
izokostis Sexebis A wertili uCvenebs warmoebis
fatorebis L
1
da K
1
kombinacias, romelic minimizacias ukeTebs danaxarjebs. am wertilebSi izokostisa da
izokvantis daxriloba tolia.
Tu yvela faqtorze danaxarji izrdeba, izokostis daxriloba ar icvleba, radgan warmoebis faqtorebis fasebi
ar Secvlila. magram RerZebTan gadakveTis wertilebi zemoT gadainacvlebs. davuSvaT, Sromaze fasma
aiwia. am SemTxvevaSi izokostis daxrilobis absoluturi sidide (w/r) gaizrdeba da izokosta ufro damreci
gaxdeba. naxazze 8.10 C
1
sawyis izokostaze firma danaxarjebis minimizacias axdens Q
1
moculobis dros A
wertilSi, iyenebs ra L
1
erTeul Sromas da K
1
erTeul kapitals. Semdeg Sromis fasi izrdeba da izokosta ufro
damreci xdeba. C
2
izokosta aRwers Sromis ufro maRal fass. aseTi fasis dros firma Q
1
moculobis
danaxarjebis minimizacias axdens B wertilSi, iyenebs L
2
erTeul Sromas da K
2
erTeul kapitals. firma
reagirebs Sromis fasis awevaze da warmoebis procesSi mas kapitaliT cvlis.
rogor aris izokosta dakavSirebuli firmis warmoebis procesTan? warmoebis teqnologiis analizSi
vuCveneT, rom teqnologiuri cvlilebebis dros Sromis kapitaliT Canacvlebis zRvruli norma (MRTS)
warmoadgens izokvantis uaryofiT daxrilobas da utoldeba Sromisa da kapitalis zRvruli produqtebis fardobas:
MRTS = -AK/AL = MP
L
/ MP
K
(8.16)
izokostas daxriloba tolia AK/AL= -w/r. amrigad, Tu firma axdens warmoebis danaxarjebis
minimizacias, sruldeba Semdegi piroba:
MP
L
/ MP
K
= w/r
Cven SegviZlia cotaTi SevcvaloT es piroba:


MP
L
/ w aris damatebiTi gamoSveba, romelic warmoiSoba Sromaze damatebiTi laris daxarjvis gamo.
vTqvaT, saxelfaso ganakveTi tolia 10 laris. xolo damatebiTi muSa warmoebis moculobas gazrdis 20
erTeuliT. maSin produqtis damatebiTi gamoSveba, damatebiT muSaze daxarjul erT larze gaangariSebiT
Seadgens 20/10=2 erTeuls. analogiurad, MP
K
/r damatebiTi gamoSvebaa, romelic kapitalze damatebiTi laris
MP
L
/ w = MP
K
/r (8.17)

161
daxarjviT warmoiSoba. amrigad firmam, romelic cdilobs danaxarjebis minimizacias, warmoebis
faqtorebis iseTi kombinacia unda SearCios, rom warmoebis nebismier faqtorze daxarjulma bolo
larma produqtis moculobas erTnairi namati misces.
ratom unda sruldebodes es piroba danaxarjebis minimizaciisaTvis? davuSvaT, rom 10 lari saxelfaso
ganakveTis zeviT kapitalze gadasaxadi Seadgens 2 lars. aseve davuSvaT, rom kapitalis gazrda erTi erTeuliT
produqtis moculobis 20 erTeuliT zrdas gamoiwvevs. am SemTxvevaSi, damatebiTi kapitalis gamoSveba,
erT larze gaangariSebiT mogvcemda: 20/2 lari = 10 erTeul produqcias larze. radgan kapitalze daxarjuli erTi
lari 5-jer ufro mwarmoebluria, vidre Sromaze daxarjuli erTi lari, firma moindomebs gamoiyenos meti
kapitali da naklebi Sroma. Tu firma Seamcirebs Sromis danaxarjebs da kapitalze danaxarjebs gazrdis, Sromis
zRvruli produqti daiwyebs zrdas, xolo kapitalis zRvruli produqti Semcirebas. sabolood miiRweva wertili,
sadac damatebiTi erTeulis warmoebis Rirebuleba danaxarjebis kuTxiT aRmoCndeba erTi da igive,
miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli faqtori gamoiyeneba damatebiT. am wertilSi firma axdens danaxarjebis
minimizacias.

danaxarjebis minimizacia gamoSvebis moculobis cvlilebisas
ganvixiloT SemTxveva, romelic gviCvenebs firmis danaxarjebis damokidebulebas produqciis
moculobaze.
am analizis Sesasruleblad davadginoT warmoebis faqtorebis is raodenobebi, romlebic konkretuli
raodenobis produqtis gamoSvebis danaxarjebis minimizacias axdens da Semdeg gamovTvaloT saboloo
danaxarjebi.
danaxarjebis minimizaciis amocana mocemulia naxazze 8.11 `a. davuSvaT firmas SeuZlia L Sromis
daqiraveba w=10 lari/sT xelfasiT da arendiT aiRos K erTeuli kapitali r = 20 lari /sT ganakveTiT. am
danaxarjebis gaTvaliswinebiT daxazulia sami izokosta. yoveli izokosta mocemulia Semdegi gantolebiT:
C = (10 lari /sT)(L) + (20 lari /sT)(K)
naxazze yvelaze dabali izokosta (naxazze ar aris miTiTebuli) Seesabameba 1000 laris Sesabamis
danaxarjebs; saSualo wrfe _ 2000 laris danaxarjebs, zeda _ 3000 laris danaxarjebs.
A, B da C wertilebi naxazze 8.11 `a izokostisa da izokvantis Sexebis wertilebia. magaliTad, B wertili
gviCvenebs, rom 200 erTeuli produqtis warmoebisaTvis minimaluri danaxarjebis pirobisaTvis aucilebelia
100 erTeuli Sromisa da 50 erTeuli kapitalis gamoyeneba. es kombinacia 2000 laris Sesabamis izokostaze
Zevs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas A da C wertilebze (warmoebas moculoba 100 da 300 erTeuli).
izokostebisa da izokvantebis Sexebis wertilebze gamaval wrfes warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoria
ewodeba. warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoria (Erpansion Path) aRwers Sromisa da kapitalis
kombinaciebs, romlebsac irCevs firma, raTa produqtis gamoSvebis yoveli donisaTvis moaxdinos
danaxarjebis minimizacia. sanam produqtis moculobis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba Sromisa da kapitalis
raodenoba, mruds eqneba aRmavali (dadebiTi) daxriloba. rodesac warmoeba 100-dan 200 erTeulamde
izrdeba, kapitalis faqtori 25-dan 50 erTeulamde, xolo Sromisa 50-dan 100-mde izrdeba. gamoSvebis yoveli
donisaTvis firma iyenebs orjer met Sromas kapitalTan SedarebiT. maSasadame, warmoebis gafarToebis
traeqtoria aris swori wrfe daxrilobiT, romelic tolia:
AK/AL = (50-25)/(100-50) = 1/2

kapitalze wliuri
danaxarji (lari)
162
150
izokosta C=3000 lari

izokosta C=2000 lari
100

75 C izokvanta Q=300 erTeuli
B
50
A izokvanta Q=200 erTeuli
25

50 100 150 200 300 Sromis wliuri danaxarji
`a

wliuri danaxarji
(lari)
3000 grZelvadiani periodis
mTliani danaxarjis mrudi

2000


1000



`b
nax. 8.11 firmis warmoebis gafarToebis traqtoria da grZelvadiani mTliani danaxarjebis mrudi
`a naxazze warmoebis gafarToebis traqtoria (sakoordinato saTavidan A, B da C wertilebis gavliT) gviCvenebs Sromisa da
kapitalis kombinaciebs, romelTa gamoyenebiT danaxarjebi minimumamde daiyvaneba (saWiro produqciis gamoSvebis grZelvadian
periodze gadaangariSebiT) anu rodesac orive warmoebis faqtori SeiZleba Seicvalos. koordinatTa saTavidan D, E da F wertilebis
gavliT naxazi `b (grZelvadiani periodis mTliani danaxarjebis mrudi) gviCvenebs sami donis gamoSvebis Sesabamis umcires
danaxarjebs, rac Tavis mxriv `a naxazzea mocemuli.
warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoria da grZelvadiani danaxarjebi
firmis warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoria Seicavs igive informacias, rasac grZelvadiani mTliani
danaxarjebis C(q) mrudi. es SeiZleba davinaxoT naxazze 8.11 `b. warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoria unda
gardaiqmnas danaxarjebis mrudad sam etapad:
a) avirCioT gamoSvebis done, romelic naxazze 8.11 `a izokvantiTaa mocemuli. vipovoT am
izokvantasTan izokostis Sexebis wertili;
b) arCeuli izokostiT ganvsazRvroT warmoebis minimaluri danaxarjebi Cvens mier arCeuli warmoebis
donisaTvis;
g) naxazze 8.11 `b gamovsaxoT gamoSveba-danaxarjebis kombinacia.
vTqvaT, viwyebT 100 erTeuli produqtis gamoSvebiT. A wertili naxazze 8.11 `a izokvantis Sexebis
wertils warmoadgens, rac 100 erTeulis gamoSvebis izokostas Seesabameba. A wertili mdebareobs
izokostaze, romelic 1000 laris danaxarjebs utoldeba. es niSnavs, rom 100 erTeuli produqtis warmoebis
minimaluri danaxarjebi grZelvadian periodSi 1000 laris tolia. 100 erTeuli produqtis da 1000 laris
100 200 300 gamoSvebis moculoba (cali)
warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoria
D
E
F
163
danaxarjebis kombinacias D wertiliT aRvniSnavT (naxazi 8.11 `b). analogiurad, SegviZlia E (200 erTeuli
2000 laris minimaluri danaxarjebi) da F wertilis miReba (300 erTeuli 3000 laris minimaluri danaxarjebi),
romlebic B da C wertilebs Seesabamebian. yoveli gamoSvebis donisaTvis vimeorebT am etapebs da viRebT
grZelvadiani periodis mTliani danaxarjebis mruds (naxazi 8.11 `b).
mocemul magaliTSi grZelvadiani periodis danaxarjebis mrudi wrfes warmoadgens. ratom? am
SemTxvevaSi masStabis mudmivi efeqti moqmdebs: rodesac proporciulad izrdeba danaxarjebi, igive
emarTeba gamoSvebis moculobas. rogorc Semdegi paragrafidan davinaxavT, warmoebis gafarToebis
traeqtoriis forma imaze metyvelebs, Tu rogor icvleba danaxarjebi saqmianobis masStabis cvlilebasTan
erTad.

8.5 grZelvadiani da moklevadiani danaxarjebis mrudi

Cven gamovarkvieT, rom moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mruds U-s forma aqvs. grZelvadini
saSualo danaxarjebis mruds aseve SeiZleba U-s forma hondes, magram maTi formebi gansxvavebuli
ekonomikuri mizezebiTaa ganpirobebuli. am TavSi ganvixilavT grZelvadian saSualo da zRvrul danaxarjebs
da davadgenT gansxvavebebs am mrudebsa da maT moklevadian analogebs Soris.

warmoebis sixiste moklevadian periodSi
viciT, rom firmisaTvis grZelvadian periodSi warmoebis yvela faqtori cvalebadi sididea. grZelvadian
periodSi firmas SeuZlia Secvalos sawarmos zomis da amasTan produqti awarmoos SedarebiT dabali saSualo
danaxarjebiT, vidre moklevadian periodSi. aRniSnuli movlenis logikaSi gasarkvevad ganvixiloT situacia,
rodesac Sroma da kapitali icvleba da SevadaroT im SemTxvevas, rodesac kapitali moklevadian periodSi
mudmivia.
naxazi 8.12 gviCvenebs firmis izokvantebs. firmis gafarToebis grZelvadiani traeqtoria gamoiyureba
rogorc wrfe, romelic koordinatTa saTavidan iwyeba da naxazze 8.12 mocemul gafarToebis traeqtorias
Seesabameba. axla davuSvaT, rom kapitali moklevadian periodSi dafiqsirebulia K
1
doneze. Q
1
warmoebis
moculobis dros firma axdens danaxarjebis minimizacias, irCevs ra Sromis L
1
raodenobas, rac AB
izokostasTan Sexebis wertils Seesabameba. sixiste mJRavndeba maSin, rodesac firma gadawyvetilebas
iRebs gazardos gamoSveba Q
2
donemde kapitalis gazrdis gareSe. kapitali fiqsirebuli rom ar yofiliyo, igi
gamouSvebda sasurvel moculobas K
2
kapitalisa da L
2
Sromis meSveobiT. mis danaxarjebs asaxavda CD
izokosta. magram kapitali mudmivia da es aiZulebs firmas gazardos Tavisi warmoeba K
1
kapitalisa da L
3

Sromis saSualebiT P wertilSi. P wertili EF izokostaze mdebareobs da Seesabameba danaxarjebis ufro maRal
dones, vidre CD izokosta. ratom aris danaxarjebi ufro maRali mudmivi kapitalis pirobebSi? imitom, rom
gafarToebis SemTxevevaSi firmas ar SeuZlia iafi kapitali ZviradRirebuli SromiT Caanacvlos. warmoebis
gafarToebis moklevadiani traeqtoria (wrfe koordinatTa saTavidan) kapitalis K
1
donis miRwevis Semdeg
horizontaluri xdeba da Segvaxsenebs, rom warmoeba moklevadian periodSi xistia.

164
kapitalze wliuri
danaxarji

E

warmoebis gafarToebis
C grZelvadiani traeqtoria

A

K
2
P warmoebis gafarToebis
K
1
Q
2
moklevadiani traeqtoria
Q
1
L
1
L
2
B D L
3
F Sromis wliuri danaxarji

nax. 8.12 warmoebis sixiste moklevadian periodSi
moklevadian periodSi firmas, kapitalis danaxarjebis sixistis gamo, ar SeuZlia minimizacia gaukeTos danaxarjebs. pirvel etapze
gamoSveba Q
1
doneze iyo. moklevadian periodSi Q
2
dones SeiZleba mivaRwioT mxolod Sromis L
1
-dan L
3
-mde gazrdiT, radgan
kapitali K
1
donezea fiqsirebuli. grZelvadian periodSi igive moculobis gamoSvebis uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia ufro iafad Sromis L
1
-
dan L
2
-mde da kapitalis K
1
-dan K
2
-mde gazrdiT.

165
grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebi
grZelvadian periodSi kapitalis cvlilebis SesaZlebloba firmas saSualebas aZlevs Seamciros danaxarjebi.
gavarkvioT rogor icvleba, grZelvadian periodSi danaxarjebi firmis warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoriis
gaswvriv gadaadgilebasTan erTad. amisaTvis ganvixiloT saSualo da zRvruli danaxarjebis grZelvadiani
mrudebi. vTqvaT, sawarmoo process gaaCnia mudmivi ukugeba masStabidan warmoebis faqtorebis
nebismieri moculobisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi warmoebis faqtorebis gaormageba gamoiwvevs produqtis
moculobis gaormagebas. radgan faqtorebze fasebi igivea warmoebis moculobis zrdis periodSi, warmoebis
saSualo danaxarjebi gamoSvebis yvela doneze igive unda darCes.
ra xdeba maSin, Tu warmoebis procesi xasiaTdeba masStabidan zrdadi ukugebiT (rodesac warmoebis
faqtorebis gaormageba iwvevs warmoebis moculobis gazrdas orjer metad)? am SemTxevevaSi saSualo
danaxarjebi warmoebis moculobis zrdasTan erTad Semcirdeba. igive logikiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
masStabidan klebadi ukugebis dros warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebi izrdeba produqtis gamoSvebis zrdasTan
erTad.
gaixseneT grZelvadiani saerTo danaxarjebis mrudi, romelic warmoebis gafarToebis mrudTanaa
dakavSirebuli (naxazi 8.11 `a). am SemTxvevaSi, masStabidan ukugebis mudmivi sididis pirobebSi,
grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebi ucvleli rCeba. warmoebis nebismieri donis dros isini erTeul produqtze 10
laris tolia. radgan mudmivi saSualo danaxarjebi mudmiv zRvrul danaxarjebsac niSnavs, grZelvadiani
saSualo da zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebi horizontaluri wrfeebiT aris mocemuli erTeulze danaxarjebis 10
laris doneze.
naxazze 8.13 naCvenebia grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudis (Long-run Average Cost
Curve, LAC) damokidebuleba warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebsa da gamoSvebis im dones Soris, rodesac
yvela warmoebis faqtori cvalebadia.
erTeulze danaxarji
(lari)
zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi, LMC

A
grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjis mrudi, LAC


gamoSvebis moculoba
nax. 8.13 grZelvadiani saSualo da zRvruli danaxarji
Tu grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebi LAC mcirdeba, maSin grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjebi LMC mocemuli warmoebis dros ufro
mcirea, vidre LAC da piriqiT, rodesac LAC izrdeba, LMC metia vidre LAC. mrudebi A wertilSi ikveTebian, sadac LAC mrudi
minimumia.

moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudis (Short-run Average Cost Curve) msgavsad
grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mruds U-s forma aqvs, magram am formis mizezi masStabidan ukugebis
mzardi da Semcirebadi xasiaTia da ara warmoebis faqtoridan Semcirebuli ukugeba.
166
grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi (Long-run Marginal Cost Curve, LMC) SeiZleba
ganisazRvros grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudidan. LMC mrudi mdebareobs grZelvadiani saSualo
danaxarjebis mrudis qvemoT, rodesac LAC mcirdeba da mis zemoT, roca LAC izrdeba
1
.

ekonomia da zarali masStabidan
grZelvadin periodSi firmisaTvis warmoebis faqtorebis Tanafardobis cvlileba SeiZleba sasargeblo
aRmoCndes. rodesac warmoebis faqtorebis Tanafardoba icvleba, warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoria aRar aris
wrfe; masStabidan ukugebis principi am situaciaSi ar gamodgeba. amis nacvlad vambobT, rom firma iRebs
masStabidan ekonomias (Economies of Scale), Tu mas SeuZlia gamoSveba orjer, xolo danaxarjebi orjer
ufro naklebad gazardos. Sesabamisad, masStabidan zaralze (Diseconomies of Scale) saubroben maSin,
rodesac gamoSvebis gaormageba moiTxovs danaxarjebis gazrdas 2-jer metad. masStabidan ekonomiis cneba
Tavis TavSi moicavs masStabidan zrdad ukugebas, rogorc kerZo SemTxevevas. Tumca igi ufro zogadi
cnebaa, asaxavs ra warmoebis faqtorebis proporciebis cvlilebebs, romlebic Tavs iCenen warmoebis axal
doneze. aseT formulirebaSi grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudis U-s forma aqvs im firmas, romelic
awydeba masStabidan ekonomias SedarebiT mcire warmoebis moculobis dros da zarals masStabidan
SedarebiT maRali warmoebis moculobis dros.
masStabidan ekonomia xSirad izomeba gamoSvebis mixedviT danaxarjebis elastikurobis terminebSi
(E
c
). es aris warmoebis danaxarjebis cvlileba, gamoxatuli procentebSi, romelic warmoiSoba produqciis
gamoSvebis 1%-iT momatebis SemTxevevaSi:
E
c
= (AC/C)/(AQ/Q) (8.18)
rogor aris dakavSirebuli E
c
Cveulebriv danaxarjebis maCveneblebTan? aRniSnulis gasagebad (8.18)
gantoleba Semdegnairad gadavweroT:
E
c
= (AC/AQ )/( C/Q)= MC/AC (8.19)
cxadia, rom E
c
=1, rodesac zRvruli da saSualo danaxarjebi tolia. am SemTxvevaSi danaxarjebi izrdeba
gamoSvebis proporciulad da masStabidan ar aris arc ekonomia da arc zarali. masStabidan ekonomiis
SemTxvevaSi zRvruli danaxarjebi saSualoze mcirea (orive saxis danaxarji mcirdeba) da E
c
<1. Tu adgili
aqvs masStabidan zarals, zRvruli danaxarjebi metia saSualo danxarjebze da E
c
>1.

grZelvadian da moklevadian danaxarjebs Soris damokidebuleba
naxazi 8.14 da 8.15 gviCveneben kavSirs grZelvadian da moklevadian danaxarjebs Soris. vTqvaT,
firma ar aris darwmunebuli, rom mis produqtze moTxovna momavalSic iqneba da ganixilavs sam variants _
qarxnis sam alternatiul proeqts. naxazze 8.14 warmodgenilia sami qarxnis moklevadini mrudi _ SAC
1,
SAC
2
da SAC
3
. firmisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania gadawyvetilebis miReba, radgan qarxnis aSenebis Semdeg mas
aRar SeeZleba garkveuli periodi mainc Secvalos misi zomebi.
naxazze 8.15 gamosaxulia grZelvadian periodSi masStabidan ukugebis mudmivobis SemTxveva. Q
1

gamoSvebis moculobis dros firmas urCevnia mcire qarxana aaSenos. misi warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebis
mniSvneloba 10 laria; es minimaluri danaxarjebia, radgan moklevadiani zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi SMC
moklevadian saSualo danaxarjebis mruds SAC kveTs wertilSi. Tu firma fiqrobs Q
2
moculobis produqcia
gamouSvas, optimaluri gadawyvetileba iqneba saSualo moculobis qarxnis aSeneba. misi saSualo danaxarjebi
aseve 10 laris tolia. Tu dagegmili warmoebis moculoba Q
3
donezea, yvelaze kargi varianti mesame qarxanis

1
gaixseneT, rom AC = TC/Q. aqedan AAC/AQ = [Q (ATC/AQ) - TC]Q
2
= (MC-AC)/Q. cxadia, rodesac AC izrdeba,
AAC/AQ dadebiTia da MC>AC. Sesabamisad, rodesac AC mcirdeba, AAC/AQ uaryofiTia da MC<AC.
167
aSenebaa. radgan qarxnis mxolod es sami zomaa SesaZlebeli, nebismieri arCevani Q
1
-sa da Q
2
-s Soris
gamoiwvevs warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebis gazrdas. aseTive mdgomareobaa, Tu arCevani iqneba
warmoebis moculoba Q
2
-ze meti da Q
3
-ze naklebi.
rogori iqneba firmis grZelvadiani danaxarjebis mrudi? grZelvadin periodSi firmas SeuZlia qarxnis
zomis Secvla. amrigad, Tu is moisurvebs sawyisi Q
1
done Q
2
-mde gazardos, mas SeuZlia es gaakeTos
saSualo danaxarjebis donis SenarCunebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, sami SesaZlo zomis qarxnisaTvis
grZelvadini saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi Sedgeba saSualo moklevadini danaxarjebis mrudebis im
monakveTebisagan, romlebic wyvetiliT aris aRniSnuli. es monakveTebi warmoebis nebismieri donisaTvis
minimaluri warmoebis danaxarjebs aRniSnaven grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebisaTvis, radgan gars uvlian
an SemosazRvraven moklevadian danaxarjebis mrudebs.
erTeulze danaxarji


SAC
1
SAC
2
SAC
3


SMC
1
SMC
2
SMC
3








10$
LAC=LMC




Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
gamoSvebis moculoba

nax. 8.14 grZelvadini danaxarjebi masStabidan mudmivi ukugebisas
LAC grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi, romelic emTxveva grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjebis LMC mruds, gars uvlis
moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudebs (SAC
1
, SAC
2
, SAC
3
). masStabidan mudmivi ukugebisas grZelvadiani saSualo
danaxarjebis mrudi Sedgeba moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudebis minimumis wertilebisagan.

davuSvaT arsebobs qarxnis zomebis uamravi arCevani, romelTagan TiToeuls Seesabameba
moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi, romlis minimumi 10 laria. grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis
mrudi aRmoCndeba moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis SemomsazRvreli. naxazze 8.14 es aris wrfe LAC.
ramdeni produqciis gamoSvebac ar unda dagegmos firmam mas SeuZlia airCios qarxnis iseTi zoma, romelic
saSualebas miscems awarmoos es moculoba minimaluri saSualo danaxarjebiT 10 laris doneze.
masStabidan ekonomiis SemTxvevaSi igive mosazrebebi gamoiyeneba, magram grZelvadiani saSualo
danaxarjebis mrudi ukve aRar aris horizontaluri. naxazi 8.15 gviCvenebs tipiur suraTs, rodesac qarxnisaTvis
sami SesaZlo zoma arsebobs: minimaluri saSualo danaxarjebi umciresia saSualo zomis qarxnisaTvis.
amitom grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi Tavidan masStabidan ekonomias aCvenebs, xolo Semdeg,
warmoebis ufro maRali moculobisas, masStabidan zarals. da isev, StrixebiT aRniSnuli xazebi gviCveneben
grZelvadian saSualo danaxarjebs, romlebic am sam qarxanasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
naTlad rom warmovidginoT grZelvadian da moklevadian danaxarjebis Soris kavSiri, ganvixiloT firma,
romelic apirebs Q
1
moculobis produqtis gamoSvebas (naxazi 8.15). Tu aSendeba patara qarxana,
168
moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi iqneba SAC
1
. warmoebis saSualo danaxarji 8 lars utoldeba (B
wertili SAC
1
mrudze). patara qarxana ufro misaRebi arCevania, vidre saSualo qarxana, romlis warmoebis
saSualo danaxarji 10 laria (A wertili SAC
2
mrudze). amrigad, maSin, roca qarxnis mxolod 3 SesaZlo zoma
arsebobs, B wertili aRmoCndeba grZelvadiani danaxarjebis funqciis erT-erTi wertili. Tu arsebobs sxva
zomis qarxnis aSenebis SesaZlebloba an Tundac erT-erTi maTgani mogvcems imis saSualebas, rom
awarmoos Q
2
moculobis produqcia 8 lari danaxarjebiT erTeulze, grZelvadiani danaxarjebis mrudidan B
wertili gamoiricxeba.
nebismieri zomis qarxnis aSeneba rom SesaZlebeli iyos, grafikze gaCndeba LAC mrudi, romelsac U-s
msgavsi forma eqneboda (naxazi 8.15). kidev erTxel aRvniSnoT, rom LAC mrudi yovelTvis ganlagebulia
moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudebis qvemoT. aseve, radgan grZelvadian periodSi adgili aqvs
masStabidan ekonomias an zarals, saSualo danaxarjebis minimumebis wertilebi yvelaze patara da yvelaze
didi qarxnisaTvis ar mdebareobs grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudze. magaliTad, patara qarxana,
romelic minimaluri saSualo danaxarjebiT muSaobs ar aris efeqtiani, radgan msxvilma qarxanam SeiZleba
isargeblos masStabidan mzardi ukugebis upiratesobiT da SeuZlia awarmoos produqti ufro dabali saSualo
danaxarjebiT.




danaxarji erTeul
warmoebaze (lari)

SAC
1
SAC
2
SAC
3

SMC
1

10 A SMC
2
SMC
3
LAC

8 B


LMC


Q
0
Q
1
raodenoba

nax. 8.15 grZelvadiani danaxarjebi warmoebis masStabidan ekonomiisa da zaralis SemTxvevaSi

grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis LAC mrudi SemosazRvravs moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis SAC
1
, SAC
2
, SAC
3
mrudebs.
warmoebis masStabidan ekonomiisa da zaralis SemTxvevaSi moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudebis minimumebis wertilebi ar
Zevs grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudze. mrudebi ikveTebian A wertilSi, sadac grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi
Tavis minimums aRwevs. kerZo SemTxevevaSi, roca LAC mrudi mudmivia, LAC da LMC erTmaneTs emTxevevian.


moklevadiani zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebi unda gamoviyenoT konkretuli qarxnis mimarT;
grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebi ki gamoiyeneba yvela zomis qarxnis mimarT. grZelvadiani
169
zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudis yoveli wertili asaxavs zRvrul danaxarjebs, romlebic yvelaze efeqtian
danaxarjebs Seesabamebian. swored amitom, SMC
1
kveTs LMC mruds wertilSi, romelic gamoSvebis Q
0

dones Seesabameba. es aris wrfe, romelSic SAC
1
exeba LAC-s (naxazi 8.15).


8.6 warmoeba ori cvalebadi faqtoriT _ ekonomia
asortimentidan

firmebis umetesoba mxolod erTi produqtis damzadebaze ar aris specializebuli. isini awarmoeben
produqtebs, romlebic mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli: mefrinveleobis firma awarmoebs Sinaur
frinvelsa da kvercxs, saavtomobilo kompania _ msubuq da satvirTo avtomobilebs. zogjer firmis mier
gamoSvebuli produqtebi fizikurad erTmaneTTan ar arian dakavSirebuli. ori an meti dasaxelebis produqciis
warmoebisas firma mogebuli rCeba. sargebeli SeiZleba moitanos faqtorebis an sawarmoo simZlavreebis
erToblivma gamoyenebam (rodesac ori sxvadasxva produqtis warmoeba erTi marketinguli programiTaa
gaerTianebuli). xSirad erTi produqtis warmoeba TavisTavad iwvevs meore produqtis warmoebas, romelic
Tavis mxriv, garkveul faseulobas warmoadgens. magaliTad, liTonis nakeTobebis damuSavebisas iReben
jarTs da burbuSelas, romelic Semdeg SeiZleba gaiyidos.

produqtis transformaciis mrudebi
erToblivi warmoebis ekonomikuri upiratesobebis ilustraciisaTvis ganvixiloT avtomobilebis
mwarmoebeli kompania, romelic ori saxis saqonels awarmoebs, kerZod avtomobilebsa da traqtorebs. orive
produqtis warmoebaSi warmoebis faqtorebad gamoiyeneba kapitali (nageboba da mowyobiloba) da Sroma.
Cveulebriv avtomobilebi da traqtorebi erT qarxanaSi ar iwarmoeba, magram menejmenti maT saerTo aqvT,
xolo Sroma erTnairi kvalifikaciisaa. naxazze 8.16 naCvenebia produqtis transformaciis ori mrudi
(Product Trasformation Curves), romlebic asaxaven avtomobilebisa da traqtorebis sxvadasxva
kombinaciebs, Sromisa da mowyobilobebis mocemul pirobebSi. O
1
mrudi asaxavs am produqtebis
gamoSvebis yvela Tanafardobas, romlis drosac warmoebis danaxarjebi SedarebiT naklebia. O
2
mrudi
asaxavs kombinaciebs warmoebis faqtorebis gaormagebis SemTxvevaSi.
produqtis transformaciis mruds gaaCnia uaryofiTi daxriloba. imisaTvis, rom erTi dasaxelebis produqti
ufro meti raodenobiT gamouSvas, firmam uari unda Tqvas garkveuli raodenobis meore produqtze.
magaliTad firma, romelic manqanebis warmoebaze akeTebs aqcents, nakleb resurss gamoiyenebs traqtorebis
warmoebaze. naxazze 8.16 O
2
mrudi orjer ufro Sorsaa sakoordinato saTavidan, vidre O
1
mrudi, rac
gulisxmobs masStabidan mudmiv ukugebas ori produqtis warmoebis procesSi.



traqtorebis raodenoba
170
O
2

O
1

0


nax. 8.16. produqtis transformaciis mrudi
produqtis transformaciis mrudi asaxavs fiqsirebuli raodenobis warmoebis faqtorebis sxvadasxva kombinaciiT ori produqtis
gamoSvebas. transformaciis O
1
da O
2
mrudebi amozneqilia, radgan warmoebisas arsebobs ekonomia asortimentidan.

O
1
mrudi wrfe rom yofiliyo, erToblivi warmoeba ar gamoiwvevda arc sargebls da arc zarals. ori
kompania, romelTaganac erTi specilizibulia manqanebis, xolo meore traqtorebis warmoebaze, gamouSvebda
igive moculobis produqcias, rasac ufro didi moculobis qarxana, romelic orive produqts uSvebs. magram
produqtis transformaciis mrudi amozneqilia, radgan erToblivi warmoeba upiratesobiT xasiaTdeba. resursebis
Tanabari xarjvis pirobebSi, erTi qarxana met avtomanqanas da traqtors uSvebs, vidre ori kompania, romlebic
erTi produqtis warmoebaze arian orientirebulni. erToblivi warmoebis upiratesoba warmoebis faqtorebis
erToblivi gamoyenebis Sedegia. saerTo menejmenti xSirad ufro kargad arTmevs Tavs dagegmvas da
warmoebis organizacias, aseve sabuRaltro da finansur aspeqtebs, vidre cal-calke mmarTveli jgufebi.

ekonomia da zarali asortimentidan
mTlianobaSi ekonomia asortimentidan (Economies of Scope) arsebobs, roca ori produqtis
mwarmoebeli firmis mTliani gamoSveba metia, vidre gamoSvebis is moculoba, romelsac SeiZleba
miaRwios orma firmam erTi dasaxelebis produqts warmoebiT (warmoebis faqtorebis eqvivalenturi
moculobis dros). Tu aseTi firmis warmoebis moculoba ufro naklebia, vidre danarCeni oris erTad aRebuli,
sawarmoo process moaqvs zarali asortimentidan (Diseconomies of Scope). am movlenas adgili aqvs, roca
erTi produqtis warmoeba xels uSlis meoris warmoebas.
pirdapiri damokidebuleba asortimentidan da masStabidan ekonomias Soris ar arsebobs. ori produqtis
mwarmoebel firmas SeuZlia miiRos ekonomia asortimentidan im SemTxevevaSic ki, rodesac aqvs zarali
masStabidan. davuSvaT, pianinosa da roialis warmoeba erT sawarmoSi ufro iafi jdeba, vidre maTi cal-calke
warmoeba. maTi damzadeba moiTxovs maRalkvalificiur Sromas, amitom warmoebis mcire moculoba ufro
efeqtiania. zustad aseve, firmas romelic ramdenime saxis produqts uSvebs, SeuZlia miiRos ekonomia
warmoebis masStabidan yoveli calke produqtisaTvis, magram ver iRebdes mogebas asortimentidan.
magaliTad, warmoidgineT msxvili konglomerati, romelic ramdenime firmis mflobelia. es firmebi
gansakuTrebiT efeqtiania warmoebis didi masStabebis dros, magram ar gaaCnia asortimentidan ekonomiis
upiratesoba radgan firmebSi gansxvavevebuli mmarTveloba aqvT.

ekonomiis xarisxi asortimentidan
avtomobilebis raodenoba
171
ekonomiis xarisxi asortimentidan SeiZleba gamoviTvaloT firmis danaxarjebis gansazRvris xarjze. Tu
faqtorebis erTnairi kombinaciisas erToblivi warmoeba ufro did moculobas iZleva, vidre ori damoukidebeli
firma, maSin ori produqtis warmoebis danaxarjebi erTaderT firmas ufro naklebi eqneba, vidre or
damoukidebel firmas. asortimentidan ekonomiis xarisxis gasazomad saWiroa ganisazRvros, Tu danaxarjebis
ra procents zogavs firma, roca ramdenime produqts erTdroulad awarmoebs. gantoleba 8.20 gviCvenebs
ekonomiis xarisxs asortimentidan (Degree of Economies of Scope, SC), Semdegnairad SegviZlia
CavweroT:

) Q ; (Q C
) Q ; (Q C ) (Q C ) (Q C
SC
2 1
2 1 2 1
+
= (8.20)
sadac C(Q
1
)

aris warmoebis danaxarjebi Q
1
moculobis dros, C(Q
2
)

_ warmoebis danaxarjebi Q
2
moculobisTvis, xolo C(Q
1,
Q
2
)

_ ori produqtis erToblivi warmoebis danaxarjebi Q
1
da Q
2
moculobisaTvis.
Tu SesaZlebelia gamoSvebuli produqtis fizikuri erTeulebis Sekreba, rogorc traqtorebisa da
manqanebis magaliTSi, zemoT mocemuli gamosaxuleba Semdeg saxes miiRebs C(Q
1
+Q
2
). asortimentidan
ekonomiis pirobebSi erToblivi danaxarjebi ufro mcirea, vidre individualuri danaxarjebis jami da SC 0-ze
metia. asortimentidan zaralis pirobebSi SC uaryofiTia. zogadad, rac metia SC sidide, miT metia ekonomia
asortimentidan.

8.7 dinamiuri cvlilebebi danaxarjebSi _ swavlebis mrudi

aqamde Cven CamovayalibeT mxolod erTi mizezi, ris gamoc grZelvadini saSualo danaxarjebi msxvili
firmisTvis SeiZleba ufro dabali aRmoCndes, vidre mcire firmebisaTvis. es aris warmoebis masStabidan
zrdadi ukugebis maCvenebeli. Cndeba cduneba, gavakeToT daskvna: firmebi, romelTa saSualo danaxarjebi
droTa ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba, xasiaTdebian winsvliT da masStabidan zrdadi ukugebiT. magram es
mtkicebuleba yovelTvis rodia WeSmariti. zogierT firmaSi grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebi droTa
ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba imis gamo, rom momuSaveebi da menejerebi iTviseben informacias axali
teqnologiebis Sesaxeb da ufro kvalificiurebi xdebian.
rodesac menejerebi da momuSaveebi muSaobis gamocdilebas warmoebis procesSi iZenen, garkveuli
moculobis produqciis warmoebisaTvis saSualo da zRvruli danaxarjebi oTxi mizezis gamo mcirdeba:
1. garkveuli davalebis Sesasruleblad momuSaveebs meti dro sWirdebaT, rodesac samuSaos pirvelad
asruleben da maTi Sromis nayofiereba izrdeba, rodesac ufro kompetenturebi xdebian;
2. menejerebi sawarmoo procesis dagegmvas ufro efeqtianad swavloben warmoebis procesSi;
3. inJinrebi, romlebic Tavidan skurpulozurad cdiloben gayvnen proeqts, sakmao gamocdilebas iZenen,
raTa garkveuli gadaxrebi dauSvan. es cvlilebebi amcireben danaxarjebs saqonlis defeqtebis gazrdis gareSe.
ufro xarisxiani da specializebuli instrumentebi da qarxnis sivrcis gaazrebuli organizeba aseve amcirebs
danaxarjebs;
172
4. masalis momwodeblebi swavloben masalis ufro efeqtianad damuSavebas da SeuZliaT nawilobriv es
upiratesoba masalis da nedleulis ufro dabal RirebulebaSi warmoadginon.
yvela zemoT CamoTvlilis Sedegad firma `swavlobs~ misi gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobis
zrdasTan erTad. menejerebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon es efeqti warmoebis efeqtiani dagegmvisa da momavali
danaxarjebis prognozirebisaTvis. naxazi 8.17 asaxavs am process swavlebis mrudis (Learning Curve)
saxiT. igi asaxavs kavSirs firmis warmoebis kumulaciur moculobasa
*
da warmoebis faqtorebis
gamoyenebis moculobas Soris, romelic saWiroa yoveli erTeulis gamosaSvebad.

swavlebis mrudis gamosaxva
naxazze 8.17 mocemulia swavlebis mrudi avtomaturi dazgebis warmoebisTvis. horizontalur RerZze
aRniSnulia avtomaturi dazgebis partiebis raodenoba, romelic firmam awarmoa. vertikalur RerZze
naCvenebia samuSao saaTebis raodenoba, romelic saWiroa yoveli partiis dasamzadeblad. Sromis
danaxarjebi erTeul produqtze pirdapir gavlenas axdens warmoebis danaxarjebze, rac naklebi saaTi muSaoba
sWirdeba yovel partias, miT naklebia zRvruli da saSualo danaxarjebi.
naxazze 8.17 mocemuli swavlebis mrudi Semdeg tolobazea dafuZnebuli:
L = A + BN
-
(8.21)
sadac N _ warmoebuli produqciis kumulaciuri raodenobaa, L _ danaxarji erT erTeul produqciaze. A, B
da mudmivebi, amasTan A da B dadebiTi sidideebia, xolo 0<<1. rodesac N=1, L = A + B. ase, rom A + B
Seadgens samuSao Zalaze danaxarjebs, rac pirveli erTeulis warmoebisTvisaa saWiro, roca =0, Sromis
danaxarjebi erTeul produqtze kumulaciuri moculobis zrdasTan erTad mudmivi rCeba; swavleba ar xdeba,
roca >0 da N izrdeba, L sidide A-sken miiswrafvis. amrigad, A warmoadgens Sromis minimalur
danaxarjebs erTeul produqtze mas mere, rac swavleba dasruldeba.
rac metia , miT metad vlindeba swavlebis efeqti. magaliTad, =0,5 dros Sromis danaxarjebi erT
erTeul produqciaze mcirdeba kumulaciuri moculobidan kvadratuli fesvis proporciulad. aseT swavlebis
xarisxis SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad Seamciros firmis sawarmoo danaxarjebi, roca igi sakmao gamocdilebas
SeiZens.
Cvens magaliTSi, CarxebTan dakavSirebiT =0,31. am konkretuli mrudisaTvis kumulaciuri
raodenobis yoveli gaormageba amcirebs danaxarjebs daaxloebiT 20%-iT danaxarjebisaTvis minimalur
dasaSveb moTxovnebis gaTvalswinebis gareSe. rogorc naCvenebia naxazze 8.17, swavlebis mrudi
mkveTrad iklebs, rodesac Carxebis partiaTa kumulaciuri raodenoba 20-mde izrdeba. me-20 partiis
gamoSvebis Semdeg danaxarjebis Semdgomi Semcireba SedarebiT naklebia.
erTi partia Carxebis
dasamzadeblad saWiro dro

8

6

*
kumulacia _ (laT. cumulatio_gadideba, dagroveba) _ raRacis Tavmoyra, dagroveba SezRudul sivrceSi da /an
SezRuduli drois intervalSi.
173

4

2

10 20 30 40 50 firmis mier damzadebuli
Carxebis raodenoba

nax. 8.17. swavlebis mrudi
firmis sawarmoo danaxarjebi droTa ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba, radgan menejerebi da muSebi xdebian ufro kvalificiurebi da
efeqtianad iyeneben maT gankargulebaSi arsebul qarxanasa da mowyobilobebs. swavlebis mrudi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad
mcirdeba erTi erTeulis warmoebisaTvis saWiro Sromis saaTebi gamoSvebis kumulaciuri moculobis zrdasTan erTad.


swavleba da ekonomia warmoebis masStabidan
Tu firma gamouSvebs 20 da met partia Carxs, swavlebis efeqti faqtiurad qreba da SesaZlebelia
gamoviyenoT danaxarjebis Cveulebrivi analizi. magram sawarmoo procesi SedarebiT axali rom yofiliyo,
maSin SedarebiT maRali danaxarjebi warmoebis dabal moculobasTan erTad (da SedarebiT dabali
danaxarjebi ufro maRali moculobis dros) gviCvenebda swavlebis efeqts da ara ekonomias masStabidan.
swavlebis dasrulebis Semdeg gamocdilebis mqone firmis warmoebis danaxarjebi SedarebiT dabalia imis
miuxedavad, Tu warmoebis ra masStabia. Tu avtomaturi Carxebis mwarmoebeli firmisaTvis moqmedebs
masStabidan ekonomiis efeqti, igi unda awarmoebdes Carxebs Zalian did partiebad, raTa isargeblos
upiratesobiT masStabTan dakavSirebuli mcire danaxarjebis pirobebSi. Tu adgili aqvs swavlebis mruds,
maSin firmas SeuZlia miuxedavad sawarmos zomisa, Seamciros danaxarjebi ufro didi raodenobis
warmoebiT.
naxazze 8.18 swored am fenomens gviCvenebs. AC
1
warmoadgens grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebs,
romelic masStabidan ekonomiis gavlenas ganicdis. amrigad, cvlilebebi warmoebaSi A-dan B-mde AC
1
-is
gaswvriv iwvevs danaxarjebis Semcirebas masStabidan ekonomiis gamo. magram AC
1
-is gaswvriv A-dan
C-mde gadaadgileba AC
2
mrudze iwvevs danaxarjebis Semcirebas swavlebis xarjze, rac saSualo
danaxarjebis mruds dabla gadaadgilebs.
swavlebis mrudi sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania firmisaTvis axali produqtis warmoebis danaxarjebis
prognozirebisaTvis. davuSvaT, firmam romelic avtomatur Carxebs awarmoebs, icis, rom Sromis
danaxarjebze moTxovna erT Carxze pirveli 10 manqanisTvis Seadgens 1,00-s, minimaluri moTxovna
Sromaze A udris 0-s, xolo daaxloebiT 0,32-s.
erTeul produqtze
gaweuli danaxarjebi


A ekonomia masStabidan
B
swavleba C AC
1
174
AC
2

gamoSvebis moculoba
nax. 8.18 ekonomia swavlebis masStabidan

saSualo danaxarjebis Semcireba droTa ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebelia gayidvebis moculobis zrdasTan erTad Tu arsebobs zrdadi
ukugeba (A-dan B wertilSi moZraoba AC
1
mrudis gaswvriv) an swavlebis mrudis gavleniT (moZraoba A-dan AC
1
mrudze C-mde
AC
2
mrudze).

cxrilSi 8.3 warmodgenilia Sromis danaxarjebis erToblivi moTxovnebis gaTvlebi 80 CarxisTvis.
Sromaze moTxovnis prognozireba mocemuli warmoebis moculobisaTvis
cxrili 8.3
kumulaciuri
gamoSveba
N
Sromaze moTxovna erTeul produqtze yovel
10 erTeul gamoSvebaze,
L
-

erToblivi moTxovna
Sromaze
10 1,00 10,0
20 0,80 18,0 (10,0+8,0)
30 0,70 25,0 (18,0+7,0)
40 0,64 31,4 (25,0+6,4)
50 0,60 37,4 (31,4+6,0)
60 0,56 43,0 (37,4+5,8)
70 0,53 48,3 (43,0+5,6)
80 0,51 53,4 (48,3+5,1)

swavlebis mrudis arsebobis gamo moTxovna Sromaze erTeuli produqtisTvis mcirdeba gamoSvebis
moculobis zrdasTan erTad. amis Sedegad, erToblivi moTxovna Sromaze mzardi warmoebis moculobisaTvis
izrdeba sul ufro da ufro mcire proporciebiT. amrigad firma, romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod Sromis
maRali danaxarjebis moTxovnaze, sawyis etapze, mTlianobaSi Tavis biznesze pesimistur Sexedulebas
miRebs. davuSvaT, firma gegmavs imuSaos dargSi sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi da awarmoos 10
erTeuli yovel wels. warmoebis pirvel wels qarxnis danaxarjebi maRali iqneba, radgan igi swavlebis
procesSia. magram roca swavlebis efeqti srulad gamJRavndeba, warmoebis danaxarjebi Semcirdeba. 8 wlis
Semdeg 10 erTeulisTvis warmoebisaTvis saWiro Sroma utoldeba 5,1-s, xolo danaxarjebi erTeul produqtze
gautoldeba pirveli wlis danaxarjebis naxevars. amrigad, swavlebis mrudma SesaZloa sakmaod
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.

ZiriTadi terminebi

ekonomikuri da sabuRaltro danaxarjebi
mudmivi da cvalebadi danaxarjebi
mTliani, saSualo da zRvruli danaxarjebi
mTliani, saSualo da zRvruli amonagebi
kapitalis gamoyenebis Rirebuleba
kapitalis fasi da saarendo ganakveTi
izokosta
warmoebis gafarToebis traeqtoria

-
am svetSi mocemuli cifrebi miRebulia Semdegi gantolebiT: log (L)= -0,322log (N/10), sadac L -es aris
Sromaze danaxarjebi, xolo N-produqtis kumulaciuri moculoba.
175
grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarji
grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarji
ekonomias da zarali masStabidan
transformaciis mrudebi
ekonomia da zarali asortimentidan
ekonomiis xarisxi asortimentidan
swavlebis mrudi

ZiriTadi daskvnebi

1. warmoebis danaxarjebi gansxvavebulia moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi. aseve
gansxvavebulia danaxarjTa saxeebi. ekonomistebi firmis saqmianobas perspeqtivaSi ganixilaven.
ekonomistebs saqme aqvT `alternatiul danaxarjebTan e.i. danaxarjebTan, romlebic dakavSirebulia xelidan
gaSvebul SesaZleblobebTan.
2. moklevadian periodSi, rodesac zRvruli danaxarjebi saSualo danaxarjebze naklebia, produqtis yoveli
momdevno erTeulis warmoeba amcirebs saSualo danaxarjebs. rodesac zRvruli danaxarjebi saSualo
danaxarjebze metia, produqtis yoveli morigi erTeulis warmoeba zrdis saSualo danaxarjebs. zRvruli
danaxarjebis mrudi saSualo cvalebadi da saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis mrudebs minimumis wertilebSi
kveTs.
3. zRvruli amonagebis mrudis forma damokidebulia firmis moTxovnis mrudis formaze. zRvruli
amonagebi naklebi unda iyos im fasze, romliTac saqonlis bolo erTeuli gaiyida. zRvruli danaxarjebi da
zRvruli amonagebi gansazRvraven gamoSvebis optimalur moculobas, romlis drosac zRvruli amonagebi
zRvrul danaxarjebs utoldeba.
4. teqnologiuri cvlilebebis dros Sromis kapitaliT Canacvlebis zRvruli norma warmoadgens izokvantis
uaryofiT daxrilobas da utoldeba Sromisa da kapitalis zRvruli produqtebis fardobas. Tu firma axdens
warmoebis danaxarjebis minimizacias, Sromis zRvruli produqtisa da kapitalis zRvruli produqtis Sefardeba
saxelfaso da sargeblis ganakveTis Sefardebis tolia.
5. grZelvadian periodSi firma cvlis gamoyenebuli warmoebis faqtorebis moculobas da sawarmos zomis
cvlilebis saSualebas iZleva. amiT firmas saSualeba eZleva saqoneli awarmoos SedarebiT dabali saSualo
danaxarjebiT, vidre moklevadian periodSi. rodesac sawarmoo process gaaCnia mudmivi ukugeba
masStabidan warmoebis faqtorebis nebismieri moculobisaTvis, maSin warmoebis faqtorebis gaormageba
gamoiwvevs produqtis moculobis gaormagebas.
6. moklevadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudis msgavsad grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mruds U-s
forma aqvs, magram am formis mizezi masStabidan ukugebis zrdadi da Semcirebadi xasiaTia da ara
warmoebis faqtoridan Semcirebuli ukugeba. grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi mdebareobs
grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudis qvemoT, rodesac igi mcirdeba da mis zemoT, roca igi izrdeba.
7. masStabidan ekonomiis cneba Tavis TavSi moicavs masStabidan zrdad ukugebas, rogorc kerZo
SemTxevevas. masStabidan ekonomia xSirad izomeba gamoSvebis mixedviT danaxarjebis elastikurobis
terminebSi. es aris warmoebis danaxarjebis cvlileba, gamoxatuli procentebSi, romelic warmoiSoba produqtis
gamoSvebis 1%-iT momatebis SemTxevevaSi.
8. grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi masStabidan mudmivi ukugebisas, Sedgeba moklevadiani
saSualo danaxarjebis mrudebis minimumis wertilebisagan. masStabidan ekonomiis SemTxvevaSi igi ukve
aRar aris horizontaluri, amitom Tavidan masStabidan ekonomias aCvenebs, xolo Semdeg, warmoebis ufro
176
maRali moculobisas, masStabidan zarals. warmoebis masStabidan ekonomiisa da zaralis SemTxvevaSi
moklevadiani saSualo mrudebis minimumebis wertilebi ar Zevs grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudze.
9. firmebis umetesoba erTi produqtis damzadebaze ar aris specializebuli, aramed awarmoeben
erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul produqtebs. erToblivi warmoebis ekonomikuri upiratesobebis
ilustraciisaTvis aigeba transformaciis mrudebi, romlebic asaxaven ori produqtis warmoebis sxvadasxva
kombinaciebs, Sromisa da mowyobilobebis mocemul pirobebSi. erToblivi warmoebis upiratesoba
warmoebis faqtorebis erToblivi gamoyenebis Sedegia.
10. ekonomia asortimentidan arsebobs maSin, roca ori produqtis mwarmoebeli firmis mTliani
gamoSveba metia, vidre gamoSvebis is moculoba, romelsac SeiZleba miaRwios orma firmam erTi
dasaxelebis produqtis warmoebiT (warmoebis faqtorebis eqvivalenturi moculobis dros). Tu aseTi firmis
warmoebis moculoba ufro naklebia, vidre danarCeni oris erTad aRebuli, sawarmoo process moaqvs
asortimentidan zarali. am movlenas adgili aqvs, roca erTi produqtis warmoeba xels uSlis meoris warmoebas.
11. ekonomiis xarisxi asortimentidan SeiZleba gamoviTvaloT firmis danaxarjebis gansazRvris xarjze.
asortimentidan ekonomiis xarisxis gasazomad saWiroa ganisazRvros, Tu danaxarjebis ra procents zogavs
firma, roca ramdenime produqts erTdroulad awarmoebs.
12. swavlebis mrudi asaxavs kavSirs firmis warmoebis kumulaciur moculobasa da warmoebis faqtorebis
gamoyenebis moculobas Soris, romelic saWiroa yoveli erTeulis gamosaSvebad. swavlebis dasrulebis
Semdeg gamocdilebis mqone firmis warmoebis danaxarjebi SedarebiT dabalia warmoebis masStabis
miuxedavad.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis

1. CamoTvaleT da gaiangariSeT firmis danaxarjebi moklevadian periodSi, daaxasiaTeT maTi mrudebi;
2. daaxasiaTeT zRvruli da saSualo danaxarjebi, grafikulad axseniT maT Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba;
3. daaxasiaTeT saSualo da zRvrul danaxarjebsa da saSualo da zRvrul mwarmoeblurobas Soris
urTierTdamokidebuleba;
4. daaxasiaTeT zRvruli amonagebi. rogor icvleba zRvruli amonagebi produqtis gamoSvebis cvlilebasTan
erTad?
5. daaxasiaTeT zRvruli danaxarjebisa da zRvruli amonagebis mrudebi, rogoria maTi
urTierTdamokidebuleba?
6. gansazRvreT firmis gamoSvebis moculoba zRvruli analizis gamoyenebiT;
7. gansazRvreT moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebs Soris gansxvavebani, daaxasiaTeT grZelvadiani
periodis danaxarjebi;
8. rogor ganisazRvreba kapitalis gamoyenebis Rirebuleba? kapitalis saarendo ganakveTi?
9. rogor xdeba mocemuli moculobis produqciis warmoeba minimaluri danaxarjebiT?
10. rogor xdeba warmoebis faqtorebis SerCeva minimaluri danaxarjebiT warmoebis pirobebSi?
11. rogor xdeba danaxarjebis minimizacia gamoSvebis moculobis cvlilebisas?
12. ras gviCvenebs warmoebis gafarToebis traqtoria? daaxasiaTeT firmis warmoebis gafarToebis traqtoria
da grZelvadiani mTliani danaxarjebis mrudi;
13. ras niSnavs warmoebis sixiste? daaxasiaTeT warmoebis sixiste moklevadian periodSi;
14. daaxasiaTeT grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudis Taviseburebani;
15. daaxasiaTeT ekonomia da zarali masStabidan;
177
16. daaxasiaTeT grZelvadian da moklevadian danaxarjebs Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba;
17. ras gviCvenebs transformaciis mrudi?
18. ras niSnavs ekonomia da zarali asortimentidan? dawereT da axseniT asortimentidan ekonomiis xarisxis
formula;
19. ras asaxavs swavlebis mrudi? rogor miiRweva ekonomia swavlebis masStabidan?
178
Tavi 9. mogebis maqsimizacia da konkurentuli miwodeba

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. srulyofili konkurenciis Taviseburebebis axsnas
2. konkurentuli firmis mogebis maqsimizaciis pirobebis gansazRvras moklevadian da grZelvadian
periodebSi
3. warmoebis moculobis SerCevas moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi
4. konkurentuli firmis moTxovnis da miwodebis mrudebis aRweras moklevadian da grZelvadian
periodebSi
5. moklevadiani da grZelvadiani konkurentuli wonasworobis pirobebis daxasiaTebas
6. konkurentuli firmis warmoebis moculobaze gadasaxadebis gavlenis analizs

9.1 srulyofili konkurenciis bazrebi

srulyofili konkurenciis modeli mniSvnelovania sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis, sawvavis, sabinao
momsaxurebisa da finansuri bazrebis gamokvlevis dros.
Tavi 2_dan gavixsenoT, rom am modelis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebia: fasis miReba;
saqonlis erTgvarovneba (homogenuroba, identuroba, aradiferencirebuloba); bazarze Tavisufali Sesvla da
gasvla; bazarze gamyidvelebisa da myidvelebis didi ricxvi.
fasis miReba. bazarze uamravi firma uwevs erTmaneTs konkurencias. vinaidan TiToeuli maTgani
yidis erToblivi sabazro warmoebis sakmaod mcire nawils, amitom maTi gadawyvetilebebi gavlenas ver
axdenen sabazro fasze. TiToeuli firma sabazro fass Rebulobs, rogorc mocemulobas. ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT es imas niSnavs, rom srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi firmas aqvs absoluturad elastikuri
moTxovnis mrudi (ix. Nnax. 9.1).
srulyofili konkurenciis dros samomxmareblo arCevani horizontaluri moTxovnis mrudiT xasiaTdeba.
gavixsenoT, rom
P
Q
Q P
Q TR AR =

= = / , (9.1)
P
Q
Q P
Q TR MR =
A
A
= A A =
) (
/ (9.2)
maSasadame, srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze firmisaTvis fasi, saSualo da zRvruli amonagebi
erTmaneTis tolia ( ). D MR AR P = = = rac Seexeba mTlian amonagebs ) (TR , igi izrdeba gayiduli
produqtis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad (ix. Nnax. 9.1).

179

varaudi fasis miRebis Sesaxeb Tanabrad gamoiyeneba rogorc momxmareblebis, ise firmebis
mimarT. srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze TiToeuli momxmarebeli yidulobs dargis erToblivi warmoebis
imdenad umniSvnelo nawils, rom gavlenas ar axdens sabazro fasze. maSasadame, Rebulobs fass, rogorc
mocemulobas. bazarze arsebobs uamravi damoukidebeli firma da momxmarebeli, romelTac samarTlianad
sjeraT, rom maTi gadawyvetilebebi ar moqmedeben fasze.
saqonlis erTgvarovneba. fasis miReba Cveulebriv fiqsirdeba im bazrebze, sadac firmebi
awarmoeben erTnair an TiTqmis erTgvarovan produqtebs. Tu bazarze yvela firmis produqts SeuZlia
erTmaneTis Senacvleba, maSin sxvebTan SedarebiT arc erT firmas ar SeuZlia fasis momateba Tavis
produqtze sakuTari biznesis nawilobriv an mTlianad dakargvis gareSe. sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis
umravlesoba erTgvarovania. magaliTad, marcvleulis myidvelebs ar ainteresebT dedofliswyaros Tu gurjaanis
raionis fermerul meurneobaSia moyvanili produqti. aseve, navTobi, benzini, spilenZi, xe-tyis masala,
bamba da sxva sakmaod erTgvarovani saqonelia.
Tu produqtebi araerTgvarovania, maSin firmas SeuZlia moumatos fass konkurentebis fasis doneze
metad. magaliTad, maRalxarisxiani nayini ,,kampara SeiZleba gaiyidos ufro maRal fasad, vinaidan
nayinis Semadgenloba gansxvavebulia sxvebisagan da myidvelTa umravlesobisTvis maRali xarisxis
produqtia.
bazarze produqtis erTgvaroba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. igi gvisabuTebs, rom moTxovnisa da
miwodebis analizis Sesabamisad arsebobs erTaderTi sabazro fasi.
bazarze Tavisufali Sesvla da bazridan gasvla. ar arsebobs iseTi gansakuTrebuli danaxarji, romelic
SezRudavs firmis dargSi Tavisuflad Sesvlas da warmoebis dawyebas; aseve, advilia dargidan gasvla, Tu
firma mogebas ver miiRebs.
raodenoba

Q
D
TR
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i

P, AR,
MR,TR

nax. 9.1 moTxovna, saSualo da zRvruli amonagebi srulyofili konkurenciis
pirobebSi
O
P MR AR D = = =

180
Bbazarze Tavisufali Sesvlisa da bazridan gasvlis piroba mniSvnelovania konkurenciis efeqtianobis
TvalsazrisiTac. Tu erTi firma produqtze fass moumatebs, momxmareblebs advilad SeuZliaT gadaerTon
konkurenti firmis produqtze. firmas SeuZlia uproblemod Sevides bazarze, Tu dainaxavs mogebis miRebis
SesaZleblobas da gavides bazridan, Tu izrdeba zarali. maSasadame, firmas SeuZlia daiqiraos muSebi da
iyidos warmoebisaTvis aucilebeli resursebi, xolo Tu moindomebs daxurvas an gadaadgilebas, maSin
warmoebis faqtorebis gayidva sirTules ar warmoadgens.
Tu srulyofili konkurenciis zemoT daxasiaTebuli pirobebi sruldeba, maSin fasebis analizisTvis
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sabazro miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebi. bazrebis umravlesobisTvis es pirobebi
zustad ar aris daculi. cxadia, es ar niSnavs, rom srulyofili konkurenciis modeli usargebloa.
maRalkonkurentuli bazrebi. realurad srulyofili konkurencia bazrebis mcire nawils gaaCnia.
Bbazrebis umravlesoba maRalkonkurentulia, rac imas niSnavs, rom firmis moTxovnis mrudi
maRalelastikuria, bazarze Sesvla da bazridan gasvla SedarebiT rTulia.
samwuxarod, ar arsebobs ubralo wesi imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad axlos aris bazari srulyofil
konkurenciasTan. ratom xdeba es? savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom dargi firmebis didi raodenobiT axlos iyos
srulyofili konkurenciis bazarTan. magram firmebs SeuZliaT farulad an cxadad SeTanxmdnen fasebis donis
Sesaxeb. amitom dargSi uamravi firmis arseboba arasakmarisi indikatoria imisaTvis, rom visaubroT srulyofil
konkurenciaze. aseve piriqiT, bazarze firmebis mcire raodenobis arseboba ar gamoricxavs konkurentul
qcevas.
davuSvaT, rom bazarze mxolod sami firmaa, magram sabazro moTxovna produqtze maRali
elastikurobiT xasiaTdeba. am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli firmis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnis
mrudi savsebiT SesaZlebelia miiswrafodes horizontaluri wrfisaken da firmebi moqmedebdnen ise, rogorc
srulyofili konkurenciis bazrebze. maSinac ki, rodesac sabazro moTxovna ar xasiaTdeba maRali
elastikurobiT, samive firmis konkurencia SeiZleba metad agresiuli gaxdes. mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes
Semdegi: firmebi xSirad moqmedeben rogorc konkurentulebi, magram ar arsebobs martivi maCvenebeli,
romliTac gamoikveTeba bazris konkurenciis done. xSirad saWiroa ara mxolod TviT firmebis, aramed maTi
strategiuli urTerTmoqmedebis gaanalizebac.

9.2 mogebis maqsimizacia

biznesSi firmebis saqmianobis umniSvnelovanesi mizania mogebis miReba. miiswrafvian Tu ara
firmebi maqsimaluri mogebisken?
mogebis maqsimizacia sakmaod zustad axasiaTebs biznesis ganviTarebis perspeqtivas, Tumca
sadaoa pasuxi kiTxvaze _ namdvilad miiswrafian Tu ara firmebi mogebis maqsimizaciisaken?
mcire firmebis mflobelebisTvis mogeba mTavari kriteriumia nebismieri gadawyvetilebis miRebis
dros. ufro msxvil firmebSi menejerebs, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian yoveldRiur gadawyvetilebebze,
iSviaTad aqvT urTierToba mesakuTreebTan (magaliTad, aqcionerebTan). Sedegad mesakuTreebs ar
SeuZliaT mudmivad akontrolon menejerTa qmedebebi. amitom menejerebi ufro Tavisufalni arian firmebis
marTvaSi da SeuZliaT gadauxvion mogebis maqsimizaciaze mimarTul qcevas.
menejerebs xSirad awuxebT iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa: amonagebis maqsimizacia, amonagebis
zrda, dividendebis gadaxda aqcionerTa dasakmayofileblad da sxva. zogjer menejeri zedmetad SeiZleba
181
gaitacos firmis moklevadianma mogebam grZelvadiani mogebis sazianod, Tundac im SemTxvevaSi, roca
grZelvadiani mogebis maqsimizacia ukeTesad pasuxobs aqcionerTa interesebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
firmis sabazro Rirebulebis maqsimizacia ufro marTebuli mizania, vidre mogebis maqsimizacia. sabazro
Rirebuleba iTvaliswinebs mogebas, romelsac firma miiRebs xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. amitom
aqcionerebs ainteresebT mogebis miRebis yvela SesaZlebloba.
menejerTa qceva grZelvadiani mogebis maqsimizaciaze SedarebiT SezRudulia. maT
gadawyvetilebebze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinon aqcionrebma an direqtorTa sabWom an SesaZlebelia
firmam menejerTa axali gundi daiqiraos. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, firmebi, romlebic orientirebulebi ar arian
mogebis maqsimizaciaze iSviaTad gadarCebian; firmebi, romlebic gauZleben konkurencias, grZelvadiani
mogebis maqsimizacia maTi saqmianobis prioriteti iqneba.
amrigad, varaudi, rom firmebi namdvilad miiswrafian mogebis maqsimizaciisaken, dasabuTebulia.
biznesSi gamocdili firmebi seriozulad zrunaven mogebaze, maSinac ki, roca menejerebis qmedebebi am
sakiTxSi eWvs iwveven. magaliTad, firma, romelic axorcielebs sazogadoebrivi televiziis subsidirebas,
SeiZleba mogveCvenos sazogadoebrivi suliskveTebiT gamsWvalulad da altruistulad. Tumca aseTi strategia
mainc Seesabameba mis grZelvadian interesebs, vinaidan qmnis keTil ganwyobilebas firmisa da produqtebis
mimarT.

182
9.3 zRvruli amonagebi, zRvruli danaxarjebi da mogebis maqsimizacia
moklevadian periodSi

SevecadoT gavarkvioT, warmoebis ra doneze miiRweva maqsimaluri mogeba, e.i. rodis xdeba
mTlian amonagebsa ( TR ) da mTlian danaxarjebs ( TC) Soris sxvaobis maqsimizacia. Tanamedrove
ekonomikuri Teoria amtkicebs, rom mogebis maqsimizacia an danaxarjebis minimizacia miiRweva
maSin, rodesac zRvruli amonagebi ) (MR utoldeba zRvrul danaxarjebs ), (MC e. i. sruldeba piroba:
; MC MR = srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze myofi firma mogebis maqsimizacias axdens maSin,
rodesac irCevs warmoebis iseT moculobas, romlis drosac zRvruli amonagebi zRvruli danaxarjebisa
da mimdinare sabazro fasis ) (P tolia: . P MC MR = =
es piroba ganvixiloT grafikulad. abscisaTa RerZze aRvniSnoT produqtis raodenoba, xolo ordinatTa
RerZze mTliani amonagebi da danaxarjebi (ix. Nnax. 9.2).
ganvsazRvroT gamoSvebis moculoba, romelic uzrunvelyofs maqsimalur mogebas nebismieri
firmisTvis (imis miuxedavad Tu romel bazarze moqmedebs firma). vinaidan mogeba (Profit) aris sxvaoba
amonagebsa da danaxarjebs Soris, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa amonagebis gaanalizeba. davuSvaT, rom
firmis warmoebis moculoba aris q da mas moaqvs amonagebi R . amonagebi udris saqonlis fasi ( P )
gamravlebuli gayiduli produqtis raodenobaze: Pq R = . warmoebis danaxarjebi ( C ) agreTve damokidebulia
warmoebis moculobaze. firmis mogeba (t ) aris sxvaoba amonagebsa da danaxarjebs Soris:
( ) ( ) ( ) q C q R q = t (9.3)
mogebis maqsimizaciisTvis firma irCevs warmoebis moculobas, rodesac sxvaoba amonagebsa da
danaxarjebs Soris yvelaze maqsimaluria. es principi aRwerilia naxazze 9.2. amonagebi ( ) q R gamosaxulia
mrudis saxiT. naxazze agreTve naCvenebia mTliani danaxarjebis mrudi ( ) q C . am mrudis daxriloba asaxavs
erTi damatebiTi erTeulis produqciis warmoebaze gaweul damatebiT danaxarjebs (firmis zRvruli
danaxarjebs). mTliani danaxarjebi ( ) q C dadebiTia, rodesac produqtis warmoeba udris nuls, vinaidan
moklevadian periodSi arsebobs mudmivi danaxarjebi.
warmoebis mcire moculobis SemTxvevaSi firmis mogeba uaryofiTia, vinaidan amonagebi
arasakmarisia imisaTvis, rom dafaros mudmivi da cvalebadi danaxarjebi. Tu gamoSvebis moculoba
gaizrdeba, amonagebi gaizrdeba ufro swrafad, vidre danaxarjebi, sabolood mogeba gaxdeba nulze meti.
mogeba izrdeba manam, sanam warmoebis moculoba ar miaRwevs * q dones. am wertilSi zRvruli
amonagebi udris zRvrul danaxarjebs, xolo daSoreba vertikalze amonagebsa da danaxarjebs Soris
maqsimaluria ( ABmonakveTi). * q -ze didi warmoebis moculobis SemTxvevaSi danaxarjebi izrdeba ufro
intensiurad, vidre amonagebi, e.i. zRvruli danaxarjebi aRemateba zRvrul amonagebs. maSasadame, mogeba
mcirdeba Tavis maqsimalur mniSvnelobasTan SedarebiT, rodesac warmoebis moculoba aRemateba * q -s.
183


amrigad, mogeba maqsimums aRwevs maSin, rodesac yvela firmisTvis sruldeba zRvruli
amonagebisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis tolobis piroba. es mniSvnelovani wesi SeiZleba gamovsaxoT
algebruladac:
( ) ( ) q MC q MR = anu 0 = MC MR
0 / / / = A A A A = A A q C q R q t , (9.4)
sadac q R A A / - aris zRvruli amonagebi MR, xolo q C A A / - zRvruli danaxarjebi MC.
moTxovna da zRvruli amonagebi konkurentuli firmisTvis
vinaidan TiToeuli firma konkurentul dargSi yidis dargis gayidvebis mTliani moculobis Zalian mcire
nawils, firmis gadawyvetileba warmoebis moculobaze ar moaxdens raime gavlenas saqonlis sabazro fasze.
sabazro fasi ganisazRvreba moTxovnisa da miwodebis dargobrivi mrudebiT. maSasadame, konkurentuli
firma warmoadgens fasis mimRebs. gavixsenoT, rom fasis miReba aris srulyofili konkurenciis erT-erTi
fundamenturi daSveba. fasis mimRebma firmam icis, rom misi sawarmoo gadawyvetileba raime gavlenas ar
moaxdens produqtis fasze. magaliTad, dauSvaT fermerma gadawyvita xorbalis moyvana 3 heqtar farTobze.
am wels xorblis sabazro fasia 40 lari erT centnerze, es fasi SeiZleba miviCnioT rogorc mocemuloba, radgan
igi ar Seicvleba fermeris mier farTobis raodenobis cvlilebaze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis mixedviT.
xSirad saWiroa gansxvavebis gavleba sabazro moTxovnisa da calkeuli firmis moTxovnis mrudebs
Soris. am TavSi aRvniSnavT warmoebisa da moTxovnis sabazro moculobas Sesabamisad Q da D, xolo
firmis warmoebis moculobas da moTxovnas q da d asoebiT.
vinaidan firma warmoadgens fasis mimRebs, konkurentuli firmis moTxovnis mrudi, aisaxeba
horizontaluri wrfiT. naxazze 9.3, ,,a moTxovnis mrudi fermerisTvis Seesabameba xorblis erTi centneris
fass 40 lars. horizontalur RerZze aRniSnulia xorblis raodenoba, romlis gayidvac SeuZlia fermers, xolo
vertikalur RerZze _ fasi.
q*
q0
B
A
R(q)
0
C(q)
nax. 9.2 mogebis maqsimizacia moklevadian periodSi
firma irCevs q
*
warmoebis moculobas, rodesac mogeba aRwevs maqsimums (sxvaoba amonagebsa da danaxarjebs
Soris). warmoebis am moculobis SemTxvevaSi zRvruli amonagebi (amonagebis mrudis daxriloba) udris zRvrul
danaxarjebs (danaxarjebis mrudis daxriloba).

P(q)
wliuri gamoSveba, cali
wliuri
danaxarji,
amonagebi,
mogeba
(lari)
C,R, t
Q
184
SevadaroT erTmaneTs firmisaTvis (Cven SemTxvevaSi fermerisTvis) damaxasiaTebeli moTxovnis
mrudi d (nax. 9.3, ,,a) da moTxovnis sabazro mrudi D (nax. 9.3, ,,b). moTxovnis sabazro mrudi
gviCvenebs, ramden xorbals iyidis yvela momxmarebeli TiToeuli SesaZlo fasis SemTxvevaSi. mas aqvs
uaryofiTi (daRmavali) daxriloba, vinaidan ufro dabal fasad momxmareblebi iyidian ufro met xorbals.
magram moTxovnis mrudi firmisTvis aris horizontaluri, vinaidan firmis gayidvebi saerTod ar moqmedebs
fasze. davuSvaT, firmis gayidvebi gaizrdeba 100-dan 200 centneramde. es TiTqmis ar imoqmedebs bazarze,
vinaidan dargSi xorblis warmoebis moculoba Seadgens 100 mln centners. fasi ganisazRvreba bazarze yvela
firmisa da momxmareblis urTierTmoqmedebiT da ara romelime firmis gadawyvetilebiT gamoSvebis
Sesaxeb.
Tu calkeuli firmis moTxovnis mrudi horizontaluria, mas SeuZlia gayidos produqtis damatebiTi
erTeuli fasis Semcirebis gareSe. Sedegad saqonlis damatebiTi erTeulis gayidvisas firmis saerTo amonagebi
gaizrdeba fasis toli sididiT; xorblis erTi centneri, gayiduli 40 larad, moitans damatebiT Semosavals 40 lars.

amrigad, zRvruli amonagebi mudmivia da 40 lars udris. firmis mier miRebuli saSualo amonagebi,
agreTve 40 lars Seadgens, vinaidan warmoebuli xorblis erTi centneri gaiyideba 40 larad. maSasadame,
moTxovnis mrudi d calkeuli firmisTvis konkurentul bazarze erTdroulad warmoadgens misi saSualo da
zRvruli amonagebis mruds. moTxovnis mrudze aRniSnuli zRvruli amonagebi, saSualo amonagebi da fasi
erTmaneTis tolia.

9.4 warmoebis moculobis gansazRvra moklevadian periodSi

konkurentuli firmis mogebis maqsimizacia moklevadian periodSi
moklevadian periodSi firmisTvis kapitalis danaxarjebi mudmivia. mogebis maqsimizaciisTvis
aucilebelia cvalebadi (Sroma da kapitali) daxarjebis gansazRvra. naxazi 9.4 gviCvenebs konkurentuli firmis
mogebis maqsimizacias moklevadian periodSi. saSualo da zRvruli amonagebis mrudebi naCvenebia
F
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40
q 200
0
100
D
40
0
100
A,,a raodenoba
centneri
A,,b raodenoba
mln centneri
firma dargi
nax. 9.3 konkurentuli firmisa da sabazro moTxovnis mrudi
konkurentuli firma yidis mocemuli dargis warmoebis moculobis mxolod umniSvnelo nawils. firma Rebulobs sabazro
fass, rogorc mocemulobas da irCevs warmoebis moculobas im varaudiT, rom es arCevani ar imoqmedebs fasze. firmis
moTxovnis mrudi sruliad elastikuria (nax. ,,a), Tumca sabazro moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia (nax. b).

Q
P P
185
horizontaluri wrfis saxiT 40 laris fasis doneze. naxazze aseve naCvenebia saSualo mTliani (ATC), saSualo
cvalebadi (AVC) da zRvruli (MC) danaxarjebis mrudebi. mogeba maqsimaluria A wertilSi, sadac warmoebis
moculoba 8 erTeuls, xolo fasi 40 lars Seadgens. am wertilSi zRvruli amonagebi zRvrul danaxarjebs
utoldeba. rogor davrwmundeT, rom q
*
=8 aris gamoSvebis iseTi moculoba, romlic drosac mogeba
maqsimums aRwevs? warmoebis ufro dabali moculobis, vTqvaT, q
1
=7 SemTxvevaSi, zRvruli amonagebi
zRvrul danaxarjebs aRemateba, anu SeiZleboda Tu ara mogebis gazrda gamoSvebis moculobis zrdis xarjze?


naxazze 9.4 daStrixuli nawili q
1
=7-sa da q
*
-s Soris aris mogebis danakargi (zarali) q
1
donis
warmoebis pirobebSi. gamoSvebis ufro maRali donis SemTxvevaSi, vTqvaT, q
2
doneze, zRvruli
danaxarjebi aRemateba zRvrul amonagebs, Sedegad, danaxarjebis SemcirebiT amonagebi imdenad
mcirdeba, rom danaxarjebi faravs mas. daStrixuli zona (q* da q
2
=9 Soris) gviCvenebs mogebis danakargs
q
2
doneze warmoebis pirobebSi.
MR da MC mrudebi erTmaneTs kveTen warmoebis rogorc
0
q , aseve q
*
moculobis dros. magram
0
q

doneze mogeba maqsimaluri aSkarad ar aris. gamoSvebis gadideba
0
q -ze zemoT zrdis mogebas, radgan
zRvruli danaxarjebi naklebia zRvrul amonagebze. maSasadame, mogebis maqsimizaciis piroba SeiZleba
Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes: zRvruli amonagebi unda udrides zRvrul danaxarjebs im wertilSi, sadac
zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi zrdas iwyebs. es daskvna Zalian mniSvnelovania. misi saSualebiT, firmis
konkurentulobis miuxedavad, nebismier bazarze SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT gamoSvebis optimaluri moculoba.

mogebis danakargi
q
1
<q* dros
C
D
ATC
A
B
60
50
40
30
20
erTeulis fasi
lari
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0
AVC
mogebis danakargi
q
2
<q* dros


AR=MR=P
q
0
q
1
q
*

q
2

nax. 9.4 konkurentuli firmis mogebis maqsimizacia moklevadian periodSi
konkurentuli firma axdens mogebis maqsimizacias, irCevs ra warmoebis q* moculobas, rodesac zRvruli danaxarji (MC)
saqonlis fass ( P) an zRvrul amonagebs (MR) utoldeba. firmis mogeba aris marTkuTxedi ABCD. NgamoSvebis nebismieri
sxva moculoba gamoiwvevs mogebis ufro dabal dones.


MC
raodenoba
P
Q
186
konkurentuli firmis mogeba moklevadian periodSi
naxazi 9.4 gviCvenebs firmis moklevadian mogebas. AB monakveTi aris sxvaoba fassa da saSualo
danaxarjebs Soris q
*
moculobis dros. igi mocemuli gamoSvebis dros erTeul produqtze saSualo mogebis
tolia. BC aris warmoebuli produqtis mTliani raodenoba. ABCD marTkuTxedi firmis mogebas gviCvenebs.
naxazze 9.5 Cans, rom firmam moklevadian periodSi SeiZleba ver miiRos mogeba. naxazisagan 9.4
gansxvavebiT, warmoebis q
*
moculobis dros saqonlis fasi P saSualo mTlian danaxarjebze naklebia.
maSasadame, AB monakveTiT gaizomeba danakargebi erTeul produqtze. Aanalogiurad, marTkuTxedi
ABCD gviCvenebs firmis mTlian danakargebs (zarals).
ratom agrZelebs zaralis mqone firma dargSi muSaobas? moklevadian periodSi firmas saqmianobis
arCevis ori varianti gaaCnia: 1. awarmoos produqtis garkveuli raodenoba; 2. droebiT daixuros.
davuSvaT, fasi saSualo mTlian danaxarjebze naklebia, rogorc es naCvenebia naxazze 9.5. Tu firma
muSaobas gaagrZelebs, misi danakargi q
*
moculobis doneze minimaluri iqneba. marTalia firma mogebas
ver miiRebs, magram igi Tavidan aicilebs mudmiv da cvalebad danaxarjebs. firmam unda gaagrZelos
saqmianoba, Tu AVC<P<ATC; firmam unda Sewyvitos saqmianoba, Tu P< AVC.
moklevadiani wonasworobis pirobebSi SeiZleba gamoiyos firmis 4 tipi (nax. 9.6).

AVC
F
E
P=MR
A
ATC
B
D
C
nax. 9.5 zaralis mqone konkurentuli firma
Tu AVC<P<ATC, maSin konkurentulma firmam unda gaagrZelos saqmianoba moklevadian periodSi;
Tu P< AVC, maSin firma unda gaCerdes.


MC
q
*
raodenoba
p
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o
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Q
187


naxazis `a~ nawilidan Cans, rom firmas SeuZlia dafaros mxolod saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebi
), ( AVC P = amitom mas zRvarze myofi firma ewodeba.
Tu fasi ver aanazRaurebs saSualo cvalebad danaxarjebsac ki, maSin firma daxurvis zRvars gareT
imyofeba. naxazis `b~ nawilSi firma aRar aris konkurentunariani, radgan igi veRar faravs mimdinare
danaxarjebsac ki da iZulebulia datovos dargi (igi mis sazRvrebs gareT aRmoCndeba). am SemTxvevaSi
AVC P< da aseT firmas zRvars gareT myofi firma ewodeba. `g~ nawilSi myofi firma moklevadian periodSi
SeZlebs aanazRauros saSualo mTliani danaxarjebi . ATC P= es niSnavs, rom , AVC P > e.i. firmas aqvs
normaluri mogeba da igi amjobinebs dargSi darCenas, vidre daxurvas, radgan am ukanasknelis
SemTxvevaSi igi ufro metad izaralebs. naxazis `d~ nawilSi myofi firmis produqtis fasi metia saSualo mTlian
danaxarjebze , ATC P> e.i. firma iRebs zemogebas.
A amrigad, moklevadian periodSi konkurentuli firmis gadawyvetileba mogebis Sesaxeb Semdegnairia:
1. ganisazRvreba gamoSvebis moculoba, romlis drosac MC P = ; 2. Semowmdeba, Tu AVC<P<ATC,
konkurentuli firma gaagrZelebs saqmianobas moklevadian periodSi; Tu P< AVC, firma gaCerdeba.

9.5 konkurentuli firmis miwodebis mrudi moklevadian periodSi

Kkonkurentuli firmis miwodebis mrudi gviCvenebs produqtis moculobas, romelic miwodebul iqna
sabazro fasis yvela SesaZlo mniSvnelobis pirobebSi.
ganvixiloT naxazi 9.7. davuSvaT, produqtis fasi aris
4
P da igi horizontaluri moTxovnis mruds
emTxveva. P MR MC = = toloba gulisxmobs, rom firma irCevs gamoSvebis dones
4
q -s, romlis drosac fasi
zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia.
AVC

ATC

MC

`d~ zRvaramde myofi firma
zemogebiT
P>ATC (P>AVC)
`g~ zRvaramde myofi firma
normaluri mogebiT
P=ATC (P>AVC)
MC

P

P

ATC

MC

nax. 9.6 firmebis klasifikacia moklevadiani wonasworobis dros
AVC

P

P

ATC

AVC

MC

ATC

AVC

,,b z Rvar s gar eT myof i f i r ma
P<AVC

,,a zRvarze myofi firma
P=AVC

P



188
firmam unda miiRos gadawyvitileba, Sewyvitos Tu ara saqmianoba moklevadian periodSi. rogorc
viciT, firma daixureba mxolod maSin, Tu
4
P fasis pirobebSi ver SeZlebs dafaros saSualo cvalebadi
danaxarjebi. naxazze 9.7 fasi
4
P aWarbebs AVC-s
4
q gamoSvebis doneze. Aamrigad, firma agrZelebs
saqmianobas.
davuSvaT, firmas surs Secvalos fasi. es cvlileba SeiZleba iyos nebismieri fasi, magram
1
P -ze meti.
1
P -ze naklebi fasis dros firma ver dafaravs saSualo cvalebad danaxarjebs _ AVC-s.
1
P -ze meti fasis dros
(magaliTad, )
2
P firma uSvebs produqtis
2
Q moculobas, romlis drosac fasi utoldeba zRvrul danaxarjebs.
mrudi, romelic gviCvenebs produqtis im raodenobas, romelic firmam unda awarmoos TiToeul
fasSi, aris konkurentuli firmis miwodebis mrudi moklevadian periodSi.
naxazze igi aris MC mrudis gamuqebuli nawili, romelic AVC mrudis A wertilidan zemoT
miemarTeba.
A
wertili aris yvelaze dabali niSnuli, romelic warmoebis Sewyvetis fasis (
1
P ) Sesabamisia. Tu
fasi naklebia saSualo mTlian danaxarjebze, A da C wertilebs Soris firmas eqneba danakargebi moklevadian
periodSi, magram
3
P -is qvemoT nebismier fasad igi nawilobriv mainc axerxebs danaxarjebis anazRaurebas.
yvelaze dabal C wertilSi, sadac MC mrudi ATC mruds kveTs, firmas aqvs normaluri buRaltruli mogeba.

4
P fasis dros mogeba produqtis erTeulze gamosaxulia DG monakveTiT, romelic fassa da saSualo
mTlian danaxarjebs Soris gansxvavebis maCvenebelia. es aris zenormaluri mogeba (ekonomikuri mogeba).
firmis reaqcia warmoebis faqtorTa fasis cvlilebaze
produqtis fasis cvlilebis Sesabamisad firma cvlis warmoebis moculobas, raTa SeinarCunos zRvruli
danaxarjebisa da fasis toloba. magram xSirad fasi warmoebis faqtorebis fasTan erTad icvleba. ganvixiloT ra
gavlenas moaxdens warmoebis erT-erT faqtorze fasis cvlileba warmoebis moculobaze.
D

A
B
C
G
ATC

D
P3
P1
P2
P4
AVC

warmoebis
Sewyvetis fasi
(zarali)

q1 q2 q3 q4
nax. 9.7 konkurentuli firmis miwodebis mrudi moklevadian periodSi


O
q

P
ekonomikuri
mogeba
raodenoba
uzaralobis fasi
(normaluri mogeba)

MC

189

naxazze 9.8 gamosaxulia firmis zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi. produqtze fasi 5 laria, xolo zRvruli
danaxarjebi MC
1
mrudis saxiT aris mocemuli. firma mogebis maqsimizacias axdens q
1
moculobis dros.
davuSvaT, rom warmoebis faqtoris fasi izrdeba. Sedegad produqtis erTeulze gaweuli danaxarjebic gaizrdeba
da mrudi MC
1
-dan MC
2
mdgomareobaSi gadaadgildeba. warmoebis axali moculoba mogebis maqsimizacias
axdens
2
q
doneze, vinaidan P=MC
2.
NnaTelia, rom warmoebis faqtoris maRali fasi aiZulebs firmas
Seamciros warmoebis moculoba.
Tu firma warmoebis q
1

dones SeinarCunebda, mas zarali eqneboda momdevno erTeuli produqtis
gamoSvebidan. faqtiurad, q
2
-s zemoT yovelgvari warmoeba amcirebs mogebas.


9.6 moklevadiani sabazro miwodebis mrudi

moklevadiani sabazro miwodebis mrudi gviCvenebs gamoSvebis moculobas, romelsac dargi
awarmoebs moklevadian periodSi yoveli SesaZlo fasis dros. igi aris calkeuli firmis miwodebis moculobaTa
jami. naxazze 9.9 aRniSnuli SemTxveva ganxilulia sami firmis magaliTze. TiToeul firmas warmoebis
gansxvavebuli danaxarjebi gaaCnia. firmis zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi gamosaxulia im nawiliT, romelic
saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebis mrudis zemoT mdebareobs.
1
P -ze qvemoT nebismieri fasis dros dargSi aRar
awarmoeba produqti.
q
2
q
1

MC
1
5
D
d
a
n
a
x
a
r
j
e
b
i

l
a
r
i

nax. 9.8. firmis reaqcia warmoebis faqtoris fasis cvlilebaze
warmoebis zRvruli danaxarji izrdeba MC1-dan MC2-mde. produqtis gamoSveba, romelic axdens mogebis
maqsimizacias, Semcirdeba q1-dan q2-mde.

MC
2
raodenoba

P
q
f
a
s
i
,

l
a
r
i

190


1
P -sa da
2
P -s fasebs Soris produqts awarmoebs mxolod mesame firma. maSasadame, miwodebis
dargobrivi mrudi Seesabameba firmis zRvruli danaxarjis mruds
3
MC nawilSi.
2
P fasis dros dargobrivi
miwodeba utoldeba samive firmis miwodebis sidides. ,,firma I Tavazobs 2 erTeul, ,,firma II _ 5, xolo
,,firma III _ 8 erTeul produqts. e. i. dargobrivi miwodeba 15 erTeuls Seadgens. P
3
fasis SemTxvevaSi
firmebi Tavazoben Sesabamisad 4, 7, da 10 erTeuls. dargobrivi miwodeba 21 erTeuls Seadgens. miwodebis
dargobrivi mrudi aRmavalia, magram P
2
wertilSi gadaxra aqvs. Mmocemul wertilSi samive firma muSaobs.
bazarze mravali firmis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi gadaxra mniSvnelovani ar aris. aseT dros dargobrivi
miwodebis mrudi gaSlili da aRmavalia.
sabazro miwodebis elastikuroba
samwuxarod, dargobrivi miwodebis mrudi yovelTvis ver miiReba miwodebaTa mrudebis
SejamebiT. Tu fasi izrdeba, dargSi yvela firma warmoebas afarToebs. damatebiTi warmoeba faqtorebze
moTxovnas zrdis, rac iwvevs maTze maRali fasebis dawesebas. rogorc naxazze 9.8 vnaxeT, warmoebis
faqtorebze zrdadi fasi firmis zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds zemoT gadaadgilebs. magaliTad, saqonlis xorcze
moTxovnis zrda yvelaze metad gamoiwvevs soiosa da simindze moTxovnis zrdas, maTi fasi aiwevs.
warmoebis faqtorebze maRali fasi firmis zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds gadaadgilebs zemoT. es zrda
gamoiwvevs firmis warmoebis moculobis Semcirebas nebismier mocemul bazarze da dargobrivi moTxovnis
mruds gaxdis naklebmgZnobiares produqtis fasis cvlilebis mimarT, vidre sawyiss SemTxvevaSi iyo.
P
2
S
P
1
0
fasi
lari
P
3
nax. 9.9 dargobrivi miwodeba moklevadian periodSi
dargSi moklevadiani miwodebis mrudi aris firmebis miwodebaTa mrudebis jami. mesame firmas aqvs ufro dabali saSualo
cvalebadi danaxarji, vidre pirvel ors. sabazro miwodebis S mrudi P
1
fasidan iwyeba da mesame firmis zRvruli danaxarjis
MC
3
mruds emTxveva manam, sanam fasi P
2
gaxdeba. Semdeg mrudi gadaxrilia. dargSi miwodebis sidide samive firmis
miwodebis sidideTa jams udris.

MC
1
2 4 5 7 8 10 15 21
MC
2 MC
3
raodenoba

P
Q
191
sabazro miwodebis safaso elastikuroba asaxavs dargis warmoebis moculobis mgrZnobiarobas
sabazro fasis mimarT:

s
E = ) / /( ) / ( P P Q Q A A (9.5)
sadac,
s
E _ miwodebis elastikuroba; Q _ miwodebis sididis procentuli cvlileba P fasis 1% -is cvlilebis
sapasuxod.
vinaidan zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi aRmavalia, miwodebis moklevadiani elastikuroba yovelTvis
dadebiTia. rodesac zRvruli danaxarjebi swrafad izrdeba, zrdadi warmoebis sapasuxod miwodebis
elastikuroba ar aris maRali. firmebis sawarmoo simZlavreebi SezRudulia, warmoebis zrda Zviri jdeba.
rodesac zRvruli danaxarjebi warmoebis moculobis gadidebaze nela reagirebs, miwodeba SedarebiT
elastikuria. am dros fasebis umniSvnelo zrda ubiZgebs firmas awarmoos ufro meti.
SesaZloa ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac adgili aqvs sruliad araelastikur miwodebas sawarmoo
simZlavreebi da aRWurviloba ise rTulad gamosayenebelia, rom warmoebis ufro maRali done miiRweva
mxolod axali qarxnebis aSenebiT. aseve, ganixileba SemTxveva sruliad elastikuri miwodeba, rodesac
zRvruli danaxarjebi mudmivia.

192
9.7 warmoebis moculobis gansazRvra grZelvadian periodSi

grZelvadian periodSi firmas SeuZlia warmoebis nebismieri faqtori Secvalos. mas SeuZlia daixuros
(gavides dargidan) an pirvelad daiwyos warmoeba (Sevides dargSi). vinaidan ganvixilavT konkurentul
bazrebs, vgulisxmobT, rom firmebs SeuZliaT yovelgvari iuridiuli an sxva SezRudvebis gareSe Sevidnen
bazarze an gavidnen bazridan.

mogebis maqsimizacia grZelvadian periodSi
rogor Rebulobs konkurentuli firma gadawyvetilebas mogebis maqsimizaciis Sesaxeb grZelvadian
periodSi? am kiTxvaze pasuxi asaxulia naxazze 9.10 iseve, rogorc moklevadian periodSi, firmis moTxovnis
mrudi horizontalur wrfes warmoadgens (firma Rebulobs sabazro fass, rogorc mocemuls). moklevadiani
saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi SAC da saSualo zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi SMC gviCvenebs, rom firma
mogebas ver miiRebs ( ABCDmarTkuTxedi,
1
q

gamoSvebis moculoba, roca MR P MC = = ).
grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi LAC gviCvenebs ekonomias masStabidan warmoebis
2
q doneze
da danakargs masStabidan warmoebis sxva doneze gadasvlis dros. grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi
( LMC) kveTs grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mruds ( LAC) minimumis wertilSi
2
q

warmoebis dros.



Tu firma darwmunebulia, rom sabazro fasi 40 laris doneze darCeba, mas moundeba sawarmos zomis
gafarToeba (q
3
moculobis doneze grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjebi fass _ 40 lars gautoldeba). gafarToebis
Semdeg zRvruli mogeba AB-dan EFmde gaizrdeba, mTliani mogeba ki ABCD-dan EFGD-mde. q
3

moculobis warmoeba axdens firmis mogebis maqsimizacias. warmoebis nebismieri ufro dabali moculobis,
vTqvaT q
2
-is dros, zRvruli amonagebi metia, vidre zRvruli danaxarjebi. q
3
moculobis doneze meti
warmoebis SemTxvevaSi zRvruli danaxarjebi zRvrul amonagebze meti iqneba. aseT dros damatebiTi
warmoeba mogebas Seamcirebs. Sedegad, warmoebis grZelvadiani moculoba, romlis drosac konkurentuli
30
G

C

D

A

B

E

F

q
1
q
2
q
3

LAC

40
fasi
lari
nax. 9.10 warmoebis moculoba grZelvadian periodSi
firma mogebis maqsimizacias axdens warmoebis moculobis xarjze, romlis drosac fasi grZelvadian LMC zRvrul
danaxarjebs utoldeba. firma grZelvadian periodSi warmoebis moculobis gamo mogebas zrdis ABCD-dan EFGD-
mde.


LMC

P=MR

SMC

SAC

raodenoba

q
P
193
firmis mogeba maqsimums miaRwevs aris wertili, sadac grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjebi produqtis fass
gautoldeba. rac ufro maRalia sabazro fasi, miT ufro maRalia mogeba. Sesabamisad, rodesac fasi 40 laridan
30 laramde mcirdeba, aseve mcirdeba mogebac.

grZelvadiani konkurentuli wonasworoba
grZelvadiani konkurentuli wonasworobis dros Semdegi pirobebi sruldeba:
- dargSi yvela firma axdens mogebis maqsimizacias;
- firmebs ar aqvT bazridan gasvlis an masSi Sesvlis survili;
- produqtze fasi iseTia, rom dargSi erToblivi miwodeba erToblivi moTxovnis tolia;
- firmebi Rebuloben nulovan ekonomikur mogebas.
nulovani ekonomikuri mogeba niSnavs, rom firma investiciebisgan iRebs normalur Semosavals.
normaluri Semosavali warmoadgens firmis alternatiul danaxarjebs. maSasadame, firma, romelsac nulovani
ekonomikuri mogeba aqvs ZiriTadi kapitalis investirebiT, iseve kargad muSaobs, rogorc is imuSavebda fulis
sxvagan investirebis SemTxvevaSi da Rebulobs konkurentul Semosavals. aseTi firma adeqvaturad
funqcionirebs da amitom biznesSi unda darCes.



naxazi gviCvenebs, rom fasi _ 40 lari firmebs stimuls aZlevs gazardon warmoebis moculoba.
ramdenadac mogeba gaiangariSeba kapitalis alternatiuli danaxarjebis gamoricxviT, dadebiTi mogeba
niSnavs finansuri investiciebisgan miRebul maRal Semosavals. aseTi mogeba aiZulebs investorebs sxva
dargidan moizidon resursebi adgili aqvs bazarze Sesvlas. bazarze firmebis SesvliT gamowveuli warmoebis
zrdadi done gamoiwvevs sabazro miwodebis gazrdas da mrudis marjvniv gadanacvlebas. Sedegad, sabazro
S
1
S
2
P
1
P
2
LAC

30

40

q
2
nax 9.11 grZelvadiani konkurentuli wonasworoba
grZelvadiani wonasworuli fasi 40 lars Seadgens (nax. ,,b, sadac moTxovnis D mrudi da miwodebis S1 mrudi erTmaneTs
kveTen). ,,a naxazze vxedavT, rom firmebs dadebiTi mogeba aqvT, radganac saSualo grZelvadiani danaxarji minimalur
mniSvnelobas 30 laris dros (q
2
wertilSi) aRwevs. dadebiTi Semosavali waaxalisebs axal firmebs Sevidnen dargSi da iwvevs
miwodebis mrudis marjvniv, S
2
mdgomareobaSi gadaadgilebas. grZelvadiani wonasworoba Cndeba 30 laris dros, rodesac
yoveli firma nulovan ekonomikur mogebas iRebs da bazarze Sesvlis an gamosvlis stimulebi aRar arsebobs (nax. ,,b).

LMC

P
1
,,a
P
2
Q
1
Q
2

,,b
D

fasi
lari

0

0

raodenoba

raodenoba

firma

dargi

fasi
lari

P P
q
Q
194
miwodeba izrdeba, produqtis fasi mcirdeba. naxazi 9.11 ,,b asaxavs situacias, rodesac miwodebis mrudi S
1
-
dan S
2
-Si gadaadgildeba. amis gamo fasi 40 laridan 30 laramde Semcirdeba. naxazis ,,a nawilSi
grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi fasis horizontalur wrfes exeba warmoebis q
2
moculobis dros.
Aamrigad, grZelvadiani ekonomikuri wonasworobis dros firmebi Rebuloben nulovan ekonomikur
mogebas. nulovani mogebis dros firmas ar aqvs stimuli gavides bazridan, gasvlis Semdeg misi finansuri
mdgomareoba naklebad gaumjobesdeba. Tu firma SeZlebs bazarze adre Sevides, raTa moklevadian periodSi
miiRos ekonomikuri mogeba, mas gaumarTlebs. analogiurad, Tu firma swrafad gava misTvis
aramomgebiani bazridan, is naklebad dazaraldeba.
firmebi Tanabari danaxarjebiT
ratom unda Sesruldes grZelvadiani wonasworobis yvela piroba? aRniSnulis asaxsnelad dauSvaT, rom
yvela firmas identuri danaxarjebi gaaCnia. ganvixiloT, ra moxdeba, Tu dargSi Seva mogebis msurveli bevri
firma. naxazze 9.11 ,,b dargis miwodebis mrudi sul ufro da ufro marjvniv gadainacvlebs. vTqvaT, fasi 30
larze naklebi, kerZod 25 lari gaxda. am fasis dros firmebs zarali eqnebaT. Sedegad, zogierTi firma dargs
datovebs da es gagrZeldeba manam, sanam miwodebis sabazro mrudi S
2
mdgomareobas ar daubrundeba.
mxolod maSin, roca daikargeba dargSi Sesvlis da gasvlis motivi, bazari grZelvadiani wonasworobis
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba.
firmebi gansxvavebuli danaxarjebiT
davuSvaT, rom yvela firmas danaxarjebis sxvadasxva mrudi aqvs. SesaZloa, erT-erT firma flobs
patents, romelic mas saSualebas aZlevs produqti ufro dabali danaxarjebiT awarmoos. am SemTxvevaSi
grZelvadian wonasworul mdgomareobaSi firmisTvis bunebrivi iqneba sabuRaltro mogebisa da mwarmoeblis
ufro didi nametis miReba. sanam sxva investorebi da firmebi ver SeZleben patentis miRebas, manam
firmebs ar eqnebaT dargSi Sesvlis stimuli da piriqiT, sanam iRbliani firma dargSi erTaderTi iqneba, mas
bazridan gasvla ar moundeba.
aseT situaciaSi mniSvnelovania sabuRaltro da ekonomikur Semosavlebs Soris sxvaobis analizi. Tu
patenti momgebiani aRmoCndeba, sxva firmebi gadaixdian misi gamoyenebis safasurs an Seecdebian am
firmis yidvas. patentis gazrdili Rirebuleba aris misi mflobeli firmis alternatiuli danaxarji. Tu firmebi
erTnairad efeqtiania, firmis ekonomikuri mogeba nulamde daecema. magram Tu patentis mflobeli firma ufro
efeqtiania, mas dadebiTi mogeba eqneba. Tu patentis mqone firma efeqtiani ar aris, misTvis umjobesia
gayidos patenti da gavides dargidan.

9.8 firmis miwodebis mrudi grZelvadian periodSi

moklevadiani miwodebis analizis dros vnaxeT, rom individualuri firmis mrudebi jamSi sabazro
miwodebis mruds warmoqmnian. grZelvadiani periodisTvis es meTodi ar gamodgeba. grZelvadian periodSi
firmebi bazarze Sedian da gamodian. aseT SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia mrudebis Sejameba, radgan ar viciT
romeli moculobebi SevajamoT.
grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudis forma damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor moqmedebs dargSi warmoebis
moculobis Secvla warmoebis faqtorTa fasebze. grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudis misaRebad vuSvebT, rom
sawarmoo teqnologiebi yvela firmisTvis xelmisawvdomia. produqtis gamoSveba izrdeba didi raodenobis
warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebiT da ara inovaciebiT. aseve vuSvebT, rom Tu dargi farTovdeba an
195
mcirdeba, warmoebis faqtorTa bazris ganmsazRvreli pirobebi ucvlelia. magaliTad, Sromaze moTxovnis zrda
profkavSirebs ar aZlevs molaparakebebis SesaZleblobas Tavisi wevrebisaTvis ufro xelsayreli SromiTi
SeTanxmebebis Sesaxeb.
grZelvadiani miwodebis analizis dros ganasxvaveben dargebis sam tips: 1. dargi mudmivi
danaxarjebiT; 2. dargi zrdadi danaxarjebiT; 3. dargi klebadi danaxarjebiT.

dargi mudmivi danaxarjebiT
naxazi 9.12 gviCvenebs grZelvadiani miwodebis mruds dargSi mudmivi danaxarjebiT. ,,a naxazze
naCvenebia firmaSi, xolo ,,b naxazze ki dargSi warmoebis moculoba. davuSvaT, dargi Tavidanve
wonasworobaSia D
1
sabazro moTxovnisa da S
1
moklevadiani miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTis
wertilSi.AAA wertilSi gadis miwodebis grZelvadiani mrudi S
L
. igi gviCvenebs, rom dargi produqtis Q
1

erTeuls awarmoebs grZelvadiani wonasworuli
1
P fasis dros.
grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudze sxva wertilebis misaRebad davuSvaT, rom saqonelze sabazro
moTxovna gaizarda (vTqvaT, pirad Semosavalze gadasaxadis Semcirebis gamo). ganvixiloT tipiuri firmis
magaliTi: pirvel etapze warmoebis moculoba q
1
s udrida grZelvadiani zRvruli da saSualo danaxarjebisa da
P
1
fasis tolobis dros. magram misi moklevadian wonasworobaSi yofnis gamo fasi utoldeboda aseve
moklevadian zRvrul danaxarjebs. gadasaxadis Semcirebis gamo sabazro moTxovnis mrudi D
1

mdgomareobidan D
2
mdgomareobaSi gadadis. moTxovnis D
2
mrudi kveTs miwodebis
1
S mruds C wertilSi.
Sedegad, fasi P
1
-dan P
2
-mde gaizrdeba.
naxazi 9.12 ,,a gviCvenebs, rom fasis aseTi zrda moqmedebs dargSi tipiur firmaze. roca fasi izrdeba
2
P -mde, firmis warmoebis moculoba gaizrdeba
2
q -mde. gamoSvebis es moculoba axdens mogebis
maqsimizacias, radgan is akmayofilebs pirobas MC P = . Tu yvela firma igivenairad reagirebs, yoveli
maTgani moklevadian wonasworobis situaciaSi dadebiT mogebas miiRebs. es mogeba investorebs
miizidavs, moqmedi firmebi saqmianobas gafarToeben, axali firmebi ki bazarze Sevlen. Sedegad,
moklevadiani miwodebis mrudi marjvniv, S
2
mdgomareobaSi gadainacvlebs. bazari grZelvadian axal
wonasworul mdgomareobaSi gadadis (D
2
da S
2
wertilebis gadakveTa). aRniSnuli gadakveTa grZelvadiani
wonasworuli mdgomareoba rom iyos, warmoebis moculoba imdenad unda gafarTovdes, rom firmebma
miiRon nulovani mogeba. es is mdgomareobaa, roca firmebs ar uCndebaT dargSi arc Sesvlis da arc
gamosvlis stimuli.

196

mudmivi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi warmoebis moculobis gafarToebisTvis aucilebeli damatebiTi
warmoebis faqtorebi SeiZleba SeZenil iqnes xarjebis wilis gazrdis gareSe. magaliTad, Tu warmoebis
ZiriTadi faqtori kvalificiuri Sromaa, amiT xelfasis sabazro ganakveTi ar Seicvleba. firmis danaxarjebis
mrudic igive darCeba, wonasworobis axal B wertilSi, sadac fasi Tavdapirvel
1
P fass utoldeba (naxazi 9.12
,,b).
maSasadame, mudmivi danaxarjebis mqone dargisTvis grZelvadian periodSi miwodebis mrudi aris
horizontaluri wrfe fasis im doneze, romelic warmoebis grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis minimumis tolia.
nebismieri maRali fasis dros warmoiqmneboda dadebiTi mogeba, rac dargSi bevri axali monawilis SesvliTa
da moklevadiani miwodebis gazrdiT damTavrdeboda.

dargi zrdadi danaxarjebiT
zrdadi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi, Tu dargi farTovdeba, warmoebis zogierT an yvela faqtorze fasi
izrdeba, izrdeba agreTve moTxovna warmoebis faqtorebze. aseTi situacia SeiZleba gaCndes dargSi
kvalificiuri Sromis gamoyenebis dros (kvalificiuri Sroma deficitia, TuU masze moTxovna gaizarda). Aaseve,
Tu firmas mineraluri resursebi sWirdeba, warmoebis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba im miwis fasi, sadac es
resursebia ganTavsebuli. naxazze 9.13 aRwerilia grZelvadiani wonasworobis mrudi dargSi zrdadi
danaxarjebiT. Tavdapirvelad dargi wonasworobaSia A wertilSi (naxazi 9.16 ,,a). rodesac moTxovnis mrudi
swrafad gadadis D
1
-dan D
2
mdgomareobaSi, produqtis fasi moklevadian periodSi izrdeba P
2
-mde, dargis
warmoebis moculoba _ Q
1
-dan Q
2
-mde. tipiuri firma ufro maRali fasis sapasuxod zrdis warmoebis
moculobas
1
q -dan
2
q -mde moklevadiani zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudis gadaadgilebiT (naxazi 9.13, ,,a).
ufro maRali mogeba axal firmebs ubiZgebs dargSi Sesvlas.
rodesac dargSi axali firmebi Cndebian da warmoeba farTovdeba, warmoebis faqtorTa fasic izrdeba.
moklevadiani sabazro miwodebis mrudi isev marjvniv gadainacvlebs da gaCndeba axali wonasworobis B
D
2
D
1
S
L
B
A

S
2
P
1
P
2
P
1
P
2
MC

AC

q1 q2

nax 9.12 miwodebis grZelvadiani mrudi mudmivi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi
mudmivi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudi mocemulia S
L
horizontaluri wrfiT (nax. ,,b). zrdadi
moTxovna iwvevs fasis matebas (A wertilidan C wertilSi gadaadgileba) da firma zrdis warmoebis moculobas q
1
-dan q
2
-mde
(nax. ,,a). radganac warmoebis gazrdili moculoba ar moqmedebs warmoebis faqtorTa fasebze, axali firmebis bazarze
Semosvla ar mTavrdeba manam, sanam B wertilSi sawyisi fasi ar miiRweva.

,,a
,,b
Q1 Q2

S
1
fasi
lari

0

0

raodenoba
raodenoba
C

P P
Q
q
fasi
lari

197
wertili P
3
fasis dros. es fasi Tavdapirvel
1
P fasze maRalia. radganac warmoebis faqtorze ufro maRali fasi
zemoT gadaaadgilebs moklevadiani da grZelvadiani danaxarjebis mrudebs, amdenad firmebi nulovani
ekonomikuri mogebis garantiis misaRebad grZelvadiani wonasworobis dros aweseben ufro maRal fass.
saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi gadaadgildeba
1
AC -dan
2
AC -Si. amave dros zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi
marcxniv
1
MC -dan
2
MC mdgomareobaSi gadainacvlebs. axali grZelvadiani wonasworobis
3
P fasi
utoldeba axal minimalur saSualo danaxarjebs. pirveladi moTxovnis zrdiT gamowveuli ufro maRali
moklevadiani mogeba, grZelvadian periodSi qreba. rodesac firma warmoebis moculobas zrdis, amis gamo
danaxarjebi warmoebis faqtorebze izrdeba.

grZelvadian periodSi, rodesac firma warmoebis moculobas zrdis, moklevadiani mogeba qreba. amis
gamo danaxarjebi warmoebis faqtorebze izrdeba.
wonasworobis axali wertili B mdebareobs dargis grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudze (naxazi 9.13
,,b). zrdadi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudi aRmavalia. dargi ufro met
produqts awarmoebs, magram fasi gaizrdeba, raTa kompensirebul iqnas faqtorebze gazrdili danaxarji.

dargi klebadi danaxarjebiT
dargSi miwodebis mrudi SeiZleba qvemoTac iyos mimarTuli. am SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis
moulodneli zrda dargs aiZulebs gazardos warmoeba. Tu dargi sakmaod gafarToebulia, warmoebis faqtorebis
iafad SesaZenad mas SeuZlia upiratesobebis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, msxvil dargs SeuZlia Tavs ufleba
misces gamoiyenos srulyofili, ganaxlebuli transportirebis sistema an ufro sando finansuri qseli. am
S
1
AC
1
P
2
D
2
D
1
S
L
B

A

S
2
P
1
P
2
P
1
P
3
MC
2
AC
2
q1 q2

nax 9.13 firmis grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudi zrdadi danaxarjebiT
zrdadi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi miwodebis grZelvadiani mrudi aRmavali S
L
mrudis saxiTaa naCvenebi (nax. ,,b).
moTxovnis zrda iwvevs sawyisi fasis zrdas, firmebi warmoebis moculobas zrdian q
1
-dan q
2
-mde (nax. ,,a). axali firmebis
bazarze Sesvla iwvevs miwodebis mrudis marjvniv gadaadgilebas. amis gamo izrdeba warmoebis faqtorTa fasebi, axali
grZelvadiani wonasworoba dgeba sawyis fasze gacilebiT maRali fasis dros.

,,a firma ,,b dargi
Q1 Q2 Q2

MC
1
f
a
s
i

(
l
a
r
i
)

f
a
s
i


(
l
a
r
i
)


P
3

0


0

Q q
P
P

P
3

198
SemTxvevaSi firmis saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi qvemoT gadainacvlebs da saqonlis sabazro fasi
Semcirdeba. ufro dabali sabazro fasi da warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebi gamoiwveven firmisaTvis
grZelvadiani wonasworobis axal mdgomareobas didi moculobiTa da dabali fasebiT. maSasadame, dargs
Semcirebuli danaxarjebiT gaaCnia grZelvadiani sabazro miwodebis mrudi daRmavali daxrilobiT.

gadasaxadebis Sedegebi
ganvixiloT, Tu rogori reaqcia eqneba firmas warmoebis moculobis dabegvraze. simartivisaTvis
warmovidginoT, rom firma iyenebs sawarmoo teqnologiebs faqtorTa fiqsirebuli TanafardobiT. Tu firma
garemos abinZurebs, gadasaxadi mas aiZulebs Seamciros warmoeba da Sesabamisad, narCenebis moculoba.
davuSvaT, rom mxolod es firma ibegreba. am SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadi moqmedebs saqonlis
sabazro fasze. gamoSvebaze gadasaxadi ubiZgebs firmas, Seamciros warmoebis moculoba. naxazi 9.14
gviCvenebs dadebiTi ekonomikuri mogebis mqone firmis moklevadiani danaxarjebis mruds
1
q
wonasworuli moculobisa da
1
P fasis dros. gadasaxadi warmoebis yovel erTeuls exeba, amitom firmis
zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi
1
MC gadaadgildeba
2
MC =
1
MC +t mdgomareobaSi (t aris gadasaxadi
warmoebuli produqciis erTeulze). gadasaxadi agreTve saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebis mruds gazrdis t
sididiT.
gadasaxads ori savaraudo Sedegi mohyveba. Tu firmas aqvs dadebiTi an nulovani ekonomikuri
mogeba, igi mogebis maqsimizacias moaxdens warmoebis axali donis xarjze, romlis drosac zRvruli
danaxarjebi da gadasaxadebi mTlianobaSi Seadgens misi saqonlis fass. firmis warmoebis moculoba
1
q -dan
2
q -mde Semcirdeba da gadasaxadis uxilavi efeqti gamovlindeba miwodebis mrudis zemoT gadaadgilebaSi
(gadasaxadis toli sididiT). Tu firma ver iRebs ekonomikur mogebas gadasaxadis SemoRebis Semdeg, is
bazars tovebs.

199



axla davuSvaT, rom dargis yvela firma ibegreba. maTi zRvruli danaxarjebi izrdeba. TiToeuli firma
amcirebs warmoebis moculobas mimdinare sabazro fasis dros. dargis mTliani miwodeba Semcirdeba. es
iwvevs saqonlis fasis zrdas (nax. 9.15). miwodebis mrudi zemoT
1
S -dan t S S + =
1 2
mdgomareobaSi
t
P
1
q
2
q
1

AVC
1
AVC
1
+t
MC
2
=MC
1
+t
MC
1

f
a
s
i
,

l
a
r
i

raodenoba
0

nax. 9.14 gadasaxadis gavlena konkurentuli firmis warmoebis moculobaze
gadasaxadi gadaadgilebs zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds gadasaxadis toli mniSvnelobiT. firma Seamcirebs warmoebis
moculobas im wertilamde, sadac zRvruli danaxarjebisa da gadasaxadis jami saqonlis fass utoldeba.


P
q
P
2

P
1
t
Q
2
Q
1

nax. 9.15 gadasaxadis gavlena dargis warmoebis moculobaze
konkurentuli bazris yvela firmisTvis dawesebuli gadasaxadi, dargis miwodebis mruds gadaadgilebs zemoT gadasaxadis
toli sididiT. es gadaadgileba zrdis saqonlis sabazro fass da amcirebs dargSi warmoebis mTlian moculobas.


D

S
2
=S
1
+t
S
1

f
a
s
i
,

l
a
r
i

raodenoba
0
Q
P
200
gadainacvlebs, rac gamoiwvevs produqtis sabazro fasis gazrdas
1
P -dan
2
P -mde. firmebi warmoebas
Seamcireben, magram ara imdenad, rogorc mudmivi fasis dros.
da bolos warmoebis moculobis dabegvra didi danaxarjebis mqone firmas bazris datovebas aiZulebs.
am procesSi grZelvadiani saSualo danaxarjebis mrudi TiToeuli firmisaTvis gadasaxadis gavleniT
gadainacvlebs zemoT.
miwodebis grZelvadiani elastikuroba
miwodebis grZelvadiani elastikuroba aris warmoebis moculobis ( A Q/Q) procentuli cvlileba, romelic
fasis procentuli cvlilebis ( A P/P) Sedegad Cndeba. mudmivi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi miwodebis mrudi
horizontaluria. zrdadi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi miwodebis grZelvadiani elastikuroba aris dadebiTi sidide.
elastikurobis mniSvneloba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor izrdeba faqtorebis danaxarjebi bazris gafarToebis
SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, dargs, romelic xelmisawvdom faqtorebs iyenebs, grZelvadiani miwodeba ufro
elastikuri eqneba, vidre dargs, romelic warmoebis deficitur faqtorebs iyenebs.

ZiriTadi terminebi

- mogebis maqsimizacia
- maRalkonkurentuli bazari
- konkurentuli firmis mogebis maqsimizacia
- konkurentuli firmis miwodebis mrudi
- dargobrivi miwodeba moklevadian periodSi
- grZelvadiani konkurentuli wonasworoba
- firmis miwodebis mrudi grZelvadian periodSi
- dargi mudmivi danaxarjebiT
- dargi zrdadi danaxarjebiT
- dargi klebadi danaxarjebiT
- miwodebis grZelvadiani elastikuroba

ZiriTadi daskvnebi

1. menejerTa qceva grZelvadiani mogebis maqsimizaciaze SedarebiT SezRudulia. firmebisaTvis
grZelvadiani mogebis maqsimizacia maTi saqmianobis prioritetia.
2. zogierTi bazari SeiZleba miuaxlovdes srulyofil konkurencias, roca bazarze moqmedebs ramdenime
firma TiTqmis horizontaluri moTxovnis mrudiT. zogadad, dargSi firmebis raodenoba ar aris bazris
konkurentulobis kargi indikatori.
3. konkurentul bazarze firmas aqvs dargSi mTliani gamoSvebis mcire wili. firma gamoSvebis Sesaxeb
arCevans akeTebs im varaudiT, rom mis gadawyvetilebas gavlena ar eqneba produqtis fasze. am
SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis da zRvruli Semosavlebis mrudebi identuria.
4. moklevadian periodSi konkurentuli firma axdens mogebis maqsimizacias gamoSvebis moculobis
arCeviT, romlis drosac fasi zRvruli danaxarjis tolia. magram fasi minimalur saSualo cvalebad
danaxarjze ufro maRali an toli unda iyos.
5. moklevadian periodSi dargSi sabazro miwodebis mrudi aris firmebis miwodebis mrudebis
horizontaluri Sejameba. igi SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes miwodebis safaso elastikurobiT, rac niSnavs
miwodebuli produqtis raodenobis procentul cvlilebas gamowveuls fasis procentuli cvlilebiT.
201
6. grZelvadian periodSi konkurentuli firmebi, romlebic axdenen mogebis maqsimizacias, irCeven
gamoSvebis moculobas, romlis drosac fasi grZelvadiani zRvruli danaxarjis tolia.
7. grZelvadiani konkurentuli wonasworoba miiRweva im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sruldeba oTxi piroba: a)
firmebi axdenen mogebis maqsimizacias; b) yvela firma iRebs nulovan ekonomikur mogebas; g) ar
arsebobs bazarze Sesvlis an misi datovebis stimuli; d) produqtze fasi iseTia, dargSi moTxovnili da
miwodebuli produqtis raodenobebi tolia.
8. mudmivi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudi horizontaluria da warmoebis
faqtorebze gazrdil moTxovnas araviTari gavlena ar aqvs faqtorTa sabazro fasze. firmis
grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudi aRmavalia zrdadi danaxarjebis mqone dargSi, sadac warmoebis
faqtorebze gazrdili moTxovna iwvevs yvela faqtoris sabazro fasebis zrdas.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis

1. ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba srulyofili konkurenciis bazari?
2. rogor irCevs firma warmoebis moculobas mogebis maqsimizaciisaTvis? Ppasuxi daasabuTeT
grafikulad.
3. CamoayalibeT konkurentuli firmis mogebis maqsimizaciis pirobebi moklevadian da grZelvadian
periodebSi.
4. ganmarteT warmoebis moculobis SerCevis wesi moklevadian periodSi.
5. aageT konkurentuli firmis miwodebis mrudebi moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi; ganixileT
TiToeuli SesaZlo SemTxvevis analizi.
6. ras gviCvenebs moklevadiani sabazro miwodebis mrudi? Ppasuxi warmoadgineT grafikulad da
daasabuTeT misi elastikuroba.
7. rogoria mwarmoeblis nameti moklevadian periodSi? SeadareT mwarmoeblis nametisa da mogebis
kategoriebi.
8. daaxasiaTeT grZelvadiani konkurentuli wonasworoba.
9. rogoria mwarmoeblis nameti grZelvadian periodSi? Ppasuxi axseniT grafikulad.
10. grafikulad gamosaxeT miwodebis grZelvadiani mrudi. Aanalizi warmoadgineT dargebis sami
jgufisTvis: a) dargi mudmivi danaxarjebiT; b) dargi zrdadi danaxarjebiT; g) dargi klebadi
danaxarjebiT.
11. ra gavlenas axdens gadasaxadebi warmoebis moculobaze? ganixileT gadasaxadebis gavleniT firmisa
da dargis miwodebaTa mrudebis gadaadgileba.
12. SeafaseT miwodebis grZelvadiani elastikuroba.


202
Tavi 10 konkurentuli bazrebis analizi

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. saxelmwifo politikiT Seqmnili sargeblisa da zaralis Sefasebas
2. saxelmwifos Carevis Sedegebisa da ekonomikuri efeqtianobis miRwevis SesaZleblobaTa gansazRvras
3 konkurentuli bazris efeqtianobis analizs
4. saxelmwifo politikis Sefasebas minimaluri fasebis, saimporto qvotebisa da tarifebis dawesebis
SemTxvevaSi
5. gadasaxadebis da subsidiebis gavlenis analizs da saxelmwifo politikis Sefasebas

10.1 saxelmwifo politikiT gamowveuli sargeblisa da zaralis
Sefaseba _ mwarmoeblis da momxmareblis nameti

rogorc cnobilia, saxelmwifos mier fasebis zeda zRvaris daweseba bazars aiZulebs produqtze moTxovnis
sidide gazardos (dabali fasis pirobebSi momxmareblebi cdiloben meti SeiZinon), xolo miwodebis sidide
Seamciros (mwarmoeblebi Tanaxma ar arian bazarze produqtis aseTi raodenoba dabal fasad gamoitanon).
Sedegad warmoiqmneba deficiti anu moTxovnis siWarbe. momxmareblebi, romlebsac jer kidev SeuZliaT
produqtis yidva moigeben, radgan naklebs ixdian (savaraudod, es iyo aRniSuli politikis mizani). magram am
politikis Sedegad ramdenad mogebulni rCebian is momxmareblebi, romlebmac ver SeZles produqtis yidva?
iqneb maTi mdgomareoba gauaresdeba kidec? rogori iqneba momxmareblebisa da mwarmoeblebis erToblivi
keTildReoba? ramdenad Seicvleba igi? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa saxelmwifo CareviT
gamowveuli mogebisa da zaralis (danakargebis) cvlilebebis gansazRvra.
viciT, rom momxmareblis nameti gamoxatavs erTobliv wminda sargebels, romelsac isini iReben
konkurentul bazarze. xolo mwarmoeblis nameti gansazRvravs mwarmoebelTa erTobliv sargebels.
ganvixiloT, Tu rogor SeiZleba praqtikaSi gamoviyenoT mwarmoebelTa da momxmarebelTa nametebi.
araregulirebad konkurentul bazarze momxmareblebi da mwarmoeblebi produqts yiduloben da yidian
dadgenili sabazro fasiT. garkveul pirobebSi, zogierTi momxmarebeli produqts mis fasze ufro metad afasebs.
momxmareblis nameti aris sidide anu saerTo sargebeli, romelsac igi iRebs gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnisa
da produqtis sabazro fass Soris sxvaobis SemTxvevaSi.
davuSvaT, rom produqtis erTeulze sabazro fasi aris 5 lari (naxazi 10.1). zogi momxmarebeli am
produqts gacilebiT ufro metad afasebs da SesaZloa 5 larze metic gadaixados. magaliTad, I momxmarebeli
mzadaa 10 lari gadaixados. magram sabazro fasi mxolod 5 laria, amitom igi iRebs wminda sargebels _ anu
momxmareblis namets 5 laris odenobiT. II momxmarebeli aRniSnul produqts ufro naklebad afasebs da
mzadaa magaliTad 7 lari gadaixados. maSasadame, momxmareblis nameti (wminda sargebeli) Seadgens 2
203
lars. bolos, III momxmarebeli mzadaa produqtSi zustad 5 lari gadaixados, anu igi aranair namets ar
miiRebs.
grafikulad, yvela momxmareblisTvis momxmarebelTa nameti aris farTobi, romelic mdebareobs
moTxovnis mrudsa da sabazro fass Soris (naxazi 10.1). radgan momxmareblis nameti momxmarebelTa
erTobliv sargebels warmoadgens, momxmarebelTa nametebis saboloo cvlilebis gazomviT Cven SegviZlia
saxelmwifo CareviT ganpirobebuli momxmarebelTa sargeblisa da danakargebis gazomva.
fasi


10 momxmareblis nameti
S
7


5


D
mwarmoeblis nameti




Q
0
raodenoba
I momxmarebeli II momxmarebeli III momxmarebeli

nax. 10.1 momxmareblis da mwarmoeblis nameti

produqtSi, romlis sabazro fasi 5 laria, I momxmarebeli mzadaa gadaixados 10 lari. misi momxmareblis nameti 5 laria. III
momxmarebeli ar iRebs aranair sargebels. momxmarebelTa nameti, romelic gamoxatavs yvela momxmareblis mTlian sargebels,
mocemulia daStrixuli farTobiT moTxovnis mrudsa da sabazro fass Soris. mwarmoeblis nameti aris daStrixuli farTobi miwodebis
mrudsa da sabazro fass Soris. mwarmoebelTa da momxmarebelTa erToblivi nameti gviCvenebs keTildReobis dones konkurentul
bazarze.

momxmareblis nametis analogiuri maCvenebelia mwarmoeblis nameti. zogierTi mwarmoeblisaTvis
erTeuli produqtis gamoSveba dakavSirebulia iseT danaxarjebTan, romlebic SeiZleba zustad gautoldes
sabazo fass. SesaZlebelia es danaxarjebi sabazro fasze naklebi iyos. amrigad, mewarmeebi produqtis
gayidvidan iReben sargebels _ mwarmoeblis namets. produqtis yoveli erTeulis gayidvis SemTxvevaSi
sargebeli utoldeba sabazro fassa da warmoebis zRvrul danaxarjebs Soris sxvaobas.
mTlianad bazrisaTvis mwarmoeblis nameti grafikulad aris miwodebis mrudis zeviT da sabazro
fasis qveviT mdebare samkuTxedis farTobi. es aris is sargebeli, romelsac dabali danaxarjebis mqone
mwarmoeblebi iReben produqtis sabazro fasad gayidvis SemTxvevaSi. radgan mwarmoeblis nameti aris
mwarmoebelTa erToblivi wminda sargebeli, misi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia saxelmwifo Carevis Sedegad
mwarmoeblebis mogebisa an danakargebis gazomva.

mwarmoeblis da momxmareblis nameti da keTildReobis efeqti
Tu viciT mwarmoeblis da momxmareblis nameti, SegviZlia im keTildReobis efeqtis (Welfare Effects)
Sefaseba, romelic miiReba sabazro meqanizmSi saxelmwifo CareviT. aseve SesaZlebelia ganvsazRvroT,
204
aseTi CareviT vin rCeba mogebuli an wagebuli da ramdenad. gavixsenoT fasebis kontrolis SemTxveva _
saxelmwifo iRebs kanons, romlis mixedviTac mwarmoeblebi ver daaweseben fasebis zeda zRvarze ufro
maRal fasebs, fasebis zeda zRvari ki dawesebulia bazris wonasworobis fasze dabla. viciT rom aseTi fasebis
zeda zRvari iwvevs deficits (Warbi moTxovna) warmoebis Semcirebisa da moTxovnis sididis gazrdis gamo.
naxazze 10.2 naCvenebia momxmareblis da mwarmoeblis nametis cvlilebac, romelic wamoiqmna
fasebze saxelmwifo kontrolis politikis Sedegad. detalurad ganvixiloT es cvlilebebi.
1. momxmareblis nametis cvlileba. momxmarebelTa erTi nawilis mdgomareoba aseTi politikis
gatarebis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad uaresdeba, xolo meore nawili mogebuli rCeba. gauresdeba im
adamianebis mdgomareobac, romelTa SesaZleblobebi amjerad SeizRuda warmoebis da gayidvebis Q
0
-dan
Q
1
-mde SemcirebiT. meore nawils gauCnda SesaZlebloba iyidos es produqti (SesaZloa imitom, rom
aRmoCndnen saWiro adgilze, saWiro dros). es momxmareblebi mogebulni rCebian saxelmwifos mxridan
fasebze kontrolis dawesebiT, radgan produqtis yidva ufro dabal fasad SeuZliaT (P
max
nacvlad P
0
-isa).
ramdenad kargi an cudi mdgomareoba eqneba yovel jgufs? momxmareblebs, romlebsac jer kidev
SeuZliaT iyidon produqti, samomxmareblo nametis zrda aReniSnebaT (daStrixuli A marTkuTxedi). igi
gviCvenebs TiToeul produqtze fasis Semcirebas da mravldeba produqtis im raodenobaze, romelzec
momxmareblebi acxadeben mzadyofnas iyidon igi ufro dabali fasis dros. meore mxriv, is momxmareblebi,
romlebic ukve veRar yiduloben produqts, kargaven samomxmareblo namets. maTi danakargi warmodgenilia
daStrixuli B samkuTxediT. es samkuTxedi asaxavs momxareblisTvis aRniSnuli produqtis Sefasebas misi
realuri fasis gamoklebiT (Tanxa, romelsac kargaven warmoebis moculobis Q
0
-dan Q
1-
mde SemcirebiT). is
momxmareblebi, romlebsac jer kidev SeuZliaT iyidon produqti, mas yvelaze metad Seafaseben.
momxmarebelTa nametis wminda cvlileba aris A-s minus B; radgan A marTkuTxedi B samkuTxedze didia
(naxazi 10.2), momxmarebelTa nametis cvlileba dadebiTi sididea.
fasi



wminda danakargi S

P
0
B
C
A
P
max
D
deficiti



Q
1
Q
0
Q
2
raodenoba

nax. 10.2 fasebze kontrolis dawesebis Sedegad momxmareblis da mwarmoeblis nametis cvlileba

fasebis regulirebis gamo produqtis fasi P
max
-s ver gadaaWarbebs, rac wonasworobis fasis P
0
-ze qvemoTaa (A marTkuTxedsa da B
samkuTxeds Soris sxvaoba). mwarmoeblis zarali aris A marTkuTxedis farTobisa da C samkuTxedis farTobis jami. B da C
samkuTxedebi erTad gviCveneben fasebze kontrolis dawesebiT miRebul wminda danakargebs.

2. mwarmoeblis nametis cvlileba. fasebze kontrolis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi zogierTi mwarmoebeli
bazarze darCeba. magram misi produqti ufro dabal fasad gaiyideba, xolo sxva mwarmoeblebi bazars
205
datoveben. orive jgufi dakargavs mwarmoebelTa namets. is mwarmoeblebi, romlebic bazarze darCebian da
gamouSveben Q
1
moculobas, miiReben ufro dabal fass. isini kargaven namets, romelic A marTkuTxediTaa
warmodgenili. amavdroulad mTliani warmoebac Semcirdeba. C samkuTxedi asaxavs nametis damatebiT
danakargs bazarze myofi mwarmoeblebisTvis. amrigad, mwarmoebelTa nametis saerTo cvlileba udris -A-C;
mwarmoeblebi fasebze kontrolis SemoRebis Sedegad aSkarad ageben.
3. wminda danakargebi. fasebze kontrolis SemoRebis pirobebSi, momxmarebelTa mier miRebuli
mogeba mwarmoebelTa zaralis kompensirebas ver axdens. rogorc naxazi 10.2 gviCvenebs, fasebze kontrols
mivyavarT mTliani nametis wminda danakargebamde (Deadweight Loss). gavixsenoT, rom
momxmarebelTa nametis cvlileba (danakargi) Seadgens A-B-s. aqedan gamomdinare, nametis saerTo
cvlileba udris (A-B)+(-A-C)= -B-C. amrigad, naxazze 10.2 wminda danakargi ori samkuTxediTaa mocemuli
(B da C). wminda danakargebi gviCveneben fasebze kontrolis dawesebis araefeqtianobas: mwarmoeblebis
mier miRebuli nametis danakargebi aWarbebs momxmareblis nametis mogebas.
naxazze B samkuTxedi (im momxmarebelTa danakargebi, romlebic dazaraldnen bazris normirebis
Sedegad) gacilebiT didia vidre A marTkuTxedi (im momxmarebelTa mogeba, romlebsac jer kidev SeuZliaT
iyidon produqti). am SemTxvevaSi momxmareblebs gadaxdisadmi sakmaod maRali mzadyofna aqvT. ase
rom maT, vinc dazaralda normirebis Sedegad, didi danakargebi eqnebaT.
fasi
D




B S

P
0

C
A
P
max








nax. 10.3 fasebze kontrolis Sedegi moTxovnis araelastikurobis dros

Tu moTxovna naklebad elastikuria, B samkuTxedi SeiZleba A marTkuTxedze didi aRmoCndes. am SemTxvevaSi momxmareblebi
wminda danakargs ganicdian, rac fasebze kontroliTaa gamowveuli.


10.2 konkurentuli bazris efeqtianoba

bazris Sedegebis Sefasebisas mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros miiRweva Tu ara ekonomikuri
efeqtianoba _ momxmareblisa da mwarmoeblis erToblivi nametis maqsimizacia? Cven vnaxeT, Tu
Q
1
Q
2
raodenoba
206
rogor warmoiqmneba wminda danakargebi fasebze kontroliT. amrigad, politika ekonomikas Tavs axvevs
efeqtianobis danakargebs: momxmarebelTa da mwarmoebelTa nametebis jami mcirdeba wminda
danakargebiT. (es ar niSnavs, rom aseTi politika calsaxad cudia. SesaZlebelia igi sazogadoebisTvis sxva
mniSvnelovani miznebis miRwevaSi dagvexmaros.

bazris fiasko
Tu erTaderT mizans efeqtianobis miRweva warmoadgens, maSin ukeTesi xom ar iqneba konkurentuli
bazari Carevis gareSe davtovoT? zogjer asec xdeba, magram ara yovelTvis. rig SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs
bazris fiaskos (Cavardnas) (Market Failure). am dros araregulirebadi konkurentuli bazari araefeqtiani
xdeba, anu ar axdens mwarmoeblebisa da momxmareblebis erToblivi nametebis maqsimizacias. arsebobs
bazris uunarobis ori mniSvnelovani magaliTi:
1. gare efeqtebi (Externalities). zogjer romelime mwarmoeblis an momxmareblis qmedeba iseT
sargebelsa da danaxarjebSi gamoixateba, romlebic ar arian sabazro fasis nawili. aseT danaxarjebsa
da mogebas gare efeqtebs uwodeben. magaliTisaTvis aviRoT qimikatebis mwarmoebeli sawarmo, romelic
sazogadoebisaTvis garemos dabinZurebis danaxarjebs qmnis. saxelmwifo Carevis gareSe aseT
mwarmoebels ar eqneba stimuli gaiTvaliswinos sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi dabinZurebaze. Cven gare
efeqtebs da mTavrobis sapasuxo qmedebebs me-19 TavSi ganvixilavT.
2. arasakmarisi informacia: bazris Cavardna SeiZleba warmoiSvas produqtis xarisxisa da Tvisebebis
Sesaxeb informaciis simwiris dros (momxmareblebi ver iReben gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic maqsimizacias
ukeTeben sargeblianobas). mTavrobis Careva (magaliTad, `produqtis markirebisas simarTle) am
SemTxvevaSi sasurveli iqneba. informaciis roli dawvrilebiT me-18 TavSi ganixileba.
Tu gare efeqtebi da informaciis simwire ar aRiniSneba, araregulirebad konkurentul bazars warmoebis
efeqtian donemde mivyavarT. ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac fasis SenarCuneba wonasworuli fasisagan
gansxvavebul doneze xdeba.
Cven ukve ganvixileT fasebis zeda zRvaris SemoRebis Sedegebi. rogorc naCvenebia naxazze 10.2
warmoeba mcirdeba Q
0
-dan Q
1
-mde, Sedegad warmoiqmneba mTliani nametis danakargi (wminda
danakargebis B da C samkuTxedebi). iwarmoeba Zalian cota produqti da sabolood, momxmareblebi da
mwarmoeblebi dazaralebulni rCebian.
AdavuSvaT saxelmwifom moiTxova, rom fasi bazris wonasworul fasTan SedarebiT ufro maRali
iyos, vTqvaT P
2
nacvlad P
0
-isa. rogorc naxazi 10.4 gviCvenebs, mwarmoeblisTvis maRali fasebis
pirobebSi umjobesia awarmoos meti produqti (Q
2-
s nacvlad

Q
0
-isa), xolo momxmareblebi ufro naklebs
yiduloben (Q
3
-s

nacvlad Q
0
-isa). Tu davuSvebT, rom mewarmeebi zustad im raodenobas awarmoeben, risi
gayidvac SeuZliaT, bazris warmoebis moculoba iqneba Q
3
-is toli da kvlav warmoiSveba mTliani nametis
wminda danakargi. naxazze 10.4 A marTkuTxedi warmoadgens daTmobas, rac gaswies momxmareblebma
mwarmoeblebis sasargeblod. am SemTxvevaSi mwarmoeblebi produqts ufro maRal fass yidian, xolo B da C
samkuTxedebi kvlav wminda danakargebs utoldeba. Uufro maRali fasis gamo zogierTi momxmarebeli ukve
aRar yidulobs produqts (momxmareblis nametis danakargi warmodgenilia B samkuTxediT), zogi
mwarmoebeli wyvets produqtis warmoebas (mwarmoeblis nametis danakargi C samkuTxeds udris).
207
naxazze 10.4 warmodgenili wminda danakargebi (B da C samkuTxedebi) politikis optimistur
Sefasebas asaxavs, romlis drosac xdeba fasebis SenarCuneba wonasworul fasze maRla. zogierTma
mwarmoebelma, romlebic moxiblulni arian P
2
fasiT, SeiZleba gazardon sawarmoo simZlavreebi da
warmoebis moculoba. es warmoSobs gauyidavi produqtis masas.
208
P


S
P
2

A B
P
0

C
D





Q
3
Q
0
Q
2
Q

nax. 10.4 keTildReobis danakargebi moTxovnasa da miwodebis wonasworobaze maRali fasis dros

Tu fasi ise regulirdeba, rom mas ar SeuZlia P
2
doneze qvemoT daweva, miewodeba mxolod Q
3
moculoba. Tu warmoebis moculoba
zustad Q
3
-ia, wminda danakargebi B da C samkuTxedebis farTobs utoldeba. P
2
fasis dros mwarmoeblebs urCevniaT Q
3
-ze meti
awarmoon. Tu isini am gzas mimarTaven, maTi wminda danakargebi ufro didi gaxdeba.

warmoebis moculobis Q
2
doneze SeinarCunebiT saxelmwifo Seisyidis produqtis darCenil nawils (es
xdeba amerikis soflis meurneobaSi). orive SemTxvevaSi saerTo keTildReobis danakargebi B da C
samkuTxedebis zomebs gadaaWarbebs.


10.3 minimaluri fasebi

Cvens mier zemoT ganxilul situaciaSi saxelmwifo politika mimarTulia wonasworul fasTan
SedarebiT fasis gazrdisken. naxazi 10.4-dan gamomdinare, Tu mewarmeebi gonivrul daskvnas gaakeTeben,
rom isini ver SeZleben Q
3
-ze meti moculobis produqtis gayidvas, maSin keTildReobis wminda danakargi B
da C samkuTxedebis toli iqneba. magram ra moxdeba, Tu mewarmeebs imedi eqnebaT, rom am momatebuli
fasebis pirobebSi nebismieri moculobis produqts awarmoeben da gayidian?
EaRniSnuli situacia warmodgenilia naxazze 10.5, sadac P
min
aris saxelmwifos mier dawesebuli
minimaluri fasi, romelic saxelmwifom daawesa. miwodebis sidide am dros Q
2
-s, xolo moTxovnisa _ Q
3
-s
Seadgens. Ggansxvaveba aris gamoSvebuli produqtis Warbi, gauyidavi moculoba. Aaxla SevxedoT ra
cvlilebebs eqneba adgili mwarmoeblisa da momxmareblis nametebSi. is momxmareblebi, romlebic jer kidev
yiduloben produqts, axla ixdian ufro maRal fass da nametis dakargvis gamo zaraldebian. es danakargi
naxazze 10.5 warmodgenilia A marTkuTxediT. momxmarebelTa nawilma momatebuli fasebis da nametis
dakargvis gamo bazari datova. am SemTxvevaSi danakargi warmodgenilia B samkuTxediT. momxmareblis
nametis saerTo cvlileba tolia:
CS = -A-B (10.1)
fasi


S
209
P
min

A B
P
0

C


D
D

Q
3
Q
0
Q
2
raodenoba

nax. 10.5 minimaluri fasi
fasi regulirdeba imgvarad, rom ar SeiZleba iyos naklebi, vidre P
min.
mwarmoeblebs survili aqvT gamouSvan Q
2
produqtis moculoba,
magram momxmareblebi yiduloben mxolod Q
3
-s.

Tu mwarmoeblebi awarmoeben

Q
2
-s, maSin Q
2
-Q
3
gauyidavi darCeba da
mwarmoeblis nametis cvlileba iqneba A-C-D. am SemTxvevaSi mwarmoebelTa mdgomareoba SeiZleba gauaresdes.

momxmareblebi aSkarad zaraldebian gatarebuli politikis Sedegad. rac Seexeba mwarmoeblebs, isini
gacilebiT maRal fass iReben im produqtSi, romlis gayidvasac axerxeben. es zrdis mwarmoeblis namets. igi
A marTkuTxedis tolia. Mmagram gayidvebis donis Q
0
-dan Q
3
-mde Semcireba iwvevs maTi nametis
Semcirebas, romelic C samkuTxediTaa warmodgenili. Bbolos, ganvixiloT warmoebis danaxarjebi, romlebic
warmoebis Q
0
-dan Q
2
donemde gazrdasTan aris dakavSirebuli. radgan mwarmoeblebi mxolod Q
3
moculobis
gayidvas axerxeben, Semosavlebi ar aris sakmarisi Q
2
-Q
3
moculobis warmoebis danaxarjebis dasafaravad.
rogor gavzomoT es danaxarjebi?
gavixsenoT, rom miwodebis mrudi es aris dargis zRvruli danaxarjebis agregirebuli mrudi. Aaqedan
gamomdinare, miwodebis mrudi iZleva informacias yoveli damatebiTi erTeulis warmoebisaTvis saWiro
damatebiTi danaxarjebis Taobaze. Aamrigad, miwodebis mrudis qvemoT farTobi Q
3
-dan Q
2
-mde aris
warmoebis danaxarjebi Q
2
-Q
3
moculobisaTvis. naxazze is aRniSnulia, rogorc D trapecia. sanam
mwarmoeblebi warmoebis moculobas ar Seamcireben, raTa Tavidan aicilon ararealizebuli produqtis
arseboba, saerTo cvlilebebi mwarmoeblis nametSi toli iqneba:
PS=A-C-D (10.2)
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom D trapeciam SeiZleba ufro meti farTobi daikavos, minimaluri fasebis
SemoRebam SesaZlebelia mxolod mwarmoebelTa nametis wminda danakargebamde migviyvanos. rogorc
Sedegi, saxelmwifo Carevis am formam unda Seamciros mwarmoebelTa Semosavlebi warmoebis Warb
moculobasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebis gamo.
210
W xelfasi


S
W
min

A B
W
0

C



D


L
1
L
0
L
2
L dasaqmeba

umuSevroba

nax. 10.6 minimaluri xelfasi

miuxedavad imisa, rom xelfasi moTxovnisa da miwodebis wonasworobis SemTxvevaSi W
0
-is tolia, firmebs ar aqvT
ufleba dauniSnos muSebs W
min
-ze naklebi xelfasi. Amas mivyavarT umuSevrobis gaCenamde L
2
-L
1
sididiT da wminda
danakargebamde, romelic B da C samkuTxedebis farTobis tolia.

saxelmwifos mier SemoRebuli fasTa minimumis kidev erTi magaliTi aris kanoni minimaluri xelfasis
Sesaxeb. Aam politikis Sedegebi naCvenebia naxazze 10.6. xelfasi dadgenilia W
min
doneze, rac moTxovna-
miwodebis wonasworul W
0
fasTan SedarebiT maRalia. Sedegad muSebi, romlebmac samuSaos miReba
SeZles, ufro maRal xelfass miiReben. Mmagram zogma, visac surda samuSaos miReba, es ver moaxerxa.
AaseTi politikis Sedegad warmoiSva umuSevroba (L
2
-L
1
).

10.4 garantirebuli fasebi da qvotebi warmoebaze

minimaluri fasebis SemoRebis garda, saxelmwifos SeuZlia produqtze fasi gazardos ori gziT. aSS-s
soflis meurneobaSi gatarebuli politika garantirebuli fasebis (Price Supports) sistemazea dafuZnebuli.
saxelmwifo awesebs produqtis sabazro fass Tavisufali bazris fasze maRla da yidulobs gamoSvebis mTel
moculobas, rac aucilebelia fasis SesanarCuneblad. saxelmwifos aseve SeuZlia gazardos fasebi warmoebis
SezRudvis xarjze, pirdapir an mwarmoeblis motivaciis saSualebiT. avxsniT am RonisZiebebis gavlena
momxmarebelze, mwarmoeblebsa da biujetze.

garantirebuli fasebi
garantirebuli fasebis politika da misi Sedegebi ganvixiloT aSS-is magaliTze. aq garantirebul fasebs
iyeneben rZis produqtebze, araqisze, Tambaqoze, xorbalze fasebis asawevad (am produqtebis
mwarmoeblebma ufro maRali mogeba rom miiRon). Ggarantirebuli fasebis politikis mixedviT saxelmwifo
awesebs garantirebul fass P
S-
s, xolo Semdeg yidulobs produqtis nebismier moculobas, romelic iqneba
211
saWiro sabazro fasis am doneze SesanarCuneblad. Ees situacia mocemulia naxazze 10.7. SevecadoT imis
garkvevas, Tu ra moaqvs aseT politikas momxmareblisTvis, mwarmoeblebisTvis da mTavrobisTvis.
momxmareblebi. P
S
fasis pirobebSi moTxovnis sidide am produqtze mcirdeba Q
1
donemde,
magram miwodebis sidide izrdeba Q
2
-mde. Aam fasis SesanarCuneblad saxelmwifo iZulebulia iyidos
produqti Qg=Q
2
-Q
1
raodenobiT. faqtiurad mTavroba umatebs Tavis Qg moTxovnas momxmarebelTa
moTxovnas da mwarmoeblebs SeuZliaT gayidon mTeli Tavisi produqti P
S
fasad.
momxmareblebi, romlebic agrZeleben produqtis SeZenas, iZulebulni arian gadaixadon SedarebiT
maRali P
S
fasi P
0
-is nacvlad. am SemTxvevaSi isini zaraldebian nametis dakargvis gamo (A marTkuTxedi).
maRali fasis gamo sxva momxmareblebi aRar yiduloben produqts an yiduloben ufro mcire raodenobiT.
maTi nametis danakargi gamoixateba B samkuTxediT. rogorc minimaluri fasis SemTxvevaSi,
momxmareblebi kargaven sidides, romelic tolia:
CS=-A-B (10.3)
mwarmoeblebi. am politikiT mwarmoeblebi mogebulni rCebian (swored esaa am politikis mizani).
axla isini Q
1
raodenobis nacvlad Q
2
raodenobas yidian, rac Q
1
-ze metia, amasTan ufro maRal P
S
fasadac.
naxazidan 10.7 Cans, rom mwarmoebelTa nameti izrdeba sididiT
PS=A+B+D (10.4)
mTavroba. mTavroba am SemTxvevaSi gaiRebs danaxarjebs (maTi dafarvac xdeba gadasaxadebis
xarjze da saboloo jamSi momxmarebelTa danaxarjebs warmoadgens). Ees danaxarjebi tolia (Q
2
-Q
1
)P
S.

mocemuli moculobis produqtis SesaZenad swored am Tanxas ixdis saxelmwifo (daStrixuli marTkuTxedi
naxazze 10.7). mTavrobas SeuZlia Seamciros xarjebi, Tu is SeZlebs SeZenili produqtis ,,Tavidan
moSorebas _ sazRvargareT dabal fasSi gayidvas. MTumca aseTi moqmedebiT igi xels uSlis adgilobriv
firmebs sazRvargareT sakuTari produqtis gatanaSi. arada am politikiT saxelmwifo swored mewarmeebis
dacvas cdilobs.
ra aris am politikis gatarebiT miRebuli keTildReobis mTliani danaxarjebi? Aamis dasadgenad,
momxmarebelTa nametis cvlilebas vumatebT mwarmoeblis namets cvlilebas da gamovaklebT saxelmwifo
danaxarjebs. amrigad, keTildReobis saerTo cvlileba Seadgens:
CS+PS saxelmwifo danaxarjebi = D-(Q
2
-Q
1
)P
S
(10.5)
naxazi 10.7-is mixedviT, sazogadoebis mTliani keTildReoba mcirdeba daStrixuli marTkuTxedis
farTobis sididiT, romlidanac D samkuTxedia amoWrili.
rogorc Semdegi msjelobidan gaxdeba cnobili, keTildReobis danakargebi Zalian didi SeiZleba aRmoCndes.
am politikis yvelaze arasasiamovno aspeqts warmoadgens faqti, rom arsebobs fermerebis daxmarebis ufro
efeqtiani saSualeba. A+B+D-s toli damatebiTi Semosavlebi fermerebma SeiZleba miiRon, Tu maT pirdapir
miecemaT es Tanxa da ara garantirebuli fasis saxiT. sazogadoebas es gacilebiT iafi daujdeba. radgan
momxmareblebi yvela variantSi kargaven (A+B) garantirebuli fasebis pirobebSi, fermerebisaTvis pirdapiri
gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba inarCunebs ufro didi farTobis daStrixul marTkuTxeds D samkuTxedis
gamoklebiT. maSin ratom ar aZlevs saxelmwifo fuls pirdapir fermerebs? SesaZlebelia imitom, rom
garantirebuli fasebi aSkarad naklebi daTmobaa da politikurad metad momxibvlelia.
fasi

212
S
Q
g


P
S

A B D
P
0



D D+Q
g



Q
1
Q
0
Q
2
raodenoba

nax. 10.7 garantirebuli fasebi

P
O
wonasworul fasze maRali P
S
fasis SesanarCuneblad, mTavroba yidulobs gamoSvebuli produqtis nawils Qg moculobiT.
mwarmoebelTa mogeba aris A+B+D. momxmarebelTa danakargebi aris A+B. saxelmwifos danaxarjebi warmodgenilia daStrixuli
marTkuTxedis farTobiT Ps (Q
2
-Q
1
).

praqtikaSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebze garantirebuli fasebi kreditebis saSualebiT regulirdeba.
kreditis saprocento ganakveTi efeqtian safaso minimums warmoadgens. Tu kreditiT sargeblobis periodSi
sabazro fasebi arasakmarisad maRalia, fermerebs SeuZliaT ubralod gadascen produqti saxelmwifos kreditis
srulad dasafarad. fermerebs stimuli aqvT ase moiqcnen manam, sanam sabazro fasebi garantirebul fasze
zemoT ar gaizrdeba.

qvotebi warmoebaze
bazarze Sesvlisa da gamoSvebuli produqtis Sesyidvis garda (erToblivi moTxovnis zrdasTan erTad),
saxelmwifos SeuZlia produqtze fasis gazrda miwodebis Semcirebis xarjze. aRniSnulis miRweva
SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi kanoniT, anu gamoSvebul moculobaze qvotebis dawesebiT. amis safuZvelze
produqtze fasebi SeiZleba gaizardos.
ganvixiloT aSS-Si qalaqis mmarTvelobis mier taqsiT mgzavrobaze maRali fasebis SenarCunebis
magaliTi. mmarTveloba mTlian miwodebas zRudavs yoveli taqsisTvis specialuri medalionis moTxovniT,
Semdeg zRudavs aseTi medalionebis raodenobas. magaliTad, niu-iorkSi 1995 wlamde ar gamouSviaT im
11 800 calze meti medalioni, rac 1937 wels iqna gamoSvebuli. amis Semdeg niu-iorkSi taqsiT mgzavroba
orjer ufro Zviri gaxda, vidre vaSingtonSi, sadac Ria sistema moqmedebs.
warmoebaze dawesebuli qvotebis gavlena keTildReobaze naCvenebia naxazze 10.8. saxelmwifo
zRudavs miwodebas Q
1
doniT moTxovnis da miwodebis gamawonasworebeli Q
0
sididis nacvlad. Q
1

warmoebis moculobis pirobebSi miwodebis mrudi vertikaluri xdeba (S). momxmareblis nameti mcirdeba A
marTkuTxedis sididiT (momxmareblebi, romlebic yiduloben produqts, ixdian ufro maRal fass) da B
samkuTxedis sididiT (zogierT momxmarebels ar SeuZlia produqtis SeZena momatebuli fasis gamo).
mewarmeebis mier miRebuli nametis sidide A marTkuTxedis farTobis tolia (ufro maRali fasiT gayidvisas).
amave dros isini kargaven C samkuTxedis sidides (awarmoeben Q
1
moculobas Q
0
-is nacvlad). isev adgili
aqvs wminda danakargebs, romlebic B da C samkuTxedebiTaa warmodgenili.



213
stimulirebis programebi
amerikuli sasoflo-sameurneo politika warmoebis moculobas ZiriTadad stimulebisa da pirdapiri
qvotebis xarjze amcirebs. naTesi farTobebis SezRudvis programebi fermerebisaTvis finansur stimulebs
qmnian, raTa TavianTi teritoriebis nawili dauTesavi datovon. naxazze 10.8 naCvenebia aseTi xerxiT
miwodebis Semcirebis gavlena qveynis keTildReobaze. fermerebi mzad arian SezRudon saTesi farTobebi,
amitom miwodebis mrudi kvlav araelastikuri xdeba Q
1
warmoebis moculobis pirobebSi da sabazro fasi P
0
-
dan P
1
-mde izrdeba.
iseve, rogorc warmoebaze qvotebis dawesebis dros, momxmareblis nametis cvlileba Seadgens:
CS=-A-B (10.6)
axla fermerebi ufro maRal fasad yidian Q
1
moculobis produqts, romelic namets zrdis (A
marTkuTxedis farTobi). imis gamo, warmoeba mcirdeba Q
0
-dan Q
1
-mde da adgili aqvs mwarmoeblis
nametis danakargs, romelic C samkuTxeds Seesabameba. da bolos, fermerebi mTavrobisagan fuls iReben
warmoebis Semcirebis stimulirebisaTvis. amrigad, mwarmoeblis nametis saerTo cvlileba Seadgens:
PS=A C + gadasaxadi warmoebis SezRudvaze
mTavrobis danaxarjebi tolia im Tanxis, romelsac fermerebs uxdian warmoebis Q
1
doneze
Sesamcireblad. es stimuli B+C+D jamze mcire ar unda iyos, radgan es jami aris damatebiTi mogeba, rac
SeiZleboda mieRoT fermerebs P
S
ufro maRali fasis pirobebSi (gaxsovdeT, rom maRali P
S
fasi stimuls
uqmnis fermerebs ufro meti awarmoon, Tundac mTavroba aiZulebdes maT naklebi mosavali moiyvanon).
amrigad, saxelmwifos danaxarjebi aris yvelaze mcire B+C+D da jamuri cvlileba mwarmoeblis namets
utoldeba:
PS=A C+B+C+D=A+B+D (10.7)
mwarmoeblis nametis cvlileba am dros igivea, rac garantirebuli fasebis dros, maSin rodesac
saxelmwifo axorcielebda Warbi produqtis Sesyidvas (naxazi 10.8). amitom fermerebisaTvis sulerTia, Tu
romeli zoma iqneba gamoyenebuli, radgan Sedegad isini erTi da igive Tanxas igeben. analogiurad
momxmareblebi igive Tanxas kargaven.
fasi

S
'

S
P
S

D
A B
P
0
C



D

Q
1
Q
0
raodenoba

nax. 10.8 miwodebis SezRudva
P
s
maRali fasis SenarCunebis mizniT (P
0
-Tan SedarebiT, rodesac moTxovna da miwodeba wonaswordeba) saxelmwifos SeuZlia
SezRudos miwodeba Q
1
doniT, an warmoebaze qvotebis dawesebiT (rogorc taqsebze medalionebis SemoRebiT), an
mwarmoeblisaTvis finansuri stimulirebis SeTavazebiT warmoebis Semcirebis mizniT (rogorc naTesi farTobebis SezRudvis dros).
imisaTvis, rom stimulebma imoqmedon, isini unda iyos aranakleb B+C+D, e.i. ar unda iyos naklebi im damatebiT Semosavlebze,
214
romelsac miiRebdnen mosavlis ufro maRali P
s
fasiT gayidvis SemTxvevaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, mTavrobis danaxarjebi sul mcire
B+C+D mainc unda iyos.

romeli politikaa mTavrobisTvis ufro Zviri? pasuxi damokidebulia imaze, iqneba Tu ara B+C+D
samkuTxedebis farTobebis jami (naxazi 10.8) ufro meti, vidre (Q
2
Q
1
)P
S
farTobi (didi daStrixuli
marTkuTxedi, naxazi 10.7). rogorc wesi, B+C+D samkuTxedebis farTobebis jami ufro mcirea da saerTo
farTobis SezRudvis programa mTavrobas ufro iafi ujdeba (aseve sazogadoebasac), vidre garantirebuli fasebi.
magram mainc, naTesi farTobebis SezRudvis programa sazogadoebas ufro Zviri ujdeba, vidre
ubralod fermerebisaTvis fulis gadaxda. keTildReobis saerTo cvlileba ( CS+PS mTavrobis danaxarjebi)
naTesi farTobebis SezRudvisas udris:
keTildReoba=-A-B+A+B+D-B-C-D=-B-C (10.8)
efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT, sazogadoebisaTvis namdvilad ukeTesi iqneboda, Tu mTavroba pirdapir
miscemda fermerebs A+B+D Tanxas, xolo fasebs da gamoSvebas ar Seexeboda. fermerebi am SemTxvevaSi
moigebdnen A+B+D, mTavroba dakargavda A+B+D da yovelive es moxdeboda keTildReobis nulovani
danakargebis pirobebSi, B+C danakargis nacvlad. magram saxelmwifo politikisaTvis ekonomikuri
efeqtianoba yovelTvis ar aris pirvelxarisxovani mizani.

10.5 saimporto qvotebi da tarifebi

bevri qveyana saimporto qvotebs (importirebuli produqtis raodenobis SezRudva) iyenebs imisaTvis,
rom produqtze Sida fasi msoflio fasebze ufro maRal doneze SeinarCunos. mTavroba amiT erovnul
warmoebas ufro maRali Semosavlebis miRebaSi exmareba, vidre Tavisufali vaWrobis pirobebSi.
danaxarjebi, romlebsac sazogadoeba gaiRebs aseTi proteqcioneruli politikis Sedegad, SeiZleba sakmaod
maRali iyos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momxmarebelTa danakargebi adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebis mogebas
gadaaWarbebs.
Tu qvotebi da tarifebi ar aris gamoyenebuli, qveyana imports ganaxorcielebs mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu produqtze msoflio fasi dabalia im sabazro fasTan SedarebiT, romelic damyardeboda
importis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. naxazze 10.9 swored es movlenaa asaxuli. S da D Sida miwodebis da
moTxovnis mrudebia. Tu importi ar ganxorcieldeba, Sida adgilobrivi fasi da raodenoba Sesabamisad P
0
da
Q
0
iqneboda, romlis drosac moTxovna awonasworebs miwodebas. radgan msoflio fasi P
w
naklebia P
0
-ze,
momxmareblebs stimuli aqvT iyidon ucxouri produqti da asec moiqcevian, Tu importis SezRudva ar moxda.
produqtis ra raodenoba Semova qveyanaSi? produqtis Sida fasi msoflio fasis P
w
-s mniSvnelobamde
Semcirdeba, am ufro dabali fasis pirobebSi erovnuli moxmareba gaizrdeba da Q
d
-s miaRwevs. amrigad,
importi aris sxvaoba Sida moxmarebasa da erovnuli warmoebis moculobas Soris _ Q
d
-Q
s
.
fasi


S

P
0

A
215
P
w
B C


D

Q
s
Q
0
Q
d
raodenoba


nax. 10.9. saimporto tarifi an qvota, romelic spobs imports

Tavisufal bazarze adgilobrivi fasi msoflio fass P
w
-s utoldeba. mTliani moxmareba Seadgens Q
d-
s, romlidanac Q
s
-s Sida
mwarmoeblebi miawodeben, xolo danarCenis importireba xdeba. rodesac importi ar arsebobs, fasi izrdeba P
0
-mde.
mwarmoebelTa mogeba A trapecias utoldeba. momxmarebelTa danakargebi Seadgens A+B+C sidides, wminda
danakargebi utoldeba B+C-s.

davuSvaT, rom adgilobriv mwarmoebelTa zewolis Sedegad, mTavroba importze uars ambobs da
nulovan qvotebs awesebs, anu garkveuli produqtis imports krZalavs. rogori iqneba aseTi politikis gatarebiT
miRebuli mogeba Tu zarali?
Tu importi aikrZaleba, adgilobrivi fasi P
0
donemde gaizrdeba. momxmareblebi, romlebic uars ar
ityvian produqtis yidvaze (Q
0
raodenobiT) gadaixdian ufro mets da maTi nameti Semcirdeba A trapeciisa da
B samkuTxedis jamis toli sididiT. amis garda, ufro maRali fasis dros zogierTi momxmarebeli saerTod aRar
iyidis produqts da warmoiSoba momxmareblis nametis kidev damatebiTi danakargi C samkuTxedis saxiT.
amrigad, momxmarebelTa nametis mTliani danakargi tolia:
CS=-A-B-C (10.9)
rac Seexeba mwarmoeblebs, maTi warmoebis moculoba gaizarda (Q
0
Q
s
-is nacvlad), xolo produqti
ufro maRal fasad gaiyideba (P
0
nacvlad P
w
-sa). mwarmoebelTa nameti gaizrdeba A trapeciis sididiT:
PS=A (10.10)
saerTod nametis cvlileba CS+PS Seadgens _ B-C da isev adgili aqvs wminda danakargebs
momxmarebelTa danakargebi ufro metia, vidre mwarmoebelTa mogeba.
importi aseve SeiZleba nulamde Semcirdes sakmaod maRali tarifebis SemoRebis gziT. tarifi unda
iyos aranakleb P
0
-sa da P
w
-s Soris sxvaobis sididis toli. tarifis aseTi mniSvnelobis SemTxvevaSi importi ar
iarsebebs. aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifos aRar eqneba am tarifebis mokrebis Sedegad miRebuli
Semosavlebi. amrigad, mwarmoeblisa da momxmareblisaTvis Sedegebi iseTive iqneba, rogoric qvotis dros
iqneboda.
ufro xSirad saxelmwifo politika mimarTulia importis Semcirebaze da ara mTlianad mis akrZalvaze.
es SeiZleba miRweul iqnas tarifebis an qvotebis dawesebiT (naxazi 10.10). Tavisufali vaWrobis dros,
produqtze Sida fasi msoflio fasis tolia (P
w
), xolo importi Q
d
-Q
s
sxvaobas utoldeba. davuSvaT, rom
importirebuli produqtis yovel erTeulze SemoiRes T dolaris odenobis tarifi. rodesac Sida fasi gaizrdeba P*
donemde (msoflio fass + tarifi), Sida warmoeba gaizrdeba, xolo moxmareba qveynis SigniT Semcirdeba.
naxazze 10.10 aseTi tarifi momxmarebelTa nametis Semcirebamde migviyvans:
CS= A B C D (10.11)
mwarmoeblis nametis cvlileba ki kvlav tolia
PS=A (10.12)
216
bolos, saxelmwifo miiRebs Semosavals, romelic udris importis moculoba gamravlebuli tarifze (D
marTkuTxedi). warmoiSoba keTildReobis saerTo cvlileba _ CS + PS + saxelmwifo Semosavlebi, an -A-
B-C-D+A+D=-B-C. B da C samkuTxedebi kvlav asaxaven importis SezRudviT gamowveul wminda
danakargebs (B tolia Sida kvlavwarmoebiT gamowveul zaralisa, C Zalian mcire moxmarebis Sedegad
miRebuli zaralisa).
davuSvaT, rom mTavroba importis SezRudvis mizniT tarifis nacvlad qvotebs iyenebs. ucxoel
mwarmoeblebs qveyanaSi SeuZliaT Semoitanon produqtis mxolod gansazRvruli raodenoba (Q
d
- Q
s,

naxazi 10.10).






S



P
*

T A B D C
P
w


D


Q
S
Q
'
S
Q
'
d
Q
d
raodenoba

nax. 10.10 saimporto tarifi an qvota (zogadi SemTxveva)
Tu importi mcirdeba qvotis SemoRebis an iseTi tarifis dawesebis Sedegad, romelic tolia T=P*-P
w
, Sida fasi izrdeba P
w
-dan P*-mde.
A trapecia kvlav utoldeba erovnuli mwarmoeblebis mogebas. momxmarebelTa danakargebi utoldeba A+B+C+D. Tu gamoiyeneba
tarifi, maSin saxelmwifo iRebs Semosavals, romelic D-s tolia. wminda Sida danakargebi B+C-s Seadgens. Tu tarifis nacvlad qvota
gamoiyeneba, D marTkuTxedi xdeba ucxouri mwarmoeblis mogebis nawili, xolo wminda Sida danakargi tolia B+C+D.

davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifo imports SezRudvis mizniT iyenebs, magram maT SeuZliaT ufro maRali
fasis _ P*-s daweseba saqarTveloSi adgilobriv produqtze. qarTveli mwarmoeblebisa da momxmareblebis
nametebis cvlileba iqneba iseTive, rac tarifebis SemTxvevaSi iyo; magram Semosavlebi (D marTkuTxedis
toli) saqarTvelos mTavrobas ar ekuTvnis. es Tanxa, ufro maRali Semosavlis saxiT, ucxoel mwarmoeblebs
ekuTvniT. saboloo jamSi saqarTvelosTvis aseTi mdgomareoba momgebiania, vidre tarifebis SemoReba,
radgan qveyana kargavs D-s da amave dros aqvs B da C-s toli wminda danakargi.
swored aseTi mdgomareoba iyo 1980-ian wlebSi iaponiidan avtomobilebis importTan dakavSirebiT.
adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebis zewolis Sedegad reiganis administraciam ganixila importis ,,nebayoflobiTi
SezRudvis pirobebi, romlis mixedviTac iaponelebi Tanxmobas acxadebdnen aSS-Si manqanebis Semotana
SeemcirebinaT. am SezRudvas unda umadlodnen iaponelebi, radgan maT SeZles TavianTi manqanebi
msoflio fasebze ufro maRal fasad gaeyidaT da yoveli avtomobilidan ufro maRali mogeba mieRoT. aSS ufro
mets moigebda, am saxis importze tarifebi rom daewesebina.

fasi
217
10.6 gadasaxadebisa da subsidiebis gavlena

rogor Seicvleba produqtis fasi, Tu saxelmwifo gayiduli produqtis yovel erTeulze 1 laris tol
gadasaxads daawesebs? bevri upasuxebda, rom fasi 1 lariT gaizrdeba im pirobiT, rom momxmareblebi lariT
mets gadaixdian erT erTeul produqtSi, vidre am gadasaxadis SemoRebamde. magram pasuxi mcdaria.
davuSvaT saxelmwifos surs daawesos 50 TeTris toli gadasaxadi 1 litr benzinze da am gadasaxadis
akrefis or gzas ganixilavs: 1. yoveli benzingasamarTi sadguris mepatrone gadasaxadis Tanxas (50 TeTri
gamravlebuli gayiduli benzinis raodenobaze litrebSi) moaTavsebda daluqul konvertSi, raTa igi Semdeg
saxelmwifos gadasaxadis amkrefTaTvis gadaexada. 2. gadasaxadis pirdapir saxelmwifosaTvis gadaxda.
gadaxdis romeli meTodia momxmareblisaTvis ufro iafi? umetesoba ityoda, rom meore meTodi ufro iafia,
magram es pasuxi ar aris swori.
gadasaxadebis simZime nawilobriv momxmarebels awveba, nawilobriv ki mwarmoebels. ufro metic,
sulerTia gadasaxadebis konvertSi vin debs fuls (an qviTars ugzavnis mTavrobas) orive meTodi
momxmarebels erTi da igive ujdeba. Cven ukve viciT, rom gadasaxadis is wili, romelic momxmarebelze
modis, damokidebulia moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikurobis maCvenebelze. rac Seexeba pirvel
SemTxvevas produqtis erTeulze 1 laris odenobiT gadasaxadis daweseba fasis zrdas gamoiwvevda, magram
rogorc wesi, es zrda 1 larze ufro naklebia.

specialuri gadasaxadis Sedegebi
simartivisaTvis ganvixiloT gadasaxadi gayiduli produqtis erTeulze. anu specialuri gadasaxadi
(Specific Tax). specialuri gadasaxadis magaliTis saxiT moviyvanoT gadasaxadebi benzinsa da sigaretze.
vTqvaT, saxelmwifom SemoiRo gadasaxadi _ t TeTri erTeul produqtze. saxelmwifom unda miiRos
yovel gayidul produqtze aRniSnuli t TeTri. fasi, romelsac myidveli ixdis, t TeTriT unda aRematebodes im
fass, romelsac gamyidveli iRebs. aRniSnuli Sedegebi naCvenebia naxazze 10.11. am SemTxvevaSi P
0
da Q
0

warmoadgens sabazro fassa da raodenobas gadasaxadis SemoRebamde. P
b
aris is fasi, rasac myidveli ixdis.
P
S
aris fasi, romelsac gamyidveli gadasaxadis SemoRebis Semdeg iRebs. P
b
P
S
sxvaoba t-s tolia, xolo
gayiduli raodenoba aris Q
1
.
fasi



P
b
S
A
t B
P
0

C
D
P
S
D



Q
1
Q
0
raodenoba

nax. 10.11 gadasaxadis moqmedeba

218
P
b
aris fasi gadasaxadis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac ixdis myidveli, P
S
_ fasi, romelsac iRebs gamyidveli gadasaxadis gamoklebis
Semdeg. mocemul SemTxvevSi sagadasaxado tvirTi Tanabrad gadanawildeba myidvelebsa da gamyidvelebs Soris. myidvelebi
kargaven A+B, gamyidvelebi _ D+C, saxelmwifo iRebs A+D Semosavlis saxiT. wminda danakargebi tolia B+C.

ra moaqvs gadasaxadis dawesebas? naxazze 10.11 sagadasaxado tvirTi myidvelebsa da
gamyidvelebs Soris daaxloebiT Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. sabazro fasi, romelsac ixdis myidveli izrdeba
gadasaxadis ganakveTis naxevriT. Tanxa, romelsac miiRebs gamyidveli, mcirdeba imave odenobiT.
gadasaxadis SemoRebis Semdeg unda Sesruldes oTxi piroba:
1. gayiduli produqtis moculoba da myidvelis mier gadaxdili fasi (P
b)
unda mdebareobdes moTxovnis
mrudze (myidvelebi mxolod im fasiT arian dainteresebulni, romelic maT unda gadaixadon);
2. gayiduli produqtis moculoba da gamyidvelis mier miRebuli fasi (P
S)
unda mdebareobdes
miwodebis mrudze (radgan gamyidvelebi zrunaven mxolod im Tanxaze, romelic maT rCebaT
gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg);
3. moTxovnis sidide unda utoldebodes miwodebis sidides (Q
1
);
4. myidvelis mier gadaxdil fassa da gamyidvelis mier miRebul fasebs Soris sxvaoba unda udrides t
gadasaxadis ganakveTs.
es pirobebi Semdegi tolobebiT aRiwereba:
Q
D
= Q
D
(P
b
) (10.13)
Q
S
= Q
S
(P
S
)
Q
D
=

Q
S
P
b
Ps = t.
Tu moTxovnis mrudi Q
D
(P
b
), miwodebis mrudi Q
S
(Ps) da gadasaxadis sidide t CvenTvis cnobilia,
SegviZlia am gantolebis amoxsna. Sedegad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT myidvelis fasi (P
b)
, gamyidvelis fasi
(Ps) da moTxovnisa da miwodebis mTliani sidide (Q
D
=

Q
S
).
naxazi 10.11 aseve gviCvenebs, rom gadasaxadi iwvevs wminda danakargebs. myidvelebi ixdian
ufro maRal fass, amitom momxmareblis nameti mcirdeba is sididemde, romelic tolia
CS= - A - B. (10.14)
radganac gamyidvelebi iReben ufro dabal fass, adgili aqvs mwarmoeblis nametebSi cvlilebas
(Semcireba), romelic tolia
PS= - C - D. (10.15)
saxelmwifo gadasaxadi utoldeba tQ
1
-s, es Tanxa gamosaxulia A da D marTkuTxedebiT.
keTildReobis saerTo cvlileba, CS+ PS + saxelmwifos Semosavali, Sesabamisad utoldeba -A-B-C-
D+A+D=-B-C. samkuTxedebi B da C warmoadgenen gadasaxadis SemoRebiT gamowveul wminda
danakargebs.
naxazze 10.11 gadasaxadis simZime momxmarebelsa da gamyidvels Soris Tanabrad nawildeba.
sinamdvileSi es yovelTvis ase ar aris. Tu moTxovna SedarebiT araelastikuria, xolo miwodeba
SedarebiT elastikuri, sagadasaxado tvirTi ufro metad myidvels awveba. naxazi 10.12 `a am movlenis
mizezs xsnis: saWiroa fasebis SedarebiT ufro metad gazrda, raTa Semcirdes miwodebis sidide sul mcirediT,
xolo miwodebis sididis Sesamcireblad, aucilebelia fasebis mxolod umniSvnelod Semcireba. magaliTad,
radgan sigaretisadmi ltolva aris mZafri (magram damRupveli), moTxovnis elastikuroba arc Tu ise didia
(daaxloebiT 0,3). ase rom, sigaretze gadasaxadebi ZiriTadad myidvelebs ekisrebaT. naxazi 10.12 `b
gviCvenebs sapirispiro SemTxvevas: Tu moTxovna SedarebiT elastikuria, xolo miwodeba _ SedarebiT
araelastikuri, sagadasaxado tvirTi ZiriTadad gamyidvels awveba.
Tu saWiroa moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikurobis Sefaseba moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis
calkeul wertilSi, Aan fasebisa da moculobebis umniSvnelo diapazonSi, maSin SesaZlebelia daaxloebiT
219
ganisazRvros, Tu vis daekisreba sagadasaxado tvirTis ZiriTadi nawili. amave dros, mniSvneloba ar aqvs, es
gadasaxadi ukve SemoRebulia, Tu mxolod ganxilvis procesSia. saerTod, gadasaxadi ZiriTadad myidvels
ekisreba, Tu E
d
/E
s
Tanafardoba arcTu ise didia da ZiriTadad gamyidvels ekisreba, Tu E
d
/E
s

Tanafardoba didia.
myidvelze dakisrebuli gadasaxadis procenti, misi `gadakisrebuli wili Semdegi formulis meSveobiT
gamoiTvleba:
gadakisrebuli wili = E
s
/(E
s
-E
d
) (10.16)
formula gviCvenebs, gadasaxadis ra wili ekisreba momxmarebels ufro maRali fasebis dros.
magaliTad, Tu moTxovna sruliad araelastikuria da E
d
utoldeba nuls, maSin gadakisrebuli wili 1-is tolia da
gadasaxads mTlianad momxmareblebi sakuTar Tavze iReben. (gadasaxadis wili, romelic modis
mwarmoebelze, tolia - E
d
/(E
s
-E
d
).
fasi
D
P
b
t S

P
0

P
S






Q
1
Q
0
raodenoba
,,a

fasi
S


P
b

P
0
D
t

P
S


Q
1
Q
0
raodenoba
,,b

nax. 10.12. gadasaxadis zemoqmedeba damokidebulia moTxovnis da miwodebis elastikurobaze

Tu moTxovna miwodebasTan SedarebiT araelastikuria, sagadasaxado tvirTis zidva upiratesad myidvels uwevs (nax. `a). Tu
moTxovna miwodebasTan SedarebiT elastikuria, sagadasaxado tvirTis zidva upiratesad gamyidvels uwevs (nax. `b).


subsidiebis mikuTvnebis Sedegebi

subsidia (Subsidy) SeiZleba iseTive xerxiT gaanalizdes, rogorc gadasaxadi. igi ganixileba, rogorc
uaryofiTi gadasaxadi. subsidiis SemTxvevaSi gamyidvelis fasi aWarbebs myidvelis fass da maT Soris
gansxvaveba aris subsidiis Tanxa. Sesabamisad, subsidiis Sedegebi warmoebis moculobasa da
220
moxmarebasTan mimarTebaSi gadasaxadis Sedegebis urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa, kerZod, moculobebi
gaizrdeba.
aRniSnuli mtkiceba grafikulad asaxulia naxazze 10.13. mosalodneli sabazro fasis (P
0
) dros
moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikuroba TiTqmis tolia. Sedegad, subsidiidan miRebuli sargebeli daaxloebiT
myidvelsa da gamyidvels Soris Tanabrad iyofa. rogorc gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi, es arc ise xSirad xdeba.
subsidiidan miRebuli sargebeli upiratesad momxmareblebs eniWebaT, Tu Tanafardoba E
d
/E
s
arc Tu
ise didia, da ZiriTadad gamyidvels, Tu E
d
/E
s
Tanafardoba didia.

fasi

S

P
S


P
0
S

P
b

D




Q
0
Q
1
raodenoba

nax. 10.13 subsidia

subsidia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc uaryofiTi gadasaxadi. gadasaxadis msgavsad, subsidiidan miRebuli sargebeli gadanawildeba
myidvelsa da gamyidvels Soris da damokidebulia miwodebisa da moTxovnis SedarebiT elastikurobasTan.

rogorc gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cnobilia miwodebis mrudi, moTxovnis mrudi da subsidiis
sidide S, SesaZlebelia gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsna saboloo fasebTan da moculobebTan mimarTebaSi.
subsidiasTan dakavSirebiTac igive oTxi piroba gamoiyeneba, oRond am SemTxvevaSi, gansxvaveba
gamyidvelis fassa da myidvelis fass Soris subsidiis sidides utoldeba. aRniSnuli piroba kvlav algebruli formiT
CavweroT:
Q
D
= Q
D
(P
b
) (10.17)
Q
S
= Q
S
(P
S
)
Q
D
=

Q
S
P
b
Ps = S.

221
ZiriTadi terminebi

- momxmareblis nameti
- mwarmoeblis nameti
- keTildReobis efeqti
- wminda danakargebi
- minimaluri fasebi
- garantirebuli fasebi
- qvotebi
- stimulirebis programebi
- saimporto qvotebi da tarifebi
- gadasaxadebi da subsidiebi
- wminda danakargebi


ZiriTadi daskvnebi

1. moTxovnisa da miwodebis martivi modelebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mTavrobis politikis
mravalferovnebis gasaanalizeblad. specifikuri politika, romelic Cven ganvixileT, moicavs fasebis
kontrols, minimaluri fasebis politikas, stimulirebis programebs, warmoebis SezRudvis mizniT qvotebis
programebs, saimporto tarifebsa da qvotebs, gadasaxadebsa da subsidiebs.
2. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, momxmareblis da mwarmoeblis nameti gamoiyeneba momxmareblis da
mwarmoeblis mogebisa da zaralis SefasebisaTvis. magaliTebis ganxilvis Sedegad Cans, rom mogeba da
zarali SeiZleba Zalian didi iyos.
3. rodesac mTavroba awesebs gadasaxads an subsidias, Cveulebriv fasi ar izrdeba/ar mcirdeba gadasaxadis
an subsidiis mTliani Tanxis mixedviT. aseve, gadasaxadi da subsidia gadanawildeba mwarmoebels da
momxmarebels Soris. wili, romelsac TiToeuli jgufi ixdis, damokidebulia miwodebis da moTxovnis
elastikurobaze.
4. mTavrobis Careva Cveulebriv danakargebs iwvevs. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu momxmareblis an
mwarmoeblis nameti Tanabaria, mTavrobis politikis Sedegad gamowveuli wminda zarali cvlis am
namets erTi jgufidan meoreze. zogierT SemTxvevaSi danakargi mcire iqneba, magram sxva
SemTxvevaSi miwodebis fasi da saimporto qvota aris imis magaliTi, rom danakargebi SesaZloa didi
iyos. danakargebi aris ekonomikis uunarobis forma, igi mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli, rodesac
ekonomikuri politikis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba xdeba.
5. konkurentunarian bazarze mTavrobis Careva yovelTvis cudi ar aris. mTavrobas da sazogadoebas,
romelsac is warmoadgens, SeiZleba hqondes sxva miznebi, vidre ekonomikis qmediTunarianoba. aris iseTi
situaciebi, rodesac mTavrobis Carevas SeuZlia gaaumjobesos ekonomikis qmediTunarianoba. amis
magaliTebia gare efeqtebi da bazris uunarobis SemTxvevebi. es situaciebi da misi gadWris gzebi,
romelzec mTavrobas SeuZlia pasuxis gacema, ganxilulia Semdgom TavebSi.

222
kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis

1. rogor SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli mwarmoeblisa da momxmareblis nameti saxelmwifo politikiT
Seqmili keTildReobis efeqtis Sesaswavlad?
2. gansazRvreT saxelmwifos mier fasebis zeda zRvaris dawesebis Sedegebi mwarmoeblebisa da
momxmareblebisaTvis;
3. gansazRvreT momxmareblisa da mwarmoeblis nametis cvlilebis Sedegebi, romlebic
warmoiqmnebian fasebze saxelmwifo kontrolis politikis Sedegad;
4. daasaxeleT bazris uunarobis magaliTebi;
5. rogor regulirdeba minimaluri fasebis dawesebis Sedegad sabazro fasi da raodenoba?
6. daaxasiaTeT minimaluri xelfasis dawesebis Sedegebi;
7. ra gavlenas axdens garantirebuli fasebis politika momxmareblebze, mwarmoeblebze da
mTavrobaze?
8. ra gavlenas axdens warmoebaze qvotebis daweseba? daaxasiaTeT misi Sedegebi.
9. daaxasiaTeT saimporto qvotebisa da tarifebis dawesebis Sedegebi;
10. ra Sedegebi aqvs gadasaxadebisa da subsidiebis dawesebas?


223
Tavi 11 monopolia da monofsonia

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. monopoliuri fasdadebisa da optimaluri warmoebis moculobis dadgenas
2. monopoliuri bazris statikuri analizs
3. mravalfirmiani monopoliisa da kartelis gadawyvetilebaTa Taviseburebebis axsnas
4. monofsoniis pirobebSi winasworobis aRweras
5. monofsoniiT gamowveuli danakargebis Sefasebas

11.1 mogebis maqsimizacia monopoliis pirobebSi

monopolia aris sabazro struqtura, sadac erTaderTi firma yidis unikalur saqonels, romlis
uSualo Semcvleli bazarze ar moipoveba. magaliTad, eleqtronul mrewvelobaSi naxevargamtarebis
dasamzadeblad saWiro masalis, beriliumis erTaderTi mimwodebeli msoflio bazarze aris amerikuli firma
,,braS uelmani~ (Brush Wellman), romlis mflobelobaSi arsebuli wiaRiseuli sabadoebi sakmarisia beriliumze
msoflio moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad momdevno 60 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
monopoliuri bazari erTi gamyidvelisa da mravali myidvelis bazaria. Tumca iseTi wminda
monopoliebi, rogoric ,,braS uelmania~, farTod gavrcelebuli ar aris. umravles SemTxvevaSi monopoliur
bazarze ramdenime gamyidvelia, magram bazarze gayiduli produqciis udidesi nawili erT firmaze modis.
magaliTad, saparsi mowyobilobebis msoflio bazarze gayiduli produqciis 80% cnobili firma ,,Jiletis
(Gillette) nawarmia, xolo kompiuteruli operaciuli sistemebis msoflio bazarze gayiduli produqciis 90%
,,maikrosoftis~ (Microsoft) cnobili opraciuli sistema vindousia (Windows).
Tu gamyidvels an myidvels SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos sabazro fasis Camoyalibebaze, maSin mas
gaaCnia sabazro Zalaufleba. monopoliur bazarze sabazro Zalauflebis mflobeli gamyidvelia. roca bazarze
erTaderTi myidveli da mravali gamyidvelia, maSin myidveli flobs sabazro Zalauflebas da gavlenas
axdens sabazro fasis Camoyalibebaze. aseT sabazro struqturas monofsonia ewodeba. monofsonia
ZiriTadad nedleulis da faqtorTa bazrebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. monofsonia damaxasiaTebelia iseTi
bazrebisTvisac, sadac saxelmwifo saagentoebi erTaderTi myidvelia, magaliTad kosmosis kvlevis an
samxedro daniSnulebis samrewvelo dargebi.

mogebis maqsimizaciis piroba
radgan monopolia erTaderTi gamyidvelis bazaria, mis gadawyvetilebas gamoSvebuli produqciis
raodenobis Sesaxeb arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs myidvelebisaTvis. amasTanave, monopolia bazarze fasis
damwesebelia da ara fasis mimRebi. monopolia, iseve rogorc yvela firma, maqsimaluri mogebis
uzrunvelmyofel warmoebis moculobas irCevs, xolo saqonelze moTxovnis mrudis Sesabamis fass awesebs.
monopoliis moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia da emTxveva dargis sabazro mruds. mogebis
maqsimizaciisas monopoliuri firma mniSvnelovani arCevanis winaSe dgas: mogebis gazrdis mizniT igi
dainteresebulia rac SeiZleba meti raodenobis produqciis gayidviT, magram yoveli damatebiTi erTeuli
nawarmis gayidva mas SeuZlia mxolod dawesebuli fasis Semcirebis gziT.
224
monopolistis mier fasis dawesebis analizis gamartivebisaTvis davuSvaT, igi jer gamoSvebis
raodenobas ( Q) gansazRvravs da Semdeg, moTxovnis mrudis Sesabamisad awesebs fass TiToeuli gayiduli
erTeulisaTvis ). (Q P
davuSvaT, beriliumis msoflio bazarze monopolisti firmis produqciaze moTxovnis mrudi, romelic
naCvenebia naxazze 11.1, aRiwereba gantolebiT , ) ( Q Q P =12 sadac P aris erTi kilogrami beriliumis fasi
dolarebSi, xolo Q beriliumis raodenoba, gamoxatuli milionobiT kilogramebSi. Tu monopolists surs zustad 2
milioni kilogrami beriliumis gayidva, man unda daawesos $10-is toli fasi. Tu 5 milioni kilogramis gayidva
surs, maSin fasi $7-mde unda Seamciros.

moTxovnis mrudis gaswvriv produqciis TiToeuli raodenobis gayidvas Sesabamis fasad sxvadasxva
amonagebi moaqvs monopolistisaTvis. mTliani amonagebi aris fasisa da produqciis raodenobis namravli:
). (Q P TR = Cvens SemTxvevaSi gveqneba
2
12 12 Q Q Q Q TR = = ) ( .
davuSvaT, rom monopolistis mTliani danaxarjebi mocemulia formuliT
2
2 1 Q Q TC ) ( ) ( = . cxrili 11. 1
gviCvenebs mocemuli formulebiT gamoTvlil monopolistis mTlian danaxarjebs, mTliani Semosavlebs da
mogebas TiToeuli fasisaTvis.
f
a
s
i

(
d
o
l
a
r
i

T
i
T
o
e
u
l

k
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a
m
z
e
)

D
10
nax. 11.1 monopolistis moTxovnis mrudi beriliumis msoflio bazarze
monopolistis moTxovnis mrudi aris amave dros D sabazro moTxovnis mrudic. Tu monopolistrs surs zustad 2
milioni kilogrami beriliumis gayidva, man unda daawesos $10-is toli fasi. Tu 5 milioni kilogramis gayidva surs,
maSin fasi $7-mde unda Seamciros.

$12
0 2 5 12
7
raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)
225
monopolistis Amonagebi, danaxajebi da mogeba
cxrili 11.1
Q
(milioni
kilogrami)
P
dolari
kilogramze
TR
milioni dolari

TC
milioni dolari
mogeba
milioni dolari
0 12 0 0 0
1 11 11.00 0.50 10.50
2 10 20.00 2.00 18.00
3 9 27.00 4.50 22.50
4 8 32.00 8.00 24.00
5 7 35.00 12.50 22.50
6 6 36.00 18.00 18.00
7 5 35.00 24.50 10.50
8 4 32.00 32.00 0
9 3 27.00 40.50 13.50
10 2 20.00 50.00 -30.00

cxrilis 11.1 monacemebi grafikulad gamosaxulia naxazze 11.2. `a~ . rogorc naxazi gviCvenebs, TC
izrdeba, roca Q izrdeba. mTliani danaxarjebisagan gansxvavebiT, TR jer izrdeba, Semdeg ki mcirdeba.
analogiurad, Mmogebac Tavdapirvelad izrdeba, Semdeg ki klebulobs. monopolistis mogeba maqsimaluria,
roca igi awarmoebs da yidis 4 milion kilogram beriliums. maqsimaluri mogebis am wertilamde produqciis
raodenobis gazrda ufro metad zrdis mTlian amonagebs, vidre mTlian danaxarjebs. mogebis gamomxatvel
grafikze firma moZraobs mrudis pikuri wertilisaken, rogorc es warmodgenilia naxazze 11.2 `b~. am
monakveTSi monopolistis zRvruli amonagebi ( MR ) metia zRvrul danaxarjze ( MC): . MC MR>
4 milion kilogramze meti beriliumis warmoebisas gamoSvebuli produqtis raodenobis Semcireba
zrdis mogebas. am dros mTlian danaxarjebi ufro metad mcirdeba, vidre mcirdeba mTliani amonagebi. am
SemTxvevaSic mogebis gamomxatvel grafikze firma mrudis pikuri wertilisaken moZraobs. am monakveTze
monopolistis zRvruli amonagebi naklebia zRvrul danaxarjze: . MC MR<
amrigad, monopolistis mogeba maqsimaluria roca . MC MR= monopolists ar SeuZlia mogebis
gazrda gamoSvebuli produqtis raodenobis gazrdiT an SemcirebiT, Tuki zRvruli amonagebi zRvruli
danaxarjis tolia. naxazze 11.2 `b~ maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi wertili zRvruli amonagebisa da zRvruli
danaxarjebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertilia.

226

Tu maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamis produqciis moculobas
*
Q -iT aRvniSnavT, maSin mogebis
maqsimizaciis piroba monopolistisaTvis Semdegnairad SegviZlia CavweroT:
) ( ) (
* *
Q MC Q MR = (11.1)
11.1 gantolebiT Cawerili mogebis maqsimazaciis piroba zogadia da igi marTebulia rogorc
monopoliuri, aseve konkurentuli firmisaTvis. konkurentuli firmis SemTxvevaSi zRvruli amonagebi fasis
tolia. ase rom, 11.1 gantolebaSi MR -is nacvlad P sabazro fasis CasmiT miviRebT mogebis maqsimizaciis
pirobas konkurentuli firmisaTvis, romelic mogebis maqsimizaciis zogadi wesis konkretuli SemTxvevaa:
). (
*
Q MC P =
monopoliis zRvruli amonagebi
monopolistisaTvis fasi ar aris zRvruli danaxarjis toli. ganvixiloT monopolistis magaliTi, romelic
warmodgenilia naxazze 11.3.
raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi) m
T
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a
n
i

S
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,

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a
x
a
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j
i

d
a

m
T
l
i
a
n
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o
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e
b
a


(
m
l
n

d
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a
r
i

w
e
l
i
w
a
d
S
i
)

TR
nax. 11.2 monopolistis mier mogebis maqsimizacia
naxazi `a~ gviCvenebs monopolistis mTliani amonagebis, mTliani danaxarjis da mTliani mogebis mrudebs. naxazi `b~
gviCvenebs monopolistis mogebis maqsimizaciis pirobas zRvruli amonagebisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis
meSveobiT: MR=MC


0 4
$24
f
a
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)

D

0 4
raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)
~a
~
TC
MC
MR
`b~
227
naxazi 11.3. gviCvenebs mTliani amonagebis cvlilebas monopolistis mier warmoebis moculobis
gazrdisas. monopolistis mTliani amonagebis cvlileba aris OHLK marTkuTxedis farTobs minus OEFG
marTkuTxedis farTobi.
davuSvaT Tavdapirvelad monopolisti awarmoebs 2 milion kilogram beriliums da yidis kilograms
$10-ad. misi mTliani amonagebi iqneba 2 milioni X $10, romelsac naxazze 11.3. Seesabameba OEFG
marTkuTxedi.

davuSvaT, monopolistma gadawyvita warmoebis moculobis gazrda 5 milion kilogramamde. am
raodenobis beriliumis gasayidad man fasi unda Seamciros TiToeul kilogramze $7-mde. misi MmTliani
amonagebi iqneba 5 milioni X $7, rasac naxazze Seesabameba OHLK marTkuTxedi.
monopolistis mTliani amonagebis cvlileba aris OHLK farTobs minus OEFG farTobi, rac niSnavs
rom naxazze 11.3 II farTobs akldeba I farTobi.
- II farTobi warmoadgens damatebiT amonagebs, romelsac monopolisti iRebs damatebiT 3 milioni
kilogramis gayidviT: $7X(5-2)milioni = 21 milions. fasis SemcirebiT damatebiT gayidul produqtis
erTeulebs zRvruli erTeulebi ewodeba. fasis SemcirebiT monopolisti zrdis Tavis amonagebs. am
SemTxvevaSi man miiRo damatebiT 21 milioni dolari.
- I farTobi warmoadgens im `msxverplad gaRebul~ amonagebs, romelsac monopolisti miiRebda 5 milioni
kilogramidan Tavdapirveli 2 milioni kilogrami produqtis kvlav maRal fasad, $10-ad gayidvis
SemTxvevaSi: ($10-$7) X 2 milioni = 6 milioni. produqciis im erTeuls, romlis gayidvac monopolists
fasis daklebamde ufro maRal fasad SeeZlo, infrazRvruli erTeuli (Inframarginal Unit) ewodeba.
roca monopolisti fass amcirebs yoveli damatebiTi erTeulis gasayidad, igi `msxverplad gaiRebs~
infrazRvruli erTeulis SesaZlo gayidviT misaReb amonagebs. Cvens SemTxvevaSi infrazRvruli erTeulis
gayidviT mosalodneli amonagebi 6 milioni dolaria.
ganxilul magaliTSi, mTliani amonagebis cvlileba aris $15 milioni, anu monopolistis amonagebi
gaizarda $15 milioniT.
TR A = II farTobi - I farTobi
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nax. 11.3 cvlileba mTlian SemosavalSi monopolistis mier warmoebis moculobis gazrdisas monopolistis
mTliani Aamonagebis cvlileba aris OHLK farTobs minus OEFG farTobi.

0 2 5
7
raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)
H L
F E
K G
I
II
228
TR A = $7 X (5-2) milioni ($10-$7) X 2 milioni = $15 milioni
rogorc vxedavT, warmoebis moculobis 3 milioni kilogramiT gazrdisas monopolistis Aamonagebi
gaizarda $15 milioniT, anu yoveli TiToeuli damatebiTi milioni kilogramis gamoSvebisas, monopolistis
amonagebi izrdeba $5 milioniT ($15 milioni/3 milionze). rogorc naxazidan 11.3. Cans
II farTobi = fasi raodenobis cvlileba = Q PA
I farTobi = - raodenoba fasis cvlileba =- P QA ( ,,- niSani formulaSi aucilebelia, raTa
marTkuTxedis farTobis mniSvneloba dadebiTi sidide gamovides. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi fasis
Semcirebisas, fasis cvlileba uaryofiTia da marTkuTxedis farTobis sididec uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis iqneba).
maSasadame,
TR A = II farTobi - I farTobi = P Q Q P A + A
gavyoT tolobis orive mxare raodenobis cvlilebaze. gayofis Semdeg tolobis marjvena mxare aris
zRvruli amonagebi (Tu mTliani amonagebis cvlilebas gavyofT raodenobis cvlilebaze, miviRebT zRvrul
amonagebs):

Q
P
Q P
Q
TR
MR
A
A
+ =
A
A
= (11.2)
zRvruli amonagebi Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: pirveli nawili, romelic saqonlis sabazro fasia,
Seesabameba amonagebis zrdas damatebiTi produqtis gayidvisas; xolo meore nawili ) / ( Q P Q A A
Seesabameba amonagebis Semcirebas, romelic gamoiwvia infrazRvrul erTeulebze fasis Semcirebam.
zRvruli amonagebis meore nawili ) / ( Q P Q A A uaryofiTi sididea, radganac 0 < A A ) / ( Q P . ase rom 11.2
gantolebaSi zRvruli amonagebi yovelTvis naklebi iqneba I komponentze anu fasze. produqtis 0-ze meti
nebismieri raodenobisas monopolistisaTvis . P MR<
roca Q=0, gantoleba 11.2 gviCvenebs, rom monopolistis zRvruli amonagebi da fasi erTidaigivea.
zRvruli amonagebi SesaZloa iyos uaryofiTi sididec. rac ufro didia gayiduli produqtis raodenoba, miT
ufro mosalodnelia, rom zRvruli amonagebi uaryofiTi iqneba. es niSnavs, rom fasis Semcirebis xarjze
gayiduli produqtis raodenobis gazrdiT miRebuli amonagebi naklebia ,,msxverplad gaRebul~ amonagebze,
romelsac monopolisti naklebi raodenobis produqtis maRal fasad gayidviT miiRebda. zRvruli amonagebis
uaryofiTi mniSvneloba miuTiTebs, rom fasis Semcireba zrdis infrazRvruli erTeulebis uarnaTqvam
Semosavals.

monopolistis saSualo amonagebi da zRvruli amonagebi
monopolistis saSualo amonagebi aris mTliani amonagebis ganayofi produqciis raodenobaze:
Q
TR
AR =
gavixsenoT, rom mTliani amonagebi aris fasisa da produqciis namravli, ase rom saSualo amonagebi
fasis tolia:
P
Q
Q P
AR =

=
monopolistis moTxovnis mrudi amave dros bazris moTxovnis mrudicaa, radgan monopolisti
erTaderTi firmaa bazarze:
) ( ( Q P Q AR =
229
maSasadame, radgan monopolistisaTvis zRvruli amonagebi naklebia fasze, xolo fasi saSualo
amonagebis tolia, maSin zRvruli amonagebi naklebia saSualo amonagebze Q-s nebismieri dadebiTi
mniSvnelobisas.
radgan monopolistis saSualo amonagebis mrudi emTxveva bazris moTxovnis mruds, xolo zRvruli
amonagebi naklebia saSualo amonagebze, amitom monopolistis zRvruli amonagebis mrudi mdebareobs
saSualo amonagebis mrudis anu sabazro moTxovnis daRmavali mrudis qvemoT. zogadad, roca saSualo
sidide mcirdeba, am dros zRvruli sidide saSualoze naklebia.
damokidebuleba monopolistis zRvrul, saSualo da mTlian amonagebs Soris asaxulia naxazze 14.4

savarjiSo 1
monopolistis zRvruli da saSualo amonagebi
amocana: davuSvaT sabazro moTxovnis mrudis aRmweri gantolebaa
bQ a P = . rogori iqneba monopolistisaTvis saSualo da zRvruli amonagebis mrudebis aRmweri
gantolebebi?
amoxsna: saSualo amonagebi sabazro moTxovnis mruds emTxveva, amitom bQ a AR =
zRvruli amonagebis dasadgenad unda gvaxsovdes, rom b
Q
P
=
A
A

gamoviyenoT 11.2 formula:
230

( ) ( ) 2
P
MR Q P Q a bQ Q b a bQ
Q
A
= + = + =
A

rogorc vxedavT, wrfivi moTxovnis mrudis mqone monopolistis zRvruli amonagebis mrudic wrfivia.
zRvruli amonagebis mrudi fasis RerZs kveTs imave wertilSi, sadac moTxovnis mrudi gadakveTs mas. xolo
zRvruli amonagebis mrudis daxriloba 2-jer metia moTxovnis mrudis daxrilobaze. zRvruli amonagebis mrudi
koordinatTa saTavesa da moTxovnis mrudis horizontalur RerZTan gadakveTis manZils zustad Suaze yofs.
zRvruli amonagebis mrudis horizontalur RerZTan gadakveTis wertilSi produqtis raodenobaa ). /( b a Q 2 = am
raodenobaze meti produqtis gayidvisas, zRvruli amonagebis mrudi uaryofiTi xdeba. (naxazze 11.4 zRvruli
amonagebis mrudi gadakveTs horizontalur RerZs, grZeldeba da iRebs uaryofiT mniSvnelobas).
mogebis maqsimizaciis grafikuli asaxva
naxazi 11.5 gviCvenebs monopolistis mier mogebis maqsimizacias grafikulad. naxazze moTxovnisa
da zRvruli amonagebis mrudebTan erTad naCvenebia zRvruli MC da saSualo danaxarjebis AC mrudebi.
raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)
T
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nax. 11.4 damokidebuleba monopolistis mTlian, saSualo da zRvrul amonagebs Soris.
naxazi ,,a~ asaxavs monopolistis mTliani amonagebis mruds. naxazi ,,b~ asaxavs monopolistis saSualo da zRvruli
amonagebis mrudebs. saSualo amonagebis mrudi emTxveva sabazro moTxovnis mruds.


0
$35
A
R
,

M
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0 2 5 6 12
raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)
,,a~
MC
MR =P+Q
Q A
AP

,,b~
roca PP=$7/kg
Q=5, da TR=$35
A Q
roca Q=5, PP=$7/kg
da TR=$35, maSin AR=$35/5=$7,
A P
$12
10
7
2
Q P A A / =-$1/kg; roca Q=5, PP=$7/kg,
maSin MR=$7+(-$1)5=$2/kg
AR = P
Q
Q
=
A
P

= sabazro moTxovnis mrudi
231
Q-s nebismieri dadebiTi mniSvnelobisaTvis zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi gadis saSualo danaxarjis mrudis
zemoT.

naxazze zRvruli amonagebisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertili aRniSnavs
maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi raodenobas - 4 milioni kilogrami produqcia weliwadSi. maqsimaluri
mogebis Sesabamisi fasis sapovnelad moTxovnis mrudze unda vipovoT 4 milioni kilogramis Sesabamisi
fasi. Cvens SemTxvevaSi aseTi fasia $8 kilogram beriliumze.
monopolistis mogeba aris sxvaoba monopolistis mTlian amonagebsa da mTlian danaxarjebs Soris,
sadac , Q AR TR = xolo . Q AC TC = naxazze 11.5. mTlian amonagebs Seesabameba B+E+F BfarTobi,
xolo mTlian danaxarjs ki F farTobi. ase rom mTliani maqsimaluri mogeba aris
B+E+F-F=B+E
Tu gavixsenebT 11.1 cxrilis monacemebs, aRmoCndeba rom es areali tolia $ 24 milionis.
naxazi 11.5 asaxavs monopoliur bazarze wonasworobis ramdenime mniSvnelovan kanonzomierebas:
- monopolistis maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi fasi aRemateba zRvrul danaxarjs. amiT igi gansxvavdeba
konkurentuli firmisagan, sadac fasi zRvruli danaxarjis tolia.
- monopoliur bazarze grZelvadian periodSi firmas mainc aqvs dadebiTi mogeba konkurentuli bazris
grZelvadiani wonasworobisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac firmebis mogeba nulovania. monopolistebs
grZelvadian periodSic ki ar emuqrebaT konkurentebis bazarze gamoCenis saSiSroeba, rac gamoiwvevda
nulovani mogebis miRebas.
- miuxedavad imisa, rom monopolisti zRvrul danaxarjze met fass awesebs, mainc arsebobs samomxareblo
nameti. naxazze 11.5 es nameti aris A farTobi moTxovnis mrudsa da fasis wrfes Soris. am magaliTSi
samomxmareblo nameti $8 milionis tolia.
- keTildReobis erTobivi nameti aris samomxareblo nametisa da monopolistis mogebis jami:
32 $ = + + E B A milioni weliwadSi.

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nax. 11.5 monopolistis mier mogebis maqsimizacia
maqsimaluri mogebis dros monopolistis zRvruli danaxarji tolia zRvruli amonagebis. 4 miloni kilogrami produqtis
gamoSvebisas monopolistis mogeba maqsimaluria.


0 4
8
raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)
MC
E
B
A
AC
MR
4
2
F
232
savarjiSo 2
maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi raodenobisa da fasis gamoTvla
amocana
davuSvaT rom, monopolistis moTxovnis mrudi aRiwereba gantolebiT . Q P =12 xolo zRvruli
danaxarjis gantolebaa . Q MC = ras udris maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi fasi da raodenoba
monopolistisaTvis?
amoxsna
amocanis amosaxsnelad saWiroa sami Tanmimdevruli proceduris Sesaruleba: (1) vipovoT zRvruli
amonagebis mrudi, (2) zRvruli amonagebi gavutoloT zRvrul danaxarjs, raTa vipovoT maqsimaluri mogebis
Sesabamisi raodenoba, (3) moTxovnis gantolebaSi CavsvaT raodenobis miRebuli mniSvneloba da
gamovTvaloT wonasworobis Sesabamisi fasi.
gavixsenoT, rom zRvruli Amonagebis mruds aqvs vertikalur RerZTan igive gadakveTis wertili, rac
moTxovnis mruds, magram misi daxriloba orjer metia. ase rom moTxovnis gantolebidan Q P =12
miviRebT zRvruli danaxarjis Semdeg gantolebas:
Q MR 2 12 =
amasTanave viciT, rom maqsimaluri mogebis wertilSi
MC MR=
, Q Q= 2 12
saidanac 4 = Q .
CavsvaT raodenobis miRebuli mniSvneloba moTxovnis gantolebaSi: . 8 4 12 = = P
amrigad, maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi raodenoba aris 4 milioni kilogrami, xolo Sesabamisi fasi
ki TiToeul kilogramze $8 dolaria.

miwodebis mrudi da monopolia
monopoliuri firma, konkurentuli firmisagan gansxvavebiT, fasis damwesebelia da ara fasis
mimRebi. konkurentuli firma fass ganixilavs rogorc garedan mocemul egzogenur faqtors. yoveli mocemuli
fasisaTvis is irCevs maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamis warmoebis moculobas. Sesabamisad SegviZlia
SevadginoT konkurentuli firmis miwodebis ganrigi da avagoT miwodebis mrudi.
monopoliuri firmisaTvis fasi aris endogenuri faqtori, anu monopolisti TviTon gansazRvravs mas.
monopolisti gansazRvravs gamoSvebis moculobasac da fassac. monopolists SeuZlia awarmoos erTidaigive
raodenobis produqcia ori sxvadasxva fasis dros an sxvadasxva raodenobis produqcia erTidaigive fasis dros.
fassa da warmoebuli produqciis moculobas Soris is damokidebuleba, rac damaxasiaTebelia konkurentuli
bazrisaTvis, ar arsebobs monopoliis SemTxvevaSi. monopolias ar aqvs miwodebis mrudi.
naxazi 11.6 naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba monopoliuri firma sxvadasxva fasis dros mainc
erTsadaimave raodenobis produqcias awarmoebdes.
1
D

moTxovnis mrudis SemTxvevaSi maqsimaluri
mogebis Sesabamisi raodenoba aris 5 milioni kilogrami produqcia weliwadSi kilogrami $15 dolarad. Tuki
moTxovna Seicvleboda da moTxovnis mrudi gadainacvlebda, miviRebT
2
D moTxovnis mruds. am
SemTxvevaSi maqsimaluri mogebis uzrunvelmyofeli raodenoba isev 5 milioni kilogramia, magram axla
233
kilogrami ukve $20 Rirs. ase rom monopolias, raoden paradoqsuladac ar unda JRerdes, miwodebis mrudi
marTlac ar gaaCnia.


11.2 monopoliuri fasdadeba

monopolia fasis dawesebisas iTvaliswinebs saqonelze moTxovnis mruds. maqsimaluri mogebis
Sesabamisi fasi aRemateba gayiduli bolo erTeulis warmoebis zRvrul danaxarjs. ra ganapirobebs monopoliur
fassa da zRvrul danaxarjs Soris sxvaobis sidides? monopolistis saqonelze moTxovnis mrudis formis
specifika da, Sesabamisad, moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba gadamwyvet rols asrulebs monopoliuri
fasdadebisas.
moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba da maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasi
naxazi 11.7 gviCvenebs Tu ra gavlenas axdens moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba monopolistis mogebis
maqsimizaciisas. naxazi 11.7 ,,a~ gviCvenebs maqsimaluri mogebis
A
P fass da
A
Q raodenobas erT-erT
monopoliur A bazarze. naxazi 11.7 `b~ gviCvenebs sxva monopoliur B bazars, sadac moTxovna
naklebad mgrZnobiarea fasis mimarT.
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$20

0 5
15
raodenoba (erTeuli produqcia weliwadSi)
MC
D1
MR2
10
D2
nax. 11.6 monopolias ar aqvs miwodebis mrudi
monopoliuri firma sxvadasxva fasis dros erTidaigive raodenobis produqcias awarmoebs

234

naxazze B11.7 ,,b~ moTxovnis mrudi miRebulia D
A
moTxovnis mrudis SemobrunebiT maqimaluri
mogebis Sesatyvisi P
A
fasisa da Q
A
raodenobis amsaxveli wertilis mimarT. amis Semdeg B bazarze
maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasi gaxda P
B
. BB monopoliur bazarze moTxovna D
B
naklebad elastikuria,
vidre A monopoliur bazarze moTxovna D
A
. orive bazris Sedarebisas, aSkaraa, rom fassa da zRvrul danaxarjs
Soris gansxvaveba ufro metia B bazarze, sadac moTxovnis fasismieri elastikuroba naklebia.
moTxovnis mrudis elastikurobis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba monopoliuri fasdadebisas aixsneba im
arapirdapiri konkurenciiT, rasac monopolisti awydeba sxva dargebis mxridan. magaliTad, beriliumis
mompovebel monopolist firmas konkurencias uwevs beriliumis Semcvleli liTonebis titaniumisa da
aluminis mwarmoebeli firmebi. Tu bazarze arsebobs monopoliuri dargis produqciis axlo Semcvlelebi, maSin
momxmareblebi ufro metad mgrZobiareni arian fasis cvlilebis mimarT. monopolisti ver SeZlebs daawesos
zRvrul danaxarjze bevrad ufro maRali fasi.


zRvruli amonagebi da moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba
moTxovnis safaso elastikurobasa da monopolistis mier dawesebul fass Soris damokidebuleba
SesaZlebelia gamoisaxos formuliT. gavixsenoT, rom zRvruli Aamonagebi gamoixateba Semdegi
formuliT:M
Q
P
Q P MR
A
A
+ =
gavitanoT P frCxilebs gareT, miviRebT
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
+ =
Q
P
P
Q
P MR 1
0

produqciis raodenoba

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Q
A
MRA
D
A
0

MC
,,b~

,,a~

MRB
D
A
P
B
Q
A
D
B
Q
B
bazari B

bazari A

P
A
MC
nax. 11.7 rogor gansazRvravs elastiuroba monopoliur fasdadebas
naxazi ,,a~ gviCvenebs maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamis
A
P fass da
A
Q raodenobas monopoliur A
bazarze. naxazi ,,b~ gviCvenebs meore monopoliur B bazars, sadac moTxovna naklebad mgrZnobiarea P
A
fasis
mimarT.
naxazze ,,b~ moTxovnis mrudi miRebulia D
A
moTxovnis mrudis SebrunebiT maqimaluri mogebis
Sesatyvisi P
A
fasisa da Q
A
raodenobis amsaxveli wertilis mimarT. B bazarze maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasi
gaxda P
B
. B bazarze moTxovna D
B
naklebad elastikuria, vidre A bazarze moTxovna D
A
. fassa da zRvrul danaxarjs
Soris gansxvaveba ufro metia B bazarze, sadac moTxovnis fasismieri elastikuroba naklebia.

235
gavixsenoT, rom moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba
,P
mocemulia formuliT
Q
P
P
Q

A
A
. ase rom,
gamosaxuleba
Q
P
P
Q
A
A
aris elastikurobis Sebrunebuli sidide da tolia .
, P Q
E
1

rogorc vxedavT, miRebuli gamosaxuleba elastikurobis Sebrunebuli sididea. Tu zRvruli amonagebis
gamomxatvel formulaSi SevitanT miRebul gamosaxulebas, maSin zRvruli amonagebi Semdegi formuliT
gamoixateba:
M
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
P Q
P MR
,
c
1
1
miRebuli formula gviCvenebs, rom monopolistis zRvruli amonagebi damokidebulia moTxovnis
safaso elastikurobaze:
- roca moTxovna elastikuria, anu
P Q
E
,
aris minus usasrulobasa da -1-s Soris, zRvruli amonagebi
dadebiTia. (gamosaxuleba
P Q,
c
1
1+ , dadebiTia roca
P Q
E
,
aris minus usasrulobasa da -1-s Soris).
maSasadame, roca monopolisti awarmoebs moTxovnis mrudis elastikur monakveTze, mas SeuZlia
mTliani amonagebis gazrda fasis Semcirebis xarjze gayiduli produqtis moculobis gazrdiT;
- roca moTxovna araelastikuria, anu
P Q
E
,
aris -1-sa da 0-s Soris, zRvruli Aamonagebi uaryofiTia
(gamosaxuleba
P Q,
c
1
1+ naklebia nulze mxolod maSin roca
P Q
E
,
aris 0-sa da -1-s Soris). maSasadame,
roca monopolisti awarmoebs moTxovnis mrudis araelastikuri monakveTze, mas SeuZlia mTliani
amonagebis gazrda fasis gazrdis xarjze gayiduli produqciis moculobis SemcirebiT;
- roca moTxovna xasiaTdeba erTeulovani elastikurobiT anu
P Q
E
,
= -1, maSin monopoliis zRvruli
Aamonagebi nulis tolia. ( roca
P Q
E
,
= -1, maSin
P Q,
c
1
1+ =0)
naxazi 11.8 gviCvenebs elastikurobasa da monopoliis zRvrul amonagebs Soris damokidebulebas
moTxovnis wrfivi mrudis SemTxvevaSi, romelic aRiwereba gantolebiT bQ a P = . roca moTxovna
elastikuria, anu , / b a Q 2 < maSin zRvruli amonagebi dadebiTia. roca moTxovna araelastikuria, anu
, / / b a Q b a < < 2 maSin zRvruli amonagebi uaryofiTia. zRvruli amonagebi nulis tolia (gadakveTs
horizontalur wrfes) gamoSvebuli produqciis iseTi raodenobisas, roca moTxovna erTeulovani elastikurobisaa
. / b a Q 2 =
236


fasdadebis wesi ukuelastikurobis mixedviT
ganvsazRvroT monopolistis mogebis maqsimizaciis piroba zRvrul amonagebsa da moTxovnis
safaso elastikurobas Soris damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
gavixsenoT, rom maqsimaluri mogebisas zRvruli amonagebi zRvruli danaxarjis tolia. es niSnavs,
rom maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi * P fasi da * Q raodenoba unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg pirobas:
*) ( *
,
Q MC P
P Q
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
c
1
1 (11.3)

martivi algebruli gardaqmenebis Semdeg miviRebT:
,
*
* *
, P Q
P
MC P
c
1
=

(11.4)

sadac * MC aRniSnavs zRvrul danaxarjs mogebis maqsimizaciis dros: *). ( * Q MC MC =
11.4 gantolebis marcxena mxare warmoadgens monopolistisaTvis optimalur fasnamats (sxvaobas
mis mier dawesebul fassa da zRvrul danaxarjs Soris), romelic warmodgenilia rogorc fasis procentuli wili.
11.4 gantolebiT gamoxatulia monopolistis optimaluri fasdadebis piroba, romelsac ukulastikurobis
mixedviT fasdadebis wesi ewodeba (Inverse Elasticity Pricing Rule, IEPR). am wesis Tanaxmad,
zRvrul danaxarjis tol fassze monopolistis mier damatebuli fasis sidide (fasnamati) tolia moTxovnis
safaso elastikurobis Sebrunebuli uaryofiTi sididisa. IEPR wesi gviCvenebs, rom moTxovnis elastikurobas
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs monopolistis mier maqsimaluri mogebis uzrunvelmyofeli fasis
gansazRvrisas. rac ufro elastikuria moTxovna, miT naklebia monopolistis optimaluri fasnamati.
elastikuri monakveTi
0 1 > < < MR
P Q
,
,
c

moTxovna aris erTeulovani elastiuroba
0 1 = = MR
P Q
,
,
c

araelastikuri monakveTi
0 0 1 < < < MR
P Q
,
,
c

f
a
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p
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q
c
i
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s

e
r
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e
u
l
S
i
)

0
raodenoba (produqciis erTeuli weliwadSi)
D
b
a
2

MR
b
a

a

nax. 11.8 zRvruli amonagebi da moTxovnis elastikuroba
Tu moTxovna elastikuria, anu Q < a/2b, maSin zRvruli amonagebi dadebiTia. Tu moTxovna araelastikuria anu
a/2b<Q<a/b, maSin zRvruli amonagebi uaryofiTia. zRvruli amonagebi nulis tolia (gadakveTs horizontalur wrfes)
gamoSvebuli produqciis iseTi raodenobisas, roca moTxovna erTeulovani elastiurobisaa Q=a/2b.

237

savarjiSo 3
IEPR wesis gamoyeneba mudmivi elastikurobis moTxovnis mrudis mqone monopolistis
optimaluri fasis gansazRvrisas
Tu cnobilia moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba, IEPR wesis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia ganvsazRvroT
monopolistisaTvis maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasi.
amocana
(a) davuSvaT, moTxovnis mrudi mocemulia gantolebiT
2
100

= P Q

es gaxlavT mudmivi elastikurobis mqone moTxovnis mrudis aRmweri gantoleba, sadac elastikuroba
mrudis nebismier wertilSi tolia _2-is. davuSvaT, monopolistis zRvruli danaxarjic mudmivi sididea da tolia
$50 (MC = $50). ras udris monopolistis optimaluri fasi?
(b) davuSvaT, rom moTxovnis mrudi mocemulia gantolebiT
5
100

= P Q

ras udris monopolistis optimaluri fasi am SemTxvevaSi?
amoxsna
(a) viciT, rom moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba -2-is tolia. gamoviyenoT IEPR wesi maqsimaluri
mogebis uzrunvelmyofeli fasis gansazRvrisaTvis:
2
1 50

P
P

amovxsnaT mocemuli gantoleba P-s mimarT. miviRebT, rom P=$100
(b) am SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba -5-is tolia. gamoviyenoT IEPR wesi
maqsimaluri mogebis uzrunvelmyofeli fasis gansazRvrisaTvis:
5
1 50

P
P

amovxsnaT mocemuli gantoleba P-s mimarT. miviRebT, rom P=$62.50



238
savarjiSo 4
IEPR wesis gamoyeneba wrfivi moTxovnis mrudis mqone monopolistis optimaluri fasisa da
gamoSvebis moculobis gansazRvrisas
monopolistis optimaluri fasis gansazRvra SesaZlebelia maSinac ki, roca moTxovnis safaso
elastikuroba mudmivi ar aris. moTxovnis wrfivi mrudis gaswvriv elastikuroba icvleba. mocemuli savarjiSo
gviCvenebs, rom IEPR wesis gamoyenebiT gansazRvruli optimaluri fasi emTxveva MR=MC wesis
gamoyenebiT gansazRvrul fass. monopolistis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis analizisas orive es wesi
erTnairi warmatebiT SegviZlia gamoviyenoT.
amocana
davuSvaT, monopolistis mudmivi zRvruli danaxarji MC aris $50, xolo moTxovnis mrudi mocemulia
gantolebiT Q P
2
1
100 = , romelic martivi algebruli gardaqmnebis Semdeg SesaZlebelia Caiweros Semdegi
saxiT P Q 2 200 = :
(a) vipovoT maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasi da gamoSvebis moculoba IEPR wesis
gamoyenebiT;
(b) vipovoT maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasi da gamoSvebis moculoba MR=MC wesis
gamoyenebiT.
amoxsna
a) radgan moTxovnis wrfivi mrudis gaswvriv elastikuroba icvleba, ar SegviZlia mivmarToT
savarjiSo 11.3-Si aRweril proceduras.
am SemTxvevaSi unda gavixsenoT elastikurobis gamoTvlis zogadi formula:
) / )( / (
,
Q P P Q
P Q
A A = c

mocemul konkretul SemTxvevaSi 2 = A A P Q/ . ase rom, elastikuroba iqneba
P
P
Q
P
P Q
2 200
2
2

= =
,
c
axla ki gamoviyenoT IEPR wesi, miviRebT . / / ) (
, P Q
P MC P c 1 =

Cvens konkretul SemTxvevaSi gveqneba:
P
P
P
P
2
2 200 50
=

Tu tolobis orive mxares gavamravlebT 2P-ze, miviRebT martiv wrfiv gantolebas
, P P 2 200 100 2 =
saidanac . 75 = P CavsvaT fasis miRebuli mniSvneloba moTxovnis mrudis aRmwer gantolebaSi:
, P Q 2 200 = . ) ( 50 75 2 200 = = Q
(b) , ) / ( Q P 2 1 100 = gantolebiT aRweril moTxovnis mrudis SemTxvevaSi, zRvruli amonagebi aris
. Q MR =100
gavutoloT es gantoleba zRvrul danaxarjs, romelic Cvens SemTxvevaSi aris $50. miviRebT
, 50 100 = Q saidanac Q=50.
gamoSvebis moculobis miRebuli mniSvneloba CavsvaT moTxovnis mrudis aRmwer
gantolebaSi ), )( / ( ) / ( 50 2 1 100 2 1 100 = = Q P saidanac P=75.
239
rogorc vxedavT, orive wesis gamoyenebiT erTidaigive mniSvnelobebi miviReT. monopolistis
maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasisa da gamoSvebis moculobis gansazRvrisas orive wesi erTnairi
warmatebiT gamoiyeneba. es gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gavixsenebT, rom IEPR wesi gamoyvanilia MR=MC
wesidan. amasTanave unda gvaxsovdes, rom moTxovnis wrfivi mrudis gaswvriv cvalebadi elastikurobis
gamo IEPR wesis gamoyenebisas saWiroa elastikurobis zogadi formulis gamoyenebac.
monopolisti produqcias yovelTvis moTxovnis mrudis elastikur monakveTze awarmoebs. Teoriulad
monopolists SeuZlia daawesos nebismieri fasi moTxovnis mrudis gaswvriv, magram mogebis maqsimizaciis
msurveli monopolisti awarmoebs mxolod moTxovnis elastikur monakveTze (sadac moTxovnis safaso
elastikuroba
P Q
E
,
aris minus usasrulobas (- ) da minus erTs (-1) Soris).
naxazi 11.9 gviCvenebs, Tu ratom iqceva monopolisti ase. davuSvaT monopolisti awarmoebs A
wertilSi, romelic Seesabameba moTxovnis araelastikur monakveTs. mas SeuZlia gadainacvlos B wertilSi,
riTac gazrdis mogebas produqciaze fasis momatebiT da gamoSvebis moculobis SemcirebiT. aseT
SemTxvevaSi monopolistis mTliani amonagebi izrdeba naxazze 11.9. I da II farTobebs Soris sxvaobis toli
sididiT. amasTanave monopolistis mTliani danaxarjebi axla ufro naklebia, radganac axla ufro naklebi
raodenobis produqcias awarmoebs. Tu mTliani amonagebi izrdeba da mTliani danaxarjebi ki mcirdeba,
maSin mogeba izrdeba.
maSasadame moTxovnis araelastikur monakveTze myof monopolists yovelTvis SeuZlia
moTxovnis mrudis elastikur monakveTze gadainacvlos iseTi wertilSi, sadac misi mogeba ufro maRali
iqneba.
igive daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba, Tuki IEPR-is wess gamoviyenebT. saRi azri gvkarnaxobs, rom
zRvruli danaxarji dadebiTi sidide unda iyos. maSasadame 11.3 gantolebaSi gamosaxuleba ) / (
, P Q
E 1 1+
aseve dadebiTi unda iyos. es ki SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
P Q
E
,
aris minus usasrulobasa (-
) da -1-s Soris, anu roca moTxovna elastikuria.
IEPR-is wesis mixedviT fasdadebis principi samarTliania arasrulyofili konkurenciis
nebismieri bazris SemTxvevaSi nebismieri firmisaTvis, romlsac sabazro moTxovnis daRmavali mrudi
gaaCnia.
monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze msgavsi produqciis diferencirebis SemTxvevaSi firmebs
daRmavali sabazro moTxovnis mrudi aqvT, magram isini ar arian am produqciisa erTaderTi gamyidvelebi.
diferencirebuli produqtis gamyidvelisaTvis optimaluri fasis dasadgenad aseve SesaZlebelia IEPR-is wesis
gamoyeneba. oRond unda gvaxsovdes, rom am SemTxvevaSi 11.4 gantolebaSi
P Q
E
,
gamosaxuleba aris ara
moTxovnis bazris masStabiT

(Market-Level)

elastikuroba, aramed mxolod

am firmis masStabiT
(Brand-Level) elastikuroba. magaliTad, koka-kolas firmis masStabiT elastikuroba gviCvenebs koka-kolaze
moTxovnis mgrZnobelobas koka-kolas fasis cvlilebisas, maSin roca koka-kolas moTxovnaze moqmedi
yvela sxva faqtori ucvlelia (maT Soris koka-kolas msgavsi, magram mainc diferencirebuli produqtis - pepsi-
kolas fasic).

moTxovnis elastikuri monakveTi da monopolia
ratom moqmedebs mogebis maqsimizaciisas monopolisti moTxovnis elastikur monakveTze? davuSvaT,
Tavdapirvelad monopolisti awarmoebs A wertilis Sesabamisi raodenobis produqcias (Q
A
) da yidis P
AA
fasad.
A wertili imyofeba moTxovnis araelastikur monakveTze da amitom zRvruli Aamonagebi aris uaryofiTi.
240
raodenobis SemcirebiT da fasis gazrdiT monopolisti gazrdida mTlian amonagebs. magaliTad, Tu
monopolisti gadainacvlebda B wertilSi, maSin misi mTliani amonagebi gaizrdeboda II marTkuTxedis
farTobidan I marTkuTxedis farTobis gamoklebis Sedegad miRebuli sididiT. es sidide dadebiTia. amasTan
erTad, monopolistis mTliani danaxarji mcirdeba, radgan axla is ufro naklebs awarmoebs. ufro maRali
mTliani amonagebisa da ufro naklebi mTliani danaxarjis SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, mogeba izrdeba. swored
amitom, monopolisti yovelTvis moTxovnis mrudis elastikur monakveTze imyofeba.

11.3 monopoliuri bazris statikuri analizi

ganvixiloT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens monopolistis gadawyvetilebebze sabazro moTxovnisa da
warmoebis danaxarjebSi cvlilebebi.
moTxovnis cvlilebebi da wonasworoba monopoliur bazarze
naxazi 11.10 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba wonasworoba monopoliur bazarze moTxovnis gazrdis
SemTxvevaSi. naxazze 11.10 ..a, sadac zRvruli danaxarji zrdadia, moTxovnis zrda iwvevs wonasworuli
fasisa da wonasworuli gamoSvebis moculobis zrdas. naxazze 11.10 ,,b~, sadac zRvruli danaxarji klebadia,
moTxovnis zrda iwvevs wonansworuli gamoSvebis moculobis zrdas da wonasworuli fasis Semcirebas.
fasi mcirdeba miuxedavad imisa, rom monopolists SeuZlia gazrdili moTxovnis gamo ufro maRali fasi
daawesos. radgan zRvruli danaxarji klebadia, monopolisti ufro met produqcias awarmoebs vidre
awarmoebda moTxovnis gazrdamde. am SemTxvevaSi, produqciis raodenobis zrdis gamo fasis Semcirebis
efeqti gadafaravs moTxovnis zrdis gamo fasis zrdis efeqts.

241


amrigad, moTxovnis cvlilebas erTmniSvnelovnad Seesabameba monopolistis maqsimaluri mogebis
Sesatyvisi gamoSvebis moculobis cvlilebebi: moTxovnis mrudis marjvniv gadanacvleba gamoiwvevs
f
a
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e
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e
)

nax. 11.9 elastikuri moTxovna da monopolia
Tavdapirvelad monopolisti awarmoebs A wertilis Sesabamisi raodenobis produqcias (Q
A
) da yidis P
APA
fasad. A wertili
imyofeba moTxovnis araelastikur monakveTze. zRvruli amonagebi aris uaryofiTi. B wertilSi monopolistis mTliani
amonagebi gaizrdeba II marTkuTxedis farTobidan I marTkuTxedis farTobis gamoklebis Sedegad miRebuli sididiT. es
sidide dadebiTia. amasTan erTad, monopolistis mTliani danaxarji mcirdeba, radgan axla is ufro naklebs awarmoebs.

0

PB
raodenoba (produqciis erTeuli weliwadSi)
B
A
PA
QB QA
D
MR
II
I
0

$12
produqciis raodenoba
10
D0

f
a
s
i


MR0 MR1
MC
D1
0

$13
produqciis raodenoba
10
9
D0
MR
0
MC
`b~

D1
f
a
s
i


`a~

MR1
nax. 11.10 monopolistis maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvis fasisa da gamoSvebis moculobis cvlilebebi
moTxovnis mrudis gadanacvlebisas
moTxovnis zrda zrdadi zRvruli danaxarjis pirobebSi iwvevs wonasworuli raodenobis zrdas 2-dan 3 milionamde, xolo
wonasworuli fasis zrdas 10-dan 12 dolaramde naxazze ,,a~. Si igive sididiT moTxovnis zrda klebadi zRvruli danaxarjis
pirobebSi iwvevs wonasworuli raodenobis 2-dan 6 milionamde gazrdas, xolo wonasworuli fasis 10-dan 9 dolaramde
Semcirebas. fasi mcirdeba, miuxedavad imisa rom monopolists SeeZlo Tavdapirveli produqciis raodenoba kvlav maRal
fasad - 13 dolarad gaeyida.
242
gamoSvebis moculobis zrdas, marcxniv gadanacvleba ki Semcirebas. rogorc naxazidan 11.10 Cans, zogadad
moTxovnis cvlilebis gavlena maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvis fasze gaurkvevelia.

savarjiSo 5
wrfivi moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgilebebi mudmivi zRvruli danaxarjis mqone monopolistisaTvis:
Suawertilis wesi.
davuSvaT monopoliisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wrfivi moTxovnis mrudi da mudmivi zRvruli
danaxarjebi: P= a-bQ da c MC= .
amocana
rogoria maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasi da gamoSvebis moculoba? rogor icvleba monopolistis
optimaluri fasi moTxovnis cvlilebisas?
amoxsna
mocemuli moTxovnis mrudis SemTxvevaSi, monopolistis zRvruli amonagebis mrudis aRmweri
gantoleba Semdegia:
bQ a MR 2 =
gavutoloT es gantoleba zRvruli danaxarjis Sesabamis gantolebas da amovxsnaT monopolistis
optimaluri Q* raodenobisaTvis:
MC MR=
c bQ a = * 2
b
c a
Q
2

= *
axla CavsvaT monopolistis optimaluri raodenobis gamosaxuleba moTxovnis mrudis gantolebaSi da
vipovoT monopolistis optimaluri * P fasi:
) (
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
* c a c a a
b
c a
b a P + = + =
|
.
|

\
|
=
miRebuli gamosaxuleba aris monopolistis Suawertilis formula (Midpoint Formula). rogoc
naxazidan 11.11 Cans, monopolistis Suawertilis formula gviCvenebs, rom monopolistis optimaluri fasi
aris moTxovnis mrudis vertikalur RerZTan gadakveTis (a - Sokuri fasis) da mudmiv zRvrul
danaxarjis c mruds Soris zustad SuaSi mdebare wertilis Sesabamisi fasi. es niSnavs, rom Tu Sokuri fasi
gaizrdeba 10 dolariT, maSin monopolistis optimaluri fasi gaizrdeba 5 dolariT.

zRvruli danaxarjis cvlilebebi da wonasworoba monopoliur bazarze
naxazi 11.12 gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens zRvruli danaxarjis gazrda monopolistis optimalur
fassa da gamoSvebis moculobaze. monopolistis zRvruli danaxarjis zrda naxazze gamosaxulia zRvruli
danaxarjis mrudis zeviT gadaadgilebiT, rasac Seesabameba monopolistis mier gamoSvebis moculobis
Semcireba. gavixsenoT, rom monopolisti awarmoebs moTxovnis mrudis elastikur monakveTze, anu roca
monopolistis zRvruli amonagebi dadebiTia, rasac Seesabameba naxazze 11.12 ,,a~ mTliani amonagebis
aRmavali monakveTi. roca zRvruli danaxarjis zrdis gamo monopolisti amcirebs gamoSvebis moculobas,
misi mTliani Aamonagebi mcirdeba.
243
maSasadame, zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudis zeviT gadadgileba iwvevs monopolistis mTliani
amonagebis Semcirebas, xolo zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudis qveviT gadanacvleba iwvevs monopolistis
mTliani amonagebis gazrdas.

11.4 mravali sawarmos mqone monopolia. karteli

mravali firma awarmoebs produqcias erTze met sawarmoSi. magaliTad, mineraluri wylis `borjomis~
Camomsxmeli kompania produqcias awarmoebs mineraluri wylis Camomsxmel ramdenime sxvadasxva
qarxanaSi.
monopoliis zemoT aRwerili Teoria marTebulia mravali sawarmos mqone monopoliis (Multiplant
Monopoly) SemTxvevaSic. ganvixiloT aseTi monopoliis gadawyvetilebebi warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb
da ganvsazRvroT monopoliisaTvis sawarmoTaA optimaluri raodenoba.
ori sawarmos mqone monopoliis gadawyvetilebebi produqciis raodenobis Sesaxeb
ori sawarmos mqone monopoliis gadawyvetileba warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb ori
komponentisagan Sedgeba: 1. ra raodenobis produqcia awarmoos saerTod; 2. ra raodenobis produqcia
awarmoos TiToeul sawarmoSi.
ganvixiloT ori sawarmos mqone monopolia, romlis erT-erTi sawarmos zRvruli danaxarjia MC
1
(Q),
xolo meore sawarmos zRvruli danaxarji ki MC
2
(Q). davuSvaT, TiToeuli sawarmo Tanabari raodenobis
produqcias awarmoebs. naxazi 11.13 gviCvenebs, rom 3 milioni erTeuli produqciis gamoSvebisas I
sawarmos zRvruli danaxarji metia II sawarmos zRvrul danaxarjze ($6 >$3, SeadareT naxazze A wertili da B
wertili).
MC
maqsimaluri mogebis fasi imyofeba a Sokur fassa
da c zRvruli danaxarjis Sesabamisi fasis Sua
wertilSi
2
) ( c a +

P

f
a
s
i


c

MR=a-2b

0

a
Q raodenoba
nax. 11.11 Suawertilis wesi monopolistisaTvis
wrfivi moTxovnis mrudisa da mudmivi zRvruli danaxarjis mqone monopolistis optimaluri fasi aris zRvruli
danaxarjis C mrudsa da Sokur a fass Soris Suawertilis Sesabamisi fasi fasi.


P=a-bQ
244

aseT SemTxvevaSi MmTliani danaxarjebis Semcirebis saukeTeso da martivi gzaa II sawarmoSi
produqciis moculobis gazrda da imave raodenobiT I sawarmoSi produqciis raodenobis Semcireba. II
sawarmoSi produqciis gamoSvebis zrda zRvrul danaxarjs zrdis $3-mde, maSin roca I sawarmoSi produqciis
Semcireba zRvrul danaxarjs amcirebs $6-mde. ase rom, I sawarmodan II sawarmoSi produqciis warmoebis
gadanawilebiT, monopolia amcirebs mTlian danaxarjs.
maSasadame, mogebis maqsimizaciisas mravali sawarmos mqone monopolia yovelTvis
gadaanawilebs warmoebis moculobas sawarmoebs Soris ise, rom TiToeul sawarmoSi toli zRvruli
danaxarjebi SeinarCunos.
naxazze 11.13 aseTi monopoliis zRvruli danaxarjis mrudia MC
T,
romelic miiReba TiToeuli
sawarmos zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis horizontaluri RerZis gaswvriv SekrebiT. mas mravali sawarmos
mqone monopoliis erTiani zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi ewodeba (Multiplant Marginal Cost Curve).
raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)
a
m
o
n
a
g
e
b
i

(
m
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n
.

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w
a
d
S
i
)

TR
nax. 11.12 zRvruli danaxarjis zrda amcirebs monopolistis mTlian amonagebs
naxazi ,,b gviCvenebs, rom zRvruli danaxarjis zrdam Seamcira monopolistisaTvis produqciis optimaluri raodenoba 4
milioni erTeuli produqciidan 3 milionamde. moTxovnis mrudis elastikur monakveTze produqciis raodenobis Semcireba
iwvevs mTliani amonagebis Semcirebas. maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi raodenobis Semcirebam gamoiwvia
monopolistis mTliani amonagebis Semcireba 32 milion dolaridan 27 milion dolaramde.


0 3 4
27
f
a
s
i

(
d
o
l
a
r
i

k
i
l
o
g
r
a
m
S
i
)


0 3 4
`a
~
zRvruli
amonagebi
dadebiTia
`b~
$9
8
raodenoba (milioni kilogrami weliwadSi)
$32
zRvruli
amonagebi
uaryofiTia
MR D
MC1
MC0
245
magaliTad, 9 milioni erTeuli produqciis warmoebisas $6-is toli erTiani zRvruli danaxarjis misaRwevad
(naxazze E wertili), monopolia awarmoebs 3 milion erTeul produqcias I sawarmoSi (naxazze B wertili) da 6
milion erTeul produqcias II sawarmoSi (naxazze C wertili). monopoliis produqciis optimaluri moculoba
miiRweva maSin, roca monopoliis zRvruli amonagebi erTiani zRvruli danaxarjis tolia 75 3. = =
T
MC MR
milioni (naxazze F wertili). am saerTo raodenobidan 2,5 milioni erTeuli produqcia iwarmoeba II sawarmoSi
(naxazze I wertili), xolo 1,25 milioni erTeuli produqcia ki I sawarmoSi (naxazze H wertili). 3,75 milioni
erTeuli produqciis warmoebisas monopolistisaTvis optimaluri fasia $6.25 (naxazze G wertili).

zogjer erT dargSi momuSave ramdenime firma SeTanxmebulad gansazRvravs dargis produqciis
moculobasa da fass. karteli aris mwarmoebelTa jgufi, romlis wevrebic erTmaneTTan aTanxmeben
produqciis gamoSvebis moculobas da fass. msoflioSi cnobil kartels warmoadgens navTobis eqsportior
qveyanaTa organizacia (OPEC). zogjer kartelis saqmianoba sanqcionirebulia mTavrobis mier. magaliTad,
XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi iaponiis eleqtrokabelebis mwarmoebel dargSi gaerTianebulma Cvidmetma
firmam iaponiis mTavrobisagan miiRo nebarTva, SeeqmnaT karteli. am SemTxvevaSi kartelis Seqmnis
mizans warmoadgenda produqciis moculobis Semcireba, raTa gazrdiliyo produqciis fasi, da Sesabamisad,
kartelis mogebac.
roca karteluri gaerTianebis wevrebi icaven SeTanxmebas, maSin karteli moqmedebs rogorc mravali
sawarmos mqone monopolia. maSasadame, kartelis mogebis maqsimizaciis piroba identuria mravali
sawarmos mqone monopoliis mogebis maqsimizaciis pirobisa.

savarjiSo 6
mravali sawarmos mqone monopolistis optimaluri fasi da gamoSvebis moculoba
amocana
I sawarmos MC
MCT
f
a
s
i


nax. 11.13 ori sawarmos mqone monopoliis mogebis maqsimizacia
aseTi monopoliis zRvruli danaxarjis mrudia MC
T,
romelic miiReba TiToeuli sawarmos zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis
horizontaluri RerZis gaswvriv SekrebiT.


maqsimaluri
mogebis
fasi
F
H I
A
B
G
C
E
D
MR

0 1.25 2.5 3 3.75 6 9

II sawarmos MC
$6.25
6.00
3.00
I sawarmoSi
gamoSvebuli
produqciis
raodenoba
II sawarmoSi
gamoSvebuli
produqciis
raodenoba
maqsimaluri mogebis
Sesabamisi mTliani
gamoSveba
246
davuSvaT ori sawarmos mqone monopolistis moTxovnis mrudi aRiwereba Semdegi gantolebiT
Q P 3 120 = . I sawarmos zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi mocemulia
1 1
20 10 Q MC + = gantolebiT, xolo II
sawarmos zRvruli danaxarjebi mrudi ki
2 2
5 60 Q MC + = . vipovoT monopolistis optimaluri gamoSvebis
moculoba da fasi. aseve davadginoT, Tu rogor anawilebs monopolisti produqciis moculobas sawarmoebs
Soris.
amoxsna
upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa monopolistis erTiani zRvruli danaxarjis mrudis aRmweri gantolebis
gansazRvra. Secdoma iqneboda, Tu I da II sawarmoebis zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis gantolebebs pirdapir
SevkrebdiT: 10+20Q
1
+60+5Q
2
=70+25Q. aseTi Sekreba warmoadgens zRvruli danaxarjebis Sekrebas
vertikaluri RerZis gaswvriv. erTiani zRvruli danaxarjis mrudis miReba ki SesaZlebelia TiToeuli sawarmos
zRvruli danaxarjebis horizotanaluri RerZis gaswvriv SekrebiT. amitom, jer TiToeuli sawarmos zRvruli
danaxarjebis aRmweri gantolebebidan ganvsazRvroT
1
Q da
2
Q , xolo Semdeg miRebuli gamosaxulebebi
SevkriboT:
1 1
20
1
2
1
MC Q + = ,

2 2
5
1
12 MC Q + =
monopolisti ise anawilebs gamoSvebis moculobas sawarmoebs Soris, rom erTidaigive zRvruli
danaxarji SeinarCunos TiToeul maTganSi:
2 1
MC MC MC
T
= =
T T T
MC MC MC Q Q 25 0 5 12
5
1
12
20
1
2
1
2 1
, . + = + + + = +
Q MC MC Q
T T
4 50 25 0 5 12 + = + = . .
MG
T
=50+4Q
axla ukve SegviZlia vipovoT monopolistis optimaluri fasi da gamoSvebis moculoba:
T
MG MR =
120-(2X3Q)=50+4Q
Q Q 4 50 6 120 + = ,
saidanac optimaluri gamoSveba ; 7 = Q ), (7 3 120 = P saidanac optimaluri fasi . 99 = P
axla ganvsazRvroT monopolistis erTiani zRvruli danaxarji optimaluri gamoSvebisas:
78 7 4 50 = + = ) (
T
MR
TiToeul sawarmoSi optimaluri gamoSvebis dasadgenad
T
MG
-
s miRebuli mniSvneloba CavsvaT

1
Q
da
2
Q gamosaxulebebSi
4 3 78
20
1
2
1
1
. ) ( = + = Q

6 3 78
5
1
12
2
. ) ( = + = Q
amrigad, saerTo monopoliuri gamoSvebaa 7, saidanac I sawarmo awarmoebs 3,4 erTeuls, xolo
meore sawarmo ki 3,6 erTeuls.

11.5 monofsonia

247
bazari monofsoniuria Tu erTaderTi firma yidulobs saqonels, momsaxurebas an warmoebis
faqtorebs mravali gamyidvelisagan. monofsonisti SeiZleba iyos calkeuli individi, firma, organizacia an
saxelmwifo. magaliTad, saqarTvelos mTavroba aris saqarTvelos sajariso nawilebisaTvis adgilobrivi
samkervalo sawarmoebis mier damzadebuli uniformebis erTaderTi myidveli.

monofsoniuri wonasworoba
ganvixiloT firmis gadawyvetilebebi, romelic aris Sromis ) (L erTaderTi myidveli bazarze.
davuSvaT, rom firmis sawarmoo funqcia damokidebulia mxolod am faqtorze. firmis mTliani gamoSveba
iqneba ) (L f Q= , sadac L aris firmis mier daqiravebul muSaTa raodenoba. davuSvaT, rom firma
moqmedebs srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze. maSasadame firmis mTliani amonagebi aris ) (L Pf MR= .
Sromis faqtoris zRvruli amonagebi (Marginal Revenue Product of Labor) aris damatebiTi
amonagebi, romelsac firma iRebs erTi damatebiTi muSis daqiravebiT. radgan konkurentul bazarze
firma saqonlis fasis mimRebia, amitom misi zRvruli produqtis amonagebi ) (
L
MRP aris Sromis zRvruli
produqtisa ) (
L
MP da saqonlis fasis ) (P namravli:
L L
Q
MRP P MP P
L
A
= =
A

(11.5)

davuSvaT, rom regionSi firma samuSao Zalis erTaderTi damqiravebelia. magaliTad, saqarTvelos
zogierT regionSi raionuli saavadmyofo aris qirurgebis erTaderTi damqiravebeli.
naxazze 11.14 naCvenebia regionSi samuSao Zalis miwodebis mrudi ) (L W , Sromaze zRvruli
xarjebis mrudi ) (
L
ME da Sromis zRvruli produqtis amonagebis mrudi ) (
L
MRP . Tavdapirvelad firma
qiraobs kviraSi 4 000 samuSao saaTis Sesabamis Sromis raodenobas $10-ad. Sromis raodenobis kviraSi 5
000 saaTamde gasazrdelad firmam xelfasi unda gazardos $12-mde.
radgan Cvens magaliTSi Sroma warmoebis erTaderTi faqtoria, amitom firmis mTliani danaxarji aris
Sromis daqiravebaze gaRebuli mTliani xarjebi: WL TC = . Sromis zRvruli xarji (Marginal Expenditure
on Labor) aris mTliani xarjebis cvlileba gayofili Sromis raodenobis cvlilebaze:
L
TC
ME
L
A
A
=
(11.6)
rogorc 11.14 naxazi gviCvenebs monofsonistis zRvruli danaxarji Sromis damatebiT erTeulze ori
komponentisagan Sedgeba. I farTobi aris damatebiTi erTeuli Sromis daqiravebaze gaweuli danaxarji
( DL W ) ; II farTobi aris damatebiTi danaxarji, romelic gamowveulia xelfasis gazrdiT ara mxolod
damatebiTi erTeuli SromisaTvis, aramed zogadad yvela namuSevari saaTisaTvis ). ) ( L W A maSasadame
Sromis zRvruli xarji aris
L
E
L W
L
L W L W
L
I I
L
TC
ME
fartobi fartobi
L
A
A
+ =
A
A + A
=
A
+
=
A
A
=
) (

(11.7)
radgan miwodebis mrudi aRmavalia, amitom 0 / > A A L W maSasadame, zRvruli xarjis mrudi
mdebareobs miwodebis mrudis zemoT, rac naCvenebia naxazze 11.14.
monofsonistis mTavari amocanaa, daiqiraos maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi Sromis raodenoba.
firmis mogeba aris mTlian amonagebsa da mTlian danaxarjebs Soris sxvaoba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi
monofsonistis mogeba ) (
r
P aris:
248
L L W L Pf P
r
) ( ) ( = (11.8)
monofsonistis mogeba maqsimaluria maSin, roca Sromis zRvruli produqtis amonagebi ) (
L
MRP
Sromis zRvruli xarjebis ) (
L
ME tolia
L L
ME MRP =
monofsonistis mogeba maqsimaluria, roca igi qiraobs kviraSi 3 000 samuSao saaTis Sesabamis
Sromis raodenobas. rogorc naxazze 11.14. miwodebis mrudi gviCvenebs, am raodenobis Sromis daqiraveba
SesaZlebelia saaTSi $8 dolarad, rac naklebia Sromis zRvrul danaxarjze, roca 3000 = L . radgan am wertilSi
zRvruli danaxarji zRvruli amonagebis tolia, gamodis rom monofsonisti Sromas qiraobs zRvrul
amonagebze nakleb fasad.

monofsonistisaTvis ukuelastikurobis mixedviT fasdadebis wesi
monofsoniuri bazris wonasworobis pirobidan ) (
L L
ME MRP = SesaZlebelia miviRoT
ukuelastikurobis mixedviT fasdadebis wesi monofsonistisaTvis (IEPR). am wesis mTavari komponentia
Sromis miwodebis elastikuroba (E
L,w
), romelic gviCvenebs miwodebuli Sromis raodenobis procentul
cvlilebas xelfasis erTi procentiT cvlilebisas.
W
L
L
E W
W MRP
,
1
=

(11.9)


monofsonistisaTvis ukuelastikurobis mixedviT fasdadebis wesi gviCvenebs monofsoniuri Sromis
bazris gansxvavebas konkurentuli Sromis bazrisagan. konkurentul bazarze TiToeuli damqiravebeli Sromis
I
Sromis zRvruli produqtis
amonagebiMEMRPL
Sromis
miwodebis
mrudi M
W (L)

Sromaze
zRvruli
danaxarji
MEMEL
x
e
l
f
a
s
i

(
d
o
l
a
r
i

T
i
T
o
e
u
l

s
a
m
u
S
a
o

s
a
a
T
S
i
)


0 3.000 4.000 5.000
Sromis raodenoba (samuSao saaTi kviraSi)
nax. 11.14 monofsonistis wonasworoba
Tavdapirvelad firma qiraobs kviraSi 4 000 samuSao saaTis Sesabamis Sromis raodenobas $10-ad. Sromis raodenobis
kviraSi 5 000 saaTamde gasazrdelad firmam xelfasi unda gazardos $12-mde. monofsonistis zRvruli danaxarji Sromis
damatebiT erTeulze ori komponentisagan Sedgeba: I farTobi aris gazrdili xelfasiT damatebiTi erTeuli Sromis
daqiravebaze gaweuli xarji; II farTobi aris damatebiTi xarji, romelic gamowveulia xelfasis gazrdiT ara mxolod
damatebiTi Sromis erTeulze, aramed im Sromis dasaqiravebladac, romlis daqiravebac manamde ufro iafad saaTSi
$10-ad SeiZleboda. monofsonistis mogeba maqsimaluria maSin, roca Sromis zRvruli produqtis amonagebi (MRP
L
)
tolia Sromis zRvruli xarjebisa (ME
L
). monofsonistis mogeba maqsimaluria, roca igi qiraobs kviraSi 3 000 samuSao
saaTis Sesabamis Sromis raodenobas saaTSi $8 dolarad.


$12
10
8
II
249
fass W iRebs rogorc mocemuls. am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli firma maqsimalur mogebas iRebs, roca Sromis
zRvruli produqtis amonagebi xelfasis tolia: W MRP
L
=
(11.10)
monofsoniur bazarze firma daqiravebul muSaxels uxdis iseT xelfass, romelic Sromis zRvruli
produqtis amonagebze naklebia. monofsonistisaTvis ukuelastikurobis mixedviT fasdadebis wesis
(IEPR) Tanaxmad, sxvaoba Sromis zRvruli produqtis amonagebsa da xelfass Soris ganisazRvreba
Sromis miwodebis elastikurobis Sebrunebuli sididiT.

savarjiSo 7
monofsoniur bazarze wonasworobis gamoTvla
davuSvaT, monofsoniur bazarze moqmedi firmis sawarmoo funqciaa . L Q 5 = Sroma L aris
warmoebis erTaderTi faqtori, romelic gamoixateba kviraSi samuSao saaTebis raodenobiT (aTasi saaTi
kviraSi).
amocana
davuSvaT, firmis produqciaze sabazro fasia $10, xolo Sromis miwodebis mrudi aRiwereba
gantolebiT: , 2 2 ) ( L L W + = sadac W aris xelfasi erTi samuSao saaTisaTvis gamosaxuli dolarebiT.
ganvsazRvroT monofsoniuri wonasworoba am bazarze.
amoxsna
Tavdapirvelad ganvsazRvroT zRvruli xarjebis funqcia. viciT, rom zRvruli xarjebis funqcia
aRiwereba gantolebiT:
L
W
L W ME
L
A
A
+ =
mocemul formulaSi L W A A / aris miwodebis mrudis daxriloba, romelic tolia 2-is (radgan
miwodebis mrudis aRmwer gantolebaSi ( L L W 2 2 ) ( + = ) daxriloba 2-is tolia). CavsvaT daxrilobis
maCvenebeli da miwodebis mrudis gantoleba zRvruli xarjebis gantolebaSi:
L L L
L
W
L W ME
L
4 2 2 ) 2 2 ( + = + + =
A
A
+ =
axla ganvsazRvroT Sromis zRvruli produqtis amonagebis funqcia. gavixsenoT, rom Sromis zRvruli
produqtis amonagebs ) (
L
MRP miviRebT, Tu Sromis zRvrul produqts ) (
L
MP gavamravlebT saqonlis fasze -
am SemTxvevaSi $10-ze. jer ganvsazRvroT, Sromis zRvruli produqti: 5 =
A
A
=
L
Q
MP
L
,
5 =
L
MP (rogorc amas sawarmoo funqcia L Q 5 = gviCvenebs)
axla ki ganvsazRvroT Sromis zRvruli produqtis amonagebi:
50 5 10 = =
L
MRP
monofsoniuri wonasworobisas daqiravebul muSaTa optimaluri raodenobis dasadgenad Sromis
zRvruli xarjebi gavutoloT Sromis zRvruli produqtis amonagebs:
L L
ME MRP =
L 4 2 50 + = , saidanac
12 = L (aTasi saaTi kviraSi)
250
maSasadame, monofsonistisaTvis Sromis optimaluri raodenobaa 12 000 saaTi kviraSi. am
raodenobis Sromis dasaqiraveblad saWiro xelfasi SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT Sromis miwodebis gantolebis
saSualebiT: ) 12 ( 2 2 + = W , saidanac 26 $ = W saaTSi

monofsoniuri bazris danakargebi
monopoliuri da monofsoniuri bazrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia momxmarebelTa da mwarmoebelTa
erToblivi nametis danakargi. ganvixiloT naxazze 11.15. asaxuli monofsoniuri bazris wonasworoba:
wonasoruli xelfasia $8 saaTSi, xolo Sromis wonasworuli raodenobaa 3 000 saaTi kviraSi. am bazarze,
`momxmarebeli~ aris Sromis damqiravebeli firma, xolo `mwarmoeblebi~ arian Sromis mimwodebeli
muSebi.
monofsoniuri firmis mogeba tolia firmis mTlian amonagebs gamoklebuli Sromaze gaweuli mTliani
danaxarjebi. mTliani amonagebi aris farTobi zRvruli produqtis amonagebis mrudsa da Sromis miwodebis
mruds Soris, roca L= 3 000. amrigad, naxazze 11.15 mTliani amonagebi aris A+B+C+D+E. firmis mTliani
danaxarji Sromaze aris D+E. monofsoniur bazarze firmis maqsimaluri mogeba anu warmoebis faqtoris
myidveli `momxmareblis~ nameti aris A+B+C.


Sromis mimwodebeli muSebis anu warmoebis faqtoris `mwarmoeblebis~ nameti aris sxvaoba
miRebul mTlian amonagebsa da miwodebuli Sromis alternatiul danaxarjs Soris. naxazze 11.15 gadaxdili
mTliani xelfasi aris D+E. Sromis miwodebis alternatiuli danaxarjebi ki gamosaxulia Sromis miwodebis
mrudiT. Sromis miwodebis mrudis qvemoT E farTobi, roca Sromis raodenobaa 3 000, aris Sromis
konkurentuli
Sromis miwodeba

monopoluri xelfasi ___
$8

konkurentuli xelfasi
___ $12

MRPL
Sromis
miwodebis
mrudi

MEL
x
e
l
f
a
s
i

(
d
o
l
a
r
i

T
i
T
o
e
u
l

s
a
m
u
S
a
o

s
a
a
T
S
i
)

0 3.000 5.000
Sromis raodenoba
nax. 11.15 monofsoniiT gamowveuli danakargebi.
monofsoniuri wonsworobisas momxmareblis nametia A+B+C, xolo mwarmoeblis nametia D. konkurentuli bazarze
wonasworuli Sromis raodenoba iqneboda 5 000 samuSao saaTi kviraSi, xolo wonasworuli xelfasi ki _ $12 saaTSi.
momxmareblis nameti iqneboda A+B+F, xolo mwarmoeblis nameti C+D+G. maSasadame, monofsoniiT gamowveuli
danakargi aris F+G.


B
A
C
D
F
G
monofsonuri
Sromis
miwodeba

E
251
miwodebis alternatiuli danaxarji. aseTi alternatiuili danaxarji muSisaTvis SeiZleba iyos dasvenebis dro an
sxva regionSi Sromis sxva bazarze gadasvliT miRebuli xelfasi.
amrigad, naxazze 11.15 monofsoniur bazarze mwarmoeblis nametia D+E-E=D. mwarmoeblisa da
momxmareblis erToblivi nameti ki aris A+B+C+D. konkurentuli bazarze wonasworuli Sromis raodenoba
iqneboda 5 000 samuSao saaTi kviraSi, xolo wonasworuli xelfasi ki _ $12 saaTSi. monofsoniuri bazari
naklebi raodenobis mSromels daiqiravebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom monofsoniuri bazari warmoebis faqtoris
mflobelebidan keTildReobis namets warmoebis faqtorTa myidvelis mimarTulebiT gadaanawilebs.
momxmareblis nameti konkurentul bazarze iqneboda A+B+F, xolo mwarmoeblis nameti C+D+G.
maSasadame, monofsoniiT gamowveuli danakargi aris F+G.

252
11.5 monopoliuri Zalauflebis maCveneblebi

monopolia awesebs zRvrul danaxarjze ufro maRal fass. gansxvavebis sidide monopoliur fassa da
zRvrul danaxarjs Soris damokidebulia monopoliuri bazris moTxovnis mrudis elastikurobaze. monopoliuri
Zalaufleba aris sidide, romelic firmis saqonelze moTxovnis elastikurobis Sebrunebuli sididis tolia.
monopoliuri Zalauflebis maCveneblad gamoiyeneba lerneris indeqsi (Lerner Index):
E p
MC P
I
m
m
L
1
=

=
) (
(11.11)
sadac
L
I - aris monopoliuri Zalauflebis maCvenebeli lerneris indeqsi;
m
P - aris monopoliuri fasi;
MC - aris zRvruli danaxarji
E - aris saqonelze moTxovnis elastikuroba
konkurentul bazarze , P MC= ris gamoc lerneris indeqsi
L
I 0-is tolia. Tu 0 >
L
I , maSin firmas aqvs
monopoliuri Zalaufleba.
praqtikaSi sakmaod rTulia zRvruli danaxarjebis zustad gaangariSeba. amitom lerneris indeqsis
formulaSi MC icvleba AC saSualo danaxarjebiT:
P
AC P
I
L

= (11.12)

gavamravloT tolobis mricxvelic da mniSvnelic Q-ze.
PQ
Q AC P
I
L
) (
= (11.13)
tolobis mricxveli warmoadgens firmis mogebas ) (
r
P , xolo mniSvneli ki firmis mTlian Semosavals
). (TR maSasadame
TR
P
I
r
L
= (11.14)
rogorc vxedavT, lerneris indeqsis mixedviT mogebis maRali norma ganixileba, rogorc firmis
monopoliuri Zalauflebis maCvenebeli.
monopoliuri Zalauflebis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba aseve bazris koncentraciis xarisxis indeqsi,
romelsac herfindal-hirSmanis (Herfindahl-Hirshman Index) indeqss uwodeben. herfindal-hirSmanis
indeqsis
HH
I -is gamoTvilsas gamoiyeneba monacemebi dargSi firmis saqonlis xvedriTi wonis Sesaxeb. rac
ufro maRalia dargSi firmis saqonlis xvedriTi wona, miT met monopoliur Zalauflebas flobs mocemuli firma.

HH
I -is gamoTvlisas xdeba firmebis ranJireba saqonlis xvedriTi wonis mixedviT umsxvilesidan
umcires firmamde:
HH
I

2 2
3
2
2
2
1 n
S S S S + + + + = .... ..........
(11.15)

sadac
HH
I - aris herfindal-hirSmanis indeqsi;
2
1
S - sididiT yvelaze msxvili firmis saqonlis xvedriTi wona;
2
1
S - yvelaze mcire firmis saqonlis xvedriTi wona.
Tu dargSi erTaderTi firmaa, maSin % 100
1
= S da
HH
I

= 100
2
= 10 000.
dargi maRalmonopoliurad iTvleba, Tu
HH
I

aWarbebs 1800. indeqsi farTod gamoiyeneba
saxelmwifos mier antimonopoliuri politikis ganxorcielebis dros da monopoliis saqmianobis regulirebisas.
253

ZiriTadi terminebi
- monopolia
- mogebis maqsimizaciis piroba monopolistisaTvis
- monopoliis saSualo da zRvruli amonagebi
- infrazRvruli erTeuli
- fasdadebis wesi ukuelastikurobis mixedviT
- mravalis sawarmos mqone monopolia
- keTildReobis danakargebi
- monofsonia
- wonasworoba monofsoniur bazarze
- lerneris indeqsi
- herfindal-hirSmanis indeqsi

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. monopoliur bazarze erTi gamyidveli da mravali myidvelia. monopolisti fasis dawesebisas
mxedvelobaSi iRebs saqonelze klebadi moTxovnis arsebobis faqts. monopolistis moTxovnis mrudi
daRmavalia da igi imyofeba monopolistis zRvruli Aamonagebis mrudis zemoT. monopolists ara aqvs
miwodebis mrudi.
2. monopolistis mogeba maqsimaluria, roca monopolistis zRvruli danaxarji zRvruli Aamonagebis tolia.
monopolistis zRvruli Aamonagebi Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: pirveli nawili, romelic warmoadgens
saqonlis sabazro fass, Seesabameba Aamonagebis zrdas damatebiTi produqtiis gayidvisas, xolo
meore nawili Seesabameba Semosavlebis Semcirebas, romelic gamoiwvia infrazRvrul erTeulebze
fasis Semcirebam. zRvruli Aamonagebis meore nawili uaryofiTi sididea.
3. ukuelastikurobis mixedviT fasdadebis wesis (IEPR) Tanaxmad, zRvruli danaxarjis tol fasze
monopolistis fasnamatis sidide moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis Sebrunebuli uaryofiTi sididea.
ukuelastikurobis mixedviT fasdadebis wesi marTebulia msgavsi, magram diferencirebuli produqtis
mqone monopolisturi konkurenciis bazrebisTvisac.
4. monopolisti awarmoebs moTxovnis mrudis elastikur monakveTze. am monakveTze monopolistis
zRvruli amonagebis sidide dadebiTia, mTliani amonagebi izrdeba da mTliani danaxarji mcirdeba. ufro
maRali mTliani amonagebisa da ufro naklebi mTliani danaxarjis SemTxvevaSi mogeba izrdeba.
swored amitom, monopolisti yovelTvis moTxovnis mrudis elastikur monakveTze awarmoebs.
5. moTxovnis cvlilebas Seesabameba monopolistis maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi gamoSvebis
moculobis cvlilebebi: moTxovnis mrudis marjvniv gadanacvleba gamoiwvevs gamoSvebis moculobis
zrdas, marcxniv gadanacvleba ki Semcirebas. zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudis zeviT gadadgileba iwvevs
monopolistis mTliani Aamonagebis Semcirebas, xolo zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudis qveviT
gadanacvleba iwvevs monopolistis mTliani Semosavlebis gazrdas.
6. mravali sawarmos mqone monopolia yovelTvis gadaanawilebs gamoSvebis moculobas sawarmoebs
Soris, raTa SeinarCunos toli zRvruli danaxarjebi yvela sawarmoSi. igi iRebs maqsimalur mogebas,
roca zRvruli Aamonagebis mrudi gadakveTs erTiani zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds, romelic miiReba
TiToeuli sawarmos zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis horizontaluri RerZis gaswvriv SekrebiT.
7. monofsonisti aris konkretuli saqonelis an warmoebis faqtoris erTaderTi myidveli mraval gamyidvels
Soris. maqsimaluri mogebis miRebisas monofsonisti gamoiyenebs im raodenobis warmoebis faqtors,
rom faqtoris gamoyenebiT miRebuli zRvruli Aamonagebi toli iyos faqtorze gaweuli zRvruli
danaxarjisa. am dros warmoebis faqtorSi gadaxdili fasi ganisazRvreba am faqtoris miwodebis mrudiT.
monopoliuri bazris msgavsad, monofsoniuri bazarzec warmoiqmneba keTildReobis danakargebi.
254

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis
1. ratom aris monopolistis moTxovnis mrudi amave dros bazris moTxovnis mrudic?
2. ratom aris monopoliur bazarze zRvruli Aamonagebi fasze naklebi?
3. SeiZleba Tu ara monopolistis zRvruli Aamonagebi uaryofiTi iyos gamoSvebis konkretuli
moculobisas? ratom aris zRvruli Aamonagebi uaryofiTi roca sabazro moTxovna araelastikuria?
4. aris Tu ara monopolistis mTliani Aamonagebi maqsimaluri mogebis maqsimizaciis pirobebSi? pasuxi
axseniT.
5. ra aris ukuelastikurobis mixedviT fasdadebis wesi? rogoraa igi dakavSirebuli monopolistis mogebis
maqsimizaciis pirobasTan?
6. romeli wesis mixedviT anawilebs mravali sawarmos mqone monopolisti gamoSvebis moculobas Tavis
sawarmoebs Soris? gamoiyenebs Tu ara igive wess konkurentul bazarze moqmedi firma?
7. ratom Cndeba keTildReobis danakargebi monopoliur bazarze?
8. riT gansxvavdeba monofsonisti monopolistisagan? SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom erTidaigive firma
erTdroulad iyos monopolistic da monofsonistic?
9. ra aris monofsoniis zRvruli danaxarji? ratomaa igi warmoebis faqtoris fasze ufro maRali?
10. ratom Cndeba keTildReobis danakargebi monofsoniuri wonasworobisas?


255
Tavi 12. faswarmoqmna

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. safaso diskriminaciis arsis axsnas
2. pirveli, meore, mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros nametis miRebis pirobebis Sefasebas
3. mibmiTi gayidvebis dros firmis optimaluri strategiis gansazRvras
4. reklamis ganTavsebisa da gayidvebis Tanafardobis dadgenas

12.1 nametis miReba da safaso diskriminacia

viciT, rom mogebis maqsimizaciisaTvis monopolisti awesebs P
m
fass, romelic aiZulebs
momxmareblebs iyidon produqtis Q
m
raodenoba (naxazi 12.1). monopolisti iRebs mwarmoeblis namets. igi
naxazze mocemulia G+H+K+L farTobebis jamiT. es aris mwarmoeblis nametis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba,
romelsac monopolisti Rebulobs unificirebuli fasis dawesebiT produqtis yoveli erTeulisaTvis.

monopolia monopolia
unificirebuli (erTnairi)fasi pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia
momxmareblis nameti
E+F 0
mwarmoeblis nameti
G+H+K+L E+F+G+H+J+K+L+N
mTliani (saerTo) nameti
E+F+G+H+K+L E+F+G+H+J+K+L+N
wminda danakargi
J+N 0




P
m
fasis dawesebiT monopolisti srulad ver iRebs momxmareblis namets (E+F farTobi, naxazi 12.1).
ufro metic, wminda danakargi (J+N farTobi) warmoadgens kidev erT potenciur ekonomikur sargebels,
romelsac verc mwarmoebeli da verc momxmarebeli ver iRebs. wminda danakargebi warmoiqmneba
MR

0

D

Q
m
Q
1

MC

F E
G H
B
A
K
N L
Pm
P1

J
raodenoba (weliwadSi) Q
fasi P
erTeulze,
lari

nax 12.1 monopolia unificirebuli fasiT da pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia
mogebis maqsimizaciisTvis monopolisti irCevs unificirebul P
m
fass da yidis Q
m
moculobas. mwarmoeblis nametia G+H+K+L.
miuxedavad amisa, is ver iRebs momxmareblis nametis nawils (E+F). arsebobs wminda danakargebi (J+N), romelsac ver iRebs
verc mwarmoebeli da verc momxmarebeli. pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros firma yovel momxmarebels uwesebs
maqsimalur fass, romlis gadasaxdelad mzadaa momxmarebeli. am dros mwarmoeblis nameti tolia: E+F+G+H+J+K+L+N, e.i.
mTel namets TviTon iRebs. firma yidis Q
1
raodenobis produqts, radgan yoveli produqtis erTeulze dawesebuli fasi aWarbebs
zRvrul danaxarjs. am dros ar gvaqvs arc momxmareblis nameti da arc wminda danakargebi.

256
moTxovnis mrudis A da B wertilebs Soris. am monakveTze arian potenciuri momxmareblebi, romlebic
produqts maSinac ar yiduloben, rodesac isini mzad arian gadaixadon Tundac maRali fasi.
ra gziT SeuZlia monopolists meti nametis miReba safaso diskriminaciiT? aRniSnuli xorcieldeba
momxmareblisaTvis gansxvavebuli fasebis dawesebiT. aseve SesaZlebelia momaxmareblisTvis
individualuri fasdaklebis SeTavazebac ise, rom produqtSi gadaxdili fasi damokidebuli iyos momxmareblis
mier nayidi produqtis raodenobaze.
arsebobs safaso diskriminaciis (xarisxis) sami ZiriTadi tipi.
pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia (First-Degree Price Discriminacion)
pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros firma cdilobs momxmareblis mxridan gadaxdisadmi
mzadyofna maqsimaluri fasiT Seafasos. magaliTad, firma cdilobs auqcionze produqti im momxmarebels
miyidos, romelic mzadaa masSi maqsimaluri fasi gadaixados. am dros gamyidveli varaudobs, rom gadaxdili
fasi maqsimaluria.
meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacia (Second - Degree Price Discriminacion)
meore xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis pirobebSi firma momxmarebels sTavazobs raodenobriv
fasdaklebas. erT erTeulSi gadaxdili fasi damokidebulia nayidi produqtis raodenobaze. magaliTad,
kompiuteruli programis erT erTeulSi gadaxdili fasi damokidebulia nayidi programebis raodenobaze. Tu erT
kompiuterul TamaSs yidulob, SesaZlebelia igi 50 larad SemogTavazon, magram 10 TamaSSi SeiZleba 400
lari (erT TamaSSi 40 lari) gadaixadoT.
meore xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis pirobebSi produqtze an momsaxurebaze gadaxdili Tanxa or an
met faszea damokidebuli. magaliTad, bevri momxmarebeli satelefono momsaxurebas gansxvavebuli tarifis
mixedviT ixdis. Tqven SeiZleba satelefono sistemaSi CarTvisTvis yovelTviurad 7 lars ixdideT, magram
amave dros SesaZlebelia arcerTi satelefono zari ar ganaxorcieloT. 7 lars xelmoweris gadasaxads uwodeben.
aseve, telefonis gamoyenebisTvis SeiZleba ixdideT gadasaxads _ damatebiT Tanxas, vTqvaT, 5 TeTri
yovel adgilobriv zarSi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi erTxel darekvis dros yovelTviuri gadasaxadi 7,05 lari
gaxdeba, 100 satelefono zari _ 12 lari. erT satelefono zarSi gadaxdili Tanxa miT naklebia, rac metia
satelefono zari. erTi zarze saSualo fasi 7,05 laria, xolo 100 zaris dros erTi darekvis saSualo fasi 0,12 laramde
mcirdeba.
mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminacia (Third-Degree Price Discriminacion)
mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros firma sxvadasxva momxmarebelTa jgufebs an bazris
segmentTa identificirebas axdens. firma, romelsac unda mogebis maqsimizacia, bazris yoveli
segmentisaTvis specialur fass awesebs da inversiuli elastikurobis wesis gamoyenebiT zRvrul amonagebs da
zRvrul danaxarjs utolebs erTmaneTs
9
.
magaliTad, aviaxazebSi ician, rom gadaadgildebian rogorc biznesmenebi, aseve mogzaurebi
(damsveneblebi). Tu cnobilia, biznes segmentis moTxovna, kompanias SeuZlia moaxdinos mogebis
maqsimizacia zRvruli amonagebis zRvrul danaxarjebTan gatolebiT. igive SeuZlia gaakeTos mogzaurebis
segmentTan mimarTebaSic, Tu cnobilia am segmentis moTxovna. yoveli segmentis SigniT firma erTnair
fass awesebs, magram es fasi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes am or segments Soris. magaliTad, aviaxazebs

9
inversiuli elastikuroba: (P
i
- MC
i
)/P
i
= -1/E
QiPi ,
sadac, P
i
- produqtis fasia, MC
i
- zRvruli danaxarjebi, E
QiPi
- firmis moTxovnis
safaso elestikuroba. inversiuli elastikurobis wesiT sxvanairad gamoisaxeba optimalur raodenobis arCevs wesi (zRvruli amonagebi
zRvruli danaxarjis tolia) im firmisaTvis, romelsac daRmavali moTxovnis skala aqvs.

257
SeuZliaT daaweson biznes momxmareblisaTvis erT bileTze 500 lari, magram damsvenebelebs
gadaaxdevinos mxolod 200 an 300 lari.
imisaTvis, rom firmam safaso diskriminaciis dros miiRos ufro meti nameti, saWiroa sruldebodes
garkveuli sabazro pirobebi:
- firmas unda gaaCndes sabazro Zalaufleba, raTa moaxdinos safaso diskriminacia, sxva sityvebiT,
moTxovnis mruds unda hqondes daRmavali forma. Tu firmas ar gaaCnia sabazro Zalaufleba, maSin igi
fasis mimRebia da ar SeuZlia daawesos gansxvavebuli fasebi sxvadasxva gamoSvebaze. bevr dargSi
mxolod ramdenime mwarmoebelia da yoveli maTgani akontrolebs fass. magaliTad, aviaxazebis industriaSi
kompaniam icis, rom mas SeuZlia moizidos meti momxmarebeli fasebis SemcirebiT (aviaxazebi
monopolistebi ar arian, magram maT mainc SeuZliaT hqondeT sabazro Zalaufleba);
- firmas unda hqondes informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli fasis gadaxda SeuZliaT
individebs. agreTve unda icodes, Tu rogor icvleba arsebuli fasebi an moTxovnis elastikuroba
momxmarebelTa Sesabamisad;
- firmas unda SeeZlos Tavidan aicdinos xelmeored gayidvebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi im
momxmarebels, romelic dabal fasad SeiZens produqts, SeuZlia Suamavlis roli Seasrulos da dabal fasad
nayidi produqti miyidos momxmarebels. aseT dros namets miiRebs Suamavali da ara firma.

12.2 pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia

pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis (srulyofili safaso diskriminacia) arsis gagebisaTvis sasurvelia
produqtis moTxovnis skala warmoavadginoT rogorc gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnis sqema. igi gviCvenebs
Tanxis sidides, romlis gadasaxdeladac mzad aris momxmarebeli. moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia, amitom
momxmarebeli, romelic produqtis pirvel erTeuls yidulobs, mzadaa ufro maRali fasi gadaixados, vidre is
momxmarebeli, romelic meore erTeuls yidulobs. gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnis sidide klebulobs yoveli axali
erTeulis gadaxdis Semdeg.
pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia idealuria gamyidvelis gadasaxedidan. Tu gamyidveli warmatebulad
danergavs pirveli xarisxis safaso dikriminacias, maSin igi yovel erTeuls produqts daafasebs im maqsimalur
sidided, romlis gadasaxdeladac mzadaa momxmarebeli.
pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis moqmedebis sailustraciod CavTvaloT, rom flobT gansxvavebuli
dizainis jinsebs da bazarSi moxvedrili yvela myidveli Tqvens maRaziaSi Semodis. calkeul momxmarebels
naTlad SeiZleba SevamCnioT, Tu ra fasis gadaxdisTvis aris igi mzad. vinaidan yvela momxmarebeli am
maRaziaSi Semodis, ukve gecodinebaT moTxovnis mrudi jinsebisaTvis (naxazi 12.1).
ra fass daadebT jinsebs, rom moaxdinoT mogebis maqsimizacia? Tqven momxmarebels
gadaaxdevinebT im maqsimum sarezervo (daTqmul, SeTanxmebul) fass (mocemuli moTxovnis mrudis
dasawyisSi), romelic zustad misi sarezervo fasis tolia. magaliTad, vTqvaT, momxmarebeli mzadaa jinsSi
gadaixados 100 lari. Tqven dauwesebT 100 laris tol fass da mTel namets Tqven miiRebT. analogiurad, Tu
meore maRali fasis gadamxdeli momxmarebeli mzadaa 99 laris gadasaxdelad, mas 99 lars dauwesebT da am
drosac maqsimalur namets miiRebT. Tu SegiZliaT ganaxorcieloT srulyofili safaso diskriminacia, maSin
SeZlebT produqtis yoveli erTeuli momxmareblis sarezervo fasis Sesabamisad gayidoT.
ra raodenobis jinsebs gayidiT? Tu Q
1
raodenobas gayidiT, maSin Tqvens mier miRebuli fasi aWarbebs Q
1

raodenobamde gayidul yvela erTeulis zRvrul danaxarjebs (naxazi 12.1), e.i. mzad xarT gayidoT Q
1
raodenoba.
258
ufro mets ar gayidiT, radgan yoveli damatebiTi erTeulisaTvis misi zRvruli danaxarji aWarbebs masSi gadaxdil
fass. am dros mwarmoeblis nameti warmodgenili iqneba Semdegi farTobebis jamiT E+F+G+H+J+K+L+N
(moTxovnisa da zRvruli danaxarjis mrudebs Soris). momxmarebeli veranair namets ver iRebs, radgan igi
mTlianad Tqven miiReT.
es magaliTi zemoT aRwerili safaso diskriminaciis mniSvnelovani Tvisebebis ilustracias axdens,
kerZod:
pirveli _ gamyidvels unda gaaCndes sabazro Zalaufleba, jinsebisTvis moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia.
gamyidvels ar Wirdeba iyos monopolisti gansakuTrebuli dizainis mqone jinsebis bazarze, radgan sxva
maRaziebs SeuZliaT msgavsi markis jinsebi gayidon.
meore _ gamyidvelma unda icodes Tu ramdenad icvleba momxmareblis mixedviT gadaxdisadmi
mzadyofnis sidide. am magaliTis mixedviT SegviZlia davinaxoT is fasi, romlis gadaxdisadmi mzad aris
momxmarebeli. realur samyaroSi gacilebiT Znelia amis gansazRvra. gamokiTxvis SemTxvevaSi
momxmarebeli gaurbis am kiTxvaze pasuxs _ fiqrobs, rom Tqven mas maqsimalur fass dauwesebT.
bunebrivia, igi ufro dabal fass getyodaT, raTa TviTon mieRo nametis nawili. xSirad, gamyidveli myidvelis
Sesaxeb gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnaze informacias Semdeg wyaroebze dayrdnobiT ikvlevs: sad cxovrobs da
muSaobs, rogor icvams da saubrobs, ra manqaniT dadis an ra Semosavali aqvs. es informacia, ra Tqma unda,
srulyofilad ver asaxavs momxmareblis gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnas, magram igi exmareba gamyidvels miiRos
ufro meti nameti, vidre am informaciis gareSe SeZlebda amas.
mesame _ gamyidvelma Tavidan unda aicdinos xelmeored gayidva. davuSvaT, rom Tqvens
maRaziaSi Semosuli erTaderTi momxmareblis sarezervo fasi aris 50 lari an naklebi, momxmareblebi ki,
romlebic ufro maRals fass gadaixdidnen, gareT icdian. Tu maRazia jinsebs 50 larad an naklebad gayidis,
maSin momxmarebeli, romelmac jinsi iyida SeiZleba gadamyidvelis rolSi mogevlinoT. sawyisi gayidviT
Tqven xelidan gauSvebT nametis nawils, magram samagierod mas gadamyidveli miiRebs.
naxazidan 12.1 Cans, rom Tu monopolisti awesebs unificirebul fass, arsebobs wminda danakargi. ra
SegviZlia vTqvaT wminda danakargis Sesaxeb pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros? yovel
momxmarebels, romelic yidulobs produqts Q
1
niSnulis marcxniv, gaaCnia gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna, romlis
sidide tolia an aWarbebs produqtis zRvrul danaxarjs. momxmarebeli, romelic ver yidulobs produqts Q
1
niSnulis marjvniv, mzadaa gadaixados Tanxa, romelic naklebia produqtis zRvrul danaxarjze. srulyofil pirveli
xarisxis safaso diskriminacias mivyavarT ukugebis ekonomikurad efeqtian donemde.
amrigad, srulyofili pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis pirobebSi wminda danakargi ar aris.
10

magaliTi 1
nametis miReba pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis pirobebSi
rogor SeuZlia monopolists miiRos pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciiT meti nameti, vidre
unificirebuli fasis dros? vTqvaT, monopolists aqvs mudmivi zRvruli danaxarji MC = 2 da firmis moTxovnis
mrudi P=20_Q. naxazze 12.2 naCvenebia moTxovnisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebi. am SemTxvevaSi
fiqsirebuli danaxarjebi ar gvaqvs.

10
srulyofili pirveli xarisxis diskriminacias mivyavarT efeqtian bazramde (arsebobs nulovani wminda danakargebi), magram yvela
rodi rCeba kmayofili ukugebiT. kerZod, momxmareblebi SeiZleba ar iyvnen kmayofilebi Semosavlebis gadanawilebiT, radgan
mTeli nameti mwarmoebelTa xelSi gadadis. e.i. efeqtianoba yovelTvis ar mianiSnebs bazris monawileTa ,,Tanasworobaze.
259

MR

O

D

MC

W
X
11
2
nax. 12.2 nametis miReba pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciiT
unificirebuli fasis pirobebSi firma miiRebs mwarmoeblis namets 81 laris odenobiT (RTMZ farTobis toli). pirveli
xarisxis safaso diskriminaciisas firma miiRebs mwarmoeblis namets 162 lars (WXZ farTobi).

R T
20

N Y
Z M
18 20
9
fasi P
erTeulze,
lari

raodenoba (weliwadSi) Q
erTiani fasebiT
0
260
kiTxva
a) vTqvaT, ar aris daSvebuli an ar aris SesaZlebeli safaso diskriminacia. rogori iqneba mwarmoeblis
nameti?
b) vTqvaT, firmas SeuZlia ganaxorcielos pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia. rogori iqneba
mwarmoeblis nameti?
amoxsna
a) radgan inversiuli moTxovna aris P=20_Q, zRvruli amonagebis mrudi aris MR =P +
(AP/AQ)Q=(20_Q)+(-1)Q=20_2Q. optimaluri raodenobis mosaZebnad zRvrul amonagebs vutolebT zRvrul
danaxarjebs. amitom 20_2Q=2; Q=9. moTxovnis mrudidan optimaluri unificirebuli fasi iqneba P=20_9=11.
am SemTxevaSi fiqisirebuli danaxarjebi ar arsebobs, mwarmoeblis nameti (PS) aris amonagebs
gamoklebuli mTliani cvalebadi danaxarjebi, romelic 2Q-s tolia. PS=PQ _2Q=81; naxazze mwarmoeblis
nameti aris amonagebs (ORTN farTobs) gamoklebuli cvalebadi danaxarjebi (zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudis
qvemoT OZMN farTobi). mwarmoeblis nameti aris RTMZ farTobi.
b) pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros firma axdens gamoSvebas manam, sanam moTxovna da
zRvruli danaxarjebi ar gadakveTen erTmaneTs, e.i. 20_Q=2, Q=18 (naxazi 12.2). monopolistis mTeli
amonagebi srulyofili pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros aris farTobi moTxovnis mrudis qvemoT
yvela warmoebuli erTeulisaTvis. amonagebi es aris naxazze mocemuli OWXY farTobi, romlis ricxobrivi
maCvenebelia 198.
mwarmoeblis nameti aris mTlian amonagebs gamoklebuli cvalebadi danaxarjebi, e.i.
PS=198_2(18)=162. naxazis mixedviT mwarmoeblis nameti aris amonagebs (OWXY farTobs) gamoklebuli
cvalebadi danaxarjebi (OZXY farTobi, romelic zRvruli danaxarjis mrudis qvemoTaa ganlagebuli).
mwarmoeblis nameti aris WXZ farTobi.
maSasadame, mwarmoeblis nameti izrdeba 81 erTeuliT, rodesac firma unificirebuli fasidan (11)
pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciisaken gadainacvlebs.

12.3 meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacia

bazarze momxmarebeli drois mocemul periodSi produqtis an momsaxurebis erT erTeulze mets
yidulobs. magaliTad, yovelTviurad momxmareblebi yiduloben elqtrenergiis da wylis bevr erTeuls.
adamianebi sazogadoebrivi transportiT sargebloben da Tvis ganmavlobaSi bevrjer mgzavroben, aseve
mgzavrebi sahaero transportiTac xSirad dafrinaven.
gamyidvelebma ician, rom momxmarebelTa moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia, e.i. momxmarebelTa
gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna yoveli momdevno erTeulis gayidvis Semdeg klebulobs. gamyidvelma SeiZleba
gamoiyenos es informacia, raTaA miiRos damatebiTi nameti momxarebelTaTvis raodenobrivi fasdaklebebis
SeTavazebiT. raodenobrivi fasdaklebebis ganxilvisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT imas, rom yvela maTgani
rodia safaso diskriminaciis Sedegi. xSirad gamyidvilebi raodenobriv fasdaklebas mimarTaven, radgan didi
raodenobis gayidvisas naklebi danaxarjebi aqvT. magaliTad, xaWapuri, romelic oTx adamians eyofa, rogorc
wesi, ufro naklebad iyideba, vidre ori an erTi adamianisaTvis sakmarisi. samuSao Zalis, momzadebisa da
SefuTvis xarjebi ar arian Zalian mgZnobiare xaWapuris sididis mimarT. fasis daweseba asaxavs im faqts,
rom didi xaWapuris SemTxvevaSi misi Rirebuleba dabalia patara xaWapurTan SedarebiT.
261
rogor miesadageba raodenobrivi fasdakleba meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacias? ganvixiloT
fasdaklebis or magaliTi: safexurebrivi (proporciuli) faswarmoqmna (Block Pricing) da faswarmoqmna
xelmowerisa da gamoyenebis (Subscription end Usage Charges) dros.

magaliTi 2
safexurebrivi (proporciuli) faswarmoqmna
rogor gamoiyenebs gamyidveli meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacias, raTa miiRos nameti?
simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom eleqtroenergiis bazarze mxolod erTi momxmarebelia. naxazi 12.3
gviCvenebs eleqtroenergiaze momxmareblis moTxovnas da zRvrul danaxarjs. momxmarebels gaaCnia
moTxovna P=20_Q, sadac Q aris momxmareblis moTxovnili eleqtroenergiis raodenoba, roca fasi P-s tolia.
eleqtroenergiaze zRvruli danaxarjia MC=2. rogorc magaliTidan vnaxeT, unificirebuli fasi, romelic mogebis
maqsimizaciis saSualebas gvaZlevs, aris P=11.
CavTvaloT, rom gamyidveli momxmarebels Tavazobs raodenobriv fasdaklebas. naxazis 12.3
gamoyenebiT SegviZlia davinaxoT, rom gamyidvels SeuZlia damatebiTi nametis miReba. magaliTad,
davuSvaT gamyidveli isev afasebs pirvel 9 erTeuls P
1
=11 larad da Semdeg yovel damatebiT nayid erTeulze
sTavazobs daklebul fass P
2
= 8 lars. momxmarebels SeuZlia mTlianad 12 erTeuli SeiZinos. e.i. raodenobrivi
fasdaklebiT gamyidvelma waaxalisa momxmarebeli, rom mas damatebiT 3 erTeuli eleqtroenergia eyida.
mwarmoebelis nameti gaizarda 18 erTeulamde (FKLM farTobi, naxazi 12.3).
naxazze 12.3 mocemul safaso skalis magaliTs safexurebriv (proporciul) tarifs uwodeben. aseTi tarifis
dawesebis SemTxvevaSi momxmarebeli ixdis fass (tarifs) 11 lars pirvel 9 erTeulSi, xolo Semdeg yoveli
damatebiTi erTeulisaTvis 8 lars. romeli safexurebrivi fasi iZleva yvelaze meti nametis miRebis saSualebas?
gamyidvels am tipis fasis gamoyenebiT meti nametis miReba SeuZlia. firma awesebs sxvadasxva
safexurebriv fass im dros, rodesac eleqtroenergiis zRvruli danaxarji ar icvleba, mudmivia.


O

MC

W
X
11
2
nax. 12.3 maqsimaluri nametis miReba meore xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis pirobebSi unificirebuli
fasis dros firma iRebs mwarmoeblis namets 81 laris odenobiT (RTMZ-is farTobis toli) safexurebrivi tarifiT
SeuZlia 11 lari fasis daweseba pirveli 9 erTeulsaTvis, xolo Semdeg yoveli damatebiTi erTeulisaTvis awesebs 8
lars. firma iRebs mwarmoeblis namets 99 lars (RTMZ + FKLM farTobi).

R
T
20

N Y
Z M
9 12 18 20
L
K
8
F
fasi P
erTeulze,
lari


raodenoba (weliwadSi) Q

eleqtroenergiaze individualuri moTxovnis mrudi

0
262



ramdenad gaiumjobesebs mdgomareobas mwarmoebeli optimaluri safexurebrivi tarifis SerCeviT?
davuSvaT, rom energo kompania gvTavazobs tarifis or dones. naxazze 12.4 naCvenebia safexurebriv-
proporciuli tarifi, romelic mwarmoeblis nametis maqsimizacias axdens. momxmarebels SeuZlia SeiZinos
pirveli 6 erTeuli 14 larad (anu P
1
=14 lari da Q
1
=6). momxmarebeli damatebiT erTeulebs SeiZens 8 larad.
momxmarebeli mTlianad 12 (Q
2
=12) erTeuls miiRebs. mwarmoebeli bolo 6 (Q
2
_ Q
1
) erTeuls gayidis 8
larad (P
2
= 8)
11
.

magaliTi 3
faswarmoqmna xelmowerisa da gamoyenebis dros
ganvixiloT meore xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis gamoyenebis magaliTi. rodesac satelefono serviss
yidulobT xSirad ixdiT fiqsirebul Tanxas (magaliTad, 10 lari yovel TveSi) mxolod imitom, rom CarTuli xarT
satelefono kompaniaSi. miuxedavad imisa, gaakeTebT zars am TveSi Tu ara, Tanxa mainc unda

11
gamoviTvaloT optimaluri safexurebrivi tarifi. davuSvaT, viciT optimaluri fasi da raodenoba (P
1
da Q
1
) pirveli blokisaTvis.
naxazze 12.4 BE segmenti warmogvidgens Tu ra rCeba momxmareblis moTxovnis mrudidan pirveli Q
1
raodenobis SeZenis Semdeg.
zRvruli amonagebi, romelic moTxovnis mrudis am nawilTanaa dakavSirebuli BN segmentia. gamovTvliT optimalur raodenobas Q
2
wertilSi - meore blokisaTvis zRvruli amonagebis BN mrudisa da zRvruli danaxarjis MC mrudis kveTiT. imis gamo, rom moTxovnis

mrudi am magaliTSi wrfivia, zRvruli amonagebis BN mruds orjer meti daxra aqvs, vidre moTxovnis mruds. amitom meore blokis
raodenoba Q
1
-sa

da 18-s Sorisaa, Q
2
= (Q
1
+18)/2.
Semdeg SegviZlia gamovTvaloT mwarmoeblis nameti safexurebrivi fasdaklebis pirobebSi. amonagebi pirveli blokidan aris
P
1
Q
1 ,
meore blokidan P
2
(Q
2
_Q
1
). bolos, cvalebadi danaxarjebi iqneba zRvruli danaxarjis mrudis qvemoT 2Q
2
. mwarmoeblis nameti
aris PS =P
1
Q
1
+P
2
(Q
2
_Q
1
) _ 2Q
2
; CvenTvis cnobilia moTxovnis gantoleba P
1
=20-Q
1
da P
2
=20-Q
2.
amrigad, PS=(20-Q
1
)Q
1
+(20-
Q
2
) (Q
2
-Q
1
)-2Q
2.
sabolood, Tu PS-is formulaSi CavsvamT optimalur Q
2
raodenobas: Q
2
= (Q
1
+18)/2 da algebruli gardaqmnebis
Sedegad miviRebT: PS = -(3/4) (Q
1
_6)
2
+ 108
mwarmoeblis nametis maqsimizacia xorcieldeba 108 doneze, rodesac Q
1
=6
.
amitom pirveli blokis optimaluri raodenoba aris


Q
1
=6. pirveli blokis optimaluri fasi ki P
1
=20-Q
1
=14. meore blokis optimaluri raodenoba Q
2
= (Q
1
+18)/2= (6+18)/2=12. meore
blokis optimaluri fasi ki P
2
=20-Q
2
=8
0

O

MC

W
X
P1 =14
2
nax. 12.4 ufro meti nametis miReba optimaluri safexurebrivi tarifis dawesebis pirobebSi optimaluri
safexurebrivi tarifis dros vTqvaT, gvaqvs fasebis mxolod ori done. firma awesebs 14 lars pirveli donisaTvis (pirveli 6 erTeuli)
da Semdeg 8 lars damatebiTi erTeulebisaTvis. firma iRebs 108LAlaris namets (ABFKLZ farTobi).

B
F
20

G N Y
Z
6 12 18 20
L
K
P2 = 8
A
E
Q1 Q2
fasi P
erTeulze,
lari


raodenoba (weliwadSi) Q

eleqtroenergiaze individualuri moTxovnis mrudi

263
gadaixadoT. es fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi xSirad iwodeba xelmoweris (CarTvis) gadasaxadad. amave dros
yovelTvis, rodesac adgilobriv satelefono zars axorcielebT, ixdiT e.w. gamoyenebis gadasaxads (magaliTad,
5 TeTri erTi zarisaTvis).
xelmowerisa da gamoyenebis fasebis kombinacia saSualebas aZlevs firmas moaxdinos
momxmareblisTvis raodenobrivi fasdakleba. momxmarebelis Tviuri danaxarji aris E=10(lari)+0,05 (lari)Q,
romelic Sedgeba yovelTviuri xelmoweris Tanxa (10 lari) da yoveli Sesrulebuli zaris raodenoba gamravlebuli
erTi damatebiTi zaris fasze (0,05 lari). erT zarze saSualo danaxarji iqneba E/Q=(10lari/Q)+0,05lari.
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saSualo danaxarji yovel TveSi zarebis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba.
magaliTad, Tu momxmarebeli ganaxorcielebs 5 zars TveSi, zaris saSualo Rirebuleba iqneba 2,05 lari
(10/5+0,05=2,05). magram 100 satelefono zarisTvis saSualo Rirebuleba mcirdeba 0,15 laramde
(10/100+0,05=0,15).
rogor SeuZlia firmas gamoiyenos xelmowerisa da gamoyenebis gadasaxadebi meti nametis
misaRebad? davuSvaT, rom yvela momxmarebeli erTnairia. yovel momxmarebels gaaCnia mocemuli
moTxovna satelefono servisze (naxazi 12.5). vTqvaT, satelefono kompaniis yoveli zaris zRvruli danaxarji
0,05 laris tolia. kompania unda iyos darwmunebuli, rom ar miiRebs zarals, Tu igi momxmareblis yoveli
zarisaTvis 0,05 lars dauawesebs. momxmarebeli yovelTviurad Q
1
zars axorcielebs da misi nametia S
1

(farTobi, naxazze 12.5). satelefono kompanias SeuZlia yovelTviuri xelmoweris Tanxis dawesebiT

Tavisken gadaqaCos momxmareblis nameti. radgan xelmoweris Tanxa S
1
-ze naklebia, momxmarebeli
gaagrZelebs satelefono servisiT sargeblobas. Tu es Tanxa S
1
-s ar aRemateba momxmareblisaTvis sulerTia
kompania xelmoweris Tanxas daawesebs, Tu ara. firma mSvidad rom iyos imis Taobaze, rom arcerTi
momxmarebeli ar ityvis uars satelefono momsaxurebaze, awesebs xelmoweris Tanxas S
1
-ze odnav dabla.
12


12
realur pirobebSi firma advilad ver aiRebs mTel namets Semdegi ori mizezis gamo. pirveli _ moTxovna gansxvavdeba yvela calke
aRebuli momxmareblisaTvis. Tu firma gazrdis xelmoweris da gamoyenebis Tanxas, raTa meti nameti miiRos maRali moTxovnis
0.05
S
1
nax. 12.5 xelmowerisa da gamoyenebis gadasaxdebi
yovel momxmarebels gaaCnia moTxovnis D mrudi satelefoni servisisaTvis da satelefono kompaniis zRvruli
danaxarji erTi zarisaTvis 0,05 lars Seadgens. Tu kompania awesebs yovel zarisTvis 0,05 laris tol gamoyenebis
gadasaxads, maSin momxmarebeli yovelTviurad 1 zars SeiZens da miiRebs momxmareblis namets, romelic S
1
-is
tolia. satelefono kompania SeZlebs momxmareblis kuTvnili nameti miiRos yovelTviuri xelmoweris Tanxis
dawesebiT. radgan xelmoweris gadasaxdi S
1
larze naklebia, momxmarebeli gaagrZelebs satelefono servisis
SeZenas.


Q
1
D
MC
fasi, P
lari
rodenoba Q
0
264

12.4 mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminacia

zogjer firmas SeuZlia momxmarebelTa sxvadasxva segmentis identifikacia bazarze. mesame xarisxis
safaso diskriminaciiT firma gamoiyenebs momxmarebelTa TiToeuli jgufisTvis moTxovnis mruds, raTa
konkretuli segmentaciisTvis mogebis maqsimizaciis fasi daawesos. TiToeuli segmentisaTvis firma irCevs
fass, romelic utoldeba zRvrul danaxarjebsa da zRvrul amonagebs.
ganvixiloT magaliTi, romelic asaxavs mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminacias. aSS-Si 1980-ian
wlebSi sarkinigzo gadazidvebis gadasaxadebi mniSvnelovnad daregulirda. mas Semdeg rkinigza iyenebs
mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminacias, raTa gansxvavebuli fasebi daawesos sxvadasxva produqtis
gadazidvaze.
vTqvaT, rkinigzis saSualebiT gadasatania naxSiri da marcvleuli. orive produqti erTnair gadatanas
eqvemdebareba specialuri konteinerebiT, cisternebiT, SefuTvis gareSe. marcvleuliT datvirTuli cisterna
TiTqmis imdenives iwonis, rasac naxSiriT datvirTuli (daaxloebiT 10 tonas). amitom orive tvirTis
gadazidvaze saWiro zRvruli danaxarjebi mocemul manZilze TiTqmis erTi da igivea. miuxedavad amisa,
rkinigza mainc 2-3-jer Zvirs iTxovs naxSiris gadazidvaSi, vidre xorbalSi. ratom xdeba ase?
pasuxi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad gansxvavdeba xorblisa da naxSiris gadazidvebze
moTxovna. xorblis gadazidvebSi rkinigzas did konkurencias uwevs saavtomobilo transporti da marJebi
(satvirTo gemebi). magaliTad, xorbali erTi Statidan meoreSi SeiZleba gadaizidos rogorc barJebiT mdinariT,
aseve trasiT satvirTo manqanebiT. amitom moTxovna xorblis sarkinigzo gadazidvebze mgrZnobiarea
rkinigzis mier daawesebuli gadasaxadis mimarT. moTxovnis mrudi, romelic aRwers sarkinigzo
gadazidvebze moTxovnas, xorblis SemTxvevaSi naCvenebia naxazze 12.6. Tu rkinigza xorblis gadazidvaze
maRal fass daawesebs, bevri momxmarebeli ar isargeblebs am momsaxurebiT.
meore mxriv, naxSiri xSirad misi mwarmoebeli regionebidan ufro did manZilze gadaitaneba.
rkinigzas did manZilze gadazidvebSi sagrZnoblad mcire gadasaxadis daweseba SeuZlia, vidre satvirTo
manqanebiT gadazidvis SemTvevaSia SesaZlebeli.
arsebobs kidev ramdenime mosazreba sarkinigzo gadazidvis sasargeblod. samdinaro gadazidvebi
SeuZlebelia imis gamo, rom qvanaxSiris mompovebeli regionebi sakmaod Sorsaa samdinaro arxebidan.
aqedan gamomdinare, konkurencia barJebis mxridan SezRudulia. naxazi 12.6 ,,a gviCvenebs qvanaxSiris
gadazidvebis moTxovnis mruds sarkinigzo transportze. qvanaxSiris gadazidvebi ufro metad aris
damokidebuli sarkinigzo gadazidvebze, vidre xorblis gadazidvebi. amitomac isini mzad arian ufro meti
gadaixadon sarkinigzo servisSi.

mqone momxmareblebidan. zogierTi dabali moTxovnis mqone momxmarebeli saerTod ar SeiZens serviss. amitom firmam unda
icodes, Tu ramdeni momxmarebeli hyavs maRali moTxovniT da ramdeni dabali. damatebiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom firmam SeiZleba
icodes, rom arseboben sxvadasxva tipis momxmareblebi, magram SeiZleba ar icodes, Tu romeli momxmarebelia maRali da dabali
moTxovnis mqone. amitomac isini momxmarebelbs sTavazoben xelmowerisa da gamoyenebis gadasaxadebis nusxas, Semdeg ki
saSualebas aZleven TviTon aarCion maTTvis mosaxerxebeli gadasaxdebis paketi. magaliTad, fiWuri telefonebis kompaniam
SeiZleba SeTavazos erTi paketi yovelTviuri gadasaxadiT 20 lari da gamoyenebis gadasaxadi 0,25 lari yoveli zarisaTvis. sxva pakets
Tavazobs momxmarebels, sadac xelmoweris gadasaxadi 30 lars udris, xolo gamoyenebis gadasaxdi SeiZleba SeTavazos erTi paketi
yovelTviuri gadasaxadi 20 laris odenobiT da gamoiyenos gadasaxadi yoveli zarisTvis 0,20 lari. momxmarebeli, romelic elodeba, rom
TveSi 200 zarze naklebs ganaxorcielebs, upiratesobas pirvel pakets mianiWebs, xolo momxmarebeli, romelic 200 zarze mets
gegmavs, meore sqemisken gadaixreba.
265
naxazidan 12.6 Cans, rom zRvruli danaxarjebi erTi da igivea yoveli produqtis erT tonaze (10$).
13

mogebis maqsimizaciis fasi qvanaxSiris tona-milze 24$ Seadgens. igi asaxavs fasis mimarT mgrZnobiarobis
simcires am saqonlis transportirebisaTvis. zRvruli amonagebisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis gatolebiT
aRmoCndeba, rom marcvleulis gadazidvebze mogebis maqsimizaciis fasi erTi tona-milze aris naxevari,
vidre qvanaxSirze (12$). xorblis gadazidvebze dabali fasi asaxavs fasis mimarT mgrZnobiarobas.


sarkinigzo gadazidvebs safaso diskrimianciis SemoRebis dros problemebi TiTqmis ar aqvs. maT
ician Tu vin aris naxSiris da xorblis gadazidvebis myidveli. Tu energo kompanais Wirdeba naxSiris yidva,
naklebad SesaZlebelia man sarkinigzo gadazidvebze ufro iafi transportirebis SesaZlebloba ipovos.

magaliTi 4
safaso diskriminacia progresuli integraciiT
am Tavis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, rom warmatebuli safaso diskriminaciisaTvis saWiroa firmam
aRkveTos Tavisi produqtis an momsaxurebis xelmeored gayidva. safaso diskriminaciis danergvis erT-erT
strategiad SegviZlia ganvixiloT progresuli (mowinave) integracia.

13
aSS-Si satransporto gadazidvebis erTeulad miRebulia `tona-mili~, rac gulisxmobs 1 tona sawvavis 1 milze gadatanas. msoflios
sxva qveynebSi es erTeuli `tona-kilometria~.
MRg
$38
Dc, moTxovna naxSiris
sarkinigzo gadazidvebze
0
Pc=24
nax. 12.6 naxSiris da xorblis sarkinigzo gadazidvebze fasis daweseba
naxazi ,,a gviCvenebs moTxovnas naxSiris sarkinigzo gadazidvebze, xolo ,,b moTxovnas xorblis gadazidvebze.
xorblis gadazidvebisTvis xSirad rkinigzis nacvlad barJebsa da satvirTo manqanebs iyeneben, amitom misi
gadazidvebi Zalian grZnobiarea rkinigzis mier dawesebuli fasis mimarT. naxSiris gadazidvebi ufro metad aris
damokidebuli sarkinigzo gadazidvebze da amitomac mzad arian ufro meti gadaixadon. mesame xarisxis safaso
diskriminaciiT rkinigza xSirad naxSiris gadazidvebze orjer met fass awesebs, vidre xorbalze, miuxedavad imisa,
rom produqts gadazidvebis zRvruli danaxarji TiTqmis erTi da igivea. am magaliTSi mogebis maqsimizaciisaTvis
naxSiris gadazidvis fasia $24, xolo xorblis $12.

10
$14
Pg=12
14 19 38 Qc
8 28 56 Qg
MC
a)
b)
Qc naxSiris raodnoba
(tona weliwadSi)
Qg xorblis raodenoba
(tona weliwadSi)
Pc naxSiris gadazidvis fasi
(dolari erT tonaze)
Pg xorblis gadazidvis fasi
(dolari erT tonaze)
Dg, moTxovna
xorblis
sarkinigzo
gadazidvebze
MRC
Pc
Pg
Dc
Dg
0
266
progresuli integracia aris strategia, rodesac firma gadadis imave biznesSi, sadac misi momxmarebelebi
arian. ganvixiloT rogor moaxerxa ,,alkoam (Alcoa) aRekveTa Tavisi produqtis xelmeored gayidva (1930-
ian wlebamde igi iyo monopolisti pirveladi aluminis warmoebaSi).
alumini Zalian bevri produqtis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba. ,,alkoam icis, rom alumini nawilobriv
imiT fasobs, rom igi metalurgiul warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, msubuqi liToni TviTmfrinavis
korpusis dasamzadeblad. alumins garkveuli `Wimvadobac~ axasiaTebs (wonis moqmedebis Sedegad
iWimeba, izniqeba), amitomac xSirad gamoiyeneba xidebis damWeri gvarlis dasamzadebald. sxva
nivTierebebi alumins ver cvlian. aqedan gamomdinare, ,,alkoam icis, rom aluminze pirveladi moTxovna
araelastikuria kabelebis warmoebasa da TviTmfrinavTmSeneblobaSi.
sxva produqtebis warmoebaSi aluminis gamoyenebis upiratesoba SedarebiT naklebia. magaliTad,
alumini SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas qvabebis da tafebis warmoebaSi, magram am sferoSi igive warmatebiT
SeiZleba sxva liTonebis gamoyenebac. amitom samzareulos mowyobilobebis gasakeTeblad aluminis
moTxovna SedarebiT elastikuria.

davuSvaT, rom aluminisagan mzaddeba ori produqti (naxazi 12.7). ,,alkoas surs gamoiyenos mesame
xarisxis safaso diskrimiancia, raTa alumini maRal fasad miyidos TviTmfinavTmSeneblobisa da xidis
kabelebis mwarmoeblebs, xolo SedarebiT dabal fasad WurWlis damamzadeblebs. man icis, rom problemebi
gauCndeba aluminis gayidvasTan dakavSirebiT. Tu TviTmfrinavmSeneblebi gaigeben, rom WurWlis
mwarmoeblebi alumins ufro dabal fasad yiduloben, maSin TiToeulma maTganma SeiZleba WurWlis
mwarmoeblad daasaxelos Tavi.
xelmeored gayidvis Tavidan asacileblad ,,alkoam gadawyvita TviTon gaakeTos aluminis qvabebi da
tafebi (swored es aris progresuli integraciis magaliTi samzareulos mowyobilobebis biznesSi). igi aRar yidis
nax. 12.7 ,,alkoas progresuli integracia safaso diskriminaciis misaRwevad
,,alkoam icis, rom pirvelad aluminze moTxovna SedarebiT araelastikuria TviTmfrinamSenebelobaSi da xidis kabelebis
warmoebaSi. veranairi sxva masala ver Secvlis alumins am produqtebis damzadebisas. meore mxriv, ,,alkoas aluminze
moTxovna samzareulos WurWlis dasamzadebald sakmaod elastikuria, radgan sxva masalebis gamoyenebacaa SesaZlebeli
am produqtis dasamzadeblad. ,,alkoas surs alumini maRal fasad gayidos TviTmfrinavmSeneblebze da dabal fasad
WurWlis mwarmoeblebze. magram man icis, rom xelmeored gayidvebs SeiZleba qondes adgili da amitomac iRebs
gadawyvetilebas TviTon awarmoos qvabebi da tafebi (es aris misi WurWlis damzadebis biznesSi integrirebis strategia).
aRar yidis pirvelad alumins dabal fasad da gayidvebs awarmoebs mxolod maRali fasis gadamxdel klientebze.

,,alkoa
aluminis pirveladi
mwarmoebeli
samzareulo
nakeTobebi
kabelebi,
avianakeTobebi
progresuli
integracia

moTxovnis safaso
elastikuroba
--------------------

maRal
elastikuri

naklebad
elastikuri

fasi
------

dabali

maRali

267
pirvelad alumins dabal fasad da sxva kompaniebisTvis mxolod maRal fass awesebs. swored, progresuli
integraciiT SeuZlia ,,alkoas moaxdinos safaso diskriminacia da Tavidan aicilos nedleulis gadayidva.

SerCeva (Screening )
sainteresoa ratom ukeTeben pensionerebs da studentebs fasdaklebas iseTi organizaciebi, rogorebicaa
Teatrebi, sahaero transporti, saqalaqo transporti da restornebi? erTi SesaZlo pasuxi am kiTxvaze is aris, rom
adgili aqvs safaso diskriminacias, rac bizness saSualebas aZlevs miiRos nameti. ufrosi Taobis adamianebs
xSirad sakmaod SezRuduli Semosavlebi aqvT (praqtikuald im xalxs, romlebic pensiaze gavidnen). igive
mdgomareoba aqvT studentebs, magram maT gaaCniaT ufro meti Tavisufali dro, vidre momuSaveebs.
Sesabamisad, asakovan moqalaqeebsa da studentebs xSirad axasiaTebT elastikuri moTxovna produqtsa da
servisze. inversiuli elastikurobis fasis dawesebis wesi firmebs urCevs am tipis momxmareblisiTvis
SedarebiT dabali fasi daaweson.
biznesSi xSirad gamoiyeneba asakisa da studentis statusis parametrebi. es meqanizmi saSualebas
iZleva momxmareblis SerCeva moxdes Semdegi maxasiaTeblebiT: 1) informacia myidvelis Sesaxeb, romlis
dadgenac firmas SeuZlia; 2) informacia myidvelis Sesaxeb, romlis dadgena firmis mier rTulia, magram
Zalian saWiroa (gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna an moTxovnis elastikuroba). magaliTad, kinoTeatrs SeuZlia
Seafasos momxmareblis moTxovnis elastikuroba, rodesac igi Semodis kinoTeatrSi (ra Tqma unda igi
pirdapir ver dasvams kiTxvas gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnaze). menejers SeuZlia dainaxos iseTi maxasiaTebeli,
rogoricaa momxmareblis asaki an studentis statusi. umetesi studentisa da asakovani moqalaqis moTxovna
elastikurobiT xasiaTdeba da amitomac menejers SeuZlia am segmentisaTvis ufro dabali fasis daweseba.
menejerma SeiZleba moiTxovos momxmareblisagan asakis damadasturebeli sabuTi an studenturi bileTi.
safaso diskriminacia drois mixedviT. sezonuri moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, dRis an wlis
periodebis mixedviT mravali servisi sxvadasxva fasad iyideba. magaliTad, satelefono kompaniebi xSirad
aweseben ufro maRal fasebs dRis ganmavlobaSi da naklebs saRamos saaTebSi. maT ician, rom
momxmareblebi da mewarmeebi dRis ganmavlobaSi agvareben aucilebel saqmeebs.
aseve mraval momxmarebels surs, rom iyos `pirveli pirvelTa Soris~ da yidulobs axal kompiterul
produqts, axal musikalur centrs an naxulobs axal films. gamyidvelebma ician, rom aseTi momxmareblebi
mzad arian produqtis drouli miRebisaTvis meti gadaixadon da iyeneben drois meqanizms.
gamyidvelebi ufro maRal fass adeben produqts, rodesac igi pirvelad gamodis sarealizaciod.
magaliTad, myidvelebi Tavdapirvelad did Tanxas ixdian xuT-funqciur mobilurSi. ramdenime wlis Semdeg
SeZlebT aseTi mobilurebi Zalian iafad SeeZinas. igive procesebi SeiZleba davinaxoT rTuli kompiuteruli
teqnikis gamoyenebis magaliTze. axal modelze wlis ganmavlobaSi fasi 50%-iT da metadac SeiZleba
Semcirdes. ra Tqma unda, produqtis gamoSvebis pirvel periodSi safaso diskriminacia maRali fasis
dawesebis erTaderTi mizezi ar aris. produqtze fasi SeiZleba droTa ganmavlobaSi Semcirdes, radgan
warmoebis danaxarjebi mcirdeba.

12.5 mibmiTi gayidvebi

268
firmebi nametis misaRebad xSirad iyeneben mibmiT gayidvebs (Tying,Tie-in-sales). igi gamyidvels
saSualebas aZlevs momxmarebels produqti miyidos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is mzad iqneba masTan
erTad sxva produqtic iyidos.
aRniSuli saSualeba gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac momxmarebeli erTmaneTisgan
gansxvdeba yidvis sixSiriT. magaliTad, firmas aqvs patenti aslis gadamRebze, romelic sxvebisagan
gansxvavebiT aRWurvilia damatebiTi funqciebiT, Tanac sakmaod mimzidvelia momxmareblisTvis. aseTi
patenti firmas garkveul sabazro Zalauflebas aniWebs sxva firmebTan SedarebiT. Tu igi safaso
diskriminacias mimarTavs, SeuZlia momxmareblebs, romlebic TveSi 1500 aslze mets akeTeben, meti
daufasos, vidre im momxmareblebs, romlebsac TveSi mxolod 400 asli sWirdebaT. aseTi momxmareblis
garCeva xSirad Znelia da mxolod aslis gadamRebebis mwarmoebeli firma amas ver SeZlebs. maSin rogor
SeuZlia firmas meti nameti miiRos sabazro Zalauflebis gamoyenebiT? firmam SeiZleba aslis gadamRebis
gayidva miabas qaRaldis gayidvebs (e.i. produqts, romelic aslebisTvis gamoiyeneba). firmam SeiZleba
qaRaldi gayidos `moTxovnebis kontraqtis~ safuZvelze. kontraqti avaldebulebs aslis gadamRebis myidvels
qaRaldic misgan iyidos. qaRaldis fasi odnav meti iqneba masze gaweul danaxarjebze da firma maRal
mogebas miiRebs.
magaliTidan Cans, rom mibmiTi gayidvebi firmas aZlevs saSualebas gaafarToos bazarze Tavisi
Zalaufleba. aRniSnuli mibmiTi gayidvebis gareSe firma qaRaldidan saSualoze maRal mogebas ver
miiRebda. qaRaldis bazari metad konkurentulia, radgan misi damzadebisTvis gansakuTrebuli teqnologiebi ar
aris saWiro. Tu firmas surs qaRaldi momxmareblebs miyidos sabazroze ufro met fasad, igi darwmunebuli
unda iyos, rom isini sxva bazris subieqtebisgan qaRalds ar iyidian. magaliTad, SemoiRos wesi, rom
sagarantio momsaxureba aslis gadamRebze moqmedia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momxmarebeli aqve
SeiZens qaRalds.
14

xSirad am saxis gayidvebis praqtika kamaTis sagani xdeba. mbeWdavis (printer) mwarmoebels unda,
rom momxmarebelma swored misi fxvnili iyidos da SeiZleba ikamaTos kidec _ misi fxvnilia saWiroa, rom
mbeWdavi ar daziandes. aseTi saxis kontroli firmis reputaciis SesanarCuneblad aris saWiro. sxva
mwarmoeblebi, romlebsac aseve undaT fxvnilis gayidva, SeiZleba fiqrobdnen, rom es kanonsawinaaRmdego
qmedebaa. xSirad aseTi kamaTi sasamarTloSi mTavrdeba.


paketireba
paketireba (Bundling) gulisxmobs mibmul gayidvebs, rodesac momxmareblebi saqonels paketSi
yiduloben. sxvadasxva saqonlis cal-calke yidva mas ar SeuZlia. magaliTad, sakabelo televiziaze xelmoweris
dros iZulebuli xarT iyidoT mTliani `paketi~, nacvlad imisa, rom yovel arxze cal-calke xelmowera gaakeToT.
aseve akvaparkSi, zooparkSi an sabavSvo parkSi Sesasvlelad nayidi bileTiT iRebT uflebas yvela atraqcioniT
isargebloT. kompiuterebis mwarmoebelma SeiZleba SemogTavazoT paketi, romlSic Sedis procesori da
monitori.
15
'

14
aseTi saxis praqtika xSirad saWiroebs e.w. `metrirebas~ (gazomvadobas). aslis gadamRebs aqvs aseTi kontrolis saSualeba. masze
damontaJebulia mricxveli, romelic daqseroqsebuli erTeulebis raodenobas afiqsirebs.
15
paketireba mibmiTi gayidvis msgavsia, magram yvela maTgani paketirebas ar gulisxmobs. magaliTad, mibmiTi yidva xdeba, roca
momxmarebeli valdebulia procesoris yidvis Semdeg xmis gamaZlierebelic am mwarmoeblisagan iyidos, magram SeuZlia igi iyidos
procesoris SeZenis gareSe. aRniSnulis sawinaaRmdegod SegviZlia moviyvanoT akvaparkis, zooparkis an sabavSo parkis paketirebis
magaliTi.
269
ratom yidian firmebi zogjer or an met saqonels erT paketSi maTi cal-calke gayidvis nacvlad?
paketirebam SeiZlena meti mogeba moitanos, Tu momxmarebelTa gemovneba gansxvavdeba or produqtze
(gansxvavebuli gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna) da firmas safaso diskriminaciis gatareba ar SeuZlia. davuSvaT,
kompania or sxvadasxva produqts yidis _procesors da monitors. procesoris zRvruli danaxarji aris 1000$,
xolo monitorisa 300$.

paketirebas SeuZlia mogebis gazrda, rodesac momxmarebelTa preferenciebi uaryofiT korelaciaSia
16

cxrili 12.2
rezervaciis fasi (maqsimaluri
gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna)
procesori monitori
momxmarebeli 1 $1200 $600
momxmarebeli 2 $1500 $400
zRvruli danaxarji $1000 $300

simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom bazarze mxolod ori moxmarebelia, magram firmas ar SeuZlia safaso
diskriminaciis gatareba. cxrilSi 12.2 mocemulia, Tu gadaxdisadmi ra mzadyofna gaaCnia TiToeul
momxmarebels. orive momxmarebels SeiZleba undodes axali procesoris da monitoris yidva, magram
SeiZleba surdes SeiZinos mxolod axali procesori (SeiZleba ukve aqvs Zveli monitori) an mxolod axali
monitori (raTa Zvel procesorTan gamoiyenos). ,,momxmarebeli 1 gadaixdis 1200$-s axal procesorSi da
600$-s monitorSi, xolo ,,momxmarebeli 2 gadaixdis 1500$-s procesorSi da 400$-s monitorSi. vnaxoT
rogori iqneba firmis mogeba, Tu igi saqonlis paketirebas ar mimarTavs. ra P
P
fasi unda daawesos man
procesorze? Tu firma faawesebs P
P
=1500$-s, maSin igi mxolod erT procesors gayidis (,,momxmarebeli 2)
da miiRebs 500$-is odenobiT mogebas (fass gamoklebuli zRvruli danaxarji, e. i. 1500$_1000$ = 500$)
17
.
Tu igi daawesebs P
P
=1200$ fass, maSin or procesors gayidis da 400$-is odenobiT mogebas miiRebs (200$
yoveli procesoridan). ase, rom mas pirveli varianti urCevnia P
P
=1500$.
axla vnaxoT ra fasis daweseba urCevnia firmas monitorisaTvis (P
m
)? Tu igi awesebs P
m
=600$ fass,
maSin mxolod erT monitors gayidis (momxmarbelze 1) da 300$ mogebas miiRebs (fass 600$-s
gamoklebuli zRvruli danaxarji 300$). Tu P
m
=400$-s, maSin igi or monitors gayidis da Sebamisad 200$
mogebas miiRebs (100$ TiTo monitori). saukeTeso gamosavali firmisTvis iqneba daawesos P
P
=1500$ da
P
m
=600$ fasebi. am SemTxvevaSi saerTo mogeba 800$-ia (500$ procesoridan da 300$ monitoridan).
davuSvaT, xdeba procesorisa da monitoris paketireba. rogori iqneba mogeba? ,,momxmarebeli 1
mzad iqneba gadaixados 1800$ paketisaTvis, xolo ,,momxmarebeli 2 ki 1900$-s gadaixdis. Tu paketi
gaiyideba 1900$-ad, maSin mxolod ,,momxmarebeli 2 SeZlebs paketis yidvas. mTliani amonagebi iqneba
1900$ da mogeba 600$ (mTliani danaxarji 1300$=1000$kompiuteris+300$ monitoris) anu 1900$ _ 1300$ =
600$ mogeba.
aqedan gamomdinareobs Semdegi daskvna: umjobesia paketirebiT gaiyidos saqoneli, Tu P
b
= 1800$;
yoveli paketis SemTxevaSi mogeba 500$-s Seadgens (mTlian amonagebs 1800$-s gamoklebuli mTliani

16
preferencia or subieqts Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba erTmaneTis upiratesobis miniWebiT
17
,,momxmarebelis 1-is rezervaciis fasia 1500$. mkacrad rom vTqvaT, Tu mwarmoebeli daadgens procesoris fass P
P
= 1500$,
,,momxmarebeli 1 indiferentuli gaxdeba yidvis da aryidvis arCevans Soris. CavTvaloT, rom momxmarebeli yidulobs, rodesac fasi
maqsimaluri gadaxdis mzadyofnas utoldeba (firmas yovelTvis SeuZlia erTi centiT mainc dawios fasi, rom gayidos saqoneli)
270
danaxarji 1300$) anu firmis mTliani amonagebi iqneba 1000$. mwarmoebeli mogebis maqsimizacias
akeTebs P
b
=1800$ paketis gayidvis dros. paketireba zrdis mogebas 800$-dan (paketirebis gareSe) 1000$-
mde (paketirebis SemTxvevaSi).
ratom axdens paketireba mogebis maqsimizacias? saqme is aris, rom momxmarebelTa moTxovnebi
uaryofiT korelaciaSia. uaryofiTi korelacia niSnavs, rom ,,momxmarebeli 1 mzadaa meti gadaixados
procesorSi, vidre ,,momxmarebeli 2, maSin, rodesac ,,momxmarebeli 2 mzadaa meti gadaixados
monitorSi. paketirebiT mwarmoebeli aiZulebs momxmarebels aiRos orive saqoneli, maSin roca paketirebis
gareSe igi orives ar SeiZenda.
ratom aris momxmarebelTa moTxovnebis uaryofiTi korelacia mniSvnelovani? ganvixiloT sapirispiro
movlena _ moTxovnebi erTmaneTTan dadebiT korelaciaSia. cxrilSi 12.3 mocemulia momxmarebelTa
moTxovnebi. momxmareblebis preferenciebi (survilebi, moTxovnebi) dadebiT korelaciaSi arian
erTmaneTTan, radgan ,,momxmarebels 1-s unda meti gadaixados monitorSi da meti procesorSi, vidre
,,momxmarebels 2-s.
Tu mwarmoebeli ar moaxdens paketirebas, maSin mogebis maqsimizacia moxdeba procesoris 1500$-
ad gayidvis SemTxvevaSi. yoveli gayiduli procesoridan mogeba 500$-s Seadgens. mxolod ,,momxmarebeli
2 yidulobs procesors imave fasSi. yvelaze meti mogebis miReba (300$) firmas SeuZlia miiRos monitoris
600 dilarad gayidvis SemTxvevaSi, mxolod ,,momxmarebeli 2 yidulobs monitors da mTliani mogeba 800$-
s Seadgens. (SegiZliaT darwmundeT, rom firmisTvis nakleb momgebiania gayidos an procesori an monitori
sakmaod dabal fasad, rom ,,momxmarebeli 1 moxiblos). Tu mwarmoebeli procesorsa da monitors paketSi
gayidis, saukeTeso variantia 2100$ -is daweseba da mogeba 800$ iqneba. aqedan gamomdinare, paketireba
ar zrdis firmis mogebas.

paketireba ar zrdis mogebas, rodesac momxmarebelTa preferenciebi dadebiT korelaciaSia
cxrili 12.3
rezervaciis fasi (maqsimaluri
gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna)
procesori monitori
momxmarebeli 1 $1200 $400
momxmarebeli 2 $1500 $600
zRvruli danaxarji $1000 $300


Sereuli paketireba (Mixed Bundling)
praqtikaSi firmebi xSirad saSualebas aZleven momxmareblebs iyidon komponentebi individualurad da
amave dros gamoiyenon paketirebac. magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT SeiZinoT procesori ,,Dell-isagan
monitoris gareSe, amas Sereuli paketireba ewodeba. riT aris ukeTesi Sereuli paketirebis startegia
firmisaTvis?
ganvixiloT magaliTi, romelic mocemulia cxrilSi 12.4. oTxi momxmareblidan yoveli momxmarebeli
mzadaa gadaixados 1700$ paketisaTvis. maTi moTxovnebi uaryofiT korelaciaSi arian. momxmarebeli,
romelic mzadaa gadaixados meti procesorSi, naklebs ixdis monitorSi. magram rogorc vnaxavT,
mwarmoebeli ver moaxdens mogebis maqsimizacias paketze 1700$-is dawesebiT.
Sereul paketirebas SeuZlia gazardos sargeblianoba
271
cxrili 12.4
rezervaciis fasi (maqsimaluri
gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna)
procesori monitori
momxmarebeli 1 $900 $800
momxmarebeli 2 $1100 $600
momxmarebeli 3 $1300 $400
momxmarebeli 4 $1500 $200
zRvruli danaxarji $1000 $300

ganvixiloT sami SemTxevva:
1. ar aris paketireba. Tu mwarmoebeli ar axdens paketirebas, igi maqsimizacias ukeTebs kompaniis
mogebas, roca 1300$-ad procesors da 600$-ad monitors yidis. am pirobebSi procesors iyidis
,,momxmarebeli 3 da ,,momxmarebeli 4. firmis mogeba procesoridan iqneba 600$ (gayiduli 2 procesori,
yoveli maTganis fasi 1300$, danaxarji 1000$-ia). Tu monitoris fasi 600$-ia ,,momxmarebeli 1 da
,,momxmarebeli 2 monitors iyidian. firmis mogeba monitorebidan aseve 600$ iqneba (gaiyideba 2 monitori,
TiToeulis fasi 600$, xolo danaxarjebi 300$) amrigad, mTliani mogeba iqneba 1200$;
2. wminda paketireba (mxolod paketebis gayidva). Tu mwarmoebeli sTavazobs momxmareblebs
pakets, romelSic procesori da monitori Sedis 1700$-ad, oTxive momxmarebeli iyidis pakets. yovel paketze
mogeba 400$ iqneba (1700$ amonagebs gamoklebuli zRvruli danaxarjebi 1300$). mTliani mogeba iqneba
1600$;
3. Sereuli paketireba. am SemTxvevaSi mwarmoebeli momxmarebels sam variants Tavazobs. yidis
procesors calke P
P
fasad, monitors calke P
m
fasad da pakets procesori + monitori P
b
fasad.
ratom aris firmisaTvis optimaluri strategia Sereuli paketirebis SeTavazeba? aseTi fasis dawesebis
strategia survils ukargavs momxmarebels calke iyidos erTi komponenti, roca misi gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna
ufro dabalia, vidre komponentis zRvruli danaxarji.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom ,,momxmarebeli 1 mzadaa mxolod 900$ gadaixados procesorSi, rac
naklebia, vidre procesorze zRvruli danaxarji. magram firmisaTvis ar aris momgebiani ,,momxmarebel 1-s
procesori aRniSnul fasad miyidos. Tu ,,momxmarebeli 1 1700$-ad yidulobs pakets, maSin firma aRniSnuli
paketis gayidviT 400$ mogebas miiRebs (anu 1700$ amonagebs minus 1300$ danaxarji). Tu momxmarebeli
iyidis pakets, igi miiRebs nulis tol momxmareblis namets.
firmas monitoris calke gayidviT ,,momxmarebeli 1-gan ufro meti mogebis miReba SeuZlia. mas
SeuZlia moandomos ,,momxmarebels 1-s iyidos monitori calke iseT fasad, rodesac igi meti momxmarebelis
namets miiRebs, vidre paketis yidvis dros. Tu mwarmoebeli calke monitors 799$-ad gayidis, maSin
,,momxmarebeli 1 iyidis mas da monitoridan firma 499$ mogebas miiRebs, firma 99$-iT mets iRebs, roca
momxmarebeli mxolod monitors iRebs paketis nacvlad. amave dros momxmarebelic mogebulia, radgan 1$
tol momxmareblis namets iRebs (Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom misi gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna monitorze iyo
800$) e.i firmam unda daawesos P
m
=799$ fasi.
analogiurad, ,,momxmarebeli 4 monitorSi mxolod 200$-is gadaxdaze acxadebs mzadyofnas, rac
naklebia, vidre procesorze zRvruli danaxarji, anu ,,momxmarebel 4-ze monitoris gayidva firmas ar awyobs.
,,momxmarebeli 4-Tvis ukeTesia paketis nacvlad mxolod procesori iyidos 1499$-ad (da miiRos
272
momxmareblis nameti 1$). procesoris calke gayidva ,,momxmarebeli 4-ze firmas 400$-is nacvlad 499$
mogebas aZlevs, rasac 1700$-iani paketis gayidviT miiRebda anu firmam unda daawesos P
P
=1499$ fasi.
amrigad, ,,momxmarebel 2-s da ,,momxmarebel 3-s uaryofiTi korelaciuri moTxovnebi aqvT. ufro
metic, Tanxa, romlis gadaxdazec isini mzadyofnas acxadeben, zRvrul danaxarjze metia. amrigad, firmas
urCevnia isini paketSi gayidos da paketze P
b
= 1700$ fasi daawesos. Sereuli paketirebis dros
,,momxmarebeli 4 yidulobs calke procesors, ,,momxmarebeli 1 ki mxolod monitors, xolo ,,momxmarebeli
2 da ,,momxmarebeli 3 yiduloben pakets. mTliani mogeba aris 1798$. mogeba gacilebiT metia Sereuli
paketirebisas, vidre is iqneboda paketirebis gareSe (1200$) an mxolod paketirebiT gayidvisas (1600$).

12.6 reklama

reklamiT gamyidveli imedovnebs gazardos moTxovna saqonelze, gadaadgilos moTxovnis mrudi
marjvniv da Seqmnas nametis meti moculoba. magram reklama did danaxarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli.
naxazze 12.8 naCvenebia reklamiT miRebuli efeqti. naxazis mixedviT firmas ar SeuZlia safaso
diskriminaciis gatareba da reklamaze danaxarjebi gavlenas axdenen firmis fiqsirebul danaxarjze, magram ar
gadaadgilebs zRvruli danaxarjis mruds. magaliTad, logikuria vivaraudoT, rom ludis damzadebis
SemTxvevaSi zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi reklamaze ar aris damokidebuli.


davuSvaT, rom firma reklamas ar akeTebs. am SemTxvevaSi produqtze moTxovna da zRvruli
amonagebi aris D
0
da MR
0
mrudebi, xolo saSualo da zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebia AC
0
da MC. firma
uSvebs Q
0
raodenobas da erTeul produqts yidis P
0
fasad. naxazidan Cans, rom maqsimaluri mogebis miReba
firmas SeuZlia reklamis gareSe, magram reklama mogebas mniSvnelovnad zrdis.
Tu firma A
1
lars reklamaSi daxarjavs, moTxovnis mrudi gadainacvlebs marjvniv D
1
mdgomareobaSi
da zRvruli amonagebis mrudi gaxdeba MR
1
. reklama gazrdis firmis mTlian danaxarjebs, amitom saSualo
P0
D
1
D
0
AC
0

P1

nax. 12.8 reklamis efeqti

MC
AC
1

0 0 Q
0
Q
1







sargebeli
reklamiT (A
1
)
fasi P
erTeulze,
lari
sargebeli
reklamis
gareSe
raodenoba (weliwadSi) Q
MR
0

MR
1

273
danaxarjebis mrudi izrdeba da xdeba AC
1
. mogebis maqsimizaciis mizniT firma uSvebs Q
1
raodenobis
produqts da erTeuls yidis P
1
fasad. naxazze mocemuli moTxovnisa da danaxarjebis mrudebis mixedviT
firmas SeuZlia iyos ufro momgebiani reklamirebiT. vTqvaT, igi xarjavs A
1
lars

reklamaSi da firmis
maqsimaluri mogeba izrdeba ise, rogorc naxazzea naCvenebi.
Tu firma mogebis maqsimizacias axdens reklamis daxmarebiT (A>0) da awarmoebs dadebiT
raodenobas (Q>0), aucilebelia sruldebodes ori piroba:
1. rodesac Q gamoSveba optimaluradaa SerCeuli, mTlian amonagebSi cvlileba bolo gamoSvebuli
erTeulisaTvis ATR/AQ (anu zRvruli amonagebi MR
Q
) unda udrides bolo erTeulis zRvrul danaxarjs ATC/AQ
( MC
Q
). MR
Q
=MC
Q
aris optimalur raodenobis SerCevis piroba monopolistisaTvis. optimaluri raodenobis
SerCevis gantoleba inversiuli elastikurobis wesis analogiurad SeiZleba Semdegnairad warmovadginoT:

P Q,
E
1
P
MC - P
Q
= , (12.1)
sadac P _aris produqtis fasi, E
Q,P
_ aris moTxovnis elstikurobis fasi.
2. Tu reklamis done A optimalurad aris arCeuli, maSin maqsimaluri mogebis dros reklamis pirobebSi
zRvruli amonagebi bolo erTeulidan ATR/AA (romelic aRniSnulia MR
A
-Ti) unda udrides bolo erTeulis
gamoSvebis zRvrul danaxarjs reklamis pirobebSi ATC/AA (MC
A
).
ratom unda arsebobdes MR
A
= MC
A
toloba maqsimaluri mogebis dros? Tu reklamis arsebuli donis dros
MR
A
> MC
A
,

reklamis damatebiTi erTeuli amonagebs ufro metad gazrdis, vidre danaxarjebs. am
SemTxvevaSi firmam SeiZleba gazardos mogeba meti reklamiT. analogiurad Tu MR
A
< MC
A
firmas
SeuZlia mogeba gazardos naklebi reklamiT.
piroba MR
A
= MC
A
sxvagvaradac SeiZleba warmovadginoT. Tu mudmiv fass vinarCunebT, rogor cvlis
reklamis done mTlian amonagebs? Tu produqtze moTxovna aris Q(P,A), e.i. moTxovnili raodenoba
damokidebulia rogorc fasze, aseve reklamaze, maSin firmis mTliani amonagebi aris TR= PQ(P,A). Tu
reklama izrdeba mcire sididiT (AA), mTliani amonagebis nazrdi (ATR) iqneba fasis (P)-is reklamaze
moTxovnis raodenobis nazrdis (AQ) namravlis toli. amrigad, ATR=PAQ. roca orive mxares gavyofT AA-ze
miviRebT ATR/AA = P(AQ/AA). gamodis, rom zRvruli amonagebi reklamidan tolia MR
A
= P(AQ/AA).
rogor gavlenas axdens reklamis donis cvlileba mTlian danaxarjebze? mTliani danaxarjebi aris:
TC=C(Q(P,A))+A. zRvruli danaxarjebi damatebiTi reklamisaTvis aris ATC/AA (aRniSnulia MC
A
-Ti). Tu
reklama mcire sididiT icvleba (AA), maSin reklamis xarjebi izrdeba AA-iT. magram moTxovnili raodenoba
aseve izrdeba AQ-iT. Tu firma awarmoebs damatebiT raodenobas, warmoebis danaxarjebi izrdeba
(MC
Q
)(AQ). amitom damatebiT reklamis gavlena mTlian danaxarjebze iqneba ATC = (MC
Q
) (AQ) + AA.
orive mxares gavyoT AA-ze da miviRebT MC
A
= (MC
Q
)(AQ/AA) + 1.
roca MR
A
= MC
A
, maSin P(AQ/AA)=MC
Q
(AQ/AA)+1 algebruli gardaqmnebis Sedegad Cven
SegviZlia davweroT:

PQ
A
E
1
P
MC P
A Q,
Q
=

(12.2)
sadac
Q,A
aris reklamaze moTxovnis elsatikuroba. reklamaze moTxovnis elastikuroba izomeba
procentuli gayidvebis zrdaSi, rac reklamis 1%-iT gazrdas gamoiwvevs. (12.1) da (12.2) gantolebebis
274
marcxena mxareebi erTi da igivea (lerneris indeqsi). Tu gavutolebT erTmaneTs gantolebis marjvena
mxareebs miviRebT:

P Q,
A Q,
E
E
PQ
A
= (12.3)
gantolebis (12.3) marcxena mxare aris reklamis xarjebis fardoba gayidvebiT miRebul amonagebTan PQ.
marjvena mxare aris reklamaze uaryofiTi moTxovnis elastikuroba Sefardebuli moTxovnis safaso
elastikurobasTan. Tu davukvirdebiT am damokidebulebas, masSi aris garkveuli logika. vTqvaT, gamoikvlieT ori
bazari daaxloebiT igive moTxovnis safaso elastikurobiT, magram isini reklamaze moTxovnis elastikurobiT
gansxvavdebian. im bazarze, romelSic moTxovna Zlier mgrZnobiarea reklamis moculobaze, reklamis
gayidvebTan Tanafardoba gacilebiT maRali iqneba im bazarTan SedarebiT, sadac reklamaze moTxovnis
elastikuroba dabalia.

ZiriTadi terminebi
- safaso diskriminacia
- pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia
- meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacia
- mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminacia
- safexurebrivi (proporciuli) faswarmoqmna
- SerCeva
- mibmiTi gayidvebi
- Sereuli paketireba
- wminda paketireba

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. sabazro Zalauflebis mqone firmebs SeuZliaT didi mogebis miReba. am SesaZleblobis realizacia
damokidebulia safaso strategiaze. produqtze erTnairi fasis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi ki, firmas
daWirdeba gamoSvebaze moTxovnis safaso elastikurobis Sefaseba. ufro rTuli strategiebi _ ramdenime
gansxvavebuli fasis daweseba _ saWiroeben met informacias moTxovnis Sesaxeb.
2. safaso strategia miznad isaxavs momxmarebelTa wris gafarToebas da meti samomxmareblo nametis
miRebas. aRniSnulis misaRwevad firmebi gansxvavebul fasebs aweseben.
3. idealur mdgomareobaSi firmebi isurvebdnen fasebis srul safaso dikriminacias (TiToeuli
momxmareblisTvis misaRebi fasis dawesebas), magram praqtikulad es SeuZlebelia. meore mxriv,
amonagebis gazrdis mizniT arasruli safaso diskriminaciis sxvadasxva forma gamoiyeneba.
4. pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros firma cdilobs momxmareblis mxridan gadaxdisadmi
mzadyofna maqsimaluri fasiT Seafasos; meore xarisxis safaso diskriminaciisas firma momxmarebels
sTavazobs raodenobriv fasdaklebas; mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis pirobebSi firma
momxmarebelTa jgufebisa da bazris segmentTa identificirebas axdens.
5. roca moTxovna araerTgvarovania da preferenciebi uaryofiT korelaciaSia, paketirebuli gayidvebiT
SesaZlebelia mogebis gazrda. wminda paketirebiT gayidvebis SemTxvevaSi ori an meti
gansxvavebuli saqoneli iyideba rogorc erTi paketi. Sereuli paketirebiT gayidvebis dros
momxmarebels SeuZlia SeiZinos saqoneli calke, an paketis saxiT. es meTodi ufro momgebiania, Tu
zRvruli danaxarjebi maRalia da preferenciebi dadebiT korelaciaSia.
275
6. reklamas SeuZlia kidev ufro gazardos mogeba. Tu firma mogebis maqsimizacias axdens reklamiT da
awarmoebs dadebiT raodenobas, aucilebelia sruldebodes piroba: 1. rodesac (Q) gamoSveba
optimaluradaa SerCeuli, mTlian amonagebSi cvlileba bolo gamoSvebuli erTeulisaTvis unda udrides
bolo erTeulis zRvrul danaxarjs; 2. Tu reklamis done (A) optimalurad aris arCeuli, maSin maqsimaluri
mogebis dros reklamis pirobebSi zRvruli amonagebi bolo erTeulidan unda udrides bolo erTeulis
gamoSvebis zRvrul danaxarjs.


kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis

1. rogor SeuZlia monopolists miiRos pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciiT meti nameti, vidre
unificirebuli fasis dros?
2. Tu ar aris SesaZlebeli safaso diskriminaciis ganxorvieleba, rogori iqneba mwarmoeblis nameti?
3. rogor miesadageba raodenobrivi fasdakleba meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacias?
4. rogor gamoiyenebs gamyidveli meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacias?
5. ramdenad gaumjobesdeba mwarmoeblis mdgomareoba optimaluri safexurebrivi tarifis SerCeviT?
6. rogor gamoiyenebs firma xelmowerisa da gamoyenebis gadasaxadebs meti nametis misaRebad?
7. ratom ukeTeben pensionerebs da studentebs fasdaklebas Teatrebi, restornebi, sahaero da sxva saxis
rtansporti?
8. ratom yidian zogjer firmebi or an met produqts erT paketSi maTi cal-calke gayidvis nacvlad?
9. ratom axdens paketireba mogebis maqsimizacias?
10. ratom aris firmisaTvis optimaluri strategia Sereuli paketirebis SeTavazeba?
11. rogor SeuZlia monopolists miiRos pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciiT meti nameti, vidre
unificirebuli fasis dros?
276
Tavi 13 monopolisturi konkurencia da oligopolia

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. monopolistikuri da srulyofili konkurenciis bazrebis Sedarebas
2. oligopoliur bazarze wonasworuli mdgomareobis gansazRvras
3. kurnos wonasworobis axsnas da daxasiaTebas
4. stakelbergis modelis Sefasebas
5. safaso konkurenciis ganxilvas bertranis modelis saSualebiT
6. safaso konkurenciis daxasiaTebas diferencirebuli saqonlis dros
7. oligopoliis qcevis gansazRvras TamaSTa Teoriis TvalsazrisiT
8. karteluri faswarmoqmnis analizs

13.1 arasrulyofili konkurencia da monopolisturi konkurenciis bazari

srulyofili konkurenciis bazari Teoriuli abstraqciaa. wminda monopolia ki ekonomikaSi iSviaTad
gvxvdeba da, rogorc wesi, igi saxelmwifos mxridan regulirdeba. realur ekonomikur sistemaSi umetesad
gavrcelebulia arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazrebi, romlebsac erTdroulad axasiaTebT rogorc srulyofili,
aseve monopoliuri bazris Tvisebebi. arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazris struqturebia monopolisturi
konkurencia da oligopolia. orive maTgani sxvadasxva doziT aerTianebs konkurentuli da monopoliuri
bazris Tvisebebs.
monopolisturi konkurenciis dros bazarze Sesvla Tavisufalia da mravali gamyidveli yidis
msgavs, magram ara erTnair produqts. monopolisturi konkurenciis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi niSnebia:
(1) produqts awarmoebs da yidis sxvadasxva zomis mravali firma; (2) produqti diferencirebulia - firmebi
hyidian heterogenur (msgavs, magram ara erTnair) saqonels; (3) bazarze an dargSi Sesvla SedarebiT iolia.
produqti erTmaneTisagan SesaZloa gansxvavdebodes samarko niSniT, SefuTvis teqnologiiT,
gayidvis adgilmdebareobiT, klientebis momsaxurebiT, samomxmareblo kreditis aRebis SesaZleblobiT an
sulac gamyidvelis momxiblavi RimiliT im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu produqti homogenuria (absoluturad
erTnairia).
sacalo vaWrobis qseli monopolisturi konkurenciis saukeTeso magaliTia. monopolisturi konkurenciis
magaliTs warmoadgens tansacmlis, fexsacmlis, mravali saojaxo nivTisa da avejis bazari. momsaxurebis
mravali saxeoba, magaliTad parikmaxerebis, eqimebis, stomatologebis momsaxureba aseve miekuTvneba
monopolisturi konkurenciis bazrebs. momsaxurebis am saxeobebSi produqtis diferencirebis xarisxi
naklebia. Sesabamisad, met-naklebad erTnairi momsaxurebisaTvis fasebic TiTqmis erTnairia. zogadad, rac
ufro maRalia produqtis diferencirebis xarisxi, miT metad gansxvavebulia fasic.

wonasworoba monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze
277
grZelvadian periodSi, monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze wonasworuli mdgomareobis pirobebia: 1.
wminda monopoliis msgavsad, firma fasisa da gamoSvebis moculobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebs iRebs
daRmavali moTxovnis mrudis pirobebSi; 2. firma maqsimalur mogebas iRebs im raodenobis produqtis
gamoSvebisas, roca zRvruli danaxarjebi zRvruli amonagebis tolia, xolo fasi wesdeba produqtze moTxovnis
mrudis mixedviT. konkurentuli firmisagan gasxvavebiT, fasi ar aris zRvruli danaxarjis toli. 3. konkurentuli
firmis msgavsad, grZelvadian periodSi dargSi firmaTa Tavisufali Sesvlis gamo mogeba nulis tolia. pirveli
da meore piroba gulisxmobs, rom maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi produqtis raodenobisa da firmis
mier dawesebuli fasis kombinaciis wertili firmis individualuri moTxovnis mrudze unda
mdebareobdes. mesame piroba gulisxmobs, rom maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi produqtis
raodenobisa da fasis kombinaciis wertili, amave dros, saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis mrudzec unda
mdebareobdes.
aRniSnuli situacia ganvixiloT grafikulad. naxazze 13.1 mocemulia, rom saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis
ATC mrudi moTxovnis D
1
mruds M wertilSi mxolod exeba. Tu saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis mrudi
moTxovnis mruds gadakveTda, maSin moTxovnis mrudze iarsebebda romelime wertili (magaliTad, nebismieri
wertili D
2
moTxovnis mrudis KL monakveTze), romelic aRmoCndeboda saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis mrudis
zemoT. aseT wertilSi fasi metia saSualo mTlian danaxarjze da firma miiRebda nulovan (normalur) mogebaze
mets. aRniSnuli ki ewinaaRmdegeba grZelvadian periodSi monopolisturi konkurenciis wonasworobis pirobas,
radgan grZelvadiani wonasworobis dros maqsimaluri mogebis uzrunvelmyofeli wertili Seesabameba nulovan
mogebas.
rogorc naxazi 13.1 gviCvenebs, firma irCevs warmoebis im Q* moculobas, romelic misi minimaluri
saSualo mTliani danaxarjis (N wertili) marcxniv mdebareobs. am fenomens ewodeba ,,Warbi simZlavre
(Excess Capacity): firma warmoebas Sewyvets manam, sanam misi saSualo mTliani danaxarji
minimums miaRwevs. firma funqcionirebs araefeqtianobis pirobebSi. naxazze Warbi sawarmoo
simZlavre gamosaxulia Q*Q
E

monakveTiT, sadac

Q* aris maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi produqtis
raodenoba, xolo Q
E
produqtis efeqtiani raodenobaa.

Tu bazarze naklebi raodenobis firmebi darCebodnen, maSin TiToeuli maTgani Warbi simZlavreebis
gamoyenebiT awarmoebda ufro meti raodenobis produqts. es ukeTesi iqneboda momxmareblisaTvis. meore
mxriv, monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze firmebis raodenobis Semcireba niSnavs produqtis
mravalferovnebis Semcirebasac. es ki Seamcirebda momxmareblis keTildReobas. amrigad, ori sapirispiro
efeqtis erTdrouli moqmedebis Sedegebis erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvra rTulia.
278

monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze, miuxedavad gamoSvebis araefeqtiani raodenobisa,
keTildReobis danakargebi umniSvneloa ori mizezis gamo: 1. bazarze bevri gamyidvelia, romelTa
produqtebic erTmaneTis axlo Semcvlelebia, amitom maTi sabazro Zalauflebac umniSvneloa. Sesabamisad,
keTildReobis danakargebi da ,,Warbi sawarmoo simZlavreebic umniSvneloa; 2. bazris araefeqtianoba
umetes SemTxvevaSi kompensirebulia monopolisturi konkurenciis udao upiratesobiT _ produqtis mdidari
asortimentiT.

monopolisturi konkurencia da reklama
produqtis diferenciacia gadamwyvet rols asrulebs monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze, amitom
firmebi mniSvnelovan Tanxebs xarjaven reklamaze, sacalo vaWrobis stimulirebaze da sazogadoebasTan
urTierTobis samsaxurebis ganviTarebaze.
sareklamo kampaniis dros firma cdilobs miaRwios garkveul balanss produqtis homogenurobasa da
heterogenurobas Soris. momxmareblebis mosazidad firmas uxdeba ori amocanis erTdroulad gadawyveta: 1.
firmis produqti mkveTrad ar unda gansxvavdebodes konkurentebis produqtisagan, raTa momxmarebelma
advilad moaxerxos maTi Canacvleba. 2. firmis produqti garkveulwilad ukeTesi unda iyos konkurentebis
produqtebTan SedarebiT.
sareklamo kampaniis miznebis Sesaxeb gansxavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs. zogjer miaCneven,
rom sareklamo kampaniis dros firma unda ecados produqtze moTxovna ufro araelastikuri gaxados, rac mas
saSualebas miscems daawesos ufro maRali fasi. eqspertebis aRniSnuli rekomendacia zogierT SemTxvevaSi
Sedegiania, zogjer ki uSedego. Tu es mosazreba WeSmaritia, maSin naxazze 13.2 D
2
moTxovnis mrudTan
SedarebiT firmisaTvis ufro xelsayrelia D
1
moTxovnis mrudi, radganac D
1
ufro araelastikuria, vidre D
2
.
D1
P*
raodenoba
ATC

M

D2
K
L
N
T
D
MC
p
r
o
d
u
q
c
i
i
s

f
a
s
i

D1

nax. 13.1 Warbi simZlavre monopolisturi konkurenciis dros

Q*Q
E
monakveTi firmis Warbi simZlavrea.

saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis ATC mrudi moTxovnis D
1
mruds M
wertilSi exeba. moTxovnis mrudi ar kveTs saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis mruds. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, moTxovnis
mrudze iarsebebda wertili (magaliTad, D
2
moTxovnis mrudis KL monakveTze nebismieri wertili) romelic aRmoCndeboda
saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis mrudis zemoT. aseT wertilSi P>ATC, firma miiRebda nulovan mogebaze mets. es ki
SeuZlebelia, radgan grZelvadian periodSi mogeba nulis tolia.

0 Q* Q
E

P*
produqciis raodenoba
ATC
M
D2

K
L
N
MC

279
Tu warmoebis moculoba N
1
doneze meti iqneba, magaliTad N
2
, maSin firmisaTvis D
2
mrudi
umjobesia, vidre D
1
(miuxedavad imisa, rom D
1
ufro araelastikuria, vidre D
2
.

gamoSvebis N
2
doneze fasi
ufro maRalia D
2
moTxovnis mrudis SemTxvevaSi). gamoSvebis N
3
doneze, firmisaTvis D
1
mrudi ufro
xelsayreli iqneba, vidre D
2
.
maSasadame, mosazreba sareklamo kampaniis Sedegad miRebuli ufro araelastikuri moTxovnis
mrudis xelsayrelobis Sesaxeb mxolod zogierT SemTxvevaSia marTebuli. firmisaTvis yovelTvis umjobesia
ara ufro araelastikuri moTxovnis mrudi, aramed gazrdili moTxovnis Sesabamisi SedarebiT maRla
mdebare mrudi. aseTi moTxovnis mrudi naxazze 13.2 gamosaxulia D
3
-iT. D
3
moTxovnis mrudis
SemTxvevaSi gamoSvebuli produqtis nebismieri raodenobisas firmas SeuZlia daawesos fasi, romelic ufro
maRalia, vidre D
1
da D
2
moTxovnis mrudebis SemTxvevaSi.

reklamis Sesaxeb mkvlevarTa gansxvavebuli da xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi
SesaZlebelia sam punqtad CamovayaliboT:
1. ras unda emsaxurebodes reklama _ informaciis miwodebas Tu momxmareblis darwmunebas produqtis
gansakuTrebulobaSi? eqspertTa nawili fiqrobs, rom reklama momxmarebels awvdis damatebiT informacias
firmis, produqtisa da fasis Sesaxeb. bazris monawileTa informirebulobis donis gazrdiT reklama aumjobesebs
bazris funqcionirebas da mas ufro srulyofils xdis. eqspertTa meore nawils miaCnia, rom reklamiT firma
cdilobs daarwmunos momxmarebeli produqtis gansakuTrebulobaSi da naklebad, an srulebiT ar iZleva
informacias misi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.
2. ras uwyobs xels reklama konkurenciis gazrdas Tu bazris koncentracias? reklamis momxreebi
fiqroben, rom reklama zrdis konkurncias, miawvdis ra momxmarebels informacias axal produqtebze da
mwarmoeblebsac uadvilebs bazarze Sesvlas. reklamis mowinaaRmdegeebs miaCniaT, rom igi xels uwyobs
D1
raodenoba























f
a
s
i

nax. 13.2. reklama da moTxovnis elastikuroba
firmisaTvis yovelTvis xelsayrelia ara ufro araelastikuri moTxovnis mrudi, aramed ufro meti moTxovnis Sesabamisi
SedarebiT maRla mdebare D
3
mrudi. firmas SeuZlia gamoSvebuli produqtis nebismieri raodenobisas daawesos fasi,
romelic ufro maRalia, vidre D
1
da D
2
moTxovnis mrudebis SemTxvevaSi.

0 N3 N1 N2
D2
D3
280
sabazro Zalauflebis gaZlierebas, radganac msxvil firmebs SeuZliaT ufro meti da ZviradRirebuli sareklamo
kampaniis Catareba. Sedegadac mcire da saSualo zomis firmebi bazridan TandaTanobiT ganidevnebian.
3. ra Sedegi moaqvs reklamas keTildReobis TvalsazrisiT resursebis efeqtianoba Tu araefeqtiani
gamoyeneba? momxreebi fiqroben, rom reklama acnobs ra produqts momxmarebels, afarToebs bazars.
Sedegad momavalSi izrdeba ara mxolod investiciebi da dasaqmeba, aramed warmoebis masStabebic.
msxvilmasStabiani warmoeba iwvevs produqtis erTeulze danaxarjebis Semcirebas da efeqtianobis zrdas.
reklamis kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom masStabis ekonomiiT gamowveuli mosalodneli efeqtianoba
ganeitralebulia keTildReobis danakargebiT, romelic gamowveulia reklamaze gaweuli danaxarjebiT.
moklevadian periodSi reklamisa da danaxarjebis urTierTdamokidebulebis sailustraciod
gavaanalizoT naxazi 13.3. moklevadian periodSi reklama iwvevs produqtis erTeulze saSualo mTliani
danaxarjis gazrdas da ATC mruds gadaadgilebs paralelurad zemoT. magaliTad, M raodenobis produqts
gamoSvebisas, roca produqtis erTeulze reklamis danaxarjebi DC monakveTis tolia, reklamis mTliani
danaxarji ABCD marTkuTxedis farTobis tolia.
reklama iwvevs firmis produqtze moTxovnis zrdas (moTxovnis mrudis marjvniv gadaadgilebas) da
grZelvadiani periodis saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis gazrdas, rasac efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebuli
Sedegebi eqneba. naxazi 13.4 gviCvenebs reklamis SesaZlo Sedegebs grZelvadian periodSi. davuSvaT,
reklamis gareSe firma awarmoebs J raodenobis produqts. am dros produqtis erTeulze danaxarji JE
monakveTis tolia. reklamis Semdeg efeqtianobisa da keTildReobis TvalsazrisiT mosalodnelia sami
gansxvavebuli Sedegi:
1. firma sargeblobs masStabis ekonomiiT (Economies of Scale): reklamis Sedegad firma zrdis
warmoebas minimaluri saSualo danaxarjebis donemde (naxazze K wertili). am dros produqtis erTeulze
danaxarji reklamis Semdeg naklebia, vidre iyo reklamamde (KG<JE). (G wertili saSualo mTliani
danaxarjebis ufro maRal LRAC
2
mrudze imyofeba, vidre E wertili);
2. reklamis efeqti gabaTilebulia danaxarjebis zrdiT (Canceling Effect): firma ar cvlis gamoSvebis J
moculobas. izrdeba mxolod produqtis erTeulze reklamiT gamowveuli warmoebis danaxarjebi JE-dan JF-
mde;
3. firma zaralobs masStabis araekonomiurobiT (Diseconomies of Scale). magaliTad, L raodenobis
gamoSvebis dros produqtis erTeulze izrdeba danaxarjebi JE-dan LH-mde (JE<LH). realurad naklebad
savaraudoa movlenaTa aseTi ganviTareba, radganac monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze firmebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia Warbi simZlavre.
281



daskvnis saxiT monopolisturi konkurenciis bazris efeqtianobis analizis Sedegebi SeiZleba
Semdegnairad CamovayaloboT:
- monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi gamoSvebis dros fasi metia
zRvrul danaxarjze, amitom monopoliuri bazris msgavsad am bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia keTildReobis
danakargebi;
- monopolisturi konkurenciis bazari iwvevs firmebs Soris arasafaso konkurencias. erTnairi fasis
pirobebSic ki firmebi erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven reklamiT, klientTa momsaxurebiT, sacalo vaWrobis
obieqtebis adgilmdebareobiT, produqtis diferenciaciiT da sxva. arasafaso konkurencia, erTi mxriv, iwvevs




























d
a
n
a
x
a
r
j
i

B
C
A D
ATC1 reklamis gareSe

ATC2 reklamis dros

reklamaze gaweuli mTliani
danaxarjebi

nax. 13.3 reklama da danaxarjebi moklevadian periodSi.
moklevadian periodSi reklama iwvevs produqciis erTeulze saSualo mTliani danaxarjis gazrdas da gadaadgilebs ATC mruds
paralelurad zemoT.
0 M
produqtis raodenoba
d
a
n
a
x
a
r
j
i

F

nax. 13.4 reklama da masStabidan ekonomia grZelvadian periodSi
reklama grZelvadian periodSi iwvevs firmis saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis gazrdas, rasac efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT,
sxvadasxvagvari Sedegebi eqneba: (1) masStabidan ekonomiiT miRebuli efeqtianoba, (2) neitraluri Sedegi da (3) araekonomiuri
masStabis efeqtiT gamowveuli danakargebi.
G
0 J K L
E
produqciis raodenoba
H
LRAC
1
reklamis gareSe

LRAC2 reklamis dros

282
inovaciuri produqtis danergvas da produqtis gaumjobesebas, meore mxriv, produqtis erTeulze danaxarjebis
zrdas da araefeqtianobas;
- monopolisturi konkurenciis pirobebSi firmebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia `Warbi simZlavris arseboba,
rac gamowveulia bazarze diferencirebuli produqtis mwarmoebeli didi raodenobis firmebis funqcionirebiT.
`Warbi simZlavris Sedegia araefeqtiani warmoeba: sabolood bazars miewodeba ufro naklebi raodenobis
produqti da iyideba SedarebiT maRal fasad;
- monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze firmebi icaven produqtis maqsimalurad diferencirebis
princips, maT Soris minimaluri gansxvavebis pirobebSi. amerikeli ekonomistisa da statistikosis Hharold
hotelingis (Harold Hotelling) pativsacemad am fenomens hotelingis paradoqsi ewodeba.


13.2 wonasworoba oligopoliur bazarze

oligopolia sabazro struqturis farTod gavrcelebuli formaa. oligopoliuri dargis magaliTebia
saavtomobilo, aluminis, foladis, navTobqimiuri mrewveloba, energetikuli mowyobilobebisa da
kompiuterebis mwarmoebeli dargebi. oligopoliuri bazrisaTvis saqonlis diferenciacia aucileblobas ar
warmoadgens. produqtis did nawils da mTlian moculobas firmebis arc Tu ise didi raodenoba awarmoebs.
arseboben iseTi oligopoliuri bazrebi, sadac grZelvadian periodSi zogierTi, xan ki yvela firma, mniSvnelovan
mogebas iRebs. es imiT aris gamowveuli, rom oligopoliur bazarze arsebuli barierebi arTuleben axali
firmebis dargSi Sesvlas.
rogoria dargSi Sesvlis barierebi? dargSi Sesvlas arTulebs patentebi da saidumlo teqnologiebi, rac
potenciuri konkurentebis Tavidan mocilebis SesaZleblobas iZlevian. aseve arsebobs bazarze Sesvlis e.w.
,,bunebrivi barierebi. amis garda, firmebi xSirad strategiuladac moqmedeben, raTa SezRudon axali
firmebis Sesvla bazarze. axali konkurentebis gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi, oligopoliebi SeiZleba daemuqron
maT bazarze saqonlis didi raodenobis miwodebiT da fasebis SemcirebiT.
ologopoliuri firmis marTva advili ar aris, radganac faswarmoqmnis, warmoebis moculobis, reklamis da
investiciebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miReba rTul strategiul gaangariSebebs moiTxovs. vinaidan
erTmaneTis konkurenti mxolod ramdenime firmaa, amitom TiToeulma maTganma zustad unda gaTvalos,
Tu rogor gavlenas moaxdens maTi qmedeba mowinaaRmdegeze da ris gakeTebas SeZleben isini
sapasuxod.
davuSvaT, rom avtomobilebis mcire moculobiT gayidvebis gamo kompania ,,fordi moTxovnis
stimulirebis mizniT fasis Semcirebis 10%-ian SesaZleblobas ganixilavs. kompaniam gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba unda miaqcios imas, rogor reagirebas moaxdens amaze danarCeni ori kompania _ `jeneral
motorsi (GM) da `kraisleri (Chrysler). kompaniebma SesaZloa ignorireba gaukeTon am gamowvevas, an
fasebi umniSvnelod dawion. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kompania ,,fordis gayidvebi mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba
ZiriTadad konkurenti kompaniebis gayidvebis Semcirebis xarjze. Tumca, maT SeuZliaT upasuxon fasis
iseTive daweviT, rogoric ,,fordSi iyo (10%-iT). es gamoiwvevs gayidvaTa moculobebis gazrdas samive
283
saavtomobilo kompaniaSi. amasTan, fasebis Semcirebis gamo mogebac samive kompaniaSi sagrZnoblad
Semcirdeba. konkurentebis kidev erTi SesaZlo svla imaSi mdgomareobs, rom `jeneral motorsi da `kraisleri
fass daweven imaze ufro metad, vidre ,,fordma gaakeTa, magaliTad 15%-iT. es gamoiwvevda safaso oms
da mogebis katastrofulad Semcirebas. saWiroa ,,fordma kargad Seafasos yvela aseTi SesaZlo SemTxveva.
rogoric ar unda iyos firmis ekonomikuri gadawyvetileba fasebis dawesebis, warmoebis moculobis dadgenis
Tu axal sawarmoebSi investirebis Sesaxeb, man aucileblad unda gansazRvros konkurentebis yvela
mosalodneli reaqcia.
bazris kvlevis dros mniSvnelovania wonasworuli fasisa da raodenobis gansazRvra. srulyofili
konkurenciis bazarze wonasworuli fasi miwodebis sidides awonasworebs moTxovnis sididesTan. monopoliis
dros wonasworoba dgindeba maSin, rodesac zRvruli amonagebi zRvrul danaxarjebs utoldeba. monopolisturi
konkurenciis bazarze grZelvadiani konkurentuli wonasworoba myardeba maSin, roca bazarze axali
monawileebis Sesvla mogebas nulamde daiyvans.
am bazrebze TiToeuli firma fass da sabazro moTxovnas iRebs rogorc mocemuls, xolo konkurentebis
qcevas ignorirebas ukeTebs. oligopoliur bazarze fasebis da warmoebis moculobis dadgenis dros, firma
nawilobriv gaiTvaliswinebs konkurentebis qcevis Sesaxeb strategiul varaudebs. imavdroulad, konkurentebis
gadawyvetileba damokidebulia TviT firmis gadawyvetilebebze. rogoria wonasworuli raodenoba da fasi
oligopoliis dros? arsebobs ki aseTi mdgomareoba?
oligopoliur bazarze TiToeuli firma cdilobs Tavisi SesaZleblobebis maqsimalurad realizebas
konkurentuli firmebis qcevaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. TiToeul firmas miaCnia, rom konkurentebic analogiurad
iqcevian.
oligopoliur bazarze wonasworobis gansazRvra firmaTa aseT reaqciazea damokidebuli. es koncefcia
Seiqmna jon neSis (John Nash) mier 1951 wels. amitom am wonasworobas vuwodebT neSis
wonasworobas.
neSis wonasworobis dros TiToeuli firma maqsimalurad ukeTesad iyenebs Tavis SesaZleblobebs
konkurentebis moqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

13.3 kurnos modeli

CavataroT bazris analizi mxolod ori konkurenti firmisaTvis. aseT bazars duopolias (Duopoly) uwodeben.
duopoliis martivi modeli pirvelad SemogvTavaza frangma ekonomistma ogiustin kurnom
(Augustin Cournot) 1838 wels. davuSvaT, rom firmebi awarmoeben erTgvarovan produqts da icnoben
sabazro moTxovnis mruds. TiToeulma firmam unda gansazRvros gamoSvebis moculoba da amave
dros, am gadawyvetilebas isini erTdroulad iReben. sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros TiToeuli
firma iTvaliswinebs konkurentis qcevas. man icis, rom misi konkurentic aseve wyvets sakiTxs _ ra
raodenobis produqti awarmoos, xolo sabazro fasi damokidebulia orive firmis warmoebis saerTo
moculobaze.
284
kurnos modelis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom TiToeuli firma konkurentis warmoebis moculobas
miiCnevs fiqsirebul sidided da amis Semdeg iRebs gadawyvetilebas, Tu ra raodenobis saqoneli
awarmoos TviTon. am modelis asaxsnelad ganvixiloT `firma 1-is gadawyvetileba gamoSvebis Sesaxeb.
davuSvaT, `firma 1 Tvlis, rom `firma 2 arafers awarmoebs. am SemTxvevaSi `firma 1-is moTxovnis
mrudi iqneba sabazro moTxovnis mrudic. naxazze 13.5 aRniSnulia, `firma 1-is moTxovnis mrudi D
1
(0) im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu `firma 2 arafers awarmoebs. mocemulia zRvruli Semosavlebis mrudi MR
1
(0).
CavTvaloT, rom `firma 1-is zRvruli danaxarjebi MC
1
mudmivia. gamoSvebis moculoba, romlis drosac
`firma 1-is mogeba maqsimaluria, Seadgens 50 erTeuls (MR
1
(0) MC
1
-s kveTs). ase rom, Tu `firma 2
arafers awarmoebs, `firma 1-Tvis ukeTesia 50 erTeuli produqtis warmoeba.
axla davuSvaT, rom `firma 1-is varaudiT `firma 2-ma unda awarmoos produqtis 50 erTeuli. maSin
`firma 1-is moTxovnis mrudi sabazro moTxovnis mrudad gadaiqceva misi 50 erTeuliT marcxniv
gadaadgilebis SemTxvevaSi. naxazze 13.5 es mrudi aRniSnulia rogorc D
1
(50), xolo zRvruli amonagebis
Sesabamisi mrudi aris MR
1
(50). `firma 1-is mogeba maqsimaluria produqtis 25 erTeulis gamoSvebis dros,
rodesac MR
1
(50) = MC
1
.























D1(0)
MC1
D1(50)
MR1(50) D1(75)
MR1(0)
125 25 50 75 100 Q
O
MR1(75)
P1
nax. 13.5 ,,firma 1-is gadawyvetileba warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb
`firma 1-is gadawyvetileba gamoSvebis moculobis Sesaxeb, romlis drosac mogeba aRwevs maqsimums, damokidebulia `firma 2-is
mier warmoebul produqtze. Tu `firma 2 arafers awarmoebs, maSin `firma 1-is moTxovnis mrudi _ D
1
(0) iqneba sabazro moTxovnis
mrudic. zRvruli amonagebis mrudi _ MR
1
(0) `firma 1-is zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds _ MC1 kveTs wertilSi, sadac warmoebis
moculoba aris 50 erTeuli. Tu firma 50 erTeuls awarmoebs, maSin `firma 1-is moTxovnis mrudi gadaadgildeba amave moculobiT
marcxena mxares da gaCndeba D1(50) mrudi. am SemTxvevaSi, mogebis maqsimizacia xdeba 25 erTeuli produqtis gamoSvebis dros.
bolos, Tu `firma 1 dauSvebs, rom `firma 2 awarmoebs 75 erTeuls, maSin mis wilad darCeba produqtis mxolod 12.5 erTeuli.

285
Tu `firma 1 varaudobs, rom `firma 2-ma unda gamouSvas produqtis 75 erTeuli, maSin misi
moTxovnis mrudi sabazro moTxovnis mrudad iqceva 75 erTeuliT marcxniv gadaadgilebis SemTxvevaSi. es
aris D
1
(75) mrudi, misi Sesabamisi zRvruli amonagebis mrudia MR
1
(75). MR
1
(75)=MC
1
pirobis dros
warmoebis moculoba aris 12,5 erTeuli. Tu `firma 1 Tvlis, rom `firma 2 gegmavs 100 erTeuli produqtis
warmoebas, maSin `firma 1-is moTxovnis da zRvruli amonagebis mrudebi erTmaneTs gadakveTen
vertikalur RerZze (naxazze ar aris naCvenebi); aseT SemTxvevaSi `firma 1 saerTod uars ityvis
warmoebaze.

reagirebis mrudebi da kurnos wonasworoba
zemoTqmulis SejamebiT, SeiZleba gamovitanoT daskvna: `firma 1-is warmoebis moculoba
mogebis maqsimizaciis pirobebSi warmoadgens klebad funqcias, romelic damokidebulia imaze, Tu
`firma 1-is varaudiT produqtis rogor moculobas awarmoebs `firma 2. grafiks, romelic warmodgenilia
naxazze 13.6 ewodeba `firma 1-is reagirebis mrudi (Reaction Curve) da igi aRiniSneba, rogorc Q
1
*
(Q
2
).
Cvens mier ganxiluli warmoebis moculobaTa oTxive kombinaciidan, TiToeuli Zevs porizontalur RerZze.
analogiuri analizi CavataroT `firma 2-Tvis. ganvsazRvroT am firmis warmoebis moculobebi,
romlis drosac misi mogeba maqsimaluria da damokidebulia `firma 1-is mier miwodebuli produqtis
moculobaze. Sedegad miviRebT meore reagirebis mruds `firma 2-Tvis, e.i. Q
2
*
(Q
1
)s. Tu `firma 2-is
zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi ar emTxveva `firma 1-is zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds, misi reagirebis mrudi
gansxvavebuli iqneba formis mixedviTac. magaliTad, `firma 2-is reagirebis mrudi SeiZleba yofiliyo iseTi,
rogoric es mocemulia naxazze 13.6.
firmis reagirebis mrudebi gviCveneben, ramdeni unda awarmoos TiToeulma maTganma konkurentis
gamoSvebis moculobis gaTvaliswinebiT. wonasworobidan gamomdinare, TiToeuli firma irCevs Tavisi
reagirebis mrudis Sesabamis warmoebis moculobas. aqedan gamomdinare, warmoebis moculobebis
wonasworuli done mdebareobs reagirebis ori mrudis gadakveTaze. warmoebis moculobebis miRebuli
wyvilis mniSvnelobebs kurnos wonasworoba ewodeba. aseTi wonasworobis dros, TiToeuli firma
sworad afasebs, ramdeni unda awarmoos misma konkurentma da Sesabamisad iRebs maqsimalur
mogebas.
kurnos wonasworoba aris neSis wonasworobis kerZo SemTxveva. neSis wonasworobis dros,
TiToeuli firma saukeTesod iyenebs yvela SesaZleblobas imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ras akeTeben misi
konkurentebi. Sedegad, arcerTi firma ar Secvlis Tavis qcevas sakuTari nebiT.
50
75
100
Q1
12,5
25
firma 2_is reagirebis
mrudi Q2
*
(Q1)
firma 1-is regirebis
mrudi Q
1
*
(Q
2
)

kurnos
wonasworoba

286
kurnos wonasworobis dros TiToeuli duopolisti awarmoebs zustad imden produqts, ramdenic
moutans maqsimalur mogebas. amave dros isini iTvaliswineben imas, Tu ramdens awarmoebs misi
konkurenti ise, rom arc erT maTgans ar gauCndeba survili Secvalos warmoebis moculoba.
davuSvaT, rom dasawyisisaTvis ori firma calk-calke awarmoebs produqtis iseT moculobas, romlebic
gansxvavdebian kurnos wonasworobis wertilSi arsebuli moculobebisagan. moaxdenen Tu ara isini
warmoebis moculobebis koreqtirebas manam, sanam ar iqneba miRweuli kurnos wonasworoba?
samwuxarod, kurnos modeli ver xsnis koreqtirebis procesis dinamikas. faqtiurad koreqtirebis yovelgvari
procesi arRvevs modelis sabaziso daSvebas imis Sesaxeb, rom TiToeul firmas konkurentis mier warmoebuli
produqtis moculoba SeuZlia fiqsirebulad CaTvalos. Tu orive firma erTdroulad daiwyebs warmoebis
moculobebis koreqtirebas, maSin arcerTi warmoebis moculoba ar iqneba mudmivi. dinamiuri
koreqtirebis procesi garkveulad saWiroebs sxva modelebis gamoyenebasac.
varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom konkurentis mier warmoebuli produqtis moculoba aris mudmivi,
gamarTlebulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ori firma warmoebis moculobas irCevs mxolod erTxel da amis Semdeg
gamoSvebis moculobebi aRar Seicvleba.

magaliTi 1
wrfivi moTxovnis mrudi
ganvixiloT ori erTnairi firma wrfivi moTxovnis mrudebiT. es magaliTi dagvexmareba avxsnaT
kurnos wonasworobis mniSvneloba da SevadaroT konkurentul wonasworobas, agreTve gavanalizoT
wonasworoba, romelic Cndeba firmebis garigebaSi Sesvlis da warmoebis doneebis SeTanxmebiT arCevis
dros.
davuSvaT, rom moTxovnis mrudi duopolistebisaTvis mocemulia gantolebiT:
P=30-Q,
sadac, Q aris ori firmis warmoebis saerTo moculoba (e.i. Q=Q
1
+Q
2
). aseve davuSvaT, rom orive
firmas aqvs nulovani zRvruli danaxarjebi:
MC
1
=MC
2
=0
maSin, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT `firma 1-is reagirebis mrudi. imisaTvis, rom moaxdinos
mogebis maqsimizacia, is iRebs zRvruli danaxarjebis tol zRvrul Semosavals. misi mTliani amonagebi _ R
1

SeiZleba Semdegnairad gamovTvaloT:
R
1
=PQ
1
=(30-Q)Q
1
=30Q
1
-(Q
1
+Q
2
)Q
1
=30Q
1
-Q
1
2
-Q
2
Q
1
zRvruli amonagebi (MR
1
) tolia damatebiTi amonagebis (R
1
)
,
romelic miiReba damatebiTi
warmoebis moculobis (Q
1
) cvlilebis Sedegad:
MR
1
=R
1
/Q
1
=30-2Q
1
-Q
2.

MR
1
gavutoloT nuls (firmis zRvrul danaxarjebs) da amovxsniT gantolebas Q
1
- Tan mimarTebaSi.
miviRebT:
`firma 1-is reagirebis mrudi: Q
1
=15-1/2Q
2
(13.1)
SeiZleba aseTive gaangariSebebi movaxdinoT `firma 2-Tvis:
`firma 2-is reagirebis mrudi: Q
2
=15-1/2Q
1
(13.2)
Q
1
da Q
2
warmoebis wonasworuli moculobebis mniSvnelobebi reagirebis ori mrudis gadakveTaze
mdebareoben, e.i. es aris warmoebis doneebis mniSvnelobebi, romlebic (1) da (2) gantolebis amoxsniT
miviReT. Tu SevcvliT (1) gantolebaSi Q
2
-s (2) gantolebis marjvena mxaris gamosaxulebiT, davrwmundebiT
rom gamoSvebis wonasworuli doneebi iqneba:
kurnos wonasworoba: Q
1
=Q
2
=10
warmoebis saerTo moculoba Seadgens: Q=Q
1
+Q
2
=20,
287
amrigad wonasworuli sabazro fasi iqneba: P=30-Q=10.
naxazi 13.7 gviCvenebs kurnos reagirebis mrudebs da TviTon kurnos wonasworobas. aRvniSnavT,
rom `firma 1-is reagirebis mrudi Tavis Q
1
warmoebis moculobas warmogvidgens rogorc `firma 2-is Q
2

warmoebis moculobis funqciad. analogiurad, `firma 2-is reagirebis mrudi Q
2
-s

gamosaxavs Q
1
-is
meSveobiT (radganac firmebi erTnairia, maTi reagirebis mrudebsac erTnairi forma aqvT, Tumca
sxvadasxvanairad gamoiyurebian, vinaidan TiToeuli maTgani Tavis warmoebis moculobas meoris
maCveneblebiT gviCvenebs). kurnos wonasworoba _ es aris ori mrudis gadakveTis wertili. am wertilSi
TiToeuli firma axdens sakuTari mogebis maqsimizacias konkurentis warmoebis moculobis gaTvaliswinebiT.




















Cven gamovdiodiT im daSvebidan, rom ori firma erTmaneTis konkurentebi iyvnen. axla davuSvaT, rom
moxda antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis Serbileba da or firmas SeuZlia erTmaneTTan SeTanxmeba. am
SemTxvevaSi, ukeTesi iqneba warmoebis iseT moculobebze SeTanxmeba, romlis drosac SesaZlebeli iqneba
saerTo mogebis maqsimizacia, Semdeg ki misi Tanabrad gayofa. saerTo mogeba maqsimums aRwevs saerTo
Q gamoSvebis moculobis SerCevis dros, roca zRvruli amonagebi utoldeba zRvrul danaxarjebs. am magaliTSi
es nulis tolia. ori firmis saerTo amonagebi Seadgens:
R=PQ=(30 Q)Q=30Q-Q
2
Sesabamisad, zRvruli amonagebi tolia:
MR=R/Q=30-2Q

Tu MR-s nuls gavutolebT, saerTo mogeba aRwevs maqsimalur mniSvnelobas, roca
Q=15.
,,firma-2-is reagirebis
mrudi
15
10
7,5
7,5 10 15 30 Q2
O

Q1
nax. 13.7 duopoliis magaliTi
moTxovnis mrudi mocemulia gantolebiT: P=30-Q, romlis drosac orive firmas aqvs nulovani zRvruli danaxarjebi. kurnos
wonasworobis dros, TiToeuli firma awarmoebs produqtis 10 erTeuls. SeTanxmebis mrudi gviCvenebs Q1 da Q2 kombinacias,
romelic axdens saerTo mogebis maqsimizacias. Tu firmebi Sedian SeTanxmebaSi da mogebas Suaze iyofen, maSin TiToeulis wilad
modis produqtis 7.5 erTeulis warmoeba. aseve, naCvenebia konkurentuli wonasworoba, romlis drosac fasi zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia,
mogeba ki udris nuls.

kurnos wonasworoba

wonasworobis saidumlo SeTanxmebis mrudi

288
Q
1
=Q
2
=7,5.


iniciatoris upiratesoba _ stakelbergis modeli
Cven ganvixileT SemTxveva, roca duopolistebi warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebs
erTdroulad iReben. axla vnaxoT, ra moxdeba, Tu erT-erTi firma pirveli gansazRvravs Tavis warmoebis
moculobas? am SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa ori sakiTxi:
1. aqvs Tu ara raime upiratesoba im firmas, romelic pirveli miiRebs aseT gadawyvetilebas?
2. ra moculobas awarmoebs TiToeuli maTgani?
davubrundeT magaliTs: Cveni varaudiT, orive firmas aqvs nulovani zRvruli danaxarjebi, xolo sabazro
moTxovnis mrudi mocemulia gantolebiT PP=30-Q, sadac Q _ warmoebis saerTo moculobaa. davuSvaT,
rom `firma 1 pirveli irCevs warmoebis moculobas, `firma 2-ic iRebs gadawyvetilebas warmoebis
moculobis Sesaxeb. `firma 1-ma gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros Sesabamisad unda gaiTvaliswinos
`firma 2-is momavali reaqcia. stakelbergis duopoliis es modeli (Stackelberg Model) gansxvavdeba
kurnos modelisagan, romelSic arc erT firmas ar SeuZlia mowinaaRmdegis moqmedebaze reagirebis
moxdena.
radgan `firma 2 produqtis moculobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs `firma 1-is Semdeg, mas uwevs
`firma 1-is gamoSvebis moculoba miiRos, rogorc mudmivi sidide. Sesabamisad, `firma 2-is gamoSvebas,
romelic iZleva maqsimalur mogebas, miviRebT kurnos reagirebis mrudis meSveobiT.
viciT, rom: `firma 2-is reagirebis mrudi: Q
2
=15-1/2Q
1
(13.3)
`firma 1 maqsimaluri mogebis misaRebad irCevs Q
1
moculobas. misi zRvruli amonagebi tolia nulovani
zRvruli danaxarjebis. gavixsenoT, rom `firma 1-is amonagebi tolia:
R
1
=PQ
1
=30Q
1
-Q
1
2
-Q
2
Q
1
(13.4)

ramdenadac R
1
damokidebulia Q
2
-ze, amitom `firma 1-ma unda icodes ramdens awarmoebs `firma
2. Tumca `firma 1-ma isic icis, rom `firma 2 Q
2
-s reagirebis mrudis Sesabamisad irCevs. Tu Q
2
-Tvis
miRebul (13.3) gantolebas SevitanT (13.4) gantolebaSi, maSin `firma 1-is amonagebi iqneba:
R
1
=3Q
1
-Q
1
2
-Q
1
(15-1/2Q
1
)=15Q
1
-1/2Q
1
2
,
Sesabamisad, misi zRvruli amonagebi tolia:
MR
1
=R
1
/Q
1
=15-Q
1
(13.5)
MR
1
=0-is mniSvneloba gvaZlevs Q
1
=15. xolo `firma 2-is reagirebis mrudidan (13.3) vpoulobT, rom
Q
2
=75. `firma 1 awarmoebs orjer mets, vidre `firma 2 da iRebs orjer met mogebas. es strategia `firma
1-ma SeimuSava da upiratesobac miiRo. SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom es ewinaaRmdegeba saR
azrovnebas: sargebeli iqidan, rom pirvelma gamoacxado Seni warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb, arc Tu ise
cxadia. maS ratom iRebs pirveldamwyebi strategiul upiratesobas?
es SesaZloa imiT aixsnas, rom aseTi winmswrebi gancxadeba warmoSobs e.w. `mosaxden faqts (frang.
Fait Accompli): rogori gadawyvetilebac ar unda miiRos konkurentma, Tqveni warmoebis moculoba
iqneba meti. imisaTvis, rom konkurentma miiRos maqsimaluri mogeba, is iZulebulia, Tqveni
warmoebis moculoba miiRos, rogorc mocemuli da TavisTvis daadginos warmoebis moculobis ufro
289
dabali done (Tu Tqveni konkurentis warmoebis moculoba aRmoCndeba ufro maRali, es gamoiwvevda
fasebis Semcirebas da orive dakargavT fuls. Tu konkurentis miswrafeba TqvenTvis angariSis gasasworeblad
mogebis miRebis survilze ufro Zlieri ar aRmoCnda, maSin ufro meti raodenobiT produqtis warmoebas
misTvis azri ara aqvs). aseTi ,,iniciatoris upiratesoba farTod gamoiyeneba strategiul situaciebSi.
kurnos da stakelbergis modelebi oligopoliur qcevaze SedarebiT zust warmodgenas gvaZleven. dargebs,
romlebSic Sedian daaxloebiT erTnairi firmebi da romelTagan arcerTi ar flobs operaciul upiratesobas da
liderobas, ufro metad miesadageba kurnos modeli. zogierT dargebSi ki dominirebadi msxvili firma
Cveulebrivad liderobs fasebis dadgenis da produqts axali saxeebis Semotanis sakiTxebSi. magaliTad,
kompiuterebis msoflio bazari, sadac IBM liderobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, bazris Sesaxeb SedarebiT realistur
warmodgenas stakelbergis modeli iZleva.

13.4 safaso konkurencia

aqamde ganvixilavdiT firmebs, romlebic erTmaneTs konkurencias warmoebis moculobebiT uwevdnen.
bevr oligopoliur dargSi konkurencia mimdinareobs fasebis mixedviT. magaliTad, `jeneral motorsis, `fordis
da `daimler-kraisleris fasebi ZiriTadi strategiuli cvladebia da yoveli firma produqtze fasebs adgens ise, rom
ar iviwyebs Tavis konkurentebs.

290
safaso konkurencia erTgvarovani saqonlis dros _ bertranis modeli
bertranis modeli (Bertrand Model) 1883 wels frangi ekonomistis Jozef bertranis mier iqna
SemuSavebuli. rogorc kurnos modelis dros, aqac oligopoliaSi firmebi erTgvarovan saqonels awarmoeben.
TiToeuli maTgani konkurentis fass ganixilavs, rogorc mudmivs da yvela firma erTdroulad iRebs
gadawyvetilebas, Tu rogori fasi daawesos saqonelze. amgvarad, firmebi warmoebis moculobebis nacvlad
irCeven fass. aseTma cvlilebam SeiZleba sabazro situaciaze gamaRizianeblad imoqmedos.
davubrundeT duopoliis magaliTs wina paragrafidan, sadac sabazro moTxovnis mrudi mocemulia
gantolebiT:
P=30-Q
Q=Q
1
+Q
2.
Q aqac aris erTgvarovani saqonlis warmoebis mTliani moculoba. amjerad davuSvaT, rom
TiToeuli firmis zRvruli danaxarjebia 3 lari:
MC
1
=MC
2
=3
wina paragrafSi aRwerili procedurebiT SegiZliaT daamtkicoT, rom kurnos wonasworobis msgavsi
SemTxveva (romelic warmoiSoba maSin, roca ori firma erTdroulad irCevs warmoebis moculobas)
duopoliisaTvis dgeba, roca Q
1
=Q
2
=9. Zneli ar aris SeamowmoT, rom kurnos wonasworobis SemTxvevaSi
sabazro fasi iqneba 12 laris toli da TiToeuli firma miiRebs 81 laris mogebas.
axla ganvixiloT SemTxveva, roca duopolistebi erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven ara warmoebis
moculobis, aramed fasis arCeviT. rogor fass airCevs TiToeuli maTgani da rogor miiReben mogebas?
vinaidan produqtebi erTgvarovania, momxmareblebi mas SeiZenen im gamyidvelisagan, romlis fasic ufro
dabalia. amgvarad, Tu ori firma daawesebs sxvadasxva fass, maSin is firma, romlis fasic dabalia, daipyrobs
mTel bazars, xolo maRali fasis mqone firma verafers gayidis. Tu orive firma daawesebs erTnair fass, maSin
momxmareblebisaTvis sulerTia, visgan SeiZens produqts da TiToeuli firmis wili bazarze iqneba 1/2.
rogori iqneba neSis wonasworoba mocemul situaciaSi? radganac arsebobs fasis dawevis stimuli, neSis
wonasworoba damyardeba konkretuli fasis dros, e.i. orive firmis fasi zRvruli danaxarjebis toli iqneba:
P
1
=P
2
= 3 lari
maSin dargi awarmoebs 27 erTeul produqts, maT Soris, TiToeuli firma _ 13,5 erTeuls. vinaidan fasi
zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia, orive firma miiRebs nulovan mogebas. darCa Tu ara romelime firmas produqtze
fasis Secvlis cotaodeni stimuli mainc? davuSvaT, `firma 1-ma fasi awia. maSin misi gayidvebis mTliani
moculoba `firma 2-ze gadava da Sesabamisad `firma 1 verafers moigebs. Tu piriqiT, dawevs fass, maSin
mTel bazars daipyrobs, magram mis mier warmoebuli produqtis yoveli erTeuli wamgebiani iqneba da isev is
aRmoCndeba wagebuli. Sesabamisad, `firma 1-s (rogorc `firma 2-s) ar aqvs wonasworuli mdgomareobis
Secvlis stimuli _ is xom saukeTesoa maqsimaluri mogebis misaRebad.
ratom ar SeiZleba damyardes neSis wonasworoba, Tu firmebi ufro maRali mogebis misaRebad
daaweseben erTnair, magram ufro maRal fass (magaliTad 5 lars)? imitom, rom aseTi maRali fasis dros, Tu
firma cotaTi mainc dawevs fass, mas SeuZlia mTeli bazari daipyros da mogeba gaiormagos. ra Tqma unda,
TiToeul firmas konkurentis moSorebis survili eqneba. fasis daweva ar Sewydeba manam, sanam is 3
laramde ar Semcirdeba.
SevcvaleT ra strategiuli moqmedeba warmoebis moculobidan fasebze, miviReT sruliad gansxvavebuli
Sedegi. kurnos modelis dros TiToeuli firma produqtis mxolod 9 erTeuls awarmoebs, xolo sabazro fasi 12
laris tolia. axla ki sabazro fasi 3 laria. kurnos modelis dros TiToeuli firma iRebs mogebas; bertranis
modelis dros firmebis fasebi utoldeba zRvrul danaxarjebs da mogeba ar moaqvs.

291
safaso konkurencia diferencirebuli saqonlis dros
oligopoliuri bazrisaTvis, garkveuli doziT, damaxasiaTebelia sasaqonlo diferenciacia erTgvarovan
saqonelTa Sorisac ki. magaliTad, benzingasamarTi sadgurebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian
adgilmdebareobiT da SeTavazebuli momsaxurebiT. Sedegad sxvadasxva sadgurze benzinis fasebi
gansxvavebuli iqneba. bazris wili ganisazRvreba ara marto fasebiT, aramed gansxvavebuli dizainiT,
TiToeuli firmis produqtis eqsploataciisa da momsaxurebis vadebiT. aseT SeTxvevaSi firmebs konkurenciis
gaweva uwevT fasebis da ara warmoebis moculobis xarjze.
diferencirebuli saqonlis SemTxvevaSi, safaso konkurenciis moqmedebis gasagebad ganvixiloT Semdegi
magaliTi. davuSvaT, rom ori duopolistidan TiToeulis mudmivi danaxarjebi 20 laria, xolo cvalebadi
danaxarjebi tolia 0-is. maTi moTxovnis mrudebi erTnairia:
`firma 1-is moTxovna: Q
1
=12-2P
1
+ P
2
(13.6 `a)
`firma 2-is moTxovna: Q
2
=12-2P
2
+ P
1
(13.6 `b)
P
1
da P
2
_ fasebia, romelsac aweseben Sesabamisad `firma 1 da `firma 2, xolo Q
1
da Q
2
_ saqonlis
saboloo raodenobaa, romlis realizaciasac isini axdenen. Tu firma fass moumatebs, mis mier gayiduli saqonlis
raodenoba mcirdeba, xolo izrdeba, Tu misi konkurenti ufro maRal fass daawesebs.
Tu orive firma erTdroulad daawesebs fasebs, Cven SegviZlia gamoviyenoT kurnos modeli. TiToeuli
firma gasazRvravs produqtis fass, Tu konkurentis fass miiCnevs fiqsirebul sidided. ganvixiloT `firma 1.
misi mogeba
1
aris P
1
Q
1
mTliani amonagebisa da 20 laris mudmivi danaxarjebis sxvaoba. Tu Q
1-
s
SevitanoT formulaSi (13.6 `a) miviRebT:

1
=P
1
Q
1
-20=12P
1
-P
1
2
-P
1
P
2
-20
P
1
fasis ra SemTxvevaSia mogeba maqsimaluri? pasuxi damokidebulia P
2
fasze, romelsac `firma 1
ganixilavs, rogorc fiqsirebuls. Tumca `firma 2-is mier dawesebuli fasisagan damoukideblad, `firma 1-is
mogeba maqsimaluri xdeba, rodesac fasebis Zalian umniSvnelo zrdis gamo miRebuli damatebiTi mogeba 0-
s utoldeba. Tu P
2
fass mudmivad CavTvliT, `firma 1-is fasi, romlis drosac mogeba maqsimaluria, tolia:

1
/P
1
=12-4P
1
+ P
2
=0
imisaTvis, rom miviRoT faswarmoqmnis Sesabamisi wesi, anu `firma 1-Tvis saWiro reagirebis mrudi,
es gantoleba SeiZleba Semdegnairad gadavweroT:
`firma 1-is reagirebis mrudi: P
1
=3 + 1/4P
2

es wesi `firma 1-s exmareba daawesos Tavisi produqtis fasi `firma 2-is mier dawesebuli fasis
gaTvaliswinebiT. analogiurad, gamoviyvanoT faswarmoqmnis wesi `firma 2-Tvisac.
`firma 2-is reagirebis mrudi: P
2
=3 + 1/4P
1

reagirebis es mrudebi gamosaxulia naxazze 13.8. neSis wonasworoba vlindeba wertilSi, sadac reagirebis
ori mrudi ikveTeba; Tqven SegiZliaT darwmundeT, rom fasi am wertilSi orive firmisaTvis 4 laris, xolo
mogeba 12 laris tolia. am wertilSi, arc erT firmas ar aqvs fasis Secvlis stimuli, radgan TiToeuli firma,
konkurentebis fasis gaTvaliswinebiT saukeTesod iyenebs yvela SesaZleblobas.
axla ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac ori firma aRwevs SeTanxmebas: fasis damoukidebelad SerCevis
nacvlad, maTTvis umjobesiaEerTnairi fasis dadgena. es mogebas orive firmisTvis maqsimalurs gaxdis.
Tqven SegiZliaT darwundeT, rom firmebi mocemul SemTxvevaSi airCevdnen fass 6 lars da orive
mogebuli darCeba. maTi mogeba amjerad Seadgens 16 lars
18
.
naxazze 13.8 gamosaxulia msgavsi wonasworoba saidumlo SeTanxmebis dros.

18
firmebs aqvT erTaniri danaxarjebi, amitomac isini adgenen erTnair fass (P). mTliani mogeba tolia
T
=
1 +

2
= 24
P 4 P
2
- 40 =

24 P-2P
2
-40. mogeba maqsimums aRwevs, rodesac
T/
P = 0.
T
/P= 24 4P, maqsimaluri
mogebis ganmsazRvrelia fasi P = 6. Sesabamisad, TiToeuli firmis mogeba tolia
1
=
2
= 12P P
2
-20= 72-36-
20=16$
292




























bolos davuSvaT, rom `firma 1 fass adgens, xolo `firma 2 faswarmoqnis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas
iRebs mogvianebiT, `firma 1-is gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze. stakelbergis modelisagan gansxvavebiT,
romlis drosac firmebi gansazRvraven TavianT warmoebis moculobas, am SemTxvevaSi `firma 1
namdvilad aramomgebian mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, vinaidan fasis dadgenas pirveli iwyebs (es rom
gasagebi iyos, gaiangariSeT `firma 1-is fasi, romlis drosac mogeba maqsimaluria. mxedvelobaSi miiReT
`firma 2-is reagirebis mrudi). ratom aRar iqneba amjerad momgebiani saqmianobis pirvelad dawyeba?
imitom, rom `firma 2-s eZleva fasis mcirediT Semcirebis da am gziT bazris didi wilis mopovebis
SesaZlebloba.

konkurencia da SeTanxmeba
neSis wonasworoba aris arakoaliciuri wonasworoba: TiToeuli firma iRebs gadawyvetilebas,
romelsac konkurentebis moqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT misTvis maqsimalurad SesaZlo mogeba
moaqvs. rogorc vnaxeT, firmis mier miRebuli saboloo mogeba am SemTxvevaSi ufro maRalia, vidre
srulyofili konkurenciis dros, magram ufro dabali, vidre firmebis SeTanxebuli moqmedebis dros.
erTi mxriv, saidumlo SeTanxmeba arakanonieria. ratom ar unda iTanamSromlon firmebma saidumlo
SeTanxmebis gareSe? Tu Tqven da Tqvens konkurents SegiZliaT gansazRvroT maqsimaluri mogebis
momtani fasi, ratom ar SegiZliaT Tqvenve daadginoT es fasi im imediT, rom Tqveni konkurentic igives
gaakeTebs? Tu, marTlac ase moiqceva Tqveni konkurenti, orive did Semosavals miiRebT.
,,firma-2-is reagirebis mrudi
6
4
4 6 P2
O
wonasworobis saidumlo
SeTanxmebis dros


P1
nax. 13.8 neSis wonasworoba fasebiT
ori firma yidis diferencirebul saqonels da TiToeuli firmisaTvis moTxovna damokidebulia rogorc mis mier, aseve
konkurentebis dadgenil fasebze. orive firma awesebs fass erTdroulad. TiToeuli maTgani konkurentis fass iRebs rogorc
mocemuls. `firma 1-is reagirebis mrudi warmoadgens fass, romlis drosac mogeba maqsimaluria da aris fasis funqcia,
romelsac awesebs `firma 2. es aseve samarTliania `firma 2-Tvisac. neSis wonasworobis wertili mdebareobs ori
reagirebis mrudis gadakveTaze; TiToeuli firma adgens fass 4 laris odenobiT, isini saukeTesod iyeneben TavianT
SesaZleblobebs, iReben ra mxedvelobaSi konkurentis fass da ar aqvT stimuli Secvalon igi. naxazze aseve naCvenebia
wonasworoba faruli SeTanxmebis dros: Tu firmebi fasebs SeTanxmebiT daaweseben, maSin is 6 lari iqneba.
,,firma-1-is reagirebis mrudi

neSis wonasworoba
293
problema is aris, rom Tqvenma konkurentma SeiZleba ar moisurvos SeTanxmebiT miRweuli fasis
daweseba. ra mizezebi aqvs mas amisaTvis? SeiZleba, Tqvens konkurents awyobdes ufro dabali fasi, Tundac
icodes, rom Tqven apirebT SeTanxmebis dacvas.
am mosazrebis asaxsenlad davubrundeT safaso konkurenciis magaliTs bolo paragrafidan. TiToeul firmas
Cvens magaliTSi aqvs 20 laris toli mudmivi danaxarjebi, nulovani cvalebadi danaxarjebi da Sesabamisi
moTxovnis mrudebi:
`firma 1-is moTxovna: Q
1
=12 2P
1
+ P
2
(13.7 `a)
`firma 2-is moTxovna: Q
2
= 12 2P
2
+ P
1
(13.7 `b)
neSis wonasworobis dros TiToeuli firma fass 4 laris odenobiT daawesebs da 12 laris mogebis
miRebas. firmebis saidumlo SeTanxmebis dros, isini aweseben 6 laris tol fass da Rebuloben 16 laris
mogebas. axla davuSvaT, rom firmebi ar SeTanxmdebian saidumlod. magram `firma 1 awesebs
saxelSekrulebo fass 6 laris odenobiT im imediT, rom `firma 2-ic aseve moiqceva. Tu `firma 2 marTlac
amas gaakeTebs, is miiRebs 16 laris mogebas. magram ra moxdeba, Tu aRniSnulis nacvlad is daawesebs
fass 4 laris odenobiT? aseT SemTxvevaSi `firma 2 miiRebs mogebas, romelic toli iqneba:L

2
=P
2
Q
2
20 =(4) [12-(2)(4) + 6]-20=20$
roca `firma 1 miiRebs mogebas, romelic tolia mxolod 4 laris:

1
=P
1
Q
1
20 =(6)[12-(2)(6) +4] 20=4 lari
amrigad, Tu `firma 1 daadgens fass 6 lars, xolo `firma 2 mxolod 4 lars, `firma 2-is mogeba 20
laramde gaizrdeba da es moxdeba `firma 1-is mogebis Semcirebis xarjze (mogeba 4 laramde Semcirdeba).
naTelia, rom `firma 2-Tvis ufro momgebiania daawesos fasi 4 laris odenobiT. Tu `firma 2 daadgenda 6
laris tol fass, xolo `firma 1 4 lars, `firma 1 miiRebda 20 laris mogebas, xolo `firma 2 mxolod 4 lars.

mogebaTa matrica safaso TamaSSi
cxrili 13.1
`firma 2
fasi 4 lari fasi 6 lari

`firma 1 fasi 4 lari 12 lari, 12 lari 20 lari, 4 lari
fasi 6 lari 4 lari, 20 lari 16 lari, 16 lari

cxrili 13.1 am sxvadasxva SesaZleblobaTa Sedegebs aerTianebs. fasis SerCevis procesSi aRniSnuli ori
firma arakoaliciur TamaSs TamaSobs (Noncooperative Game): TiToeuli firma, meoresagan
damoukideblad saukeTesod iyenebs yvela SesaZleblobas, iRebs ra mxedvelobaSi konkurentis qcevas. aseTi
TamaSebisaTvis, cxrils 13.1 ewodeba mogebaTa matrica (Pauoff Matrix). is gviCvenebs TiToeuli firmis
mogebas misi da konkurentis gadawyvetilebis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad, mogebaTa matricis
marcxena zeda nawili gviCvenebs, rom Tu orive firma daadgens fass 4 laris odenobiT, TiToeuli miiRebs
mogebas 12 lars da a.S.
294
matrica dagvexmareba gaeces pasuxi kiTxvas: ratom ar TanamSromloben firmebi da ratom ar iReben
am gziT maRal mogebas, Tu amisaTvis saidulo SeTanxmebaSi Sesvla ar aris aucilebeli? Cvens
SemTxvevaSi TanamSromloba niSnavs, rom orive firma fass 4 laris nacvlad 6 laris odenobiT adgens da
nacvlad 12 larisa, 16 laris odenobis mogebas iReben. magram TiToeuli firma ufro mets miiRebda, Tu
daadgenda fass 4 lars, imisgan damoukideblad, ras gaakeTebda misi konkurenti. rogorc mogebaTa matrica
gviCvenebs, Tu `firma 2 moiTxovs 4 lars, `firma 1-Tvis saukeTeso iqneba daadginos 4 laris toli fasi. xolo,
Tu `firma 2 produqtis erTeulze awesebs 6 lars, `firma 1 mainc daadgens 4 laris tol fass da amiT saukeTeso
arCevans gaakeTebs. analogiurad, `firma 2-Tvis yovelTvis momgebiani iqneba 4 laris toli fasi, ra
gadawyvetilebac ar unda miiRos `firma 1-ma. sanam firmebi ar moaweren xels iZulebiT SeTanxmebaze 6
laris Sesaxeb, arcerTi maTagani ar unda elodos, rom misi konkurenti daadgens 6 laris tol fass da orive
produqtis erTeuls gayidis 4 larad.

patimarTa dilema
oligopoliuri firmebi xSirad awydebian patimarTa dilemis (Prisoners Dilemma) klasikur magaliTs
TamaSTa Teoriidan. misi arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: or dakavebuls bralad danaSaulis CadenaSi
monawileoba edeba. isini moTavsebulni arian cal-calke sakanSi da ar SeuZliaT erTmaneTTan dakavSireba.
TiToeuli maTganisagan iTxoven aRiarebas. Tu orive aRiarebs danaSauls, maSin maT elodebaT xuTi wliT
patimroba. Tu arcerTi ar aRiarebs danaSauls, braldebis mxare aRmoCndeba rTul mdomareobaSi da
dakavebulebs SeeZlebaT wavidnen danaSaulis aRiarebis Sesaxeb garigebaze (danaSaulisaTvis dakisrebuli
braldebidan, naklebad mZime braldebamde) da miiReben ori wliT patimrobas. meore mxriv, Tu aRiarebs
mxolod erTi patimarTagani, meore ki ara, is, vinc aRiara danaSauli miiRebs 1 wliT patimrobas, maSin,
rodesac meore cixeSi Cajdeba aTi wliT. mocemul SemTxvevaSi Tqven rogor moiqceodiT _ aRiarebdiT
danaSauls Tu ara?
mogebaTa matrica cxrilSi 13.2 gviCvenebs SesaZlo Sedegebs. (SevniSnavT, rom ,,mogebebi aris
uaryofiTi; Canaweri mogebaTa matricis qveda marjvena kuTxeSi aRniSnavs TiToeuli dakavebulis orwlian
patimrobas.) rogorc cxrili gviCvenebs, dakavebulebi dilemis winaSe dganan. Tu isini dadebdnen
SeTanxmebas, romelic daavaldebulebda orives danaSaulis aRiarebas, maSin TiToeuli wavidoda cixeSi
mxolod ori wliT. magram maT ar SeuZliaT erTmaneTSi molaparakeba. amis SesaZleblobac rom hqonodaT,
endobian ki erTmaneTs? Tu dakavebuli ,,a ar Riarebs, is riskavs _ gadasces upiratesoba Tanamonawiles.
miuxedavad imisa, ras moimoqmedebs dakavebuli ,,a, dakavebuli ,,b iCqarebs aRiarebas. dakavebuli ,,a
zustad aseve ecdeba pirvelma gaakeTos aRiareba. ase rom, dakavebul ,,b-s mouwevs nerviuloba
upiratesobis dakargvis gamo, Tu is ar aRiarebs danaSauls. Sesabamisad, orive dakavebuli danaSauls
aRiarebs da cixeSi xuT-xuTi wliT Cajdebian.
oligopoliuri firmebi xSirad patimarTa dilemis msgavs situaciebSi imyofebian. maT unda gadawyviton,
Caebnen konkurenciaSi agresiuli qceviT bazris ufro didi wilis xelSi Casagdebad, Tu ,,gaerTiandnen da
ufro pasiurad ibrZolon mogebisaTvis konkurentTan SeTanxmebiT, Seurigdnen TavianT wils bazarze da
ecadon Cumad saidumlo SeTanxmebis dadebas.
295
Tu firmebi erTmaneTs konkurencias pasiurad uweven _ aweseben fasebs da gansazRvraven gamoSvebis
moculobebs, SeuZliaT miiRon ufro maRali mogeba, vidre agresiuli konkurenciis dros.
Tumca, dakavebulebis msgavsad, TiToeul firmas aqvs konkurentTan SedarebiT ufro dabali fasis
dawesebis stimuli da icis, rom konkurentebSic arsebobs aseTive motivi. surs ra TanamSromloba, TiToeuli
firma Tanabrad nerviulobs, da sruliad safuZvlianadac, _ ra iqneba, Tu is airCevs pasiur konkurencias, xolo
konkurenti gadaixreba agresiuli konkurenciisaken da daipyrobs bazris lomis wils? orive firma moigebs, Tu
gadawyveten faswarmoqmnis problemas, daiwyeben ,,TanamSromlobas da daaweseben ufro maRal fass
(cxrili 13.2). magram firmebi imyofebian patimarTa dilemis situaciaSi _ arc erT maTgans ar SeuZlia endos
Tavis konkurents da daawesos maRali fasi.

mogebaTa matrica patimarTa dilemisaTvis
cxrili 13.2
patimari ,,b
aRiareba ar aRiareba
patimari ,,a aRiareba 5, _5 _1, _10
ar aRiareba 10, _1 _2, _2


13.5 patimarTa dilemis gamoyeneba oligopoliuri faswarmoqmnis dros

aiZulebs Tu ara patimarTa dilema oligopoliur firmebs mimarTon agresiul konkurencias dabali fasebis
dawesebiT? es aucilebeli ar aris. firmebis umravlesoba awesebs fasebs da warmoebis moculobebs TavianT
konkurentebis qcevaze mudmivi dakvirvebiTa da cifrebis mudmivi koreqtirebiT. es firmebs reputaciis
SeqmnaSi exmareba, romelic SesaZloa ndobaSi gadaizardos. Sedegad xandaxan oligopoliuri koordinacia da
TanamSromloba miiRweva. ganvixiloT sami-oTxi firmisagan Semdgari dargi. mravali wlis manZilze am
firmebis menejerebi iRlebian safaso omebSi Semosavlebis dakargviT da maT Soris Cndeba faruli
urTierTgageba, romlis wyalobiTac yvela firma SeinarCunebs maRal fass da arcerTi maTgani aRar cdilobs
konkurentisaTvis bazris wilis warTmevas.
Tumca konkurentebis ,,mocilebis SesaZlebloba macduneblad gamoiyureba. menejerebma ician, rom
amis gakeTebis SemTxvevaSi miRebuli sargebeli moklevadiani iqneba: konkurentebic amiTve upasuxeben
da Sedegad ganaxldeba safaso moqmedebebi da grZelvadian periodSi mogebis Semcireba.
zogjer faruli SeTanxmeba Znelad misaRwevia. magaliTad, sxvadasxva danaxarjebisa da sabazro
moTxovnis sxvadasxva Sefasebebis mqone firmebma SeiZleba ver moaxerxon fasebze SeTanxmeba.
davuSvaT, `firma 1 Tvlis, rom optimaluri fasia 10 lari, `firma 2 ki darwmunebulia, rom aseTi fasia 9 lari.
`firma 1-ma es SeiZleba fasis Semcirebis mcdelobad CaTvalos da fasis 8 laramde daweviT upasuxos.
Sedegad daiwyeba safaso omi.

296
fasebis mouqneloba
oligopoliuri firmebisaTvis saidumlo SeTanxmebebi aramdgradia, maSin rodesac maTi miswrafeba
stabilurobisaken (gansakuTrebiT fasebTan mimarTebaSi) metad didia. ai ratomaa oligopoliuri dargisTvis
Cveulebriv damaxasiaTebeli fasebis mouqneloba, anu fasebis simtkice (Price Rigidity). maSinac ki, roca
icvleba danaxarjebi an moTxovna, firmebi mainc ewinaaRmdegebian fasebis cvlilebas. roca fasebi ecema an
moTxovna mcirdeba, maT eSiniaT, rom konkurentebi SedarebiT dabal fasebs araswor interpretacias
miscemen da daiwyeba safaso omis morigi raundi. Tu danaxarjebi an moTxovna gaizrdeba, firmebi uars
amboben fasebis momatebaze. maT eSiniaT, rom konkurentebi uars ityvian fasebis momatebaze.




















oligopoliisaTvis fasebis es mouqneloba safuZvlad udevs moTxovnis texili mrudis models (Kinked
demand Curve Model). am modelis YTanaxmad, TiToeuli moTxovnis mrudi gadatexilia mimdinare P*
fasze ufro maRali fasis dawesebis dros (naxazi 13.9). P*-ze maRali fasis dros moTxovnis mrudi sakmaod
elastikuria imis gamo, rom Tu firma gazrdis fass P*-ze metad, sxva firmebi mas ar mibaZaven. Sesabamisad,
is dakargavs gayidvebis moculobisa da bazris wilis mniSvnelovan nawils. meore mxriv, firma
darwmunebulia, rom Tu is Seamcirebs fass P*-ze dabla, sxva firmebic mibaZaven mas. maT ar surT
dakargon bazris sakuTari wili. am SemTxvevaSi gayidvebi gaizrdeba mxolod im donemde, ra donemdec
SedarebiT dabali fasi gazrdis mTlian sabazro moTxovnas.
firmis moTxovnis mrudi aris texili, amitom misi zRvruli Semosavlebis mrudic wydeba. (zRvruli
Semosavlis mrudis qveda nawili Seesabameba moTxovnis mrudis SedarebiT elastikur monakveTs. Sedegad,
P
*

D
Q
*
Q
O
$/Q1
nax. 13.9 moTxovnis texili mrudi
TiToeuli firma darwmunebulia, rom Tu is fass awevs mimdinare P* fasze zeviT, arcerTi konkurenti ar mibaZavs mis magaliTs, da
is dakargavs Tavisi gayidvaTa moculobis did nawils. aseve, TiToeuli firma darwmunebulia, rom Tu is dawevs fass, yvela danarCeni
aseve moiqceva da misi gayidvebi gaizrdeba mxolod im doniT, ra doniTac izrdeba sabazro moTxovna. Sedegad firmis D
moTxovnis mrudi tydeba P* wertilSi da misi zRvruli Semosavlebis mrudi MR am wertilSi wydeba. Tu zRvruli danaxarjebi izrdeba
MC-dan MC
'
-mde, firma gaagrZelebs igive Q* moculobis produqciis warmoebas imave P* fasad.

MC
MC
MR
297
firmis danaxarjebi SeiZleba Seicvalos, fasebi ki uwindel doneze darCes. rogorc naCvenebia naxazze 13.9,
zRvruli danaxarjebi SeiZleba gaizardos warmoebis moculobis ucvleli donis dros magram, mainc
darCes zRvruli Semosavlebis toli. ase rom fasi ucvleli rCeba.
moTxovnis texili mrudis modeli mimzidvelia Tavisi simartiviT, magram is ar gvixsnis oligopoliur
faswarmoqmnas. is arafers gveubneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor irCeven firmebi P*-s da ara romelime sxva
fass. es modeli bolomde ver uZlebs praqtikul Semowmebas. arsebobs mtkicebuleba, rom konkurenti firmebi
aTanabreben ara mxolod zrdad, aramed klebad fasebsac. fasebis mouqnelobis axsna dakavSirebulia
patimarTa dilemasTan da firmebis survilTan _ Tavi aaridon urTierTdamangrevel safaso konkurencias.

safaso signalizacia da safaso lideroba
faswarmoqmnis faruli SeTanxmebis dros firmebs uWirT koordinacia fasebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT
danaxarjebisa da moTxovnis pirobebis cvlilebis dros. safaso signalizacia (Price Signaling) aris arapirdapiri
saidumlo SeTanxmebis forma, romelic xels uwyobs am problemis gadaWras. magaliTad, firma akeTebs
gancxadebas fasebis momatebis Sesaxeb (presis an sxva sainformacio saSualebebiT) da imedi aqvs, rom
misi konkurentebi am gancxadebas aRiqvamen rogorc signals fasebis momatebaze. Tu konkurentebi
mibaZaven mis magaliTs, yvela firma (ukidures SemTxvevaSi, moklevadian periodSi mainc) miiRebs ufro
maRal mogebas.
xandaxan adgenen iseT wesebs, rodesac erTi firma regularulad akeTebs gancxadebas fasebis cvlilebis
Sesaxeb, xolo danarCeni firmebi dargSi baZaven mas. am sqemas ewodeba safaso lideroba (Price
Leadership). erTi firma TavisTavad (moulaparakeblad) xdeba aRiarebuli ,,lideri, xolo sxva firmebi,
egreTwodebuli ,,safaso mimdevrebi, ergebian mis fass. am SemTxvevaSi fasebis koordinaciis problema
qreba. TiToeuli firma iRebs im fass, romelsac iTxovs Tavis saqonelze lideri.
davuSvaT, sami oligopoliuri firma produqtis erTeuls yidis 10 larad. Tu isini moaxdenen SeTanxmebas da
erT erTeuls 20 larad gayidian, maTi mogeba seriozulad gaizrdeba. Sexvedra da molaparakeba produqtis 20
larad gayidvaze arakanonieria. amis nacvlad `firma 1 fass zrdis 15 laramde da acxadebs presis saSualebiT.
`firma 2 da `firma 3 amas afasebs, rogorc garkveul gzavnils _ rom `firma 1 eZebs maT TanaSromlobas
fasebis momatebaSi. amitom isinic zrdian fass 15 laramde. miaRwevs Tu ara fasi 20 lars (am dros mogeba
maqsimaluria), myardeba koordinaciis da faruli SeTanxmebis iseTi modeli, romelic SeiZleba iseTive
efeqtiani aRmoCndes, rogorc formaluri SeTanxmeba fasebze.
msgavsi qcevis magaliTs warmoadgens aSS-is saavtomobilo mSenebloba, sadac safaso lideris rolSi
tradiciulad ,,jeneral motorsi gvevlineba.
dominanturi firmis modeli
zogierT oligopoliur bazarze gayidvaTa mTliani moculobis ZiriTadi wili erT msxvil firmas ekuTvnis, xolo
SedarebiT mcire firmebis jgufi uzrunvelyofs bazris darCenil nawils. aseT SemTxvevaSi msxvili firma
gamodis, rogorc dominanturi firma (Dominant Firm) da adgens fass, romelic maqsimizacias ukeTebs mis
mogebas. sxva firmebi ver axdenen fasebze did gavlenas da moqmedeben rogorc srulyofili konkurentebi.
isini lideri firmebis mier dadgenil fass iReben rogorc mocemuls da awarmoeben DSesabamisi moculobis
produqts. magram rogori fasi unda daadginos liderma firmam? mogebis maqsimizaciisTvis, man
mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos sxva firmebis warmoebis moculobebis damokidebuleba im fasTan, romelsac is
298
daadgens. naxazze 13.10 naCvenebia, rogor adgens fass lideri firma. aq D _ aris moTxovnis sabazro mrudi,
xolo S
F
_ miwodebis mrudi (e.i. danarCeni, SedarebiT mcire firmebis agregirebuli zRvruli danaxarjebis
mrudebia). meTaurma firmam unda gansazRvros D
D
moTxovnis mrudi. rogorc naxazi gviCvenebs, es mrudi
zustad sabazro moTxovnasa da damatebiTi firmebis miwodebas Soris arsebuli sxvaobis tolia. magaliTad, P
1

fasis dros damatebiTi firmebis miwodeba zustad sabazro moTxovnis tolia. amitom, lideri firma am fasad
arafers gayidis. roca fasi tolia P
2-
is an ufro mcirea, damatebiTi firmebi saerTod Sewyveten saqonlis
miwodebas. ase rom, lideri firma gamodis sabazro moTxovnis mrudiT. P
1-
sa da P
2
-s Soris arsebuli fasebis
dros lideri firmis moTxovnis mrudi iqneba D
D
.





























D
D
-is Sesabamisad aigeba lideri firmis zRvruli Semosavlebis mrudi MR
D
. MC
D
aris dominanturi firmis
zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi. mogebis maqsimizaciisTvis liderma firmam unda awarmoos MR
D
da MC
D
-is
gadakveTis Sesabamisi QD-is raodenobis produqti. D
D
moTxovnis mrudiT Cven vpoulobT P* fass. am fasis
dros danarCeni firmebi gayidian Q
F
moculobis produqts. amgvarad, gayiduli produqtis mTliani moculoba
Seadgens: Q
T
=Q
D
+Q
F.

13.6 karteli

kartelis SemadgenlobaSi myofi mwarmoeblebi Riad Tanxmdebian erToblivi faswarmoqmnisa da
warmoebis moculobis dadgenis Sesaxeb. dargSi Semavali yvela mwarmoebeli ar Tvlis saWirod kartelSi
Sesvlas. kartelebis umravlesobaSi erTiandebian mxolod mwarmoeblebis gansazRvruli qvejgufebi. Tu
P
*

P2
QF QD QT raodenoba
O
MC
D

fasi
nax. 13.10 lideri firmis mier fasis daweseba
lideri firma awesebs fass, xolo danarCeni firmebi am fasSi yidian maTTvis yvelaze sasurveli moculobis produqts. lideri firmis
moTxovnis mrudi (DD ) aris sxvaoba sabazro moTxovnasa (D) da danarCeni firmebis miwodebas Soris (SF). lideri firma
awarmoebs QD moculobis produqts, romelic ganisazRvreba zRvruli Semosavlebis (MRD)

da zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis
(MCD) gadakveTis wertiliT. Sesabamisi fasi tolia P*-is. am fasis dros danarCeni firmebi yidian QF moculobis produqts. mTliani
gayidvebi Seadgens QT-s.


D
0

S
F

D
P1
MR
D

299
kartelur SeTanxmebebSi Sedis mwarmoeblebis sakmaod didi raodenoba, xolo amasTan erTad sabazro
moTxovna araelastikuria, aseT kartels fasebis aweva konkurentul donesTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad ufro
maRla SeuZlia.
kartelebi xSirad saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis arian. amerikuli antimonopoliuri kanonmdebloba uflebas ar
aZlevs amerikul kompaniebs awarmoon molaparakebebi. zogierT qveynebSi kompaniebs kartelebis
formirebaSi xels araferi uSliT. magaliTad ,,OPEK-is qveynebis karteli navTobis mwarmoebeli
(eqsportiori) qveynebis saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebaa romlebic 10 welze met xans inarCunebdnen
konkurentul donesTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad maRal msoflio fasebs navTobze.

kartelis warmatebis piroba
kartelis warmatebis ori piroba arsebobs. pirvel piroba _ kartelis formireba iseTi wevrebiT unda
xdebodes, romlebic Tanxmdebian fasebze da warmoebis moculobebze, xolo Semdeg unda daicvan mocemuli
SeTanxmeba. kartelis wevrebs SeuZliaT erTmaneTTan Sexvedra, raTa SeTanxeba ganamtkicon formaluri
saxiTac. magram es ar niSnavs, rom SeTanxmebis dadeba advilia. kartelis monawileebs SeiZleba hqondeT
sxvadasxva danaxarjebi, sabazro moTxovnis gansxvavebuli Sefasebebi da amocanebi. Sesabamisad,
maTTvis misaRebi fasebis donec gansxvavebuli aRmoCndeba. ufro metic, kartelis monawileebs SeiZleba
,,TaRliTobis cduneba gauCndeT _ produqtze fasebis umniSvnelo SemcirebiT moaxerxon maTTvis
gamoyofili bazris wilze ufro didi wilis xelSi Cagdeba.
meore piroba _ kartels gaaCnia monopoliuri Zalauflebis potenciali. potenciuri monopoliuri
Zalaufleba warmatebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani pirobaa.

300
karteluri faswarmoqmnis analizi
yvela mwarmoebeli Zalian iSviaTad erTiandeba kartelSi. Cveulebriv, karteli pasuxs agebs
warmoebis mTliani moculobis mxolod garkveul nawilze da fasis dadgenis dros mxedvelobaSi iRebs
konkurenti mwarmoeblebis mxridan (romlebic ar Sedian kartelSi) produqtis sapasuxo miwodebas.
amgvarad, karteluri faswarmoqmnis analizis dros SeiZleba gamoviyenoT adre ganxiluli lideri firmis modeli.
Cven am models gamoviyenebT ori kartelis mimarT: OPEC-is qveynebis navTobis kartelisa da CIPEC-is
spilenZis kartelisadmi (CIPEC aris spilenZis eqsportiori qveynebis saerTaSoriso gaerTianebis aRmniSvneli
franguli abreviatura (International Council of Copper Exporting Countries). es dagvexmareba gavigoT,
rogor miaRwia OPEC-ma warmatebas fasebis momatebis sakiTxSi maSin, roca CIPEC -ma marcxi
ganicada.

OPEC -is analizi
naxazze 13.11 naCvenebia OPEC-Si situacia. mTliani moTxovna TD aris navTobis nedleulze
msoflio moTxovnis mrudi, xolo S
C
_ konkurentuli (ar ekuTvnis OPEC-s) miwodebis mrudi. OPEC-is
navTobze moTxovna D
OPEC
aris mTliani moTxovnasa da konkurentul miwodebas Soris sxvaoba, xolo
MR
OPEC
_ es misi Sesabamisi zRvruli amonagebis mrudi. MC
OPEK
aris OPEC-is wevri qveynebis zRvruli
danaxarjebis mrudi; Zneli SesamCnevi ar aris, rom OPEC-s aqvs gacilebiT mcire warmoebis danaxarjebi,
vidre im mwarmoeblebs, romlebic ar Sedian OPEC-Si. Q
OPEC
warmoebis moculobis dros, OPEC-is
zRvruli amonagebi da zRvruli danaxarjebi erTmaneTs utoldeba. OPEC-is moTxovnis mrudidan Cven
vxedavT, rom fasi tolia P
*
- is, xolo am fasis dros konkurentuli miwodeba ki aris Q
C
.
davuSvaT, rom navTobis eqsportiorma qveynebma ar Seqmnes karteli da navTobs konkurenciis pirobebSi
awarmoeben. am dros fasi zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia. Sesabamisad, konkurentuli fasi SegviZlia
ganvsazRvroT im wertilSi, sadac OPEC-s moTxovnisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebi ikveTeba. es fasi
(P
C
) gacilebiT naklebia, vidre kartelis P
*
fasi. mTliani moTxovna da OPEC-is arawevri qveynebis
miwodebac araelastikuria, amitom moTxovna OPEC-is navTobzec araelastikuri iqneba. amgvarad, karteli
flobs mniSvnelovan monopoliur Zalauflebas. man gamoiyena es Zalaufleba 1970-ian wlebSi, raTa fasi
mniSvnelovnad gaezarda konkurentul donesTan SedarebiT.
wina TavebSi xazi gavusviT moklevadiani da grZelvadiani periodebis moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris
arsebuli gansxvavebebis mniSvnelobas. es gansxvaveba aqac mniSvnelovania. naxazze 13.11 mocemulia
mTliani moTxovnis da miwodebis mrudebi, romlebic ar ekuTvnis OPEC-s da gamoiyeneba mokle an
saSualovadiani periodebis analizisaTvis. grZelvadian periodSi moTxovnac da miwodebac SesamCnevad ufro
elastikuri iqneba. es niSnavs, rom OPEC-is moTxovnis mrudic aseve mniSvnelovnad ufro elastikuri iqneba.
amgvarad, grZelvadian periodSi OPEC ver SeZlebda SeenarCunebina konkurentul niSnulze mniSvnelovnad
ufro maRali fasebis done. marTlac, 1982-1989 wlebSi navTobis fasebi realurad daeca ZiriTadad OPEC-is
arawevri qveynebis moTxovnisa da miwodebis grZelvadiani koreqtirebis wyalobiT.





fasi
S
C

T
D
TD
301































CIPEC-is analizi
naxazze 13.12 Catarebulia msgavsi analizi CIPEC-Tvis. CIPEC Sedgeba spilenZis mwarmoebeli oTxi
qveynisagan: Cile, peru, zambia da kongo. isini erTad ageben pasuxs spilenZis warmoebis im wilze,
romelmac ar unda gadaaWarbos msoflio warmoebis naxevars. am qveynebSi warmoebis danaxarjebi
dabalia, vidre im mwarmoeblebSi, romlebic ar Sedian am kartelSi. naxazze 13.10 CIPEC-is zRvruli
danaxarjebis mrudi gamosaxulia SedarebiT qveviT, vidre CIPEC-Si arSesuli qveynebis miwodebis mrudi.
kartelis D
CIPEC
moTxovnis mrudi aris sxvaoba TD mTlian moTxovnasa da kartelSi arSesuli mwarmoeblebis
S
C
miwodebas Soris. kartelis zRvruli danaxarjebis da zRvruli amonagebis mrudebi ikveTebian Q
CIPEC

warmoebis moculobis dros Sesabamisi P* fasiT. konkurentuli P
C
fasi mdebareobs wertilSi, sadac CIPEC-is
moTxovnis mrudi kveTs zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds. es fasi Zalian axlosaa kartelur P* fasTan.
ratom ar SeuZlia CIPEC kartels spilenZze fasebis ufro mniSvnelovnad aweva? rogorc naxazi 13.12
gviCvenebs, mTliani moTxovna spilenZze SedarebiT ufro elastikuria, vidre moTxovna navTobze (spilenZi
advilad SeiZleba Seicvalos sxva liTonebiT, magaliTad aluminiT.) amis garda, konkurentul miwodebas aqvs
gacilebiT ufro elastikuri xasiaTi. moklevadian periodSi mwarmoeblebs, romlebic ar Sedian CIPEC-Si,
advilad SeuZliaT gazardon miwodeba, Tu fasebi gaizrdeba (nawilobriv, gadamuSavebuli jarTis SesaZlo
miwodebis gamo). amgvarad, mocemuli kartelis potenciuri monopoliuri Zalaufleba didi ar aris.
rogorc gviCveneben OPEC-isa da CIPEC-is magaliTebi, warmatebuli kartelis SeqmnisaTvis saWiroa
ori ram: pirveli, saqonelze mTliani moTxovna unda iyos fasis mimarT Zalian elastikuri; meore, kartelma
unda akontrolos TiTqmis mTeli msoflio miwodeba an Tu amis SesaZlebloba ar aqvs, maSin miwodeba
302
kartelSi arSesuli mwarmoeblebis mxridan ar unda iyos fasis mimarT elastikuri. saerTaSoriso kartelebis
umravlesobam marcxi imis gamo ganicada, rom mxolod zogierTi msoflio bazari akmayofilebs am pirobas.




























13.7 faswarmoqmna, danaxarjebi plius~ sqemis mixedviT

oligopoliis safaso qcevis erT-erTi modelia faswarmoqmnas `danaxarjebi plius~ principiT. am
SemTxvevaSi oligopolisti iyenebs erTeul produqtze danaxarjebis gaangariSebis meTodikas, xolo Semdeg
am danaxarjebs umatebs garkveul Tanxas fasnamats. Sedegad miiReba oligopoliuri fasi. vinaidan erTeul
produqtze danaxarjebi icvleba warmoebis moculobis cvlilebis mixedviT, amitom firma orientacias iRebs
produqtis garkveul tipiur moculobaze. magaliTad, firmis saSualo danaxarjebis sidide SeiZleba iyos is,
romelic miiRweva firmis mier mTliani sawarmoo simZlavris 75%-80%-is gamoyenebis dros. fasis
dawesebis dros saSualo danaxarjebs emateba garkveuli procentuli danamati.
magaliTad, Tu erTeul produqtze danaxarjebi 200 lars Seadgens, danamati ki 50%-ia, maSin sacalo
savaWro fasi iqneba 300 lari (danamati, rogorc wesi, 50%-ia). saSualo danaxarjebSi ufro didi xvedriTi wona
cvalebad danaxarjebs ukavia. amitom saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebis sidides emateba garkveuli procenti,
romelic moicavs saSualo mudmiv danaxarjebsa da normalur mogebas.
fasi (P)=saSualo cvalebad danaxarjebs (AVC) + saprocento nameti (saSualo mudmivi danaxarjebi (AFC)
)+ normaluri mogeba

P
*

PC
QC Q
OIPEC QT raodenoba
O
MC
OIPEC

fasi
D
OIPEC

S
C

T
D

MR
CIPEC

nax. 13.12 spilenZis karteli CIPEC
CIPEC-is zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi mdebareobs SedarebiT qveviT, vidre CIPEC-Si arSesuli qveynebis miwodebis mrudi.
kartelis DCIPEC moTxovnis mrudi aris sxvaoba TD mTliani moTxovnasa da kartelSi arSesuli mwarmoeblebis SC miwodebas
Soris. MCCIPEC da MRCIPEC mrudebi ikveTebian QCIPEC _ warmoebis moculobis dros Sesabamisi P* fasiT. konkurentuli PC
fasi mdebareobs wertilSi, sadac CIPEC-is moTxovnis mrudi kveTs zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds. es fasi Zalian axlosaa
kartelur P* fasTan.

TD
303
saprocento danamati damokidebulia produqtze moTxovnis elastikurobaze. rac ufro elastikuria am
produqtze moTxovna, miT ufro naklebia saprocento danamati.

ZiriTadi terminebi
- monopolisturi
- konkurencia
- arasafaso konkurencia
- Warbi simZlavre
- hotelingis paradoqsi
- oligopolia
- neSis wonasworoba
- duopolia
- reagirebis mrudi
- kurnos wonasworoba
- SeTanxmebis mrudi

- stakelbergis modeli
- ,,iniciatoris upiratesoba
- bertranis modeli
- mogebaTa matrica
- patimarTa dilema
- fasebis simtkice
- moTxovnis texili mrudi
- safaso signalizacia
- safaso lideroba
- dominturi firma
- karteli
ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. monopolisturi konkurenciis dros maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi produqtis raodenobisa da fasis
kombinaciis wertili firmis individualuri moTxovnisa da, amave dros, saSualo mTliani danaxarjebis
mrudze mdebareobs. monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze firma funqcionirebs araefeqtianobis
pirobebSi da aqvs ,,Warbi simZlavreebi, rac gamowveulia bazarze diferencirebuli produqtis
mwarmoebeli didi raodenobis firmebis arsebobiT. am pirobebSi bazars miewodeba naklebi raodenobis
produqti SedarebiT maRal fasad.
2. produqtis diferenciacia gadamwyvet rols asrulebs monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze, amitom firmebi
mniSvnelovan Tanxebs xarjaven reklamaze. mosazreba sareklamo kampaniis Sedegad miRebuli ufro
araelastikuri moTxovnis mrudis xelsayrelobis Sesaxeb mxolod zogierT SemTxvevaSia marTebuli.
3. oligopoliur bazarze fasebis da warmoebis moculobis dadgenis dros, firma nawilobriv iTvaliswinebs
konkurentebis qcevis Sesaxeb strategiul varaudebs. imavdroulad, konkurentebis gadawyvetileba
damokidebulia TviT firmis gadawyvetilebebze. oligopoliur bazarze neSis wonasworobis dros TiToeuli
firma maqsimalurad ukeTesad iyenebs Tavis SesaZleblobebs konkurentebis moqmedebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
4. kurnos modelSi, TiToeuli firma konkurentis warmoebis moculobas miiCnevs fiqsirebul sidided da
amis Semdeg iRebs gadawyvetilebas, Tu ra raodenobis saqoneli awarmoos. kurnos wonasworobis
dros, TiToeuli firma zustad iTvaliswinebs moculobas, romelic unda gamouSvas misma konkurentma
da amiT axdens mogebis maqsmizacias. Sesabamisad, arcerTi firma ar gadaadgildeba am wonasworuli
mdgomareobidan. kurnos modelis dros TiToeuli firma iRebs mogebas.
5. strategiul situaciebSi farTod gamoiyeneba ,,iniciatoris upiratesoba anu stakelbergis modeli. am dros
xdeba iseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba, romelic ar aris damokidebuli firmis konkurentis
gadawyvetilebaze. imisaTvis, rom konkurentma miiRos maqsimaluri mogeba, is iZulebulia,
`iniciatoris warmoebis moculoba miiRos, rogorc mocemuli da TavisTvis daadginos warmoebis
moculobis ufro dabali done.
6. bertranis modelis dros oligopoliuri firmebi erTgvarovan saqonels awarmoeben. TiToeuli maTgani
konkurentis fass ganixilavs, rogorc mudmivs da yvela firma erTdroulad iRebs gadawyvetilebas, Tu
rogori fasi daawesos saqonelze. firmebi warmoebis moculobebis nacvlad erTmaneTs konkurencias
uweven fasis arCeviT.
7. oligopoliuri bazrisaTvis, garkveuli doziT, erTgvarovan saqonelTa Sorisac ki damaxasiaTebelia
sasaqonlo diferenciacia. neSis wonasworoba fasebiT yalibdeba maSin, rodesac ori firma yidis
304
diferencirebul saqonels da TiToeuli firmisaTvis moTxovna damokidebulia rogorc mis, aseve
konkurentebis mier dadgenil fasebze. TiToeuli firma fass adgens reagirebis mrudebis gadakveTis
(neSis wonasworoba) wertilis mixedviT.
8. oligopoliur bazarze xSirad adgili aqvs arakanonier koaliciur SeTanxmebebs. oligopoliuri firmebma
unda gadawyviton, Caebnen konkurenciaSi agresiuli qceviT bazris ufro didi wilis xelSi Casagdebad,
Tu ,,gaerTiandnen da ufro pasiurad ibrZolon mogebisaTvis Tavis konkurentTan SeTanxmebiT,
xSirad isini patimarTa dilemis msgavs situaciebSi imyofebian.
9. oligopoliuri firmebisaTvis saidumlo SeTanxmebebi Cveulebriv aramdgradia, maSin rodesac maTi
miswrafeba stabilurobisaken (gansakuTrebiT fasebTan mimarTebaSi) metad didia. amitom
oligopoliuri dargisTvis damaxasiaTebeli fasebis simtkice.
10. oligopoliuri bazrisTvis damaxasiaTebelia safaso signalizacia da safaso lideroba. firma akeTebs
gancxadebas fasebis momatebis Sesaxeb da imedi aqvs, rom misi konkurentebi am gancxadebas
aRiqvamen rogorc signals, raTa fasebi maTac awion. safaso liderobis dros erTi firma regularulad
akeTebs gancxadebas fasebis cvlilebis Sesaxeb, xolo danarCeni firmebi baZaven mas.
11. zogierT oligopoliur bazarze saerTo gayidvaTa moculobis ZiriTadi wili ekuTvnis erT msxvil firmas,
xolo SedarebiT mcire firmebis jgufi uzrunvelyofs bazris darCenil nawils. aseT SemTxvevaSi msxvili
firma gamodis, rogorc dominanturi firma. igi adgens fass, romelic maqsimizacias ukeTebs mis
mogebas. sxva firmebi moqmedeben rogorc srulyofili konkurentebi. isini iReben lideri firmebis mier
dadgenil fass, rogorc mocemuls da awarmoeben DSesabamisi moculobis produqts.
12. kartelis SemadgenlobaSi myofi mwarmoeblebi Riad Tanxmdebian erToblivi faswarmoqmnisa da
warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb. Tu kartelur SeTanxmebebSi Sedis mwarmoeblebis sakmaod didi
raodenoba, xolo amasTan erTad sabazro moTxovna araelastikuria, aseT kartels fasebis aweva,
konkurentul donesTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad ufro maRla SeuZlia. karteli pasuxs agebs
warmoebis saerTo moculobis mxolod garkveul nawilze da fasis dadgenis dros mxedvelobaSi iRebs
konkurenti mwarmoeblebis mxridan saqonlis sapasuxo miwodebas. karteluri faswarmoqmnis analizis
dros gamoiyeneba lideri firmis modeli.
13. oligopoliis safaso qcevis erT-erTi modeli efuZneba faswarmoqmnas `danaxarjebi plius~ principiT. am
SemTxvevaSi oligopolisti iyenebs erTeul produqtze danaxarjebis gaangariSebis meTodikas, xolo
Semdeg am danaxarjebs umatebs garkveul Tanxas fasnamats. Sedegad oligopoliuri fasi miiReba.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis

1. grZelvadian periodSi monopolisturi konkurenciis firmebi, iseve rogorc srulyofili konkurenciis firmebi,
normalur mogebas iReben. riT aris gamowveuli monopolisturi konkurenciis bazris araefeqtianoba?
2. ratom aqvs reklamas udidesi mniSvneloba monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze, Tu efeqtianobis
TvalsazrisiT mas xSirad neitraluri Sedegi aqvs?
3. rogor myardeba wonasworoba oligopoliur bazarze?
4. rogor miiRweva neSis wonasworoba?
5. ras gviCvenebs reagirebis mrudebi? SeafaseT reagirebis mrudebi da kurnos wonasworoba;
6. raSi mdgomareobs kurnos modelis arsi? ganixileT kurnos wonasworoba duopoliis pirobebSi;
7. daaxasiaTeT stakelbergis da bertranis modelebi;
8. daaxasiaTeT safaso konkurencia diferencirebuli saqonlis dros;
9. gansazRvreT oligopoliuri faswarmoqmna patimarTa dilemis magaliTze;
10. daaxasiaTeT oligopoliis moTxovnis texili mrudi;
11. ra aris safaso signalizacia?
305
12. ras ewodeba safaso lideroba?
13. ganixileT karteluri faswarmoqmna;
14. ganmarteT faswarmoqmna `danaxarjebi plius~ sqemis mixedviT.
306
Tavi 14. TamaSTa Teoria da strategiuli qceva

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. TamaSTa Teoriisa da konkurenciis strategiebs Soris damokidebulebis axsnas
2. strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis dros neSis wonasworobis pirobebis gansazRvras
3. strategiuli qcevis magaliTebis aRweras
4. dominanturi da dominirebuli, Sereuli da wminda strategiebis analizs
5. ganmeorebadi TamaSebis, erTdrouli da mimdevrobiTi svlebis TamaSebis gaazrebas
6. strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas TamaSTa Teoriis gamoyenebas

14.1 urTierTdamokidebuli gadawyvetilebebi da neSis wonasworoba

arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazris analizi gviCvenebs, rom firmis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi
xSirad damokidebulia konkurenti firmebis gadawyvetilebebze. TamaSTa Teoria ikvlevs konkurentul
situaciaSi optimaluri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis gzebs. am dros TiToeuli agentis mier miRebul
gadawyvetilebas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs konkurentis samoqmedo gegmisaTvis.
TamaSTa Teoria Seiswavlis urTierTdamokidebul optimalur gadawyvetilebebs, roca
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqtebi racionalurad iqcevian da iTvaliswineben erTmaneTis mosalodnel
sapasuxo qmedebebs.
mecnieruli msjelobisas sityva ,,TamaSi, SesaZloa, araseriozulad JRerdes. Tumca realur
ekonomikaSi xSiria iseTi situaciebi, romlebsac mikroekonomika Seiswavlis rogorc TamaSs. magaliTad,
oligopoliuri bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kurnos da bertranis modelebi amave dros warmoadgens TamaSTa
TeoriaSi ganxilul konkretul magaliTebs.
TamaSi aris situacia, roca konkurentTa gadawyvetilebebi damokidebulia erTmaneTze.
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi TiToeuli individi cdilobs gamoicnos konkurentis mosalodneli nabiji da
imoqmedos Sesabamisad. gadawyvetilebis miRebisas moTamaSeebi (firmebi, individebi, mTavrobebi)
cdiloben maTi Semosavlebis maqsimalurad gazrdas da arCeven Sesabamis strategiebs. strategia TamaSis
gegmaa, romelic aRwers Tu rogor moqmedebs moTamaSe urTierTdamokidebuli gadawyvetilebebis
miRebisas.

martivi TamaSi
ganvixiloT TamaSis umartivesi modeli. martivi TamaSi aris situacia, roca ori an meti
moTamaSe erTdroulad iRebs erTaderT gadawyvetilebas. martivi TamaSi aris moTamaSeebis mier
erTdroulad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis erTsvliani TamaSi (Simultaneous-Move Game).
davuSvaT, rom msoflioSi saxelganTqmulma gamagrilebeli sasmelebis mwarmoebelma orma
udidesma kompaniam ,,pepsim da ,,koka kolam unda gadawyviton, aaSenon Tu ara saqarTveloSi axali
qarxana. (simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom qarTul bazarze mxolod es ori kompaniaa). TiToeuli maTgani
307
saqarTveloSi ukve aSenebuli qarxnidan iRebs did mogebas. TiToeul maTgans calk-calke SeuZlia mogebis
gazrda axali qarxnis mSeneblobiT da warmoebuli produqtis gayidvebis gafarToebiT.
Tu orive maTgani gadawyvets axali qarxnis mSeneblobas, saqarTvelos bazarze gamagrilebeli
sasmelebis Warbad miwodebam SesaZloa gamoiwvios maTze fasis Semcireba. amrigad, Tuki orive firma
gadawyvets axali qarxnis mSeneblobas, SesaZloa orives mdgomareoba gauaresdes imasTan SedarebiT, Tuki
arcerTi maTgani ar aaSenebda axal qarxanas.
cxrili 14.1 gviCvenebs TiToeuli kompaniis mier sawarmoo simZlavreebis gafarToebis SesaZlo
Sedegebs. TiToeul kompanias aqvs moqmedebaTa ori gegma anu ori strategia - aaSenos an ar aaSenos axali
qarxana. martivi TamaSis SemTxvevaSi arsebobs sawarmoo simZlavreebis gafarToebis mxolod oTxi
scenari. TiToeuli kompaniis arCevani da Sesabamisi scenarebi warmodgenilia cxrilis (matricis saxiT).

sawarmoo simZlavreeTa gafarToebis TamaSi ,,pepsisa da ,,koka kola Soris
cxrili 14.1
,,p e p s i~
,,koka-kola~

aaSenos axali qarxana
ar aaSenos axali
qarxana
aaSenos axali qarxana I *
16, 16
II
20, 15
ar aaSenos axali qarxana III
15, 20
IV
18, 5
TiToeuli firmis Semosavali: milioni dolari

matricis TiToeuli ujris pirveli monacemi aris ,,koka kolas wliuri Semosavali mocemuli scenaris
SemTxvevaSi. meore monacemi aris ,,pepsis wliuri Semosavali
19
. cxrili 14.1 gviCvenebs, Tu rogoraa
erTmaneTze damokidebuli orive kompaniis gadawyvetilebebi: TiToeulis mosalodneli Semosavali
damokidebulia misi konkurentis miRebul gadawyvetilebaze.
rogor unda SearCios kompaniam saukeTeso strategia? rogori SedegiT mTavrdeba TamaSi, roca
moTamaSeebi iTvaliswineben konkurentis gegmebs? am sakiTxebis analizisaTvis ganvixiloTNneSis
wonasworobis koncefcia. (es saxeli koncefcias ewodeba TamaSTa Teoriis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli
maTematikosis, neSis pativsacemad).
neSis wonasworobisas, cnobilia ra konkurentis mier arCeuli strategiebi, TiToeuli moTamaSis mier
arCeulia maqsimaluri Semosavlis momtani strategia. arcerT moTamaSes ar SeuZlia gazardos Tavisi mogeba
meore moTamaSis mier startegiis Secvlis gareSe.
sawarmoo simZlavreebis gafarToebis TamaSSi neSis wonasworobis Sesabamisi strategia TiToeuli
kompaniisaTvis axali qarxnis aSenebaa: (cxrilSi * niSniT aRniSnuli ujredi)
- Tu ,,pepsi aSenebs axal qarxanas, maSin saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedeba ,,koka-kolas mxridanac axali
qarxnis aSenebaa. is iRebs 16 milion dolars am SemTxvevaSi da mxolod 15 milion dolars, Tu ar

19
matricis ujris pirveli monacemi aris cxrilis marcxena mxares miTiTebuli moTamaSis mogeba. mas ,,striqonis moTamaSe
ewodeba, radgan irCevs matricis sxvadasxva horizontaluri striqonSi mocemul alternativebs. meore monacemi aris cxrilSi zemoT
miTiTebuli moTamaSis mogeba. mas ,,svetis moTamaSe ewodeba, radganac irCevs matricis sxvadasxva vertikaluri svetSi
mocemul alternativebs.
308
aaSenebs axal qarxanas. ( ,,koka kola aris ,,striqonis moTamaSe, amitom erTmaneTs unda SevadaroT
cxrilis I da III ujrebis pirveli monacemebi);
- Tu ,,koka kola aSenebs axal qarxanas, maSin ,,pepsi-saTvisac saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedeba iqneba
axali qarxnis aSeneba is miiRebs 16 milion dolars am SemTxvevaSi da mxolod 15 milion dolars, Tu ar
aaSenebs axal qarxanas. (,,pepsi aris ,,svetis moTamaSe, amitom erTmaneTs unda SevudaroT I da II
ujredebis meore monacemebi).
amrigad, Tuki moTamaSeebi elian, rom misi mowinaaRmdege racionalurad moiqceva, maSin
TiToeuli maTgani misTvis maqsimalurad xelsayrel strategias SearCevs rogoric ar unda iyos konkurentis
mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi. Tu moTamaSeebi elian, rom mowinaaRmdege gadawyvetilebas miiRebs
neSis wonasworobis Sesabamisad, maSin TviTonac iRebs neSis wonasworobis Sesabamis gadawyvetilebas.
sawarmoo simZlavreebis gafarToebis TamaSi neSis wonasworobis erT mniSvnelovan aspeqtzec
miuTiTebs - neSis wonasworobisas moTamaSeebis mier miRebuli Semosavlebi sulac ar aris maqsimaluri.
,,pepsi da ,,koka kola ufro maRal Semosavlebs miiRebda, Tu arcerTi maTgani ar aaSenebda axal qarxanas
(IV ujredi cxrilSi 14.1 ). TiToeul kompanias sakuTar interesebze zrunvis savsebiT racionaluri motivi
ubiZgebs iseTi qmedebisaken, romelic ar aris saukeTeso Sedegis momtani. moTamaSeebis koleqtiuri,
SeTanxmebuli qmedebebis DSemTxvevaSi ki aseTi Sedegis miRweva SesaZlebelia.
individualuri moTamaSis kerZo interessa da moTamaSeebis, rogorc SeTanxmebulad moqmedi
jgufis koleqtiuri interesebis SeuTavseblobas cnobili TamaSi ,,patimrebis dilemac asaxavs. cxrilSi 14.1
asaxuli TamaSic, kurnosa da bertranis modelebic patimrebis dilemis TamaSis konkretuli SemTxvevebia. am
strategiul situaciebSi neSis wonasworoba ar emTxveva moTamaSeebis maqsimalur koleqtiur Semosavlebs.

dominanturi strategia
,,pepsisa da ,,koka-kolas mier sawarmoo simZlavreebis gadidebis TamaSSi neSis wonasworobis
povna advilia, radgan TiToeuli kompaniisaTvis saukeTeso gadawyvetilebaa axali qarxnis aSeneba. axali
qarxnis aSeneba aris TiToeuli kompaniis dominanturi strategia. dominanturi strategia aris moTamaSis
mier arCeuli saukeTeso strategia konkurenti moTamaSis strategiisgan damoukideblad. dominanturia
strategia, romelic ukeTesia sxva SesaZlo strategiebze da ar aris damokidebuli imaze Tu ras airCevs
konkurenti firma. Tu moTamaSes aqvs dominanturi strategia, maSin igi neSis wonasworobis Sesabamisi
strategiac iqneba.
arsebobs TamaSebi, sadac moTamaSes ar aqvs dominanturi strategia. ganvixiloT sawarmoo
simZlavreebis gadidebis TamaSi ualkoholo sasmelebis bazarze moqmedi qarTuli kompaniebis ,,nataxtarisa
da ,,laRiZis wylebis SemTxvevaSi (simartivisaTvis davuSvaT rom bazarze mxolod es ori kompaniaa).
TamaSis mosalodneli Semosavlebisa da alternatiuli starategiebis kombinacia asaxulia cxrilSi 14.2

sawarmoo simZlavreTa gadidebis TamaSi ,,nataxtarsa da ,,laRiZis wylebs Soris
cxrili 14.2
,,laRiZis wylebi~
,,nataxtari~

aaSenos axali qarxana
ar aaSenos axali
qarxana
aaSenos axali qarxana I II
309
12, 4 20, 3
ar aaSenos axali qarxana III *
15, 6
IV
18, 5
TiToeuli kompaniis Semosavali: milioni dolari

cxrilSi mocemuli informaciis mixedviT, ,,nataxtari bevrad ufro did mogebas iRebs konkurenciis
nebismieri scenaris pirobebSi, (scenari I - 12>4; scenari II - 20>3; scenari III - 15>6; scenari IV - 18>5). am
TamaSSi ,,nataxtars~ ar aqvs dominanturi strategia. misi gadawyvetileba mTlianad damokidebulia ,,laRiZis
wylebis mier SerCeul strategiaze: ,,nataxtarisaTvis umjobesia aaSenos axali qarxana Tu ,,laRiZis wylebi
ar aaSenebs (20>18), xolo Tu ,,laRiZis wylebi gadawyvets axali qarxnis aSenebas, maSin ,,nataxtarisaTvis
umjobesia uari Tqvas qarxnis mSeneblobaze, radgan mSeneblobis SemTxvevaSi ufro nakleb mogebas
miiRebs (12<15).
miuxedavad imisa, rom ,,nataxtarisaTvis ar arsebobs dominanturi strategia, moTamaSeebi mainc
aRweven neSis wonasworobas: ,,laRiZis wylebi aaSenebs axal qarxanas, xolo ,,nataxtari ki ara ( cxrilSi
14.2 *-iT aRniSnuli III ujra: nataxtari iRebs 15 milion lars da ,,laRiZis wylebi - 6 milion lars). TamaSSi
neSis wonasworobis miRwevis Semdeg vercerTi maTgani ver gaiumjobesebs mdgomareobas
damoukideblad, Tu meore moTamaSemac ar Secvala strategia. 15 milioni da 6 milioni aris is maqsimaluri
Sedegi, romelsac TiToeuli kompania mxolod sakuTari gadawyvetilebebiT konkurentis arCevanisagan
damoukideblad iRebs. rogor miiRweva neSis wonasworoba am SemTxvevaSi? romeli strategia unda airCios
,,nataxtarma? rogor unda gamoicnos ,,nataxtarma ,,laRiZis wylebis mier SerCeuli strategia?
marTalia, ,,nataxtars ara aqvs dominanturi strategia, magram misTvis naTelia, rom ,,laRiZis
wylebisaTvis dominanturi strategiaa axali qarxnis aSeneba. imis miuxedavad, Tu ras airCevs ,,nataxtari,
,,laRiZis wylebisaTvis yvela SemTxvevaSi ufro maRali Semosavlis momtania axali qarxnis aSeneba (4>3
da 6>5). cxadia, rom ,,laRiZis wylebis racionaluri gadawyvetileba iqneba dominanturi strategiis SerCeva.
matricis monacemebis safuZvelze ,,nataxtari akeTebs daskvnas, rom ,,laRiZis wylebi airCevs misTvis
dominantur strategias anu axali qarxnis aSenebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi ,,nataxtaris mxridan saukeTeso
sapasuxo qmedebaa ar aaSenos axali qarxana.
amrigad, roca mxolod erT moTamaSes aqvs dominanturi strategia, TamaSi mainc mTavrdeba neSis
wonasworobis miRweviT, rac savsebiT logikuri Sedegia. roca orive moTamaSe racionalurad iqceva, isini
aucileblad iTvaliswineben konkurentis mosalodnel gadawyvetilebebs. mowodeba - ,,SexedeT situacias
metoqis TvalebiT, warmoidgineT Tavi metoqis adgilas da mixvdiT, ra gadawyvetilebas miiRebda igi~- aris
TamaSTa Teoriis saukeTeso gakveTili. roca erT-erT moTamaSes aqvs dominanturi strategia, igi aucileblad
irCevs mas. meore iTvaliswinebs, rom pirveli aucileblad dominantur strategias airCevda. sabolood, orive
irCevs NneSis wonasworobis Sesabamis strategiebs, sadac erT-erTi strategia dominanturia romelime
moTamaSisaTvis.

dominirebuli strategia
dominanturi startegiis sapirispiro movlenaa dominirebuli startegia. dominirebulia strategia,
romelsac Aarasodes airCevs moTamaSe, radgan arsebobs erTi mainc ufro maRali Semosavlis
momtani strategia sxva moTamaSeebis arCevanisagan damoukideblad. cxrilSi 14.1 mxolod ori
310
strategiaa TiToeuli moTamaSisaTvis. Tu erT-erTi strategia dominanturia, meore dominirebuli iqneba. Tu
TiToeul moTamaSes orze meti strategia aqvs, maSin savsebiT SesaZlebelia mas ramdenime dominirebuli
strategia hqondes, xolo dominanturi strategia ki saerTod ar hqondes.
dominirebuli strategiebis gamovlena saSualebas gvaZlevs, davadginoT neSis wonasworoba roca
arcerT moTamaSes ar aqvs dominanturi strategia.
davubrundeT ,,koka-kolasa da ,,pepsis urTierTdamokidebul gadawyvetilebebs. davuSvaT, TiToeul
firmas aqvs sami strategia: ar aaSenos axali qarxana, aaSenos mcire zomis qarxana an aaSenos didi zomis
qarxana. cxrili 14.3 gviCvenebs TiToeuli strategiis Sesabamis Semosavlebs.
am TamaSSi dominanturi strategia aravis aqvs. Tumca TiToeuli firmisaTvis didi zomis qarxnis
aSeneba aris dominirebuli strategia.

311
sawarmoo simZlavreTa gadidebis axali alternativebi
cxrili 14.3
,,p e p s i~
,,koka-kola~
didi qarxana mcire qarxana ar aaSenos
didi qarxana 0,0 12,8 18,9
mcire qarxana 8,12 16,16 20,15
ar aaSenos 9,18 15,20 18,5
TiToeuli firmis Semosavali: milioni dolari
Tuki TiToeuli maTgani izrunebs ara mxolod sakuTar Semosavlebze, aramed dafiqrdeba konkurentis
Semosavlebzec, advilad mixvdeba, rom misi konkurenti ar gadawyvets didi qarxnis aSenebas. ase rom,
gamoiricxeba maT mier didi qarxnis aSenebis alternativa. amgvarad, ,,3 alternativa 3 alternativis pirispir
TamaSi gadaiqceva ,,2 alternativa 2 alternativis pirispir TamaSad (cxrili 14.4).

dominirebuli strategiebis gamoricxvis Semdeg sawarmoo simZlavreTa gadidebis axali alternativebi
cxrili 14.4
,,p e p s i~
,,koka-kola~

aaSenos patara qarxana
ar aaSenos axali
qarxana
aaSenos patara qarxana 16, 16 * 20, 15
ar aaSenos axali qarxana 15, 20 18, 5
TiToeuli firmis Semosavali: milioni dolari

gamartvivebis Semdeg miRebuli TamaSi Zalian gavs cxrilSi 14.1 warmodgenil TamaSs: axla ukve
TiToeul moTamaSes aqvs mcire zomis qarxnis aSenebis dominanturi strategia.
dominirebuli strategiebis gamoricxvis Sedegad dgindeba dominanturi strategia TiToeuli
moTamaSisaTvis, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs, vipovoT neSis wonasworoba Tavdapirveli sruli TamaSisaTvis.
ganxilul magaliTSi mcire zomis qarxnis aSeneba aris neSis wonasworobis Sesabamisi strategiebi (cxrilSi
14.4 *-iT aRniSnuli ujra).
amrigad, dominanturi da dominirebuli strategiebis dadgenis Semdeg SegviZlia CamovayaliboT
neSis wonasworobis povnis wesebi:
- Tu orive moTamaSes aqvs dominanturi strategia, maSin swored es strategiebi Seesabamebian neSis
wonasworobas;
- Tu mxolod erT moTamaSes aqvs dominanturi strategia, maSin igi warmoadgens amave
moTamaSisaTvis neSis wonasworobis Sesabamis strategias. meore moTamaSis neSis wonasworobis
strategia ki iqneba pirveli moTamaSis dominantur strategiaze saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedeba;
- Tu arcerT moTamaSes ar aqvs dominanturi strategia da TiToeuls aqvs dominirebuli strategia, maSin
SesaZlebelia moTamaSeebis dominirebuli strategiebis ugulvebelyofa, rac amartivebs TamaSis analizs.

312
savarjiSo 1.
dominanturi strategiis dadgenis gziT neSis wonasworobis povna
amocana
cxrili 14.5 asaxavs ,,pepsisa da ,,koka-kolas Soris konkurencias. igi gviCvenebs TiToeuli firmis
Semosavlebisa da gamagrilebeli sasmelebis safaso kombinaciebs. vipovoT neSis wonasworoba am TamaSSi.
safaso konkurencia ,,pepsisa da ,,koka-kolasaTvis
cxrili 14.5
,,koka-kola~
`pepsi~
$10.50 $11.50 $12.50 $13.50
$6.25 66, 190 68, 199 70, 198 73, 191
$7.25 79, 201 82, 211 85, 214 89, 208
$8.25 82, 212 86, 224 90, 229* 95, 225
$9.25 75, 223 80, 237 85, 244 91, 245
TiToeuli firmis Semosavali: milioni dolari

amoxsna
TiToeuli firmisaTvis oTxi SesaZlo strategiiT mocemuli TamaSi erTi SexedviT rTul TamaSad
gamoiyureba. SesaZlebelia TamaSis gamartiveba dominanturi strategiebis dadgeniT. ,,pepsisaTvis $8,25
aris dominanturi strategia. amaSi advilad davrwmundebiT, Tu SevadarebT ,,pepsis Semosavlebs oTxive
horizontalur striqons Soris - ,,pepsis Semosavlebi yovelTvis ufro maRalia mesame striqonis gaswvriv sxva
striqonebTan SedarebiT. (Semosavlebis pirvel svetSi 82,212 milioni dolari yvelaze ufro maRali
Semosavalia, meore svetSi 86,224 milioni dolaria yvelaze maRali Semosavali, III svetSi 90,229, xolo bolo -
Semosavlebis meoTxe svetSi 95, 225 milioni dolari aseve yvelaze maRali Semosavalia.)
amrigad, $8,25-is toli fasis daweseba ,,pepsisaTvis dominanturi strategiaa, xolo yvela sxva fasi
misTvis dominirebuli strategiebia.
Tu ,,koka kola racionaluri moTamaSea da iTvaliswinebs, rom ,,pepsi dominantur strategias
airCevs, maSin misTvis naTelia, rom ,,pepsi daawesebs $8.25-is tol fass. am SemTxvevaSi ,,koka kolas
saukeTeso pasuxi aris $12.50 fasis daweseba. am dros ,,koka kolas mier miRebuli Semosavali maqsimaluria
sxva SesaZlo variantebTan SedarebiT (229>212, 229>224, 229>225). neSis wonasworobis Sesabamisi
strategia aris ,,pepsisaTvis $8.25, xolo ,,koka kolasaTvis $12.50 fasis daweseba (cxrilSi *-iT aRniSnuli
ujra)

TamaSebi neSis ramdenime wonasworobiT
TamaSTa TeoriaSi ganxilul zogierT TamaSs aqvs erTze meti neSis wonasworoba. aseTi TamaSis
klasikuli magaliTia ,,mozardebis~ TamaSi (Chicken Game)
20
. TamaSis fabula Semdegia: ori Tineijeri
ymawvili cdilobs daamtkicos simamace Tanatolebis winaSe. TiToeuli maTgani gadaWarbebuli siCqariT

20
Chicken - amerikuli Jargonis enaze ixmareba ori mniSvnelobiT: (1) mxdali adamiani da (2) Tineijeri ymawvili,
mozardi mamakaci, Wabuki
313
miaqrolebs avtomobils erTmaneTis mimarTulebiT. is, vinc gardauvali Sejaxebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT
gadauxvevs gzidan, CaiTvleba mSiSarad, xolo meore mozardi ki - mamac da uSiSar axalgazrdad. Tu orive
maTgani gadauxveven gzidan da Tavidan aicileben Sejaxebas, vercerTi maTgani ver daumtkicebs
Tanatolebs simamaces. Tu arcerTi maTgani ar gadauxvevs gzidan, ar Seanelebs svlas an ar daamuxruWebs
manqanas, maSin avaria da tragikuli Sedegi gardauvalia.
cxrili 14.6 gviCvenebs ,,mozardebis~ TamaSSi TiToeuli ymawvilis, lukasa da sandros, Semosavlebs.
am TamaSSi neSis ori wonasworobaa (cxrilSi *-iT aRniSnuli ujrebi). neSis pirveli wonasworobisas (cxrilSi
II ujra), lukasaTvis saukeTeso strategiaa gadauxvios gzidan (-10>-100), xolo sandrosaTvis - ar gadauxvios
(10>-100). neSis meore winasworobisas (cxrilSi III ujra), lukasaTvis saukeTeso strategiaa ar gadauxvios
gzidan (10>0), xolo sandrosaTvis ki gadauxvios gzidan (0>-10).

,,mozardebis TamaSi lukasa da sandros Soris
cxrili 14.6
sandro
luka
gadauxvios gzidan ar gadauxvios
gadauxvios gzidan 0,0 I -10,10 II*
ar gadauxvios 10,-10 III* -100,-100 IV

mozardebis TamaSis msgavsi situaciebi realur cxovrebaSic xSirad gvxvdeba. XX saukunis 50-60-ian
wlebSi birTvuli sabrZolo masaliT gamalebuli SeiaraReba msoflios or zemZlavr saxelmwifos Soris
SesaZlebelia aRiweros ,,mozardebis TamaSis msgavsad. aseTi TamaSis dros erTerTi metoqe aucileblad
unda Camoscildes asparezzs msoflio katastrofis - birTvuli omis Tavidan asacileblad.
naklebad dramatuli, magram farTod gavrcelebulia ,,mozardebis TamaSi realur ekonomikaSi iseT
bazrebze, sadac ori firmaa, magram bunebrivi monopoliisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomierebebis gamo,
bazarze warmatebiT funqcionireba mxolod erT firmas SeuZlia. ,,mozardebis TamaSi gviCvenebs, rom erT-
erTi firma aucileblad datovebs bazars, xolo konkurenciaSi gamarjvebuli meore firma ki darCeba bazarze.

savarjiSo 2
neSis wonasworobebis povna
rogorc vnaxeT, arsebobs TamaSebi neSis erTi an ramdenime wonasworobiT. gavecnoT sistematur
proceduras, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, vipovoT cxrilis formiT warmodgenil TamaSSi arsebuli neSis
yvela wonasworoba.
amocana. vipovoT cxrilSi 14.7 arsebuli neSis yvela wonasworoba
TamaSi neSis ramdenime wonasworobiT
cxrili 14.7
II moTamaSe
I moTamaSe
strategia D strategia E strategia F
strategia A 4,2 13,6 1,3
314
strategia B 3,10 0,0 15,2
strategia C 12,14 4,11 5,4

amoxsna
pirveli nabiji am amocanis amosaxsnelad aris dominanturi da dominirebuli strategiebis povna,
TamaSis gamartiveba da, mxolod amis Semdeg, neSis wonasworobis gansazRvra. aRsaniSnavia, rom arcerT
moTamaSes ara aqvs arc dominanturi da arc dominirebuli strategiebi. (amaSi aucileblad unda
davrwmundeT, sanam amocanis amoxsnas gavagrZelebdeT). ase rom savarjiSo 1-Si aRwerili procedura
ukve aRar gamogvadgeba.
amocanis amoxsna SesaZlebelia etapobrivad ramdenime Tanmimdevruli proceduris ganxorcielebiT:
I nabiji
vipovoT I moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedeba II moTamaSis samive SesaZlo strategiis
SemTxvevaSi (unda gvaxsovses, rom I moTamaSis Semosavlebi cxrilis ujrebSi Cawerili pirveli cifrebia).
- Tu II moTamaSe irCevs D strategias, maSin I moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo strategiaa C;
- Tu II moTamaSe irCevs E strategias, maSin I moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo strategiaa A;
- Tu II moTamaSe irCevs F strategias, maSin I moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo strategiaa B;
I moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedebebi aRvniSnoT cxrilSi 14.7 `a~ xazgasmuli cifrebiT.
TamaSi neSis ramdenime wonasworobiT
cxrili 14.7 ,,a
II moTamaSe
I moTamaSe
strategia D strategia E strategia F
strategia A 4,2 13,6 1,3
strategia B 3,10 0,0 15,2
strategia C 12,14 4,11 5,4

II nabiji
vipovoT II moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedeba I moTamaSis samive SesaZlo strategiis SemTxvevaSi.
(unda gvaxsovdes, rom II moTamaSis Semosavlebi cxrilis ujrebSi Cawerili meore cifrebia).
- Tu I moTamaSe irCevs A strategias, maSin II moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo strategiaa E;
- Tu I moTamaSe irCevs B strategias, maSin II moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo strategiaa D;
- Tu I moTamaSe irCevs C strategias, maSin II moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo strategiaa D.
II moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedebebi aRvniSnoT cxrilSi 14.7 `b~ daxrili cifrebiT.

TamaSi neSis ramdenime wonasworobiT
cxrili 14.7,,b
II moTamaSe
I moTamaSe strategia D strategia E strategia F
315
strategia A 4,2 13,6* 1,3
strategia B 3,10 0,0 15,2
strategia C 12,14* 4,11 5,4


III nabiji
axla ukve SegviZlia vipovoT neSis wonasworobebi. unda gvaxsovdes, rom neSis wonasworobisas,
cnobilia ra konkurentis mier arCeuli strategia, TiToeuli moTamaSis mier arCeulia maqsimaluri
Semosavlis momtani strategia. arcerT moTamaSes ar SeuZlia gazardos Tavisi Semosavlebi meore
moTamaSis mier startegiis Secvlis gareSe. 14.7 `b~ cxrilSi aseTi situacia gvaqvs im ujrebSi, sadac
xazgasmuli da daxrili cifrebi erTad gvxvdeba (*-iT aRniSnuli ujrebi).
amrigad, Cvens TamaSSi gvaqvs ori neSis wonasworoba. pirveli wonasworobisas I moTamaSis
strategiaa A, II moTamaSisa ki - startegia E. meore wonasworobisas I moTamaSis strategiaa C, II
moTamaSisa ki - startegia D. am TamaSSi, iseve rogorc ,,mozardebis TamaSSi, gvaqvs neSis ori
wonasworoba.
neSis wonasworobebis dasadgenad am savarjiSoSi warmodgenili procedura utyuari da umartivesi
gzaa: jer ganisazRvreba I moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedeba II moTamaSis yvela SesaZlo
strategiebze, Semdeg II moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedeba I moTamaSis yvela SesaZlo strategiebze.
mxolod amis Semdeg xdeba SesaZlebeli neSis yvela wonasworobis variantebis povna.

Sereuli strategiebi
TamaSTaA TeoriaSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben wminda da Sereul strategiebs. wminda
strtategia (Pure Strategy) TamaSSi SesaZlo svlebs Soris erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvruli arCevania da
moTamaSeebi axorcieleben gansazRvrul specifikur qmedebebs. wminda strategiisagan gansxvavebiT,
Sereuli strategia (Mixed Strategy) or an met wminda strategiebs Soris maTi Sesabamisi albaTobebis
mixedviT ganxorcielebuli arCevania.
21
Sereuli strategiebis dros moTamaSeebi irCeven strategiebs
optimaluri sixSiris - albaTobis mixedviT. SesaZlebelia zogierT TamaSs wminda strategiis mixedviT ar
hqondes neSis wonasworoba, magram Sereuli strategiis SemTxvevaSi yovel TamaSs erTi neSis
wonasworoba mainc aqvs.
wminda da Sereul strategiebs Soris gansxvavebis naTlad warmosaCenad, ganvixiloT ,,penaltebis
seriis~ TamaSi.
2006 wlis 9 ivliss italiisa da safrangeTis erovnul nakrebebs Soris fexburTSi msoflio Cempionatis
finaluri matCis ZiriTadi da damatebiTi dro damTavrda angariSiT 1:1. gamarjvebuli nakrebis gamosavlenad
dainiSna penaltebis seria, romelSic angariSiT 5:4 gaimarjva italiis nakrebma da msoflio Cempionis wodebac
moipova.

21
Sereul strategiebs rendomizirebul (Randomized) strategiebsac uwodeben.
316
davuSvaT, am dramatul matCSi rogorc italieli fexburTelis, ise frangi mekaris winaSe idga ori
alternatiuli gadawyvetileba: (1) italielma fexburTelma marcxniv daartyas Tu marjvniv? am or alternativas
Soris SerCeuli strategia wminda strategiaa, (2) frangi mekare marcxniv gadaxtes Tu marjvniv? mekaris mier
SerCeuli strategiac am SemTxvevaSi aris wminda strategiis magaliTi. (zogadad am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli
maTganisaTvis ufro meti strategiebic arsebobs: magaliTad, damrtymelisaTvis pirdapir dartyma, xolo
mekarisaTvis - ar daiZras adgilidan).
Tu frangi mekare zustad im mimarTulebiT gadaxteboda da moigeriebda burTs, saiTac italieli
fexburTeli daumiznebda, maSin gagrZeldeboda penaltebis seria. xolo Tu mekare ver gamoicnobda dartymis
mimarTulebas da burTs gauSvebda, italielebi moigebdnen msoflio Cempionats.
cxrili 14.8 gviCvenebs TamaSs nulovani mogebiT. cxrilSi warmodgenilia Semosavlebis matrica,
romelic SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT fexburTSi msoflio Cempionatis finaluri matCis dros `penaltebis seriis~
TamaSis aRsawerad. matCis mogeba italiel fexburTelebs moutans 10 erTeulis tol Semosavals, xolo frang
fexburTelebs ki 10 erTeulis tol danakargs (anu -10 erTeul Semosavals). Tu matCi damTavrdeba fred, orive
gundis Semosavali 0-is toli iqneba da penaltebis Sesruleba gagrZeldeba.

2006 wlis fexburTSi msoflio Cempionatis finaluri matCi: italia-safrangeTi
cxrili 14.8
italieli fexburTeli
frangi mekare

daumiznos
marjvniv
daumiznos
marcxniv
gadaxtes fexburTelis mxridan
marjvniv
0,0 -10,10
gadaxtes fexburTelis mxridan
marjvniv
-10,10 0,0

am TamaSs ar gaaCnia neSis wonasoroba: Tu mekare darwmunebulia, rom fexburTeli marjvniv
daartyavs burTs, TviTonac marjvniv gadaxteba. Tu fexburTeli darwmunebulia, rom mekare marjvniv
gadaxteba dartymis mosagiereblad, aucileblad marcxniv daumiznebs burTs. aseve, Tu fexburTeli marcxniv
daartyavs, maSin mekaris saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedeba iqneboda marcxniv gadaxtoma. amgvarad, arcerTi
maTganisaTvis ar arsebobs damoukidebeli saukeTeso strategia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom wminda strategiebiT `penaltebis seriis~ TamaSs ar gaaCnia neSis
wonasworoba, Sereuli strategiebis TvalsazrisiT am TamaSSi aris neSis wonasworoba: fexburTelma
unda daartyas marjvniv 0,5 albaTobiT an marcxniv aseve 0,5 albaTobiT. mekare unda gadaxtes marjvniv 0,5
albaTobiT an marcxniv aseve 0,5 albaTobiT. Tu italieli fexburTeli darwmunebulia, rom mekare 0,5
albaTobiT marjviv an marcxniv gadaxteba, maSin misTvis saukeTeso startegiaa 0,5 albaTobiT burTi
gagzavnos aseve marjvniv an marcxniv.
Sereuli strategiebiT neSis wonasworobis arsebobis faqti naTlad gviCvenebs, rom
gaurkvevlobas SesaZloa hqondes strategiuli Rirebuleba. Tu Tqvens konkurents zustad SeuZlia
gansazRvros Tqvens mier SerCeuli strategia, aucileblad dagamarcxebT konkurentul brZolaSi. sportis bevri
317
saxeoba (fexburTi, beisboli, CogburTi, tenisi) gaurkvevlobis strategiuli Rirebulebis mraval magaliTs iZleva.
konkurentis mier SerCeuli strategiis gaurkvevlobas aqvs Rirebuleba da TamaSTa TeoriaSi Sereuli strategiebi
aRweren mas.
amrigad, or moTamaSes Soris erTdrouli svlis TamaSebis analizisas neSis wonasworobis dadgena
SesaZlebelia xuTsafexuriani proceduriT:
1. Tu orive moTamaSes aqvs dominanturi strategia, es strategiebi Seesabameba neSis wonasworobas;
2. Tu I moTamaSes aqvs dominanturi strategia, es aris amave dros I moTamaSis neSis wonasworobis
strategiac. II moTamaSis neSis wonasworobis strategia ki iqneba II moTamaSis saukeTeso sapasuxo
qmedeba I moTamaSis dominantur strategiaze;
3. roca arcerT moTamaSes ar aqvs dominanturi strategia, ugulvebelvyoT TiToeuli moTamaSis
dominirebuli strategiebi TamaSis gamartivebis mizniT. gamartivebis Semdeg ki vipovoT neSis
wonasworoba;
4. Tu arcerT moTamaSes ar gaaCnia dominirebuli strategiebi, maSin neSis yvela wonasworobis dadgenis
mizniT mivmarTavT savarjiSo 14.2-Si aRweril procedurebs;
5. Tu savarjiSo 14.2-Si aRwerili proceduris Semdeg ver dadginda neSis wonasworoba, anu TamaSs ar
gaaCnia neSis wonasworoba wminda startegiebiT, maSin unda dadgindes Sereuli strategiebis NneSis
wonasworoba.

14. 2 ganmeorebadi TamaSebi

sawarmoTa simZlavreebis gafarToebis TamaSSi TiToeul kompanias sakuTar interesebze zrunvis
savsebiT racionaluri motivi ubiZgebs iseTi qmedebisaken, romelic ar aris maqsimaluri koleqtiuri mogebis
momtani (cxrili 14.1). moTamaSeebis koleqtiuri, SeTanxmebuli qmedebis SemTxvevaSi ki aseTi Sedegis
miRweva SesaZlebelia. ,,pepsisa da ,,koka kolas Soris konkurenciis es TamaSi warmoadgens ,,patimarTa
dilemis cnobili TamaSis erT-erT konkretul SemTxvevas. aseTi TamaSis ramdenjerme ganmeorebis
Semdeg, moTamaSeebi iTvaliswineben wina TamaSSi sakuTar da konkurentis mier miRebul
gadawyvetilebebs, cvlian strategiebs da, Sesabamisad, dramatulad icvleba TamaSis Sedegebic.
ganmeorebadi TamaSis efeqtis sailustraciod ganvixiloT ,,patimris dilemis msgavsi TamaSi, romelic
warmodgenilia cxrilSi 14.9.
TiToeuli moTamaSisaTvis `motyueba~ aris dominanturi strategia, magram moTamaSeTa koleqtiuri
Semosavali maqsimaluria, roca orive maTgani irCevs `TanamSromlobis~ startegias. Tu moTamaSeebi
erTxel TamaSoben, am TamaSSi TiToeuli maTganisaTvis saukeTeso strategia ,,motyuebaa.
davuSvaT, rom moTamaSeebi am TamaSs uaxloes momavalSi kvlav da kvlav iTamaSeben. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, maT SesaZloa miaRwion wonasworobas, sadac TiToeuli maTgani TanamSromlobis
strategias irCevs (cxrilSi IV ujra).
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,,patimris dilemis TamaSi motyueba Tu TanamSromloba
cxrili 14.9
I moTamaSe
II moTamaSe
motyueba TanamSromloba
motyueba 5,5 14,1
TanamSromloba 1,14
IV
10,10

davuSvaT, I moTamaSe darwmunebulia, rom II moTamaSe iwyebs da agrZelebs TanamSromlobas
manam, sanam I moTamaSec TanamSromlobis startegias misdevs. II moTamaSe ar aris TanamSromlobis
startegiis damrRvevi. Tu pirvelad I moTamaSe airCevs motyuebis strategias, maSin SemdgomSi II
moTamaSec airCevs konkurentis motyuebis strategias. ase rom, erTxel TanamSromlobis darRveva
gamoiwvevs Semdgom periodebSic TamaSis imdagvarad gagrZelebas, rom orive moTamaSe airCevs
TaRliTobis strategias.
naxazi 14.1 gviCvenebs drois TiToeuli periodisaTvis I moTamaSis Semosavlebs mudmivi
TanamSromlobis SemTxvevaSi. misi Semosavali 10 erTeulis tolia TiToeuli periodisaTvis.
Tu I moTamaSe iTaRliTebs, igi miiRebs 14 erTeulis tol Semosavals pirvelad da 5 erTeulis tol
Semosavals yovel Semdgom periodSi. romeli strategiaa ufro xelsayrelia misTvis? damatebiTi informaciis
gareSe SeuZlebelia ganvsazRvroT, Tu rogor afasebs I moTamaSe axlandel da momaval Semosavlebs, Tu
rogor daadgens misTvis ufro xelsayrel strategias. magram Tu I moTamaSe mimdinare SemosavlebTan
SedarebiT momaval Semosavlebs ufro metad afasebs, maSin igi TaRliTobas TanamSromlobis strategias
amjobinebs.
es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom mravaljer ganmeorebadi TamaSebis SemTxvevaSi, TanamSromloba
SesaZloa iqces egoisturi motivebiT moqmedi TiToeuli konkurentis saukeTeso strategiad.
TanamSromlobis gamomwvevi ganmeorebadi ,,patimris dilemis msgavsi TamaSebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia TanamSromlobis pirveli damrRvevis dasja. Cvens mier ganxilul magaliTSi, I moTamaSis
mier TanamSromlobis gagrZelebis aucilebeli pirobaa II moTamaSis mier TanamSromlobis pirveli
damrRvevis mimarT ganxorcielebuli sadamsjelo RonisZiebebi anu II moTamaSis mxridanac TaRliTobis
strategiis arCeva. naxazze 14.1 BC monakveTi gviCvenebs swored ,,dasjis Sedegad I moTamaSis
Semosavlebis Semcirebas sawyis periodTan SedarebiT. Semosavlebis mosalodneli Semcirebis SiSi aris
swored stimuli, romelic iwvevs TanamSromlobas konkurent moTamaSeebs Soris. ganmeorebadi TamaSebis
SemTxvevaSi konkurentebs Soris TanamSromlobis warmosaqmnelad unda arsebobdes ramdenime piroba:
319


- moTamaSeebi unda iyvnen momTmenni. isini momaval Semosavlebs iseve unda afsebdnen, rogorc
mimdinare Semosavlebs;
- urTierTqmedeba moTamaSeebs Soris unda iyos xSiri. TamaSis TiToeuli periodi unda iyos mokle da
moTamaSeebs xSirad unda uxdebodeT TamaSis Tavidan dawyeba;
- TaRliTobis, konkurentis motyuebis da TanamSromlobis pirobebis darRvevis aRmoCena unda iyos
advili. SesaZlebeli unda iyos TanamSromlobis damrRvevebis swrafad da mniSvnelovani danaxarjebis
gareSe gamovlena;
- TanamSromlobis darRveviT miRebuli erTjeradi Semosavali unda iyos SedarebiT umniSvnelo.
magaliTad, naxazze 14.1 AB monakveTis sigrZe naklebia BC monakveTis sigrZeze.

magaliTi 1
I msoflio omi da ganmeorebadi ,,patimris dilema
22

mkvlevarebi adastureben TanamSromlobis saocari fenomenis arsebobas I msoflio omSi
mowinaaRmdege jariskacebs Soris. erTmaneTis pirispir sangrebSi TveobiT myofi germaniisa da
mokavSireTa (inglisi da safrangeTi) batalionebis jariskacebi aSkarad cdilobdnen erTmaneTis dandobas da
Tavs ikavebdnen mowinaaRmdegis ganadgurebisagan.
sangrebSi myofi sajariso nawilebis mier erTmaneTis dandobis strategia aris ganmeorebadi
,,patimris dilemis msgavsi TamaSis Sedegi. erTmaneTisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili jariskacTa batalionebis
mier arCeuli strategia -,,icocxle da manac icocxlos, SesaZlebelia aRiweros cxrilSi 14.10 meSveobiT.

22
es magaliTi motanilia robert aqselrodis wignidan ,,TanamSromlobis warmoSoba. Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation
(New York: Basic Books, 1984)
S
e
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s
a
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b
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i
s

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T
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p
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i
o
d
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yovelTvis iTanamSromlos
C
B
A
1 2 3 4 5 dRes
14
10
5
daarRvios SeTanxmeba dRes
drois periodebis raodenoba
nax. 14.1 Semosavlebi ganmeorebadi `patimris dilemis~ TamaSSi
Tu I moTamaSe TaRliTobs dRes, igi iRebs wyvetili xaziT gamosaxul Semosavlebs. Tu igi TanamSromlobs mudmivad,
maSin drois yovel periodSi igi iRebs uwyveti xaziT gamosaxul Semosavlebs. AB monakveTi asaxavs I moTamaSis
mier TaRliTobis strategiiT miRebul erTjerad damatebiT Semosavals. AC monakveTis sigrZe gviCvenebs I moTamaSis
Semosavlis Semcirebas, romelic gamoiwvia II moTamaSis mier I moTamaSis TaRliTobaze sapasuxo qmedebam.

320
TiToeuli batalionisaTvis mowinaaRmdegis sasikvdilod gameteba aris dominanturi strategia,
radganac sangrebidan mowinaaRmdegis mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli gamanadgurebeli cecxlis gaxsna
asustebs mas da zrdis sangrebSi myofi jariskacebis gadarCenis Sansebs. Tu sangrebSi ganlagebuli
batalionebi pirvelad ebmebian erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, isini swored mowinaaRmdegis
gandgurebis strategias airCeven.
rogor avxsnaT TanamSromlobis arsebobis faqti mowinaaRmdege batalionebs Soris ganmeorebadi
`patimris dilemis meSveobiT? sangrebSi ganTavsebul batalionebs Soris gaCaRebuli sabrZolo
moqmedebebi gansxvavdeba sxva tipis sabrZolo moqmedebebisagan imiT, rom Tveebis ganmavlobaSi
erTidaigive batalionebi idgnen erTmaneTis pirispir. TiToeuli mxare ramdenime sabrZolo Setakebis Semdeg
advilad rwmundeboda, rom Tu erT-erTi mxare gaxsnida cecxls, mowinaaRmdegec sapasuxo
gamanadgurebeli cecxliT pasuxobda. `gaakeTe is, rac mowinaaRmdegem gaakeTa - aseTi strategiis
SerCevas mtrulad ganwyobili jariskacebi TanamSromlobamde mihyavda.
ganmeorebadi `patimris dilemis TamaSis ganxilvas mniSvnelovan daskvnamde mivyavarT: Tu
erTidaigive firmasTan giwevT xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi metoqeoba, maSin konkurentTan
TanamSromloba SeiZleba ufro xelsayreli iyos.

ganmeorebadi TamaSi germanel da mokavSireTa Zalebis batalionebs Soris
cxrili 14.10
mokavSireTa Zalebi
germaneli jariskacebi
ganadgureba dandoba
ganadgureba 5, 5 14, 1
dandoba 1, 14

10, 10

14.3 mimdevrobiTi svlis TamaSebi da strategiuli svla

mimdevrobiTi svlis TamaSi (Sequential-Move Game) iseTi TamaSia, sadac pirvelad erTi
moTamaSe iRebs gadawyvetilebas, xolo mere ki danarCenebi, romlebic jer akvirdebian pirveli
moTamaSis qmedebas da mxolod amis Semdeg iReben gadawyvetilebebs. mimdevrobiTi svlebis
TamaSebSi pirveli svlis gakeTebis unars SesaZloa zogjer udidesi strategiuli Rirebuleba qondes.

mimdevrobiT svlis TamaSebis analizi
xelaxla ganvixiloT 14.1.3 paragrafSi aRwerili sawarmoTa simZlavreebis gafarToebis axali
alternativebi ,,koka kolasa da ,,pepsisaTvis (cxrili 14.11) gavixsenoT, rom 14.1.3 paragrafSi aRwerili
TamaSSi neSis wonasworoba iyo orive kompaniisaTvis mcire zomis axali qarxnis aSeneba. davuSvaT,
rom amjerad ,,koka-kolam ufro adre Caatara gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiro winaswari samuSaoebi da
man pirvelma aago mcire zomis axali qarxana. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs mimdevrobiT svlis
TamaSTan, sadac ,,koka kola aris pirveli svlis ganmxorcielebeli, xolo ,,pepsi ki meore svlis
Semsrulebeli.
321
mimdevrobiTi svlis TamaSis gasaanalizeblad viyenebT ,,TamaSis xis koncefcias. ,,TamaSis xe
gviCvenebs TiToeuli moTamaSis mier arCeul sxvadasxva strategiebs da maT Tanmimdevrobas.
naxazi 14.2 gviCvenebs ,,TamaSis xes ,,koka kolasa da ,,pepsisaTvis. naxazze TiToeuli kompaniis mier
Sesrulebuli svlebi dalagebulia marcxnidan marjvniv. radgan ,,koka kola pirveli svlis ganmxorcielebelia,
amitom naxazis marcxena mxares A punqtidan gamomavali xazebi (TamaSis xis totebi) gviCveneben ,,koka
kolas alternativebs. TiToeuli alternativisaTvis P punqtebidan gamomavali xazebi gviCveneben ,,pepsis
sapasuxo SesaZlo qmedebebs ,,koka kolas mier pirvelad miRebul gadawyvetilebaze.
sawarmoo simZlavreTa gafarToebis alternativebi
cxrili 14.11
`p e p s i~
`koka-kola~
didi qarxana mcire qarxana ar aaSenos
aaSenos didi qarxana 0,0 12,8
18,9 **
aaSenos mcire qarxana 8,12
16,16 *
20,15
ar aaSenos 9,18 15,20 18,18
TiToeuli firmis Semosavali: milioni dolari

naxazze 14.2 warmodgenili ,,TamaSis xis gasaanalizeblad gamoviyenoT ukuinduqciis meTodi:
,,TamaSis xis gaanalizebas viwyebT diagramis marjvena bolodan sawyisi marcxena punqtisaken TiToeuli
alternatiuli P punqtisaTvis moTamaSeTa optimaluri gadawyvetilebebis dadgeniT. ukuinduqciis meTodi
saSualebas gvaZlevs rTuli TamaSi davanawevroT martiv nawilebad, rac mniSvnelovnad aadvilebs TamaSis
gaanalizebas.
14.2 naxazze warmodgenili ,,TamaSis xis gasaanalizeblad ukuinduqciis meTodis gamoyeneba
gulisxmobs ,,pepsis optimaluri sapasuxo gadawyvetilebebis dadgenas ,,koka kolas samive SesaZlo
gadawyvetilebaze:


322

- Tu ,,koka kola ar aaSenebs qarxanas, maSin ,,pepsis optimaluri gadawyvetileba mcire zomis
qarxnis aSenebaa (14.2 naxazze ukidures marjvena svetis boloSi miTiTebuli cifrebi: 20>18);
- Tu ,,koka kola aaSenebs mcire qarxanas, maSin ,,pepsis saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedebaa mcire
qarxnis aSeneba (14.2 naxazze ukidures marjvena svetis SuaSi miTiTebuli cifrebi: 16>12 da 16>15);
- Tu ,,koka kola aaSenebs did qarxanas, maSin ,,pepsis optimaluri sapasuxo qmedebaa ar aaSenos
axali qarxana (14.2 naxazze ukidures marjvena svetis dasawyisSi miTiTebuli cifrebi ( 9>8 da 9>0).
ukuinduqciis meTodis gamoyeneba aucileblad gulisxmobs, rom ,,koka kola racionaluri moTamaSea da
elis ,,pepsisagan swored optimaluri sapasuxo qmedebebis ganxorcielebas. ase rom, ,,koka kola
iTvaliswinebs ,,pepsis mosalodnel gadawyvetilebebs da amis mixedviT akeTebs arCevans. cnobilia ra
,,pepsis mosalodneli gadawyvetilebebi, SesaZlebelia ,,koka kolas im strategiis dadgena, romelic mas
yvelaze maRal Semosavals moutans:
- Tu ,,koka kola gadawyvets ar aaSenos qarxana, maSin ,,pepsis optimaluri sapasuxo qmedebis
gaTvaliswinebiT igi miiRebs $15 milions;
- Tu ,,koka kola gadawyvets aaSenos mcire qarxana, maSin ,,pepsis optimaluri sapasuxo
qmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT igi miiRebs $16 milions;
ar aaSenos
mcire
mcire
didi
ar aaSenos
didi
mcire
didi

A

P

ar aaSenos
P

ar aaSenos
didi
mcire
P

`koka-kolas~
Semosavlebi
`pepsis~
Semosavlebi
0 0
12 8

18 9
8 12
16 16
20 15
9 18
15 20
18 18
nax. 14.2 ,,TamaSis xe
,,pepsi~ iRebs gadawyvetilebas ,,koka-kolas~ mier pirvelad miRebuli gadawyvetilebaze dakvirvebis Semdeg. ,,koka
kolas~ aqvs sami alternativa. mis mier miRebul TiToeul SesaZlo gadawyvetilebaze ,,pepsis~ aqvs aseve sami
alternativa. alternatiuli gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisi Semosavlebi TiToeuli kompaniisaTvis miTiTebulia ,,TamaSis
xis~ marjvena mxares. ,,koka-kolas~ TiToeul SesaZlo gadawyvetilebaze ,,pepsis~ optimaluri sapasuxo qmedebebi
aRniSnulia Sesabamisi alternativis qveS gavlebuli xaziT. neSis wonasworobisas ,,koka-kolas~ strategiaa didi qarxnis
aSeneba, xolo ,,pepsisaTvis~ ar aaSenos qarxana.

323
- Tu ,,koka kola gadawyvets aaSenos didi qarxana, maSin ,,pepsis optimaluri sapasuxo
qmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT igi miiRebs $18 milions.
amrigad, ,,koka kola aucileblad airCevs $18 milioni mogebis momtan strategias da aaSenebs axal
did qarxanas. ,,koka kolas am arCevanze ,,pepsis sapasuxo saukeTeso strategiaa Tavi Seikavos axali
qarxnis aSenebisagan. aseTi strategia ,,pepsis $9 milion mogebas moutans. strategiaTa es nakrebi
warmoadgens neSis wonasworobas mocemul TamaSSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mimdevrobiTi svlebis TamaSSi neSis wonasworoba mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdeba erTdrouli svlebis TamaSebis neSis wonasworobisagan. ,,koka kolasa da ,,pepsis TamaSi
erTdroulsvliani rom yofiliyo, maSin ,,koka kolasaTvis didi qarxnis aSeneba iqneboda dominirebuli da ara
dominanturi strategia. cxrilSi 14.11 **-iT aRniSnuli ujra Seesabameba mimdevrobiTi svlebis SemTxvevaSi
neSis wonasworobas, xolo * aRniSnuli ujra ki - erTdrouli svlebis Sesabamis neSis wonasworobas.
ratom gansxvavdeba ,,koka kolas strategia ase mniSvnelovnad rodesac mas aqvs pirveli svlis
ganxorcielebis saSualeba? TanmimdevrobiTi svlebis TamaSis SemTxvevaSi urTierTdamokidebuli
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs drois momenti. pirvelad gadawyvetilebis
mimRebs SeuZlia zustad daadginos da gaiTvaliswinos konkurentis sapasuxo optimaluri qmedeba.

strategiuli svlis Rirebuleba
mimdevrobiTi svlebis Cvens mier ganxilul magaliTSi ,,koka kolam pirvelma miiRo gadawyvetileba
da, Sesabamisad, SezRuda Tavisive alternativebi. ,,pepsis ki ,,koka kolas qmedebebze dakvirvebis da
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas meti lavirebis saSualeba hqonda. miuxedavad aseTi saSualebisa, neSis
wonasworobisas ,koka kolas Semosavalma orjer gadaaWarba ,,pepsis Semosavals. am SemTxvevaSi
alternatiuli qmedebebis winaswar SemzRudveli kompania - ,,koka kola ukeTes mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCnda, vidre ufro meti alternatiuli qmedebebisa da lavirebis saSualebis mqone kompania - ,,pepsi.
svlas, romelic faqtiurad zRudavs alternatiuli qmedebebis raodenobas, SesaZlebelia hqondes
Rirebuleba. droSi konkurentze ufro adre miRebuli xisti, agresiuli gadawyvetilebebi zogjer bevrad ukeTes
Sedegs iZleva, radgan iwvevs konkurentis sapasuxo qmedebebis pirdapir provocirebas, romelTa winaswar
gaTvaliswineba pirveli svlis ganmxorcielebel firmas ukeTes mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. strategiuli svla aris
TamaSis adreul etapze ganxorcielebuli alternativebis SemzRudveli svla, romelic TamaSis Semdgom
etapze gavlenas axdens konkurentTa gadawyvetilebebze svlis ganmxorcieleblis sasargeblod.
23

biznesSi bevria strategiuli svlis magaliTebi: supermarketis SesasvlelSive produqtis gamofenis gziT
gasaRebis didi bazris mosapoveblad vizrunoT Tu naklebad SesamCnev ukana Taroebze ganvalagoT
produqcia? menejerebi kompaniis mogebis zrdis mixedviT davajoldovoT Tu kompaniis mier mopovebuli
bazris wilis mixedviT? am kiTxvebze pasuxi xSirad swored strategiuli svlis Sedegebzea damokidebuli.
TiToeuli es gadawyvetileba strategiuli svlis magaliTia, radganac igi gavlenas axdens SemdgomSi
bazarze ganviTarebul movlenebze. magaliTad, supermarketSi naklebadSesamCnev adgilebze produqtis
ganlagebis strategia, romlis mizania konkurentebisagan SeumCnevlad darCena da bazarze ukve mopovebuli
wilis SenarCuneba, zRudavs produqtis potenciuri bazris zomebs. igi SesaZloa ufro maRali mogebis momtani
iyos kompaniisaTvis, vidre brZolis dawyeba bazris ufro didi wilis mopovebisaTvis da sastik konkurenciaSi
Cabma.

23
es termini pirvelad SemoiRo Tomas Selingma Tavis wignSi konfliqtis strategia. Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict,
Harvard University Press, 1960
324
strategiuli svlis magaliTebi uxvadaa biznesis samyaros miRmac. magaliTad, israelis mTavrobis
strategia araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar awarmoos molaparakebebi teroristebTan miznad isaxavs teroristuli
organizaciebis mier adamianTa gatacebis gziT israelis samTavrobo politikaze zewolis aRmofxvras.
teroristebTan molaparekebebze uaris Tqmis strategia zRudavs israelis mTavrobis arCevans gatacebul
moqalaqeTa gaTavisuflebis sqemebis SemuSavebisas. miuxedevad amisa, teroristebTan molaparakebebis
uaryofis Seuval, xist gadawyvetilebas udidesi strategiuli Rirebuleba aqvs. igi ufro xelsayrelia israelisaTvis,
vidre teroristebTan molaparakebebisa da lavirebis startegia, rac aucileblad waaxalisebda maT da gazrdida
teroristul SemTxvevaTa raodenobas.
strategiuli svla konkurentebisaTvis SesamCnevi, gasagebi da Seuqcevadi unda iyos. TamaSis
monawileebi aucileblad unda darwmundnen pirveli svlis ganmxorcielebeli moTamaSis qmedebebis
SeuqcevadobaSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mimdevrobiTi svlebis TamaSis nacvlad erTdrouli svlebis
TamaSi da, Sesabamisad, gansxvavebuli Sedegi gveqneba. gadawyvetilebebis SeuqcevadobaSi konkurentebi
SesaZloa daarwmunos miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis masStabebma (magaliTad investiciebis sididem),
dadebulma kontraqtebma da, zogjer, sajaro gancxadebebmac ki.

savarjiSo 3
cifruli fotokamerebis bazarze Sesvla
amocana
davuSvaT, Tqven flobT cifruli fotokamerebis mwarmoebel firmas, romelsac surs bazarze damkvidreba,
sadac monopolisti aris fotokamerebis mwarmoebeli msoflioSi cnobili kompania ,,kodaki. davuSvaT,
,,kodaki ornairad reagirebs Tqveni firmis mcdelobaze: egueba konkurentis arsebobas da Tmobs bazris
nawils, an awarmoebs fotokamerebze fasis Semcirebis politikas anu iwyebs ,,safaso oms. Tqven gaqvT
alternetivebi: daiwyoT biznesi mcire an didi raodenobis produqtis gamoSvebiT. cxrili 14.12 asaxavs Tqvens
da ,,kodakis Semosavlebis alternativebs. ra raodenobis produqciis gamoSvebas gadawyvetdiT biznesis
dasawyebad?

cifruli kamerebis bazarze Sesvlis TamaSi
cxrili 14.12
`kodaki~
Tqveni
gadawyvetileba

Segueba da bazris
gayofa
`fasTa omis~ dawyeba
motyueba 4,20 1,16
TanamSromloba 8,10 2,12
TiToeuli firmis Semosavali: milioni dolari

amoxsna
Tu Tqven da ,,kodaki erTdroulad iRebT gadawyvetilebebs, maSin neSis wonasworobis Sesabamisi
strategia TqvenTvis aris gamouSvaT didi raodenobis produqcia, xolo ,,kodakisTvis ki ,,safaso omis
dawyeba.
325
advili misaxvedria, rom ,,kodakis arCevanis miuxedavad TqvenTvis optimaluri gadawyvetileba,
anu dominanturi strategia aris didi raodenobis produqtis gamoSveba. rac ar unda gadawyvitos ,,kodakma,
Tqveni Semosavlebi mcire raodenobasTan SedarebiT ufro metia didi raodenobiT produqtis gamoSvebisas
(8>4 da 2>1).
Tqvens dominantur strategiis Sesabamis gadawyvetilebas ,,kodaki aucileblad upasuxebs fasis
dawevis politikiT. am SemTxvevaSi TqvenTan erTad bazris gayofasTan SedarebiT misi Semosavlebi ufro
maRalia (12>10).
amrigad, gadawyvetilebebis erTdroulad miRebisas, anu erTdrouli svlis am TamaSSi Tqveni
Semosavali aris $2 milioni. magram Tqven SegiZliaT gazardoT Semosavali, Tuki erTdrouli svlebis TamaSs
gadaaqcevdiT mimdevrobiTi svlebis TamaSad.
davuSvaT, gaqvT SesaZlebloba miiRoT gadawyvetileba da ganaxorcieloT Sesabamisi qmedebebi
manam, sanam ,,kodaki raimes gadawyvetdes. naxazi 14.3 gviCvenebs mimdevrobiTi svlebis ,,TamaSis
xes Tqvensa da ,,kodaks Soris.


Tu airCevT produqtis didi raodenobiT gamoSvebas, maSin ,,kodakis saukeTeso sapasuxo qmedeba
iqneba ,,safaso omis dawyeba. am SemTxvevaSi Tqven iRebT $2 milion Semosavals, zustad igive
raodenobas, rasac iRebdiT erTdrouli svlebis TamaSis SemTxvevaSi. Tu raime mizezis gamo geZlevaT
Sansi, miiRoT gadawyvetileba da imoqmedoT manam, sanam ,,kodaki gaakeTebs arCevans, maSin
`fasTa omi~
Segueba da bazris gayofa
didi
`fasTa omi~
Segueba da bazris gayofa
mcire
T

K

K

Tqveni
Semosavali
`kodakis~
Semosavali
4 20
nax. 14.3 ,,TamaSis xe 14.3 savarjiSosaTvis
pirvelad Tqven iRebT gadawyvetilebas produqtis didi an mcire raodenobiT gamoSvebis Sesaxeb. ,,kodaki reagirebs
Tqvens romelime gadawyvetilebaze bazris gayofasTan SeguebiT an iwyebs ,,safaso oms. ,,kodakis optimaluri
sapasuxo gadawyvetileba Tqvens TiToeul arCevanze naCvenebia Sesabamisi alternativis qveS gavlebuli xaziT. Tqveni
optimaluri arCevani aris mcire raodenobiT produqtis gamoSveba. TanmimdevrobiT gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
SemTxvevaSi neSis wonasworobis Sesabamisi strategia TqvenTvis mcire raodenobis produqtis gamoSvebaa, xolo
,,kodakisaTvis ki - bazris gayofasTan Segueba.


1 16
8 10
2 12
326
TqvenTvis saukeTeso strategia iqneba ara didi, aramed mcire raodenobiT produqtis gamoSvebiT biznesis
dawyeba.
Tu Tqven gaqvT TamaSSi pirveli svlis ganxorcielebis saSualeba, maSin TqvenTvis neSis
wonasworobis Sesabamisi strategiaa mcire raodenobis produqtis gamoSveba, romelzedac ,,kodakis
optimaluri sapasuxo qmedeba iqneba bazris gayofasTan Segueba. am SemTxvevaSi Tqven miiRebT $4
milion Semosavals - ufro mets, vidre erTdrouli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi.
rogor unda daarwmunoT ,,kodaki, rom cifruli kamerebis bazarze Sesvlas namdvilad mcire
raodenobis produqtis gamoSvebiT apirebT? aseTi damarwmunebeli nabiji SeiZleba gaxdes Tqveni sajaro
gancxadebebi, sadac xazgasmuli iqneba mcire zomis sawarmod yofnis Tqveneuli arCevani. aseve
SesaZlebelia CaataroT mxolod erTgul momxmareblebze gaTvlili sareklamo kampania, riTac agrZnobinebT
konkurents, rom ar apirebT bazris wilis gazrdas axali momxmareblebis SeZenis xarjze.
amrigad, strategiuli svlis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni Semosavlebi izrdeba. miuxedavad
imisa rom erTdrouli svlebis TamaSisas Tqveni dominanturi strategiaa didi raodenobis produqtis gamoSveba,
SegiZliaT Semosavlebis gazrda, Tu strategiuli svlis Sedegad stuacias TanmimdebrobiTi svlebis TamaSad
gadaaqcevT.

ZiriTadi terminebi
- TamaSTa Teoria
- neSis wonasworoba
- dominanturi strategis
- dominirebuli strategia
- wminda strategia
- Sereuli strategia
- ganmeorebadi TamaSi
- erTdrouli svlis TamaSi
- mimdevrobiTi svlis TamaSi
- strategiuli svla

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. TamaSTa Teoria Seiswavlis urTierTdamokidebul optimalur gadawyvetilebebs, roca
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqtebi racionalurad iqcevian da iTvaliswineben erTmaneTis
mosalodnel sapasuxo qmedebebs.
2. NneSis wonasworoba TamaSSi miiRweva maSin, roca TiToeuli moTamaSe irCevs maqsimaluri
Semosavlis momtan strategias konkurentis mier arCeuli mocemuli strategiis SemTxvevaSi. neSis
wonasworobisas, cnobilia ra konkurentis mier arCeuli strategia, TiToeuli moTamaSis mier arCeulia
maqsimaluri Semosavlis momtani strategia. arcerT moTamaSes ar SeuZlia gazardos Tavisi
Semosavlebi meore moTamaSis mier startegiis Secvlis gareSe.
3. ,,patimris dilemis TamaSi gviCvenebs konfliqts kerZo da koleqtiur interesebs Soris. ,,patimris
dilemis TamaSSi neSis wonasworobisas TiToeuli moTamaSe irCevs ar iTanamSromlos
erTmaneTTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom TanamSromlobis arCeva orive maTganis koleqtiur interesSi
Sedis.
4. dominanturia strategia, Tu is saukeTesoa moTamaSisaTvis konkurentis mier arCeuli strategiisagan
damoukideblad. dominirebulia strategia, romelsac Aarasodes airCevs moTamaSe, radgan arsebobs
erTi mainc ufro maRali Semosavlis momtani strategia sxva moTamaSeebis arCevanisagan
damoukideblad.
327
5. wminda strategia aris TamaSSi yvela SesaZlo alternativas Soris specifikuri arCevani. Sereulia
strategia, romelsac moTamaSe irCevs or an met wminda startegiebs Soris maTi Sesabamisi
albaTobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Sereuli strategiebis dros moTamaSeebi irCeven strategiebs optimaluri
sixSiris-albaTobis mixedviT. yvela TamaSs aqvs sul mcire erTi Sereuli startegia mainc.
6. ganmeorebadi ,,patimris dilemis msgavsi TamaSebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia moTamaSeebs
Soris warmoiSvas TanamSromloba. TanamSromlobis warmoSobis albaToba matulobs, Tu
moTamaSeebi arian momTmenni, xSirad urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTTan, TanamSromlobis
darRveviT miRebuli erTjeradi sargebeli Zalian mcirea da damrRvevis aRmoCena Zalian advilia.
7. mimdevrobiTi svlebis TamaSebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom pirvelad ganxorcielebul svlas SesaZloa
hqondes strategiuli Rirebuleba.
8. startegiuli svla aris qmedeba, romelsac moTamaSe axorcielebs TamaSis dasawyisSive sanam
konkurenti raime gadawyvetilebas miiRebdes da romelic gavlenas axdnens TamaSis Semdgom
msvlelobaze pirvelad gadawyveilebis mimRebis sasargeblod.
9. strategiuli svla SesaZloa zRudavdes moTamaSis alternativebis raodenobas da lavirebis saSualebas.
miuxedavad amisa, swored am Tvisebis gamo SesaZloa mas hqondes startegiuli Rirebuleba.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis
1. ra aris neSis wonasworoba? neSis wonasworobasTan Seusabamo strategiebi ratom ar aris TamaSis
Sedegi?
2. yvela TamaSi warmoadgens Tu ara ,,patimris dilemas? raSi mdgomareobs ,,patimris dilemis
specifika?
3. ra gansxvavebaa dominantur da dominirebul strategiebs Soris? ratom ar airCevs moTamaSe
dominirebul strategiebs?
4. riT gansxvavdeba ,,mozardebis TamaSi ,,patimris dilemis TamaSisagan?
5. aqvs Tu ara TamaSs neSis wonasworoba, roca arcerT moTamaSes ar aqvs dominanturi strategia?
aqvs Tua ara TamaSs neSis wonasworoba, roca arcerT moTamaSes ar aqvs dominirebuli startegia?
6. ra gansxvavebaa wminda da Sereul strategiebs Soris?
7. rogor SeiZleba warmoiSvas TanamSromloba ganmeorebadi ,,patimris dilemis msgavsi TamaSebis
SemTxvevaSi? ra pirobebi uwyobs xels TanamSromlobis warmoSobas?
8. ra gansxvavebaa erTdrouli svlebis TamaSsa da mimdvrobiTi svlebis TamaSs Soris?
9. ra aris strategiuli svla? ratom unda iyos strategiuli svla Seuqcevadi, raTa mas hqondes strategiuli
Rirebuleba?
328
Tavi 15. sawarmoo faqtorTa bazrebi

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. sawarmoo faqtorTa danaxarjebis minimizaciis wesis gansazRvras
2. ormxrivi monopoliis bazrebze moqmedi tendenciebis Sefasebas
3. Sromisa da miwis bazrebze arsebuli Taviseburebebis axsnas

15.1 sawarmoo faqtorTa danaxarjebis
minimizaciis wesi

sawarmoo faqtorTa bazrebis (Factor Markets) Sesaxeb saubars gavagrZelebT momdevno TemaSic,
aq ki ganvixilavT im Taviseburebebs, rac ganasxvavebs faqtorTa bazrebs mza produqtebis bazrebisgan
(Output Markets).
CamovayalibebT sawarmoo faqtorTa danaxarjebis minimizaciis wess, romelic Tavis mxriv
mWidrod ukavSirdeba da garkveulwilad ganapirobebs kidec, firmis mogebis maqsimizacias. aq kidev erTxel
davrwmundebiT mikroekonomikis TeoriaSi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis dros zRvruli danaxarjebisa da
zRvruli sargeblis urTierTSedarebis didi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. calkeuli sakiTxebi ganxiluli iqneba Sromis
bazris magaliTze.
TemaSi didi adgili eTmoba gansxvavebuli struqturis mqone sawarmoo bazrebis analizs. ganxilulia
rogorc konkurentuli bazrebi, aseve bazrebi monofsoniuri da monopoliuri ZalauflebiT. gaanalizebulia Sromis
bazarze ormxrivi monopoliis pirobebSi ZalTa SesaZlo gadanawilebis meqanizmic.
Tanamedrove ekonomikur literaturaSi sawarmoo faqtorebad marto Sroma, miwa da kapitali aRar
moiazreba, magram aq mxolod maT ganvixilavT. aseT bazrebze firmebi gvevlinebian myidvelebad, xolo
saojaxo meurneobebi gamyidvelebad. faqtorTa bazrebis kidev erTi Taviseburebaa is, rom firmebis mier
sawarmoo faqtorebze warmodgenili moTxovna damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoria moTxovna am faqtorebis
gamoyenebiT miRebul saboloo produqtebze.
aseT moTxovnas uwodeben warmoebul moTxovnas. magaliTad: restornis moTxovna sasursaTo
produqtebze damokidebulia da ganisazRvreba im sadilebze moTxovniT, romlebic momzadebulia am saxis
sursaTis gamoyenebiT; avtomobilebze moTxovna ganapirobebs mwarmoebeli firmebis moTxovnas foladze;
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare aucilebelia SeviswavloT sawarmoo faqtorebze moTxovnis ZiriTadi principebi,
romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT firma moaxdens danaxarjebis minimizacias da mogebis maqsimizacias.
sawarmoo procesis ganxilvisas vnaxeT, rom nebismieri firma Tavis yovel nabijs ganixilavs zRvruli
sidideebis gamoyenebiT. igi mudmivad adarebs zRvrul danaxarjebs da zRvrul Semosavals, da ase
TandaTanobiT zrdis saqonlis gamoSvebis moculobas mis optimalur niSnulamde. aseve Zalze
mniSvnelovania ganvsazRvroT Tu rogoria calkeul sawarmoo faqtorze moTxovna.
moklevadian periodSi miwa da kapitali, rogorc sawarmoo faqtorebi, ZiriTadad fiqsirebuli sidideebia
da aseT pirobebSi swrafad mxolod Sroma (dasaqmebul momuSaveTa ricxovnoba) SeiZleba Seicvalos. amis
gamo, is ZiriTadi kanonzomierebani, rac mewarmem unda gaiTvaliswinos yvela faqtoris raodenobis
329
SerCevis dros simartivisaTvis dasaSvebia ganvixiloT Sromis magaliTze da zogadi daskvnebi ganvavrcoT
kapitalsa da miwaze.
Cven ukve viciT zRvruli produqtis cnebis Sinaarsi da isic mogvexseneba, rom igi matulobs, aRwevs
maqsimums da Semdeg iwyebs klebas. aq mniSvnelovania ganvsazRvroT faqtoris zRvruli produqtis
Semosavlis cneba.
romelime faqtoris zRvruli produqtis Semosavali ( MRP) tolia am faqtoris damatebiTi erTeulis
gamoyenebis Sedegad miRebuli nazrdis, romliTac matulobs firmis erToblivi Semosavali.
igi gaiangariSeba firmis zRvruli Semosavlis ( MR) da romelime konkretuli faqtoris zRvruli
produqtis namravliT. Sromis, rogorc sawarmoo faqtoris SemTxvevaSi Cven SegviZlia CavweroT rom:
L L
MP MR MRP = (15.1)
aRvniSnavT, rom raime faqtoridan miRebuli zRvruli produqtis Semosavali miuTiTebs imaze, Tu
ramdeni unda gadaixados firmam saimisod, rom daiqiraos faqtoris damatebiTi erTeuli. Tu faqtoris zRvruli
produqtis Semosavali naklebia, vidre SromisTvis saxelfaso ganakveTi, firmam momuSaveTa ricxovnoba
unda Seamciros. mogebis maqsimizaciis mizniT firma qiraobs imden momuSaves romlisTvisac Sromis
zRvruli produqti fulad gamosaxulebaSi da saxelfaso ganakveTi erTmaneTis tolia, e.i. marTebulia gantoleba:
W MP MR MRP
L L
= = (15.2)
Sromis, rogorc sawarmoo faqtoris SesaZenad miRebuli optimaluri piroba aseve marTebulia miwisa
da kapitalisTvis. am dros saqme gvaqvs am faqtorTa gamoyenebis uflebisTvis gasacem rentebTan
(qirasTan).
24
aRniSnulis Sesabamisad mogebis maqsimizaciisTvis miwisa da kapitalis (rogorc sawarmoo
faqtorebis) SemTxvevebSi toloba 15.2 ase warmogvidgeba:
t t t
r MP MR MRP = = (15.3)
k k k
r MP MR MRP = = (15.4)
sadac:
t
MRP aris miwis zRvruli Semosavli;

t
MP - miwis zRvruli produqti;

t
r - miwis renta;
k
MRP - kapitalis zRvruli Semosavli;

k
MP - kapitalis zRvruli produqti;

k
r - kapitalis renta (gaqiravebis fasi).
15.2 tolobis orive nawili gavyoT
L
MP , aseve 15.3 tolobis orive nawili gavyoT
t
MP -ze; da 15.4
tolobis orive nawili gavyoT
k
MP -ze. aRniSnul gardaqmnaTa Sedegad miviRebT:
;
L
MP
W
MR = ;
t
t
MP
r
MR = ;
k
k
MP
r
MR =
vinaidan samive tolobis marcxena mxare erTi da igive MR sididea, SegviZlia CavweroT, rom
. MR
MP
r
MP
r
MP
W
k
k
t
t
L
= = = (15.5)

24
SevniSnavT, rom inglisur enaSi miwisa da Sromis aRmniSvneli sityvebi iwyeba ` L~ asoTi (Land; Labour),
amitom gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT gamoiyeneba miwis laTinuri saxelwodeba T-Terra).
330
miviReT faqtorTa danaxarjebis minimizaciis wesi. Tu aqve gavixsenebT, rom zRvruli danaxarjebisa
( MC) da zRvruli Semosavlebis ( MR) toloba aris firmis mogebis maqsimizaciis piroba, SegviZlia 15.5
toloba CavweroT, rogorc faqtorTa danaxarjebis minimizaciis da firmis mogebis maqsimizaciis erTiani
piroba:
MC MR
MP
r
MP
r
MP
W
k
k
t
t
L
= = = = (15.6)
warmoebis danaxarjebis minimizaciisaTvis, produqtis gamoSvebis nebismieri moculobis
pirobebSi gamoyenebuli faqtoris erTeulze danaxarjebis Sefardeba maTi zRvruli produqtis sidides-
Tan unda iyos Tanabari yvela faqtorisaTvis da utoldebodes zRvrul Semosavals, romelic Tavis mxriv
mogebis maqsimizaciisTvis zRvruli danaxarjebis toli unda iyos.
sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT toloba (15.6) gviCvenebs, rom rogorc samuSao Zalis daqiravebis, ise
firmis warmoebis moculobis gansazRvris dros iyeneben erTidaimave wess: sawarmoo faqtorebs an
warmoebis moculobas irCeven ise, rom zRvruli Semosavali (miRebuli produqtis gayidvis Sedegad) utoldeba
zRvrul danaxarjebs (gamowveuls sawarmoo faqtorebis SeZeniT). es principi sruldeba ara marto konkurentul,
aramed arakonkurentul bazrebzec.

15.2 Sromis bazari

xelfasis cnebis qveS Tanamedrove ekonomikur literaturaSi igulisxmeba fasi, romelic gadaixdeba
daqiravebuli momuSavis Sromis erTeulis gamoyenebisTvis. xelfasis donis ganmsazRvreli mTavari faqtori
aris SromiTi resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianoba, romelic upirveles yovlisa izomeba Sromis
mwarmoeblurobiT. Sromis mwarmoebluroba ganisazRvreba Sromis erTeulze gamoSvebuli produqtis
raodenobiT.
gamartivebis mizniT CavTvaloT, rom warmoebis faqtorTa fasi asaxavs maT xarisxs (Tumca
realobaSi yovelTvis ase ar xdeba). magaliTad, Sromis xarisxi damokidebulia zogadi da specialuri ganaTlebis
doneze, organizatorul unarze, sawarmoo gamocdilebaze, fizikur janmrTelobaze da a.S. aris iseTi faqtorebic,
romlebic rTulad eqvemdebarebian absolutur gazomvas, esaa: moraluri Rirebulebebi, socialur-fsiqologiuri
klimati koleqtivSi da a.S.
srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi Sromis fasis formireba mimdinareobs nebismieri sxva saqonlis
msgavsad. es niSnavs, rom yvela momuSave iRebs Tanabar xelfass, romelic araa damokidebuli imaze, Tu
rogor firmaSi muSaoben isini da igi firmis mier miRebulia rogorc winaswar mocemuli sidide. am dros adgili
aqvs iseT situacias, romelic gamosaxulia naxazze 15.1.
331

vinaidan TiToeuli momuSavis xelfasi tolia
1
W , amitom mewarmis erToblivi danaxarjebi
Seesabameba E OL W
1 1
farTobs. sazogadod xelfasis donis cvlilebebi ganapirobebs Sromaze moTxovnis
moculobas (naxazi 15.2).

Tu xelfasi izrdeba
0
W -dan
1
W -mde, daqiravebul momuSaveTa ricxovnoba Semcirdeba
0
L -dan
1
L -
mde. Tu xelfasi Semcirdeba
2
W -mde, daqiravebulTa ricxovnoba gaizrdeba
2
L -mde. amgvarad,
daqiravebulTa ricxovnoba xelfasis saSualo donis ukuproporciulia.
Sroma Taviseburi saqonelia. faqtiurad iyideba misi samuSao dro. mas aqvs bunebrivi sazRvrebi da
is unda iyos 24 sT-ze gacilebiT naklebi. dRe-Ramis nawili adamians sWirdeba dasvenebisaTvis, anu Tavisi
SesaZleblobebis aRsadgenad. amis gamo yoveli adamiani dgas arCevanis winaSe: meti iSromos Tu meti
daisvenos.
davuSvaT, rom maqsimaluri Semosavali, romelic Cven SegviZlia gamovimuSavoT 24 saaTis gan-
mavlobaSi, tolia B raodenobis laris. saaTebis maqsimaluri raodenoba dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi 24-ia.
aqedan gamomdinare sabiujeto SezRuduloba `Semosavali-Tavisufali dro~ SeiZleba gamovsaxoT AB wrfis
saSualebiT (naxazi 15.3).
L
S
L
S ' '
E0
E1
L
S'
E2
W1

W0

W2


W
L O L1 L0 L2
nax. 15.2 xelfasisa da Sromaze moTxovnis damokidebuleba
daqiravebulTa ricxovnoba xelfasis saSualo donis ukuproporciulia. izrdeba
daqiravebulTa ricxvi klebulobs xelfasi da piriqiT.

DL =MRP1
x
e
l
f
a
s
i
s

g
a
n
a
k
v
e
T
i
,

l
a
r
i

nax. 15.1 xelfasis done srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi
srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi yvela momuSave iRebs Tanabar xelfass, romelic araa
damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor firmaSi muSaoben isini da igi firmis mier miRebulia rogorc
winaswar mocemuli sidide.

W1
W
dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba
DL
SL E
L O L1
332

B wertilis aRqma gadawyvetilebis miRebis poziciidan SeuZlebelia, vinaidan 24 saaTis ganmav-
lobaSi yovelTvis muSaoba aravis SeuZlia. amis gamo naxazze 15.3 gamosaxuli wonasworoba E wertilSi
savsebiT misaRebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. aq Tavisufali dro Seadgens
0
H ; samuSao dro (
0
24 H ); dRiuri
Semosavali ki aris ). 24 (
0 0
H W I =
sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfis daxrilobis absoluturi mniSvneloba udris saxelfaso ganakveTs. es
gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom momuSave axdens sargeblianobis maqsimizacias maSin, roca Tavisufali drois
yoveli erTi saaTis SemosavlebiT Senacvlebis zRvruli norma tolia saaTobrivi xelfasis. (gavixsenoT, rom
sazogadod Senacvlebis normis sidide rogorc momxmarebelTa qcevis TeoriaSi (Tavi 4), aseve warmoebis
procesSi, aris OX RerZze aRniSnuli maCveneblis erTi erTeulis mniSvneloba, gamosaxuli OY RerZze
aRniSnuli maCveneblis erTeulebSi). am SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi muSaobis erTi saaTiT miRebuli
saxelfaso ganakveTia W , amitom SegviZlia CavweroT, rom:
W MRS = (15.7)
davuSvaT, rom realuri xelfasi gaizarda (naxazi 15.4). sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfe AB-dan
gadaaadgilda
1
AB mdgomareobaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi muSaoba ufro mimzidveli xdeba, rac meti Sromis
survils aRZravs; Sedegad wonasworoba
1
E wertilidan gadava
2
E wertilSi.
Tu gavavlebT CD sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfes
1
AB -is paralelurad, ise, rom igi iyos
1
U ganurCevlobis
mrudis mxebi, maSin SevZlebT gavarkvioT Senacvlebis da Semosavlis efeqtebis mniSvnelobebi Sromasa da
dasvenebas Soris.
E
B
samuSao
dro
U3
U2
24, A
U1

I0



W
O H0
nax. 15.3 arCevani Sromasa da dasvenebas Soris
sabiujeto SezRuduloba `Semosavali-Tavisufali dro~ SeiZleba gamovsaxoT AB wrfis saSualebiT.
Tavisufali dro Seadgens
0
H da samuSao dro aris
0
24 H .
erToblivi dro
sT-iT dReSi
Tavisufali
dro
333

Senacvlebis efeqti gamoixateba Tavisufali drois Semcirebasa da Semosavlis amaRlebaSi. grafikulad
es
1
H -dan
3
H -Si gadasvlis saxiT warmodgeba. Tumca Semosavlis amaRlebasTan erTad izrdeba iseTi
faseulobis mniSvneloba, rogoricaa dasveneba Tavisufali dro pirovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
Semosavlis efeqti
2 3
H H monakveTis tolia. amgvarad, realuri xelfasis donis amaRlebis am etapze
Senacvlebis efeqti aWarbebs Semosavlis efeqts, rac niSnavs samuSao drois zrdas xelfasis momatebasTan
erTad. am pirobebSi Sromis individualuri miwodebis mrudi zrdadia.
realuri Semosavlis Semdgomi zrda aqrobs Sromis survils. individi iwyebs Tavisufali drois dafasebas,
isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom samuSao drois zrdas Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs. iwyeba Senacvlebis efeqtis
gadafarva da Semosavlis efeqtis sidide metia (naxazi 15.5). Sedegad samuSao drois xangrZlivoba mcirdeba
(
1
24 H )-dan (
2
24 H )-mde, xolo Tavisufali dro izrdeba
1
H -dan
2
H -mde. aseTi reaqcia realuri xelfasis
amaRlebaze iwvevs Sromis miwodebis mrudis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT mobrunebas.
realuri xelfasis amaRlebis procesi ganapirobebs Sromis miwodebis sferoSi 3 etapis gavlas romlebic
naCvenebia naxazze 15.6. I etapze
1
W -dan
2
W -mde xelfasis donis amaRleba iwvevs samuSao saaTebis
raodenobis gazrdas
1
h -dan
2
h -mde, aq Senacvlebis efeqti aWarbebs Semosavlis efeqts.
II etapze
2
W -dan
3
W -mde xelfasis donis amaRleba ar gamoixateba samuSao drois xangrZlivobis
gazrdaSi (Semosavlis efeqti da Senacvlebis efeqti erTmaneTis tolia).
III etapze
3
W -dan
4
W -mde xelfasis momateba iwvevs samuSao saaTebis raodenobis Semcirebas
2
h -dan
3
h -mde. aq Senacvlebis efeqti naklebia Semosavlis efeqtze, Sedegad mcirdeba Sromis miwodeba da
miwodebis mrudi mimarTulebas icvlis.
B1
D
H3 H2 H1

samuSao
dro

C
A
E1 U1
E2
E3
I2
Semosavlis efeqti

Senacvlebis
efeqti

I1
Semosavali
lari

B
I3
O
erToblivi dro
sT-iT dReSi

U2
nax. 15.4 xelfasis donis zrdis Sedegi: Senacvlebis efeqti aWarbebs Semosavlis efeqts
realuri xelfasis donis amaRlebis am etapze (I etapze) Senacvlebis efeqti aWarbebs Semosavlis efeqts, rac niSnavs imas,
rom individi zrdis samuSao dros xelfasis momatebasTan erTad.
334


Semosavlis donis amaRleba iwvevs dasvenebaze moTxovnis zrdis stimulirebas. igi gamoixateba
dasvenebis saaTebis raodenobis momatebaSi, samuSao saaTebis Semcirebis xarjze, vinaidan xelfasis donis
amaRlebasTan erTad matulobs dasvenebis fasic. bolo 150 wlis manZilze samuSao kviris xangrZlivobis
saSualo maCvenebeli 70 sT-dan Semcirda 40 sT-mde, xelfasis ganakveTis mniSvnelovani zrdis pirobebSi.
es niSnavs, rom grZelvadian periodSi Semosavlis efeqti aWarbebs Senacvlebis efeqts.
moklevadian periodSi yovelTvis ase ar xdeba. amasTan unda gvaxsovdes, rom mosaxleobis
sxvadasxva jgufebis Semosavlebis zrdasTan damokidebuleba gansxvavebulia. kidev ufro didi diferenciaciaa
damaxasiaTebeli qveynebis sxvadaxva tipiuri jgufebisaTvis.
h1 h3
h2 samuSao saaTebis raodenoba dRis
manZilze
I
W
W4
W3
r
e
a
l
u
r
i

x
e
l
f
a
s
i
s

d
o
n
e
,


l
a
r
i

s
T
-
S
i

W1
SL
W2
O
nax. 15.6 Sromis individualuri miwodebis mrudi
realuri xelfasis zrdis pirobebSi sawyis I etapze izrdeba Sromis miwodeba, II etapze Sromis
miwodeba igive rCeba, xolo III etapze individi amcirebs Sromis miwodebas da zrdis
dasvenebis dros.
III
II
Tavisufali dro
E1
E2
E3
A
C
U1
U2
H3 H1 H2

B
D
B1
I2
I3

I1
samuSao
dro
Semosavlis efeqti
Senacvlebis
efeqti
S
e
m
o
s
a
v
a
l
i
,

l
a
r
i


erToblivi dro
sT-iT dReSi
nax. 15.5 xelfasis donis amaRleba: Semosavlis efeqti aWarbebs Senacvlebis efeqts
realuri Semosavlis Semdgomi zrda aqrobs Sromis survils. individi iwyebs Tavisufali drois dafasebas da
Sedegad Semosavlis efeqti aWarbebs Senacvlebis efeqts.
335
aucilebelia vicodeT, rom dasvenebis dro sulac ar niSnavs arafris keTebas. am periodSi adamianebi
imaRleben saganmanaTleblo da kulturul dones, mniSvnelovan dabandebebs axdenen Tavis adamianur
kapitalSi.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebobs myari damokidebuleba ganaTlebis donesa da mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze Semosavlebis dones Soris. amis gamo cxovrebis racionalurad marTvis pirobebSi adamianebi
gabedulad deben investiciebs ganaTlebis maRali donis miRebis mizniT, rac momavalSi maTTvis maRali
Semosavlebis garantiaa.

15.3 Sromaze moTxovnis sabazro mrudi

aqamde sabazro moTxovnis mrudis miRebis mizniT individualuri moTxovnis mrudebis Sekrebis
dros Cven ar viyaviT SezRuduli dargis sazRvrebiT. Tumca iseTi faqtori rogoricaa kvalificiuri Sroma,
esaWiroeba ekonomikis dargTa umravlesobas da masze sabazro moTxovnis gansazRvra garkveulwilad
specifikuria. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, rom miviRoT Sromaze moTxovnis sabazro mrudi, upirvelesad
saWiroa TiToeuli dargis Sromaze moTxovnis mrudis ageba da Semdeg maTi horizontaluri Sekreba.
Sromaze moTxovnis sabazro mrudi miiReba zustad ise, rogorc calkeul saqonelze moTxovnis sabazro mrudi.
Sromaze dargobrivi moTxovnis gaangariSebis dros unda gvaxsovdes, rom firmis produqtis
warmoebasa da fasze gavlenas axdens sawarmoo faqtorebze fasebis cvlileba. yvelaze martivi iseTi sabazro
moTxovnis gansazRvraa, roca dargSi mxolod erTi mwarmoebelia. am SemTxvevaSi faqtoris zRvruli
produqtis Semosavlis mrudi, esaa sawarmoo faqtorze moTxovnis dargobrivi mrudi. roca firmebis ricxvi
didia, maSin analizi rTuldeba firmebis saqmianobis Sedegebis urTierTgavlenis gamo. magaliTisTvis
Sromaze moTxovna ganvsazRvroT srulyofili konkurenciis bazris pirobebSi. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom
Semosavali Sromis zRvruli produqtidan tolia fasisa da Sromis zRvruli produqtis namravlis (toloba 15.1.) da
amas asaxavs
1 L
MRP naxazze 15.7.
davuSvaT, rom xelfasis ganakveTi iyo 15 lari saaTSi da firmis moTxovna Seadgenda 100 kac-saaTs.
Semdgom saxelfaso saaTobrivi ganakveTi Semcirda 10 laramde. Tu danarCeni firmebi gaagrZeleben
daqiravebas Zveli ganakveTis pirobebiT, maSin es firma daiqiravebs 150 kac-saaT Sromas, rogorc
gviCvenebs naxazze 15.7
1 L
MRP mrudi 10 lari niSnulis pirobebSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelfasis ganakveTi
Semcirdeba yvela firmisTvis, maSin dargs dasWirdeba ufro meti Sromis daqiraveba. es gamoiwvevs dargis
produqtis miwodebis gazrdas (sawarmoo faqtorze fasis Semcirebis gamo) da dargis miwodebis mrudis
marjvniv gadaadgilebas, mocemul produqtze ki, ufro dabal sabazro fass.
naxazze 15.7 `a~ gamosaxulia saqonelze fasis Semcirebis gamo zRvruli produqtis Semosavlis mrudis
1 L
MRP sawyisi mdgomareobidan gadaadgildeba marcxniv da qvemoT
2 L
MRP mdgomareobaSi. es cvlileba
firmis mxridan Sromaze Semcirebuli moTxovnis Sedegia: 120 kac-saaTi 150-is nacvlad. Sesabamisad
Sromaze dargobrivi moTxovna iqneba ufro mcire, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxolod erTi firma
daiqiravebda momuSaveebs xelfasis ufro dabali ganakveTis pirobebSi. amas gviCvenebs naxazi 15.7`b~,
Sromaze moTxovnis mrudebis horizontaluri Sekrebis Sedegad saqonelze fasis ucvlelobis pirobebSi miRebuli
sabazro moTxovnis mrudi. igi ufro elastikuria, vidre is sabazro mrudi, romelic miiReboda imis gaTvaliswi-
336
nebiT, rom dabali saxelfaso ganakveTis pirobebSi warmoebis gazrdili moculoba gamoiwvevda saqonelze fa-
sis Semcirebas.

saxelfaso ganakveTis saaTSi 15 laris dros Sromaze moTxovnis sabazro moculoba
0
L Seadgens. roca
ganakveTi mcirdeba saaTSi 10 laramde, dargobrivi moTxovnis moculoba izrdeba
1
L -mde. SevniSnavT, rom
is ar aRwevs
2
L -s, romelic miiRweoda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqonelze fasi fiqsirebuli iqneboda. dargobrivi
moTxovnis mrudebis agregireba (gardaqmna) sabazro moTxovnis mrudad mTavrdeba yvela dargis
moTxovnis mrudebis horizontalurad SekrebiT.
arakonkurentuli bazrebis SemTxvevaSi Sromaze moTxovnis sabazro mrudi zemoaRniSnuli gziT
miiReba. erTaderTi gansxvaveba isaa, rom saqonlis fasis cvlileba xelfasis ganakveTis cvlilebasTan erTad
rTuli gasaangariSebelia, vinaidan firmas sakuTar produqtze SeuZlia ganaxorcielos strategiuli
faswarmoqmna.



15. 4 ekonomikuri renta

aqamde Cven ganvixilavdiT xelfasis saSualo dones. realobaSi Sromis anazRaurebis saSualo done
sxvadasxva dargebsa da momuSaveebisaTvis mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. kidev ufro did diferenciacias
SevamCnevT anazRaurebaSi, Tu SevadarebT ara saSualodargobriv monacemebs, aramed calkeul
momuSaveTa xelfasis doneebs. diferenciacia warmoadgens imis Sedegs, rom arsebobs gansxvavebani
calkeul adamianTa individualur unarSi (Tandayolili da miRebuli), ganaTlebis doneSi (zogadi da specialuri),
profesiul momzadebaSi, gamocdilebasa da saboloo jamSi im kvalifikaciaSi, romelsac floben calkeuli momu-
Saveebi.
15
10
naxazi 15.7 Sromaze dargobrivi moTxovna
vinaidan firmis produqtis warmoebasa da fasze gavlenas axdens sawarmoo faqtorebze
fasebis cvlileba, gansxvavebulia Sromaze moTxovnis dargobrivi mrudebi fasis ucvlelobisa
da cvlilebis pirobebSi.
5 5
1
L
0
L
50
2 L
MRP
1 L
MRP
2
L
Sroma, kac/sT
xelfasi,
l/sT
100 120 150
xelfasi,
l/sT
Sromaze moTxovnis mrudebis
horizontaluri Sekreba
saqonelze fasis ucvlelobis
pirobebSi
Sromaze
moTxovnis
dargobrivi
mrudi
Sroma, kac/sT
`a~ `b~
337
zogadi daniSnulebis kvalifikacia esaa is codna, romelic momuSavis aqtivze rCeba da SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes yvelgan. magaliTad, ekonomistis zogadi ganaTleba.
specialuri daniSnulebis kvalifikacia esaa is codna da SesaZleblobebi, rac gaZlevs saSualebas
vimuSaoT romelime konkretul firmaSi. magaliTad, firmaSi momuSave buRalters Tavisi codnis mcire
nawili gamoadgeba, Tuki is daiwyebs muSaobas bankSi buRaltrad da piriqiT, bankSi momuSave
buRalterma, rom muSaoba daiwyos warmoebaSi. amave dros orives aqvs ekonomistis zogadi ganaTleba.
saWiroa gvaxsovdes imis Sesaxebac, rom samuSaoTa sxvadasxva saxeebi mniSvnelovnad gan-
sxvavdebian Tavisi mimzidvelobiT. magaliTad: 2006 wels q. Tbilisis dasufTavebis samsaxuris mier
narCenebis gamtani manqanis mZRolisa da universitetis profesoris Sromis anazRaureba TiTqmis Tanabari
iyo. es ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom moqalaqeebisTvis dasufTavebis samsaxurSi muSaoba mimzidveli
yofiliyo da arc usufTao dedaqalaqia qveynis maRali kulturis maCvenebeli. Tumca, aseTi damokidebulebis
SenarCuneba grZelvadian periodSi amcirebs adamianur kapitalSi dabandebis survils da warmoadgens
safrTxes umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis msurvelTaTvis. kvalificiuri da arakvalificiuri Sromis anazRaurebas
Soris saTanado Tanafardobis darRveva maSin, roca ganviTarebuli qveynebi codnaze orientirebul sazogado-
ebas amkvidreben, miuRebelia saqarTvelosTvis. sazogadod qimiuri qarxnebis momuSaveni TiTqmis
yovelTvis ufro maRal anazRaurebas iReben, vidre momsaxurebis sferos muSakebi. es ar aris dakavSirebuli
mxolod kvalifikaciis donesTan, aramed ganpirobebulia Sromis pirobebiT. rogorc wesi, Sromis cudi da
mavne pirobebi unda kompensirebul iqnes xelfasis saSualebiT, rasac uzrunvelyofs sakompensacio sxvaoba.
Sromis anazRaurebaSi gamaTanabrebeli (sakompensacio) sxvaoba aris xelfasebSi iseTi gan-
sxvaveba, romelic gaicema daqiravebuli momuSaveebisaTvis samuSao adgilebis gansxvavebuli
mimzidvelobis gamo.
Sromis anazRaureba gansxvavebulia regionalur WrilSic, agreTve iseT qveynebSi, sadac adgili aqvs
diskriminacias rasobrivi, eTnikuri Tu mrwamsis gansxvavebulobis gamo, rac oficialurad akrZalulia.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi adamianur kapitalSi dabandebebis statistikaze dakvirvebiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT,
rom adamianis ganaTlebis donis, kvalifikaciis amaRlebisaTvis gaRebuli investiciebi yovelTvis zrdian
maRalanazRaurebiani samsaxuris miRebis SesaZleblobebs. maRalkvalificiur momuSaveebs SeuZliaT
miiRon gansxvavebuli Semosavali ekonomikuri renta, anazRaureba (magaliTad: p. burWulaZe, n.
ananiaSvili da sxvebi).
sakiTxis Seswavlis mizniT ganvixiloT Sromis dargobrivi bazari. Sromis miwodebis mrudi
aRmavalia, amitom axali samuSao Zalis mozidva dargSi dakavSirebulia mzard alternatiul danaxarjebTan.
Sromaze moTxovnis mrudi, rogorc wesi klebadia (naxazi 15.8), wonasworobis pirobebSi xelfasi miaRwevs
1
W dones. ufro, maRali nayofierebis mqone adamianebi mzad iyvnen mieRoT
0
W -s toli xelfasi, Tumca isini
realurad iReben
1
W -s.
338

sxvaoba Sromis minimalur (rezervirebul) fassa da mis sabazro fass Soris Seadgens eko-
nomikur rentas.
yvela momuSavisaTvis ekonomikuri renta E W W
1 0
samkuTxedis farTobis tolia. srulyofili
konkurenciis pirobebSi ekonomikuri rentis arseboba warmoadgens stimuls dargSi axali momuSaveebis
misasvlelad. amitom grZelvadian periodSi miwodebis mrudi xdeba absoluturad elastikuri da ekonomikuri
renta qreba.
im SemTxvevaSi, roca axali momuSaveebi ar floben Zveli muSakebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel kva-
lifikacias, ekonomikuri renta SeiZleba SenarCunebul iqnes didi xnis manZilze, vinaidan ar arian
konkurentebi da damqiravebeli iZulebulia gadaixados maRali anazRaureba imisaTvis, rom SeaCeros
samuSao Zalis denadoba. es damaxasiaTebelia im dargebisaTvis, romlebic izidaven unikalur resursebs.
iaponel gamomgonebel ioSiro nakamacus icnoben, rogorc `flopi-diskis~, `kompaqt-diskisa~ da
cifruli majis saaTis gamomgonebels (igi 3218 gamogonebisa da m.S. 2300 patentis mflobelia). doqtori
nakamacu aSS samecniero sazogadoebis mier arCeulia msoflios 12 udides mosaubreTa Soris. misi leqciebis
Rirebuleba amJamad saaTSi 10000 aSS dolaria. bunebrivia aseTi maRali anazRaureba ganpirobebulia im
gansakuTrebuli unariT, riTac es adamiania dajildoebuli da Cveni azriT, warmoadgens ekonomikuri rentis
Sinaarsis axsnis erT-erT saukeTeso magaliTs. Tu Zalze cnobili doqtorebi Tanaxma iqnebian leqcia Caataron
1000 aSS dolaris pirobebSi, iaponeli geniosi amas mxolod 10-jer ufro maRali anazRaurebis Sedegad gaa-
keTebs. naxazze 15.9 gamosaxulia ekonomikuri renta mkacrad SezRuduli resursis pirobebSi.
moTxovna Sromaze aRniSnulia
1
D mrudiT, miwodeba ki S -iT. araelastikuri miwodebis pirobebSi
Sromaze fasi mTlianad damokidebulia moTxovnaze. individis warmateba da popularobis zrda niSnavs
moTxovnis
1
D mrudis mkveTr gadaadgilebas
2
D mdgomareobaSi. amgvarad, honorari, romelsac iRebs
Sesabamisi piri izrdeba
1
W -dan
2
W -mde (magaliTad, doqtor nakamacus anazRaureba sxvebTan SedarebiT).
2 2 1 1
W E E W oTxkuTxedis farTobi warmoadgens ekonomikur rentas anazRaureba im resursisTvis, romlis
miwodeba mkacrad SezRudulia.
L

W
E
W0
DL
W1
O L0

nax. 15.8 ekonomikuri renta, zogadi SemTxveva
srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi ekonomikuri renta E W W
1 0
samkuTxedis farTobis tolia. igi
warmoadgens stimuls dargSi axali momuSaveebis Sesasvlelad.
SL
339

is warmoadgens sxvaobas specifikuri resursiT momsaxurebis realur anazRaurebasa da im minimalur
fass Soris, romelic aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom am resursis mflobels gauCndes survili gayidos igi. estradis
varskvlavebi, kinomsaxiobebi, cnobili sportsmenebi swored ekonomikuri rentis gamo iReben Zalian maRal
honorarebs.

15.5 monopoliuri da monofsoniuri
Zalauflebis bazrebi

saazogadod, Sromis bazarze srulyofili konkurencia ufro gamonaklisia, vidre wesi. bazrebis
umravlesobisTvis tipiuria arasrulyofili konkurencia. mis erT-erT ukidures formas ki monofsonia (bazarze
erTi myidvelis arseboba) warmoadgens. aseTi situacia gvxvdeba mcire qalaqebSi, sadac mTeli ekonomika
damokidebulia erT romelime did firmaze. magaliTad: saqarTveloSi aseTia zestafoni da misi
feroSenadnobTa qarxana, rusTavelTa dasaqmebis damokidebuleba metalurgiul qarxanaze da Aa.S. aseT
pirobebSi Sromis sxva (alternatiuli) saxeebi cotaa da yalibdeba wminda monofsoniasTan miaxloebuli
situacia.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi firma adgilobriv Sromis bazarze gamodis, rogorc ZiriTadi myidveli
(monofsonisti), amitom flobs SesaZleblobebs gavlena iqonios Sromis anazRaurebis doneze. amasTan is,
rogorc nebismieri myidveli, cdilobs naklebi gadaixados. es miiRweva daqiravebul momuSaveTa ricxovnobis
Semcirebis xarjze, vinaidan xelfasis SemcirebiT mcirdeba dasaqmebulTa miwodebis ricxovnobac. samuSaos
msurvelTa Soris konkurenciis gaZlierebis Sedegad Sromis anazRaurebis done mcirdeba wonasworul doneze
dabla. grafikulad es procesi naCvenebia naxazze 15.10.
D1
E1
L

W
E2
W1
D2
W2
O
nax. 15.9 ekonomikuri renta mkacrad SezRuduli miwodebis pirobebSi
absoluturad araelastikuri miwodebis pirobebSi ekonomikuri renta gansxvavebulia da
warmoadgens
2 2 1 1
W E E W oTxkuTxedis farTobis tol sidides.
S

ekonomikuri
renta
340

srulyofili konkurenciis dros wonasworoba myardeba C wertilSi Sromaze moTxovnisa da
miwodebis mrudTa gadakveTis wertilSi. am dros
1
L ricxovnobis momuSaveni miiReben
1
W Sromis
anazRaurebis dones.
vinaidan monofsonisti ixdis Tanabar anazRaurebas Sromis yoveli momdevno erTeulisaTvis,
miwodebis mrudi warmoadgens saSualo danaxarjebis mruds. damatebiTi ricxovnobis momuSaveTa mizidva
niSnavs Sromis anazRaurebis gazrdas saSualoze maRal doneze, vinaidan isini unda dainteresdnen xelfasis
maRali ganakveTiT. amis gamo, zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi
L
MRC Zevs Sromis miwodebis mrudis zeviT.
misi gadakveTa Sromis zRvruli produqtis fuladi gamosaxulebis mrudTan (
L L
MRC MRP = ) gansazRvravs
dasaqmebis dones. es niSnavs, rom
1
L -dan
2
L -mde momuSaveTa ricxovnobis SemcirebiT, monofsonia
Seamcirebs xelfass
1
W -dan
2
W -mde.
amgvarad, monofsonia ganapirobebs dasaqmebis masStabebisa da xelfasis ganakveTis Semcirebas.
igi imavdroulad zrdis Tavis mogeba
2
AHMW figuris farTobis toli sididiT (naxazi 15.10). Tu profkavSiri
flobs monopoliur Zalauflebas Sromis bazarze, is ecdeba SezRudos Sromis miwodeba, imisaTvis rom
aamaRlos xelfasis done. ganvixiloT meore ukiduresi SemTxveva, roca profkavSiri warmoadgens wminda
monopolias anu igi bazarze Sromis erTaderTi mimwodebelia (naxazi 15.11). rogorc nebismieri gamyidveli,
profkavSirebic cdilobs miaRwios miwodebuli saqonlis maRal fass (xelfasis maRal dones). srulyofili konku-
renciis pirobebSi wonasworoba myardeba E wertilSi, roca dasaqmebulia
1
L momuSave
1
W xelfasiT.
profkavSirs Tavisi monopoliuri mdgomareoba saSualebas aZlevs Seamciros dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba
1
L -
dan
2
L -mde da amgvarad gazardos xelfasi
1
W -dan
2
W - mde. alternatiuli mogeba (ekonomikuri renta),
romelsac miiReben momuSaveebi
2
ABCW oTxkuTxedis farTobis tolia.
SemTxveva, roca profkavSiri warmoadgens wminda monopolias, gvxvdeba SedarebiT iSviaTad.
profkavSiris monopoliuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs is faqti, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi
profkavSiris wevrTa xelfasebi gacilebiT maRalia, vidre am kavSiris arawevri moqalaqeebis.
A
C
M
H
SL=AC
L1

xelfasis
ganakveTi
(lari)
W2
Sromis
raodenoba
DL=MRPL
O L2

W1
MRCL
nax. 15.10 monofsoniis (erTi myidvelis) modeli
monofsonia ganapirobebs dasaqmebis masStabebisa da xelfasis ganakveTis Semcirebas. igi
imavdroulad zrdis Tavis mogeba
2
AHMW figuris farTobis toli sididiT.

341

15.6 ormxrivi monopolia Sromis bazarze

ganvixiloT ormxrivi monopoliis SemTxveva. am dros myidvelis monopolia (monofsonia)
upirispirdeba gamyidvelis monopolias, anu firma monofsonistis winaaRmdeg gamodis monopolisti
profkavSiri. situacia gavaanalizoT grafikulad. naxazebi 15.10 da 15.11 ganvixiloT erT sibrtyeSi. miviRebT
naxazze 15.12 warmodgenil situacias. srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi wonasworoba dawesdeba
1
E
wertilSi Sromaze moTxovnisa da misi miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertilSi. am pirobebSi
dasaqmebuli iqneboda
1
L momuSaveTa ricxovnoba, xolo xelfasis done Seadgenda
1
W . Tumca firma
monofsonisti ecdeba Seamciros xelfasi
2
W donemde, dasaqmebulTa
1
L -dan
2
L -mde Semcirebis gziT
(gavixsenoT, rom xelfasi am dros ganisazRvreba
L L
D MRC = pirobebSi Sromis miwodebis mrudze
Seqmnili
2
E wonasworuli mdgomareobiT).
monopolisti profkavSiri Tavis mxriv ecdeba xelfasi aamaRlos
3
W -mde, Seamcirebs ra Sromis
miwodebas (gavixsenoT, rom xelfasi am dros ganisazRvreba
L
S MR = pirobebSi, Sromaze moTxovnis
mrudze Seqmnili
3
E wonasworuli mdgomareobiT). amgvarad, daqiravebul momuSaveTa ricxovnobis
SedarebiT umniSvnelo gansxvavebis pirobebSi (
2
L da
1
L ), xelfasis ganakveTis dadgenis mimarTulebebi
Zalze gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisagan. misi donis zusti gansazRvra SeuZlebelia. yvelaferi damokidebulia
ori dapirispirebuli monopoliis Zalaze. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom xelfasis done miuaxlovdes wonasworuls.

L2 L1
MR
A
E
DL
W1
B
W2
W
L O
nax 15.11 profkavSirebis monopoliuri gavlena
profkavSirs Tavisi monopoliuri mdgomareoba saSualebas aZlevs Seamciros dasaqmebulTa
ricxovnoba
1
L -dan
2
L -mde da amgvarad gazardos xelfasi
1
W -dan
2
W -mde.
SL
C
342


15.7 miwis bazari

miwas ekonomikur literaturaSi uwodeben yovelgvar bunebriv resurss (nayofieri niadagi, sasmeli
wylis maragi, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis sabadoebi). mocemul TemaSi `miwis~ cnebis qveS igulisxmeba
mxolod niadagis zedapiri, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis an Senoba-
nagebobebis mSeneblobisaTvis.
miwis, rogorc ekonomikuri resursis Taviseburebas warmoadgens misi SemosazRvruloba.
kapitalisagan gansxvavebiT miwa uZravia. ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi sasoflo-sameurneo
farTobebis gafarToebis SesaZleblobebi friad umniSvneloa. qveynebis umetesobaSi SeiniSneba sasoflo-
sameurneo savargulebis farTobebis Semcireba, rogorc saqalaqo meurneobisa da infrastruqturis ganviTarebis
Sedegi (gzebis, Senobebis mSenebloba da a.S.).
miwis miwodeba SezRudulia rogorc makro, ise mikrodoneze. firmebis umetesobisaTvis gafarToeba,
rogorc moklevadian, ise grZelvadian periodSi xvdeba did sirTuleebs. aRniSnuli problema ganvixiloT
detalurad.
miwis miwodebaze moqmed faqtorTa Soris gamoiyofa nayofiereba da mdebareoba. amitom, rodesac
vsaubrobT miwis raodenobis SezRudulobis Sesaxeb vgulisxmobT gansazRvruli xarisxis miwis mdebareobas
gansazRvrul adgilze. magaliTad, is miwis nakveTebi, romlebzec modis `xvanWkarisa~ Tu `manavis
mwvanes~ dasamzadeblad saWiro gansxvavebuli gemos mqone yurZeni. bunebrivia, rom kargi miwis
raodenoba konkretuli msxvili qalaqisa Tu cnobili firmis garSemo ormagad SezRudulia: rogorc
xarisxobrivad, ise raodenobrivad.
miwis nayofiereba damokidebulia niadagis xarisxze, klimatze, teqnikis gamoyenebis xasiaTze,
SromiT Cvevebsa da imaT sawarmoo gamocdilebaze vinc muSaobs miwaze da a.S. Tumca zogierTi faqtori
ueWvelad warmoadgens cvalebads. soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli Sromisa da kapitalis TaviseburebaTa
gamo maTi Secvla xdeba mxolod drois metnaklebad mniSvnelovani periodis gavlis Semdeg.
MRCL
DL
SL
E1
L2 L3 L1 L
E3
E2
W3
W
W2
MR
W1
O
nax. 15.12 ormxrivi monopolia Sromis bazarze
firma monofsonisti ecdeba Seamciros xelfasi
2
W donemde, dasaqmebulTa
1
L -dan
2
L -mde Semcirebis gziT.
monopolisti profkavSiri Tavis mxriv ecdeba xelfasi aamaRlos
3
W -mde, Seamcirebs ra Sromis miwodebas. yvelaferi
damokidebulia ori dapirispirebuli monopoliis Zalaze.
343
umetes ganviTarebul qveynebSi soflis meurneobaSi dominireben saojaxo fermebi. aq dasaqmebulTa
ZiriTad nawils warmoadgenen ojaxis wevrebi. maTi saqmianoba da cxovrebis stili zRudavs maT
mobilurobasa da samsaxuris swrafi Secvlis SesaZleblobebs. zogierTebi cdiloben gamonaxon Semosavlis
sxva wyaroebi (oTaxebis gaqiraveba, miwis nawilis arendiT gacema), Tumca es wyaroebi warmoadgens
maTi ZiriTadi Semosavlebis mxolod danamats.
ojaxuri warmoebis pirobebSi sesxebis uqonlobis gamo kapitalis swrafi cvlis SesaZlebloba naklebia.
Tumca arsebobs miwis xarisxisa da produqtiulobis amaRlebis gansazRvruli rezervebi, romlebic
damokidebulia meurneobis formaze. warmoebis am saxis tradiciulobidan gamomdinare erT saaTSi igi ver
Seicvleba, ufro metic, meurneobis araracionaluri marTvis pirobebSi miwis xarisxi SeiZleba ki ar
gaumjobesdes, aramed gauaresdes kidec.
miwis miwodebis fiqsirebuli xasiaTi niSnavs, rom miwodebis mrudi absoluturad araelastikuria. Tu
abscisaTa RerZze aRvniSnavT miwis raodenobas heqtrebSi, xolo ordinatTa RerZze erTi heqtari miwis
fass, maSin miwis miwodebis mrudi iqneba ordinatTa RerZis paraleluri (naxazi 15.13). es niSnavs, rom
miwis miwodeba ar SeiZleba gaizardos miwaze gasayidi fasis mniSvnelovani zrdis pirobebSic ki. imisaTvis
rom ganvsazRvroT, romeli fasi dawesdeba realurad, unda gavaanalizoT moTxovna, romelic mocemul
SemTxvevaSi TamaSobs aqtiur rols.

miwaze moTxovna araerTgvarovania. is moicavs or ZiriTad elements sasoflo-sameurneo da
arasasoflo-sameurneo moTxovnas.
arasasofl. sasofl.
D D D + =

sadac D aris erToblivi moTxovna;

sasofl.
D
- sasoflo-sameurneo moTxovna;

arasasofl.
D
- arasasoflo-sameurneo moTxovna.
Tu abscisaTa RerZze aRvniSnavT miwis raodenobas heqtrebSi, xolo ordinatTa RerZze erTi
heqtari miwis fass. maSin sasoflo-sameurneo miwaze moTxovnis mrudi iqneba klebadi. es damokidebulia
im garemoebaze, rom miwis sameurneo brunvaSi CarTvis Sesabamisad saukeTeso nayofierebis miwebidan
unda gadavideT saSualosa da cudzec ki.
arasasoflo-sameurneo moTxovnis mrudi aseve klebadia, vinaidan dakavSirebulia adgilmdebare-
obasTan. aqac adgili aqvs Tavisebur SezRudvebs, vinaidan gamoiyeneba miwebi ara marto saqalaqo
centrebSi, aramed gareubanSic. erToblivi moTxovna miiReba sasoflo-sameurneo da arasasoflo-sameurneo
moTxovnis mrudebis horizontalurad SekrebiT (naxazi 15.14). miwaze sasoflo-sameurneo moTxovna
S
S
Q (heqtari)
Q
a
T
a
s
i

l
a
r
i

1

h
e
q
t
a
r
S
i

O
nax. 15.13 miwis miwodeba
miwis miwodebis fiqsirebuli xasiaTi niSnavs, rom miwodebis
mrudi absoluturad araelastikuria.
344
warmoadgens sakveb produqtebze moTxovnisagan warmoebuls. is miiReba memcenareobisa da
mecxoveleobis produqtebze moTxovnis Sesabamisad.

firmebi awarmoeben mravali saxis sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebs, vinaidan viwro specializacia aq
tipiuri ar aris. sakvebi produqtebis warmoeba uaxlovdeba srulyofil konkurencias, vinaidan gamyidvelTa
umravlesobas Seadgenen saojaxo fermebi. umetes qveynebSi saxelmwifo, rogorc wesi, ar zRudavs
moqalaqeTa jgufebs miwis yidva-gayidvis Taobaze da ar awesebs mis fass.
moTxovna kvebis produqtebze araelastikuria. adamianebs ar SeuZliaT iarsebon sakvebis gareSe,
amitom moTxovnis moculoba naklebad icvleba fasebis didi cvlilebis (momatebis) drosac ki. moTxovnis
araelastikuroba kvebis produqtebze niSnavs, rom maTi sawyisi moculobebis umniSvnelo Semcirebac ki
gamoiwvevs maTi fasebis SesamCnevad awevas (magaliTad: mousavlian wels), da piriqiT, miwodebis zrdas
SeuZlia gamoiwvios fasebis mkveTri dacema sasoflo-sameurneo saqonelze (magaliTad: mosavlian wels).
agraruli sfero mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli bunebriv pirobebze (gvalva, wyaldidoba, setyva da
a.S.), amitom igi ar eqvemdebareba kontrolsa da prognozs imave xarisxiT, rogorc samrewvelo
warmoeba. miwaze sasoflo-sameurneo moTxovnaze did gavlenas axdens is faqti, rom ukanasknel periodSi
SeimCneva momxmareblis biujetSi sakveb produqtebze danaxarjebis xvedriwonis Semcireba (Semosavlis
gazrdis gamo). es grZelvadiani tendenciaa. amitom soflis meurneobis xvedriwona erovnul SemosavalSi
mcirdeba. amis gamo unda moxdes agrarul sferoSi dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis Sesabamisi tempebiT
Semcireba. bunebrivia, rom es procesi aisaxeba miwaze sasoflo-sameurneo moTxovnasa da mis
miwodebaze.
miwaze sasoflo-sameurneo moTxovnisagan gansxvavebiT, arasasoflo-sameurneo moTxovnas aqvs
zrdis myari tendencia. am saxis moTxovna agreTve aerTianebs ramdenime saxis moTxovnas. is Sedgeba
sacxovrebeli saxlebisTvis miwaze moTxovnis, infrastruqturis obieqtebis ganlagebisaTvis miwaze
moTxovnis, samrewvelo moTxovnisa da miwaze inflaciuri moTxovnisagan. es ukanaskneli warmoiqmneba
maRali inflaciis pirobebSi. fuladi simdidris gaufasureba stimuls aZlevs uZrav qonebaze moTxovnas. aq
miwa gamodis rogorc erT-erTi garanti.
miwaze arasasoflo-sameurneo moTxovna rogorc wesi, gulgrilia miwis nayofierebisadmi. misTvis
mTavaria miwis nakveTebis adgilmdebareoba. mas gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs msxvil qalaqebSi miwis
D
sasof.
+

D
arasasof.

P
Q (heqtari)
D
sasof.
D
arasasof.

aTasi
lari 1 heqtarze
O
nax. 15.14 miwaze erToblivi moTxovna
miwaze erToblivi moTxovna miiReba sasoflo-sameurneo da arasasoflo-sameurneo
moTxovnis mrudebis horizontalurad SekrebiT.
345
fasSi, romlis done sxvadasxva ubanSi gansxvavebulia (magaliTad: TbilisSi erTmaneTs SevudaroT miwis
fasi CuRureTsa da varkeTilSi), igi Cveulebriv maqsimums aRwevs qalaqis centrSi.
Sromis bazris analizis dros ganvixileT ekonomikuri rentis cneba. exla ganvixiloT miwis renta,
romelic aris anazRaureba miwisa da sxva bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebisaTvis, romelTa miwodeba
mkacrad gansazRvrulia.
rentis problema pirvelad warmoiSva miwaTmoqmedebaSi da ekonomikuri renta da miwis renta
erTmaneTs emTxveodnen. dRes ekonomikuri renta moicavs miwis rentas, magram ar uTanabrdeba mas. igi
warmoadgens ekonomikuri rentis kerZo SemTxvevas.
ekonomikuri (absoluturi) renta esaa anazRaureba resursisaTvis, romlis miwodeba mkacrad
gansazRvrulia. vinaidan moTxovna miwaze ar SeiZleba iyos 0-is toli, amitom minimaluri fasi, romelic
gansazRvravs anazRaurebas miwis gamoyenebisTvis da romelsac iReben miwis mflobelebi, aris renta.
ekonomikuri (absoluturi) rentis gaangariSebis dros igulisxmeba, rom miwis nakveTebi aris erTnairi
nayofierebis da mdebareobis. sinamdvileSi miwa gansxvavebulia (diferencirebulia), rogorc nayofierebis, ise
mdebareobis mixedviT. es sakiTxi damuSavebul iqna d. rikardos naSromebSi.
ganvixiloT magaliTi, davuSvaT, rom aris sami saxis nayofierebis miwa: saukeTeso, saSualo da cudi.
kapitalisa da Sromis Tanabari dabandebis pirobebSi miwis nayofierebidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebuli
Sedegebi miiReba. miwis mflobeli ecdeba miiRos sruli diferencirebuli damatebiTi Semosavali. amitom renta
saukeTeso miwaze iqneba maRali; saSualoze saSualo da cudze saSualoze ufro naklebi. cudi miwa mis
mflobels miscems mxolod wminda ekonomikur (absolutur) rentas, xolo saSualo da saukeTeso
absoluturTan erTad damatebiT kidev diferencirebuls (naxazi 15.15 ).
naxazze 15.15 gamosaxuli
1
R L aris ekonomikuri renta, romelsac iRebs cudi miwis nakveTis
mflobeli mxolod imisaTvis, rom misi miwa gamoiyenes.

2
R - aris saSualo nayofierebis miwis gamoyenebisaTvis gadasaxadi Tanxa, romelic
1
R -ze metia da
aris diferencirebuli renta.

3
R - aris saukeTeso nayofierebis miwis gamoyenebisTvis gadaxdili Tanxa, romelic bunebrivia metia
rogorc
1
R -ze, aseve
2
R -zec. igi aris diferencirebuli renta.

D
1
D
2
D
3
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
Q
O
nax. 15.15 ekonomikuri da diferencirebuli renta
cudi miwa mis mflobels miscems mxolod wminda ekonomikur (absolutur) rentas (
1
R )Lxolo saSualo da
saukeTeso absoluturTan erTad damatebiT kidev diferencirebuls (
2
R +
3
R ).
ekonomikuri
(absoluturi)
renta
346
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare diferencirebuli renta cudi nayofierebis miwebisTvis aris 0-is toli,
aq gvaqvs mxolod ekonomikuri renta (simartivisaTvis naxazze 15.15 vgulisxmobT, rom samive xarisxis
miwis nakveTebis farTobebi Tanabaria da erTi da igive mdebareoba aqvT). Tavis mxriv miwis
diferencirebuli renta adgilmdebareobis mixedviT, gamoiTvleba iseve, rogorc renta nayofierebis mixedviT.
ganasxvaveben agreTve diferencirebul renta I-s da diferencirebul renta II-s. diferencirebuli renta I
damokidebulia niadagis bunebriv nayofierebaze, romlis Sesaxebac Cven zeviT visaubreT. diferencirebuli
renta II-is wyaroa xelovnuri nayofiereba: adamianis Sroma da kapitalis danaxarjebi, romlebic amaRleben
miwis xarisxs. miwa Tuki bankSi giraos saxiT gaformdeba, SeiZleba misi fulad masad gadaqceva da
sargebliT gacema.

ZiriTadi terminebi
- faqtoris zRvruli Semosavali
- zogadi daniSnulebis kvalifikacia
- specialuri daniSnulebis kvalifikacia
- gamaTanabrebeli sxvaoba
- ekonomikuri renta
- diferencirebuli renta IO da II

347
ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. konkurentul bazarze sawarmoo faqtorebze moTxovna ganisazRvreba faqtoris zRvruli produqtis
SemosavliT.
2. firmis mier konkurentul bazarze mogebis maqsimizaciisTvis faqtorTa (Sroma, miwa, kapitali)
daqiravebis pirobaa faqtoris zRvruli produqtis Semosavlis toloba am faqtoris gamoyenebisTvis
gaweul danaxarjebTan (xelfasi, renta, qira). es principi warmoebaSi mogebis maqsimizaciis pirobis
analogiuria (zRvruli Semosavlis toloba zRvrul danaxarjebTan).
3. faqtorze sabazro moTxovnis mrudi miiReba am faqtorze dargebis moTxovnis mrudebis hori-
zontaluri SekrebiT. calkeuli dargis moTxovnis mrudi ar miiReba masSi moqmedi yvela firmis
moTxovnis mrudebis horizontaluri SekrebiT. Sromaze dargis moTxovnis gansazRvris dros
gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom produqtis sabazro fasi icvleba sawarmoo faqtorze fasis cvlilebis
sapasuxod, rac gavlenas axdens produqtis miwodebaze.
4. Sromis miwodebis mrudi yovelTvis zrdadi araa. realuri xelfasis zrdis pirobebSi is dasawyisSi
zrdadia, xolo Semdgom klebadi xdeba. am pirobebSi masze gavlenas axdens individis
gadawyvetileba Sromasa da dasvenebas Soris arCevanis Sesaxeb.
5. Sromis minimalur da sabazro fass Soris gansxvaveba Seadgens ekonomikur rentas. igi dargSi
unikaluri resursis mozidvis saukeTeso saSualebaa.
6. ormxrivi monopoliis bazarze, roca garigeba dgeba monopolistsa da monofsonists Soris, xelfasis
ganakveTi damokidebulia garigebis procesis xasiaTze. dasaSvebia ZalTa mkveTri dapirispirebis
Sedegad miRweuli iqnes konkurentuli Sedegi.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis
1. gansazRvreT sawarmoo faqtorTa danaxarjebis minimizaciis wesi.
2. gamosaxeT firmis mogebis maqsimizaciis wesi.
3. daaxasiaTeT realuri xelfasis zrdis pirobebSi Sromis-dasvenebiT Senacvlebis etapebi.
4. ras gulisxmobs Sromis anazRaurebaSi gamaTanabrebeli sxvaoba?
5. isaubreT ekonomikuri rentis Sesaxeb.
6. grafikulad gamosaxeT Sromis bazarze monopoliuri mdgomareoba.
7. ras iwvevs Sromis bazarze monofsoniuri mdgomareoba?
8. ra Sedegi SeiZleba gamoiwvios Sromis bazarze ormxrivi monopoliis arsebobam?
9. ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs miwis bazars?
10. rogor SeiZleba Secvalon erTmaneTi sawarmoo faqtorebma: Sromam, miwam da kapitalma?
348
Tavi 16. investiciebi, dro da kapitalis bazari

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. investiciebis dabandebis efeqtianobis Sefasebas
2. mimdinare diskontirebuli da wminda mimdinare Rirebulebis gansazRvras
3. droTaSorisi sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebis axsnas

16.1 nakadebi da rezervebi

ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT firmebSi gansazRvraven moTxovnas warmoebis
TiToeul faqtorze, xolo maTi sabazro fasi, esaa fasi, romelic aTanabrebs faqtorTa moTxovnisa da miwodebis
moculobebs. aseTi formati warmoebis iseTi faqtorebisTvis, rogoricaa Sroma da nedleuli, savsebiT
damakmayofilebelia.
zemoaRniSnulis gavrceleba kapitalze, rogorc sawarmoo faqtorze, didi Secdoma iqneboda. amis
mizezia is, rom kapitali warmoadgens grZelvadiani sargeblobis saqonels: is SeiZleba gamoyenebuli da
SenarCunebuli iqnes warmoebaSi SeZenidan mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi. firmebi xandaxan kapitals iReben
arendiT, rac SeiZleba SevadaroT mSromelTa mravalwlian daqiravebas.
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi kapitaldabandebani ukavSirdeba qarxnebisa da mowyobilobebis SeZenas,
romlebic mravali wlis manZilze eqsploataciisaTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli. zemoaRniSnuli gvaiZulebs
davfiqrdeT iseT elementze, rogoricaa dro.
im pirobebSi, roca firma iRebs gadawyvetilebas, aaSenos Tu ara qarxana, SeiZinos Tu ara
mowyobilobebi, man unda Seudaros erTmaneTs dRes gaweuli investiciebi im damatebiT mogebas, romelsac
moitans axali kapitali momavalSi. aseTi Sedarebis gansaxorcieleblad firmam unda gamoiTvalos momavali
mogebis dRevandeli Rirebuleba.
ama Tu im gadawyvetilebis sasargeblod arCevanis gakeTebis dros firmisTvis aucilebelia, Tavisi
sawarmoo faqtoris mimdinare danaxarjebi (magaliTad, xelfasi an xis masalis fasi) Seudaros am faqtoris
zRvruli produqtis gamoyenebis Sedegad misaReb mimdinare Semosavals. sainvesticio gadawyvetilebebis
misaRebad, arCevani garkveulwilad damokidebulia sargeblis ganakveTze, romelsac uxdian an iReben, roca
Tanxas kreditiT iReben an gascemen.
yovel resurss gaaCnia Taviseburebani, rac gavlenas axdens, rogorc resursis moTxovnisa da
miwodebis specifikurobaze, aseve am resursidan miRebuli Semosavlis formaze. kapitali sityvis farTo
gagebiT esaa nebismieri resursi, romelic iqmneba didi raodenobiT, ekonomikuri dovlaTis warmoebis
mizniT. analizis dros kapitals sazogadod ganixilven mxolod fuladi formiT, gulisxmoben ra imas, rom
TanxiT yiduloben fizikur kapitals.
imisaTvis, rom momavalSi miviRoT saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gansazRvruli nakadi, warmoebis
procesSi unda gvqondes grZelvadiani sargeblobis resursTa rezervi e.i. kapitali. kapitalis dRevandeli
Rirebuleba damokidebulia imaze Tu ra SeuZlia mas awarmoos momavalSi. Semosavlis misaRebad kapitalis
mflobelma uari unda Tqvas mimdinare moxmarebaze momavalSi ufro didi sargeblis miRebis imediT. amis
349
gamo kapitalis analizis dros pirvelxarisxovani roli eniWeba drois faqtors (warsulis awmyosTan, awmyos
momavalTan Sedarebas).
upirveles yovlisa aucilebelia gavarkvioT rogor gavzomoT kapitali da warmoebis sxva faqtorebi,
rasac yidulobs firma. fizikuri kapitali Tavis mxriv iyofa rezervebad da nakadebad.
sarezervo kapitals ( Capital Stock ) miekuTvneba grZelvadiani moxmarebis realuri aqtivebi,
rogoricaa: Senobebi, danadgarebi, manqana-mowyobilobebi da a.S.
kapitalis nakadebi ( Flows) aris is saSualebebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba warmoebis yoveli ciklis
ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro masalebisa da resursebis SesaZenad; magaliTad: nedleuli, Sromis ZiriTadi
da damxmare masalebi, daqiravebuli samuSao Zalis Rirebuleba da a.S.
ganvixiloT magaliTi: firma `vani-4~ aSenebs mravalbinian sacxovrebel saxlebs TbilisSi. misi
mSenebeli-damfuZnebeli, gela xuciSvili gegmavs 2007 wels daiwyos didi sacxovrebeli kompleqsis aSeneba.
mSeneblobis Rirebulebis Semcirebis mizniT gela fiqrobs firmis sakuTrebaSi iqonios samSeneblo blokis
saamqro. saamqros agebis sawyisi xarjebi Seadgens 10200 lars. Tu individs aqvs samSeneblo blokis saamqro
10200 laris RirebulebiT, vambobT, rom misi sarezervo kapitalia 10200 lari.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom Sromasa da masalebze danaxarjebi ganisazRvreba, rogorc nakadebi, iseve
rogorc firmis warmoebis moculoba. davuSvaT, rom saamqroSi yovelTviurad 17500 safasade blokis
warmoebis mizniT ixarjeba 800 kac-saaTi Sroma da 24,5 tona cementi. Sromis anazRaureba erT blokze
Seadgens 0,12 lars, xolo 1 tona cementis fasi aris 180 lari. erTi cali safasade blokis warmoebaze ixarjeba 1,4
kg cementi. imisaTvis, rom uwyvetad ganaxorcielos sawarmoo procesi, firmam damatebiT unda Caataros
mimdinare remonti, gadaixados gadasaxadebi wyalsa da eleqtroenergiaze da a.S. cvalebadi danaxarjebi da
warmoebis moculoba firmisTvis warmoadgens nakadebs.
firmis saSualo mogeba erTeul blokze Seadgens 0,1 lars. igi erTi Tvis manZilze yidis yvela
warmoebul bloks, erT cals 0,80 larad. aseT pirobebSi firmis mTliani mogeba erT TveSi iqneba 1750 lari
(17500X0,1=1750). SevniSnavT, rom mTliani mogebac aseve nakadia. amgvarad, 10200 lari kapitalis
rezervi firmas aZlevs saSualebas miiRos mogebis nakadi TveSi 1750Llari.
davuSvaT, rom saamqro gaTvlilia 5 wlis manZilze muSaobisTvis. aseT pirobebSi gasarkvevia, Tu ra
Rirs 1750 lari yovelTviurad, 5 wlis manZilze. Rirda Tu ara am saamqroSi 10200 laris dabandeba gairkveva
maSin, Tuki mogebis nakads gadaviyvanT im ricxvSi, romelic ukavSirdeba am 10200 laris brunvas.
mogeba TveSi 1750 lari 5 wlis manZilze Seadgens 105000 lars (1750X12X5=105000l). analizis
sakiTxia, yovelTviurad dRevandeli 1750 lari, 3 an 5 wlis Semdgom Tu eRireba isev 1750 lari?
Tu saamqros agebis GRirebulebis Tanxa (10200 lari) SeiZleba dabandebul iqnes sabanko angariSSi,
obligaciaSi an mogebis momcem sxva aqtivSi, ise rom samomavalod SesaZlebeli iyos meti Semosavlis
miReba (vidre blokis saamqroSi dabandebis SemTxvevaSi), gamodis rom 105000 lari miRebuli 5 wlis
Semdeg Rirs ufro naklebi, vidre 105000 lari dRes.
zemoaRniSnul riskTan dakavSirebuli gaTvlebis warmoeba, maSin, roca dReisaTvis aTobiT
miliardebis dabandeba xdeba investiciebSi, Zalze mniSvnelovania saqmiani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
procesSi.

16.2 investicia

350
kapitalis Seqmnisa da gazrdisaTvis aucilebelia fuladi saxsrebis dabandeba investicia. investireba
esaa kapitalis rezervis Seqmna an Sevseba. sazogadod, investirebis procesis qveS gulisxmoben mocemul
wels axali kapitalis mozRvavebas an Semosvlas. investireba niSnavs: dRes gaimeto fuli imisTvis, rom
momavalSi miiRo meti.
investiciebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg jgufebad:
1. dabandebebi ZiriTadi kapitalis Sesaqmnelad anu kapitaldabandebebi (xSirad aseT investiciebs
pirdapir anu realur investiciebs uwodeben);
2. portfeluri (safinanso) investiciebi anu dabandebani fasiani qaRaldebis SesaZenad.
sazogadod momavali Semosavlis nakadma unda moaxdinos dRevandeli rezervis Seqmnis
stimulireba. imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas es rezervi aucilebelia danazogTa nakadi. danazogTa nakadis
stimulirebas axdens sasesxo sargeblis ganakveTi.
sasesxo sargebeli esaa fasi, romelsac uxdian kapitalis mflobels misi saSualebebis (Tanxis)
gamoyenebisaTvis drois garkveuli periodis manZilze.
mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia sasesxo kapitalze sargeblis norma, rac gaiangariSeba gasesxebul
kapitalze miRebuli Semosavlis SefardebiT aRniSnuli kapitalis raodenobasTan, gamosaxuli
procentebSi. magaliTad, Tu gasesxebulia 5000 lari, romelzec Semosavali 500 laria, maSin sargeblis norma
iqneba:
%. 10 100
5000
500
=
investirebis efeqtianobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad aucilebelia proeqtis ganxorcielebisTvis saWiro
danaxarjebis Sedareba im SemosavlebTan, romlebic SeiZleba miviRoT misi ganxorcielebis Sedegad.
sasesxo saSualebebis gamoyenebis dros aucilebelia Seudardes erTmaneTs ganxorcielebuli investiciebis
ukugebis norma ( r ) da sasesxo sargebeli ( R ).
ganxorcielebuli investiciebis ukugebis norma aris investirebis Sedegad miRebul mogebas
gamoklebuli am investiciebis dafinansebasTan dakavSirebul sargebelze gasacemi Tanxa, gamoxatuli
procentebSi investiciebis saerTo raodenobasTan.
investirebis zRvruli wminda ukugeba warmoadgens sxvaobas investiciebis ukugebis normasa da
zRvrul sasesxo sargebels Soris ( R r ). mogeba investiciebidan iqneba maqsimaluri, roca R r = .
ganvixiloT magaliTi: firma `nalia~ axorcielebs burRuleulis Senaxvas. momxmarebelTa Sorisaa nana,
romelic inaxavs firmaSi sakuTar maRaziaSi gasayid RerRils. Sesanaxi moculobis gazrdis Sedegad yovel 20
kg-ze zRvruli danaxaji izrdeba 2,5 lariT (cxrili 16.1).
nanas investiciebis sidide da ukugeba 1 wlis manZilze
cxrili 16.1
RerRilis
raodenoba,
kg
erToblivi
investiciebi
(RerRilis
Rirebuleba),
lari
zRvruli
investiciebi,
lari
zRvruli
sargebeli
kapitalidan,
lari
Senaxvis
zRvruli
danaxarjebi,
lari
warmoebis
zRvruli
danaxarjebi,
lari
investiciidan
zRvruli
Semosavali,
lari
zRvruli
mogeba,
lari
1 2 3 4 5 3+4+5=6 7 7-6=8
20 100 100 10 5 115 120 5
40 200 100 10 7.5 117.5 120 2.5
60 300 100 10 10 120 120 0
351
80 400 100 10 12.5 122.5 120 -2.5
100 500 100 10 15 125 120 -5

erToblivi kapitaldabandebani RerRilis Senaxvaze masStabebis gazrdis pirobebSi izrdeba 100 lariT
yovel 20 kg-ze. sargeblis ganakveTi tolia 10%. Tu zRvruli Semosavali investiciidan Tanabari sididea da tolia
120 laris, maSin 20 kg. RerRilis Senaxvis zRvruli xarjebi Seadgens 115 lars, xolo zRvruli mogeba aris 120-
115=5 lari. am gaangariSebiT zRvruli mogeba 40 kg-ze 2,5 laria, xolo 60 kg-ze udris nuls. e.i. am dros
xdeba mogebis maqsimizacia anu . MC MR=
Tu abscisaTa RerZze aRvniSnavT RerRilis raodenobas kg-Si da ordinatTa RerZze zRvrul
danaxarjebsa da zRvrul Semosavals, maSin zRvruli danaxarjebi iqneba abscisaTa RerZis paraleluri da 120-is
toli (naxazi 16.1).


zRvruli danaxarjebi izrdeba Senaxvis masStabebis zrdasTan erTad, amitom mrudi zrdadia. zRvruli
danaxarjebis ( MC) da zRvruli Semosavlebis ( MR) mrudebis gadakveTis wertilSi ganisazRvreba Sesanaxi
RerRilis optimaluri moculoba - 60 kg.
ukugebis (zogierT literaturaSi SeiZleba termini Segvxvdes gamosyidvis saxiTac) Sida normis
Sedareba sasesxo sargebelTan warmodgenilia cxrilSi 16.2. Senaxvis masStabebis zrdasTan erTad
gamosyidvis zRvruli norma mcirdeba 5%-mde. mogeba investiciidan maqsimaluri xdeba R r = pirobebSi
anu 60 kg-is Senaxvis dros.
situacia ganvixiloT grafikulad naxazze 16.2. abscisaTa RerZze aRvniSnoT RerRilis raodenoba, xolo
ordinatTa RerZze kapitaldabandebis ukugebis normis ganakveTi da sasesxo sargebeli. sasesxo sargeblis
ganakveTi mudmivi sididea da tolia 10%, amitom warmoadgens abscisaTa RerZis paralelur wrfes.
1 wliani investiciebis ukugebis zRvruli norma
cxrili 16.2
RerRilis raodenoba, ukugebis zRvruli norma, % kapitalis sasesxo sargebeli,
%
investiciebis zRvruli
wminda ukugeba, %
1 2 3 2-3=4
20 15 10 5
40 12.5 10 2.5
60
Q

MC MR,
120
O
nax. 16.1 Sesanaxi RerRilis optimaluri moculobis gansazRvra
maRaziaSi gasayidad SeZenili RerRilis moculoba ganisazRvreba produqtze zRvruli danaxarjebisa da
zRvruli sargeblis tolobiT. optimaluri moculobaa 60 kg RerRili.

MC
(RerRili kg.)
MR
352
60 10 10 0
80 7.5 10 -2.5
100 5 10 -5

sasesxo sargeblisgan gansxvavebiT ukugebis zRvruli norma, damokidebulia Sesanaxi RerRilis
raodenobaze da mcirdeba warmoebis masStabebis zrdasTan erTad. investiciebi momgebiania R r >
pirobebSi. mogebis maqsimizacia xdeba im wertilSi, roca nana inaxavs 60 kg. RerRils.
naxazze 16.2 naTladaa naCvenebi, rom rac ufro maRalia sargeblis sabazro ganakveTi, miT ufro
naklebia moTxovna sasesxo saSualebebze da piriqiT, sargeblis normis Semcireba qmnis saukeTeso
winapirobebs sainvesticio moTxovnis gafarToebisaTvis. investiciebis umravlesoba grZelvadiania. upirveles
yovlisa, es aris investiciebi sarezervo kapitalSi.

16.3 droiTi upiratesobebis zRvruli norma

danazogebis ganmaxorcielebeli adamianebisTvis mniSvnelovania mimdinare moxmarebis Sedareba
samomavlo SemosavalTan. naxazze 16.3 mocemulia ganurCevlobis mrudebi awmyo da samomavlo
moxmarebisaTvis. Cveulebriv momxmarebels aqvs dadebiTi droiTi upiratesobani (Time Preference - TP).
es niSnavs, rom individs erTi laris Senaxvam awmyoSi, unda moutanos erT larze meti Semosavali
momavalSi.
davuSvaT, rom individis Semosavali Seadgens 100 aTas lars weliwadSi. Tu is mimdinare wels am
Tanxas moixmars mTlianad, maSin misi danazogi iqneba 0-is toli. naxazze 16.3 es situacia aRiniSneba K
wertiliT. davuSvaT, individma gadawyvita Tanxa gadados `Savi dRisaTvis~. vTqvaT, am saxis danazogis
sidide mimdinare wels aris 10 aTasi lari. aseTi sapasuxismgeblo gadawyvetileba racionaluri individisagan
SeiZleba miRebul iqnes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki es 10 aTasi lari, mas saSualebas miscems miiRos
Tanxa, romelic iqneba 10 aTas larze meti. magaliTad: 11,5 aTasi lari. am mdgomareobas grafikze asaxavs L
wertili. kidev momdevno 10 aTas larze uaris Tqma, rogorc wesi ufro rTulia da unda iqnes kompensirebuli
k
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15
C
B
80 40
60
100 20
10
O
R
A
kapitaldabandebaTa zRvruli ukugeba = investiciaze
moTxovna
5
nax. 16.2 ukugebis zRvruli normis dinamika da sasesxo sargeblis ganakveTi
sargeblis maRali sasesxo ganakveTis pirobebSi naklebia sasesxo saSualebebze moTxovna da
piriqiT, sargeblis ganakveTis Semcireba qmnis saukeTeso winapirobebs sainvesticio moTxovnis
gafarToebisaTvis. investiciebi momgebiania roca R r > .
353
ufro didi jildoTi (sargeblis maRali ganakveTiT). amis gamo momxmarebelTa droiTi upiratesobis amsaxveli
ganurCevlobis mrudebi miuaxlovdebian vertikalur mdgomareobas (naxazi 16.3).
droiTi upiratesobis zRvruli norma (Marginal Rate of Time Preference - MRTP) esaa
damatebiTi samomavlo moxmarebis Rirebuleba, rac sakmarisi iqneba mimdinare moxmarebis erTe-
ulze uaris kompensaciisaTvis, im pirobiT, rom individis erToblivi sargeblianoba ar Seicvleba.
1 2
/ C C MRTP A A =
sadac:
MRTP aris droiTi upiratesobis zRvruli norma;
2
C A - moxmarebis moculoba momaval wels;
1
C A moxmareba mimdinare wels.
monacemTa formulaSi CasmiT miviRebT, rom KL monakveTisaTvis
, 15 , 1 10 / 5 , 11 = = MRTP xolo MN monakveTisaTvis 3 10 / 30 = = MRTP
droTaSorisi upiratesobani exeba investiciebs rogorc fizikuri, ise adamianuri kapitalisaTvis. orive
SemTxvevaSi adamianebi amcireben mimdinare moxmarebas im mizniT, rom mas gazrdian momavalSi.

mimdinare moxmarebis Semcirebis SesaZlebloba samomavlos sasargeblod usazRvro ar aris.
danazogebi ganisazRvreba mTliani Semosavlebidan mimdinare moxmarebis gamoklebiT.
1
C I S =
sadac: S aris danazogi;
I - Semosavali;

1
C - mimdinare moxmareba.
droTaSorisi sabiujeto SezRuduloba gviCvenebs mimdinare moxmarebis samomavlo moxmarebaSi
gadarTvis SesaZleblobebs. am dros gadawyvetilebis miReba SeiZleba ganvixiloT wina TemaSi ganxiluli
Sromasa da dasvenebas Soris arCevanis gakeTebis analogiurad, rodesac bunebrivad iyo SezRuduli Sromis
saerTo saaTebis raodenoba, aq ki garkveuli zRvaria mimdinare moxmarebis SezRudvasTan dakavSirebiT.
1
C A
K
L
N
30
2
C A
M
m
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m
d
i
n
a
r
e

S
e
m
o
s
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s

s
a
m
o
m
a
v
l
o

m
o
x
m
a
r
e
b
a
,

a
T
a
s
i

l
a
r
i

mimdinare aTasi
lari
10
O
nax. 16.3 droTaSorisi upiratesobani
droTaSorisi upiratesobani exeba investirebas. adamianebi amcireben mimdinare moxmarebas im mizniT,
rom mas gazrdian momavalSi. yoveli momdevno Tanxa im SemTxvevaSi gadaideba, Tu mosalodneli
jildo gacilebiT meti iqneba. amis gamo ganurCevlobis mrudebi uaxlovdebian vertikalur mdgomareobas.


11,5
U1
U2
U3
60 70 90
100
354
sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfis daxriloba tolia - ) 1 ( R + (naxazi 16.4). daxrilobis kuTxe
damokidebulia sasesxo sargeblis ganakveTis doneze, rac ufro maRalia igi, miT ufro izrdeba droTaSorisi
sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfis daxrilobis kuTxe abscisaTa RerZisadmi. gavixsenoT, rom sazogadod
Senacvlebis normis sidide, rogorc momxmareblis qcevis TeoriaSi, aseve warmoebis procesSi, realuri xelfasis
zrdis pirobebSi Sromis miwodebis dros, aris OX RerZze aRniSnuli maCveneblis erTi erTeulis
mniSvneloba, gamosaxuli OY RerZze aRniSnuli maCveneblis erTeulebSi. amis gamo miviRebT rom:
droiTi upiratesobis amsaxveli ganurCevlobis mrudis Sexebis wertili droTaSoris sabiujeto
SezRudulobis wrfesTan aRniSnavs momxmareblis droTaSoris wonasworobas. wonasworobis wertilSi
droiTi upiratesobis ganurCevlobis mrudis daxriloba tolia droTaSorisi sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfis
daxrilobis:
R MRTP + =1
E wertili gviCvenebs droTaSoris wonasworobas (naxazi 16.4). misi siaxlove A wertilTan an B
wertilTan damokidebulia momxmareblis Semosavlis doneze, individis dazogvisadmi midrekilebasa da
sargeblis ganakveTis sidideze.


80
mimdinare moxmareba aTasi
lari
C1
E
A
-(1+R)
U2
(

C2
m
i
m
d
i
n
a
r
e

S
e
m
o
s
a
v
l
i
s

s
a
m
o
m
a
v
l
o

m
o
x
m
a
r
e
b
a
,

a
T
a
s
i

l
a
r
i

O
nax. 16.4 sabiujeto SezRuduloba da droTaSorisi wonasworoba
E wertili gviCvenebs droTaSoris wonasworobas. misi siaxlove A wertilTan an B wertilTan damokidebulia
momxmareblis Semosavlis doneze, individis dazogvisadmi midrekilebasa da sargeblis sidideze.

23
U1
U3
B
355

ganvixiloT magaliTi: mzias Semosavali iyo weliwadSi 80 aTasi lari. misi yovelwliuri danazogi Seadgenda
20 aTas lars. sargeblis ganakveTis zrdam 15-dan 20 procentamde gamoiwvia mzias gadawyvetilebis Secvla da man
Tavisi danazogi gazarda 20-dan 30 aTas laramde (naxazi 16.5). Sdegad mzias mimdinare Semosavlis samomavlo
moxmareba gaizarda 23 aTasi laridan (20000 1,15=23000) 36 aTas laramde (30000 1,20=36000).
es niSnavs, rom sargeblis ganakveTis zrdis Sedegad ufro iafi gaxda momavali moxmarebis lari
mimdinare larebis xarjze. bunebrivia, rom aman gamoiwvia individis stimuli gaezarda dagroveba.

zemoaRniSnuli procesebiT gamowveuli sasesxo sargeblis zrda gamoixata droTaSorisi sabiujeto
SezRudulobis wrfis mobrunebaSi saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT (naxazi 16.6).

16.4 mimdinare diskontirebuli Rirebuleba

ganvsazRvroT im laris fasi, romelsac Cven miviRebT momavalSi. Tu davzogavT 1 lars dRes, maSin
1 wlis Semdeg R sargeblis ganakveTis pirobebSi miviRebT: 1 lari ), 1 ( R + lari miRebuli 1 wlis Semdeg
sasesxo
sargeblis
ganakveTi
15
erTi wlis manZilze danazogi
Tanxa, aTasi lari
20
O
nax. 16.5 sasesxo sargeblis ganakveTi da danazogTa miwodeba
sasesxo sargeblis ganakveTis gazrdam gamoiwvia danazogTa miwodebis gazrda.
momxmarebelma samomavlod gadado kidev 10 aTasi lari.

danazogis
miwodeba
23 36
E2
U2
E1
mimdinare Semosavali, aTasi
lari
A
B
m
i
m
d
i
n
a
r
e

S
e
m
o
s
a
v
l
i
s

s
a
m
o
m
a
v
l
o


m
o
x
m
a
r
e
b
a

O
nax. 16.6 droTaSorisi wonasworobis cvlileba sargeblis ganakveTis zrdasTan erTad
sasesxo sargeblis zrdis Sedegad droTaSorisi sabiujeto SezRudulobis wrfe mobrunda saaTis isris moZraobis
mimarTulebiT. samomavlo moxmarebam Seadgina 36 aTasi lari, xolo mimdinare moxmareba Semcirda 10 aTasi
lariT.

36
1
B
23
70 80
U1
356
Rirs 1 larze naklebi anu 1 lari / ). 1 ( R + aSkaraa, rom lari, romelsac Cven miviRebT ori wlis Semdeg dRes
Rirs 1 l/
2
) 1 ( R + da a.S.
mimdinare diskontirebuli (Semcirebuli) Rirebuleba (Present Discount Value - PDV) esaa im
Tanxis axlandeli Rirebuleba, romelsac gascemen drois gansazRvruli periodis Semdeg. Tuki es periodi 1
wlis tolia, maSin 1 larisTvis gveqneba:

) 1 /( 1 R PDV + = ,
n wlisaTvis
. ) 1 /( 1
n
R PDV + =
mimdinare diskontirebuli Rirebuleba damokidebulia sargeblis ganakveTze. rac ufro maRalia
sargeblis ganakveTi, miT udro dabalia mimdinare diskontirebuli Rirebuleba.
diskontirebis procesi metad rTulia, magram misi gamoTvlis gaiolebis mizniT arsebobs specialuri
cxrilebi, romliTac SeiZleba momavali Semosavlebis, dRevandeli Rirebulebis swrafad gaangariSeba da
Sesabamisad, optimaluri gadawyvetilebis miReba. aRvniSnavT imasac, rom aseTi cxrilebi mxolod
ganviTarebis stabiluri tempebis mqone qveynebis bankebSi arsebobs. informacia sazogadod saidumloa.
ganviTarebad qveynebSi arsebuli sabanko sistema eyrdnoba romelime myari valutisTvis arsebul gaTvlebs.
aseTi cxrilis pirobiTi magaliTia cxrili 16.3. 1 lari, romelsac Cven miviRebT 10 wlis Semdeg
sargeblis 5% ganakveTis pirobebSi dRes Rirs 61,4 TeTri, 10%-iani ganakveTis pirobebSi 38,6 TeTri, xolo
20% ganakveTis pirobebSi sul 16,2 TeTri.

1 laris diskontirebuli Rirebuleba
cxrili 16.3
ganakveTi %
wlebi
1-li me-2 me-5 me-10 me-20
1 0.99 0.98 0.951 0.905 0.82
2 0.98 0.961 0.906 0.82 0.673
5 0.952 0.907 0.784 0.614 0.377
10 0.909 0.826 0.621 0.386 0.149
20 0.833 0.694 0.402 0.162 0.026

SevafasoT samomavlo Semosavlebi kapitalis alternatiuli dabandebis pirobebSi. davuSvaT, rom
Cven gvaqvs diskontirebuli Semosavlis ori saxe: A da B (cxrili 16.4 `a~).
samomavlo Semosavlebis Sefaseba
cxrili 16.4
a) samomavlo Semosavlebis variantebi
diskontirebuli
Semosavalis saxeebi
diskontirebuli Semosavali wlebis mixedviT
mimdinare weli 1-li
weli
me-2
weli
A 100 200 100
B 30 200 200

b) diskontirebuli Semosavlis sidide damokidebuli sargeblis ganakveTze
Semosavalis saxeebi diskontirebuli Semosavalis sidide
357
R =5% R =10% R =20%
A 381.1 364.4 336.0
B 401.8 377.0 425.4

A mogvitans 100 lars Semosavals mimdinare wels, 200 lars erTi wlis Semdeg. damatebiT kidev 100
lars 2 wlis Semdeg. B Sesabamisad 30; 200 da 200 lars. romeli variantia ukeTesi? imisaTvis, rom pasuxi
gavceT am kiTxvas, aucilebelia gamoviTvaloT mimdinare diskontirebuli Rirebuleba:
PDV A Semosavlidan
2
) 1 /( 100 ) 1 /( 200 100 R R + + + +
PDV B Semosavlidan
2
) 1 /( 200 ) 1 /( 200 30 R R + + + +
sargeblis 5%-iani ganakveTis pirobebSi B varianti jobia A-s (cxrili 16. 5 `b~). aseTive Sedegs
miviRebT sargeblis 10%-iani ganakveTis pirobebSi. Tumca sargeblis 20% ganakveTis pirobebSi A varianti
jobia B variants, vinaidan 100 lars moaqvs TiTqmis 3-jer meti Tanxa, xolo 200 lars mxolod 2-jer meti.
SevniSnavT, rom Tu ar aris mocemuli wliuri sargeblis ganakveTi, maSin ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
diskontirebuli Rirebulebis gamsazRvreli formula.
Cvens mier gaanalizebuli droTaSorisi arCevanis i. fiSeris modeli gviCvenebs, rom moxmarebis done
damokidebulia ara marto mimdinare Semosavalze, aramed im Semosavalzec, romelsac adamiani (ojaxi)
gegmavs miiRos momavalSi. amerikelma ekonomistma f. modilianma, roca aviTarebda i. fiSeris
Sexedulebebs Camoayaliba sasicocxlo ciklis hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmadac individis moxmarebis moculoba
damokidebulia im Semosavalze, romelsac is iRebs mTeli sicocxlis manZilze. am SemosavalSi, rogorc
sworad SeniSna m. fridmenma, aris ori Semadgeneli nawili. ukve mimdinare Semosavali iyofa mudmiv
Semosavlad da droebiT Semosavlad.
,
t p
Y Y Y + =
sadac: Y aris midinare Semosavali;

p
Y - mudmivi Semosavali;

t
Y - droebiTi Semosavali.
mudmivi Semosavali damokidebulia saqmianobis ZiriTad sferosTan, misi dagegmva samomavlod
advilia. droebiTi Semosavali dakavSirebulia SemTxveviT gamomuSavebul TanxebTan: isini SeiZleba iyos
didi an mcire, an SeiZleba arc iyos. amis gamo SemTxveviT gamomuSavebuli Tanxebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT,
rogorc raime saSualo sidididan erTgvari gadaxrebi. maTi winaswar dagegmva rTulia, xandaxan ki uper-
speqtivoc. adamianebi, rogorc wesi, orientacias axdenen mudmiv Semosavalze. amis gamo moxmarebis
masStabSi cvlilebebi dakavSirebulia, pirvel rigSi, swored masTan.

16.5 miwis fasi

miwis fasi ganisazRvreba rentis kapitalizaciis gziT. davuSvaT, rom romelime miwis nakveTs
moaqvs yovelwliurad renta n lari. miwis fasis gaangariSeba niSnavs ganisazRvros miwis alternatiuli
Rirebuleba miwis mflobelisaTvis. miwis fasi unda Seadgendes Tanxas, romlis bankSi SetaniT miwis yofili
mflobeli miiRebs analogiur sargebels dabandebuli kapitalisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare miwis fasi
warmoadgens miwis rentis samomavlo diskontirebul fass:
358
.
) 1 (
j
j
t
R
T
P
+
=
miwis fasi, esaa kapitalis usasrulo dabandeba, amitom Tuki j , maSin , 0
) 1 (
1

+
j
R
maSin
R
T
R
T
P
j
j
j
t
=
+
=


) 1 (
lim lim
sadac: T- wliuri renta;
R- sasesxo sargeblis sabazro ganakveTi.
mag: Tuki miwis renta Seadgens 400 lars, xolo sasesxo sargeblis ganakveTi 5%-s, maSin miwis
fasi tolia 8000 5 / 100 400 % 5 / 400 = = lari.

16.6 wminda mimdinare Rirebuleba

samomavlo Semosavlebis Sefasebas mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba investiciebis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros. saamisod iyeneben wminda mimdinare (diskontirebuli) Rirebulebis
cnebas ( NPV esentValue Net Pr ).
C R R R NPV
n
n
+ + + + + + = ) 1 /( ... ) 1 /( ) 1 /(
2
2 1
t t t
sadac: C aris kapitaldabandebaTa danaxarjebi (investiciebi);

n
t - mogeba, romelic miiReba n -ur welSi;
R - diskontis ganakveTi.
diskontis norma (ganakveTi - R ) SeiZleba iyos sargeblis an sxva romelime ganakveTi. zogjer
mizanSewonilia diskontis norma ganxilul iqnes rogorc ZiriTad kapitaldabandebaTa alternatiuli danaxarjebi.
vinaidan wminda mimdinare Rirebulebis gasaangariSebeli formula gamosaxavs investiciebidan
firmis wminda mogebas, es sidide aucileblad dadebiTi unda iyos: 0 > NPV . es niSnavs, rom mogeba,
romelic mosalodnelia miRebul iqnes investiciebidan, metia vidre TviT ganxorcielebuli investicia.
aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia investireba movaxdinoT mxolod maSin, roca mosalodneli
Sedegebi iqneba meti, vidre investiciasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebi.
sasesxo sargeblis ganakveTi damokidebulia sasesxo saSualebebze moTxovnasa da miwodebaze.
sasesxo saSualebebze moTxovna damokidebulia samewarmeo investiciebis momgebianobaze, kreditze
samomxmareblo moTxovnis doneze da saxelmwifos mxridan moTxovnaze.
ganasxvaveben nominalur da realur sasesxo sargebels. nominaluri ganakveTi gviCvenebs Tu
ramdenad aWarbebs Tanxa, romelsac msesxebeli ubrunebs kreditors, kreditis Tanxas. realuri ganakveTi
esaa sargeblis ganakveTi, romelic Sesworebulia inflaciaze e.i. gamosaxulia myari msyidvelobiTi unaris
mqone valutis erTeulSi. swored sargeblis realuri ganakveTi ganapirobebs investiciebis ganxorcielebis
mizanSewonilobas.
srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi arsebobs sasesxo sargeblis gaTanabrebis tendencia. Tumca realuri
konkurencia Sorsaa srulyofilisagan, amitom ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSic ki arsebobs
sargeblis ganakveTebis farTo diapazoni.
359
sargeblis ganakveTi damokidebulia riskis xarisxTan, rac mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia sesxis
amRebis reitingze da klasze, sesxis uzrunvelsayofad saWiro giraos arsebobasa an ararsebobaze.

6.7 droTaSorisi sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebi araganaxlebadi resursebi

sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebi xSirad ukavSirdeba droTaSoris aspeqtebs dRevandeli warmoeba
gavlenas axdens gayidvebsa da danaxarjebze momavalSi. dRevandeli mwarmoeblurobidan gamomdinare
firma iRebs gamocdilebas, romelic danaxarjebs amcirebs momavalSi. am SemTxvevaSi dRevandeli
warmoeba garkveulwilad warmoadgens erTgvar investicias samomavlo danaxarjebis Sesamcireblad. es
maCvenebeli mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli danaxarjebisa da mogebis Sedarebis dros.
gansxvavebuli magaliTia gadawyvetilebis miReba amowurvadi, araganaxlebadi resursebis
sabadoebis damuSavebis Sesaxeb. rac ufro meti navTobWaburRilis mflobeli daamuSavebs navTobis
sabados, miT naklebi darCeba is niadagSi (vinaidan navTobi araganaxlebadi resursia).
aseT SemTxvevaSi swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiroa dRevandeli danaxarjebi da mogeba
Seudardes igive maCveneblebis SesaZlo dones samomavlod. amis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba wminda
diskontirebuli Rirebulebis koncefciis daxmarebiT.
navTobis WaburRilis mflobeli dgas alternativis winaSe - daamuSaos sabado, Tu Seinaxos navTobi
niadagSi samomavlod fasebis zrdis molodinis gamo? swori pasuxi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad
swrafad gaizrdeba navTobis fasi bazarze an Tu gamoCndeba resursis Semcvleli, rac ganapirobebs navTobze
moTxovnis Semcirebas.
navTobi, bankSi arsebuli TanxasaviTaa, misi Senaxva mxolod maSinaa kargi Tuki mas imdeni
Semosavali mainc moaqvs, ramdenic sabazro sargeblis ganakveTs. Sedegad umjobesia maragi SeinaxoT
samomavlod, Tu elodebiT, rom misi fasi (danaxarjebis gamoklebiT) ufro swrafad gaizrdeba, vidre
sargeblis ganakveTi. navTobis sabados Sesaxeb swori gadawyvetileba iqneba misi mopoveba da mTeli
maragis gayidva, Tu samomavlo gaTvlebiT fasi danaxarjebis gareSe gaizrdeba ufro nela, vidre
sargeblis ganakveTi.
analogiurad unda moiqceT im SemTxvevaSic roca gaigebT informacias, bazarze navTobis
Semcvlelis gamoCenis Sesaxeb. cnobilia, rom evropa 2010 wlisTvis gegmavs gamouSvas iseTi
avtomobilebi, romlebic imuSaveben ekologiurad sufTa, mwvane safaris mcenareul zeTebze. es bunebrivia
Seamcirebs navTobze erTobliv moTxovnas. Tu zrdis tempebi am ori Sesadarisi maCveneblisTvis Tanabari
iqneba, maSin sulerTia rogor moiqceviT.
ganvixiloT iseTi situacia, roca araganaxlebadi mineraluri sabados mflobeli monopolistia da ara
individualuri piri. monopolistis mier misaRebi gadawyvetileba ukavSirdeba resursis damatebiTi erTeulis
Rirebulebas, kerZod misi Rirebulebaa zRvruli Semosavali minus zRvruli danaxarjebi ( MC MR ).
ganvixiloT almasebis damamuSavebeli msoflio monopolisti firmis `de birsi~ magaliTi. socialisturi
sistemis arsebobis dros igi flobda kapitalistur samyaroSi arsebuli almasebis sabadoebis 95-96 procents. ssrk
daSlis Semdgom man 10 miliardi dolari gadaixada, rom cimbirSi arsebuli almasis sabadoebis grZelvadiani
damuSavebis ufleba hqonoda da SeaCera mopoveba maTSi.
360
vinaidan monopolisti akontrolebs produqtis maragis srul moculobas, mas SeuZlia bazarze
gamoitanos swored is raodenoba, rom zRvruli amonagebi zRvruli danaxarjebis gamoklebiT (anu resursis
damatebiTi erTeulis Rirebuleba) gaizardos imave siswrafiT, rogorc sargeblis ganakveTi.
) )( 1 (
1
C MR R C MR
t t
+ =
+

SevniSnavT, rom es wesi sruldeba konkurentuli firmisTvisac. Tumca konkurentuli firmis
SemTxvevaSi zRvruli Semosavali utoldeba sabazro fass.
monopolistisTvis, romlis moTxovnis mrudi klebadia, fasi aWarbebs zRvrul Semosavals.
gamomdinare aqedan, Tuki zRvruli Semosavali danaxarjebis gamoklebiT izrdeba imave siCqariT,
rogorc sargeblis ganakveTi, fasi zRvruli danaxarjebis gamoklebiT ufro nela gaizrdeba, vidre sargeblis
ganakveTi.
swored aRniSnuli gaTvla gaxda `de birsis~ gadawyvetilebis safuZveli SeeCerebina cimbiris
sabadoebis damuSaveba. man bazarze saqonlis didi raodenobis Sesvla SeaCera da SeinarCuna is raodenoba,
romlis realizacia ar Seamcirebda mis zemogebas.
amgvarad, Cven mivdivarT saocar daskvnamde: monopolisti aris garemos dacvis didi momxre, vidre
konkurentuli dargi. es ra Tqma unda naxevrad xumrobiT, vinaidan sargeblobs, ra Tavisi ZalauflebiTa da
moqmedebs ra Tavisi interesebidan gamomdinare, monopolisti iwyebs ufro maRali fasis dawesebas da nela
amoaqvs miwidan bunebrivi resursebi. amgvarad, igi garemos damcvelis niRbiT iRebs zemogebas da qmnis
did sazogadoebriv danakargebs.

ZiriTadi terminebi
- nakadebi
- rezervebi
- investicia
- investiciebis ukugebis norma
- sasesxo sargebeli
- droiTi upiratesobebis zRvruli norma
- mimdinare diskontirebuli Rirebuleba
- wminda diskontirebuli Rirebuleba

361
ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. firmis gankargulebaSi arsebuli kapitali izomeba, rogorc maragi, xolo samuSao Zalisa da nedleulis
faqtorebi ganixileba, rogorc nakadebi (cvalebadia).
2. sainvesticio gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad, arCevani damokidebulia sargeblis ganakveTze, romelsac
uxdian an iReben roca Tanxas kreditiT iReben an gascemen. sargeblis sabazro ganakveTi
ganisazRvreba sesxo saxsrebze moTxovniTa da miwodebiT. saojaxo meurneobebi, firmebi da
mTavroba warmoqmnian moTxovnas saxsrebze. cvlilebebi moTxovnasa da miwodebaSi iwvevs
cvlilebebs sargeblis ganakveTSi.
3. samomavlo mogebis miRebis mizniT firma wyvets investiciis mizanSewonilobis problemas. firma
momavali mogebis dRevandel Rirebulebas adgens diskontirebis ( PDV) saSualebiT.
4. firmebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon wminda mimdinare Rirebulebis ( NPV ) kriteriumi imisaTvis, rom
gadawyviton ganaxorcielon Tu ara kapitaldabandeba. abandeben im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momavalSi
investiciidan mosalodneli Semosavlis axlandeli Rirebuleba ufro metia, vidre investiciaze gaweuli
danaxarjebi.
5. Tu NPV -s gamoTvlis dros fuladi Semosavali mocemulia nominalur gamosaxulebaSi, diskontis
ganakveTic nominaluri unda iyos. Tu fuladi Semosavali realuria (anu inflaciis gamoklebiT), unda
gamoviyenoT diskontis realuri ganakveTi.
6. miwaSi amowurvadi resursi hgavs bankSi fuls da mas unda mohqondes saTanado ukugeba.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis
1. ras uwodeben nakads kapitalis bazarze?
2. ra igulisxmeba rezervis cnebis qveS kapitalis bazarze?
3. ra gansxvavebaa nakadsa da rezervs Soris?
4. gansazRvreT sasesxo kapitalze sargeblis norma.
5. gamosaxeT droiTi upiratesobebis zRvruli normis formula.
6. rogor icvleba droTaSorisi wonasworoba sargeblis ganakveTis cvlilebis Sesabamisad? pasuxi
daasabuTed garafikulad.
7. ras gulisxmobs mimdinare diskontirebuli Rirebuleba?
8. daukavSireT erTmaneTs gadawyvetileba investiciebis Sesaxeb da wminda mimdinare Rirebuleba.
9. isaubreT miwis fasis Sesaxeb.
10. rogoria droTaSorisi sawarmoo gadawyvetileba amowurvadi resursebis mflobeli individisa da
monopolistisTvis?
362
Tavi 17. zogadi wonasworoba da ekonomikuri efeqtianoba

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. zogadi wonasworobis miRwevis pirobebis daxasiaTebas
2. warmoebisa da efeqtianis gacvlis Sefasebas ejvortis kolofis saSualebiT
3. optimaluri garigebebis mrudis aRweras
4. warmoebisa da sasaqonlo bazrebis efeqtianobis Sefasebas

17.1 zogadi wonasworobis analizi

calkeul bazrebze Cvens mier Seswavlili wonasworuli fasebi da moculobebi ganisazRvreboda
nawilobrivi wonasworobis analizis (Partial Equilibrium Analysis) daxmarebiT. bazrebi
urTierTdamokidebulni arian _ erT bazarze situaciis cvlilebam SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos sxva bazris
fasebze an miwodebaze.
zogadi wonasworobis analizi (General Equilibrium Enalysis) produqtis fassa da moculobas
gansazRvravs erTdroulad yvela bazarze da dawvrilebiT swavlobs ukukavSirebis efeqts. ukukavSirebis
efeqti (Feedback Effekt) asaxavs mocemul bazarze nawilobrivi wonasworobis cvlilebas, romelic
gamowveulia urTierTdakavSirebul bazrebze fasebisa da moculobebis Tavdapirveli cvlilebis Sedegad.
magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom aSS-is mTavrobam SemoiRo navTobis importze gadasaxadi. igi dauyovnebliv
gadaadgilebs navTobis miwodebis mruds marcxniv da misi fasi aiwevs. magram gadasaxadis gavlena amiT
ar SeCerdeba. navTobis ufro maRali fasi gazrdis moTxovnasa da Semdgom fassac bunebriv airze. bunebriv
airze ufro maRali fasi pirvel rigSi gamoiwvevs navTobze moTxovnis gazrdas (mrudi gadaadgildeba
marjvniv) da misi fasi aiwevs kidev ufro maRla. navTobisa da bunebrivi airis bazrebis urTierTzemoqmedeba
gagrZeldeba manam, sanam ar damyardeba wonasworoba, romlis drosac moTxovnisa da miwodebis sidide
orTave bazarze erTmaneTs ar gauTanabrdeba.
zogadi wonasworobis srulyofili analizi, romelic SeZlebs Seafasos Tundac erT bazarze an yvela bazarze
zemoqmedebis cvlileba, praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. Cven ZiriTadad SemovifarglebiT ori an sami bazriT,
romlebic erTmaneTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, navTobze gadasaxadis dawesebis
SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba SevafasoT misi gavlena bunebrivi airis, qvanaxSirisa da eleqtroenergiis bazarze.

ori urTierTdakavSirebuli bazari _ moZraoba zogadi wonasworobisaken
ganvixiloT, rogor zemoqmedeben erTmaneTze videokasetebis gaqiravebisa da kinoTeatris konkurentuli
bazrebi. es ori bazari urTierTdakavSirebulia, ramdenadac farTod gavrcelebuli videoteqnika bevr
momxmarebels SesaZleblobas aZlevs kinofilmebs uyuron rogorc saxlSi, aseve kinoTeatrebSi. erT bazarze
faswarmoqmnaSi momxdari cvlilebi ukukavSirebis efeqts moaxdens meore bazarze.
naxazi 17.1 gviCvenebs moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebs videokasetebisa da kinoTeatrebisaTvis.
naxazze 17.1 `a bileTebis sawyisi fasi 6 laria; bazari wonasworobaSia
M
D

da


M
S mrudebis
gadakveTisas, agreTve naxazze 17.1 `b video gaqiraveba wonasworobaSia 3 lari fasis dros.
363


davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifom SemoiRo kinos TiToeul gayidul bileTze gadasaxadi 1 lari. aRniSnuli
gadasaxadis Sedegi ganisazRvreba nawilobrivi wonasworobis analizis safuZvelze _ kinofilmebze miwodebis
mrudis gadaadgilebiT
M
S -dan
*
M
S mdgomareobaSi (naxazi 17.1 `a). Tavdapirvelad es moZraoba
gamoiwvevs kinos bileTebze fasis gazrdas 6,35 laramde, xolo gayiduli bileTebis raodenoba Semcirdeba
M
Q -dan
/
M
Q -mde. amiT nawilobrivi wonasworobis analizi mTavrdeba. Mzogadi wonasworobis analizis
daxmarebiT SegviZlia: a) ganvsazRvroT, kinos bileTebze gadasaxadi rogor zemoqmedebas moaxdens
videogaqiravebis bazarze; b) davadginoT arsebobs TuU ara zegavlenis saxiT ukukavSiris raime efeqti
videokasetebis gaqiravebisa da kinoTeatrebSi kinofilmebis bazarze?
kinos bileTebze dawesebuli gadasaxadi gavlenas moaxdens videokasetebis bazarze, radgan kino da
video substitutebs (urTierTSemcvlel saqonels) warmoadgenen. kinobileTebze ufro maRali fasi
videokasetebze moTxovnas gadaadgilebs
V
D -dan
V
D' -mde (naxazi 17.1 `b). es gadaadgileba Tavis mxriv,
moaxdens videokasetebis gaqiravebis fasis gazrdas 3-dan 3,50 laramde.
ra SeiZleba vTqvaT kinos bazris Sesaxeb? Kkinofilmebze moTxovnis mrudma gviCvena, rom
videokasetebis gaqiravebis fasi ucvleli darCa _ 3 lari erT kasetaze, magram rodesac fasi 3,50 lars gautolda,
kinoze moTxovnam gadainacvla D
M
-dan D
M
/
mdgomareobaSi (naxazi 17.1 `a). kinos bileTebze axali
wonasworuli fasi (S
M
*
da D
M
/
mrudebis kveTa) 6,75 lars gautolda, xolo gayiduli bileTebis raodenoba
gaizarda
/
M
Q -dan
//
M
Q -mde. aseT viTarebaSi, nawilobrivi wonasworobis analizis dros kinos bileTebis fasze
fasi,
lari

QV Q
II
V Q
*
V

DV
SV
D
I
M
D*M
SM
Q
I
M Q
II
M Q
*
M QM

3,58
3,50

3,00
6,82
6,75


S*M
fasi,
lari

DM
,,a

,,b

D*V
D
I
V
6,35

6,00


konoTeatrSi
bileTebis
raodenoba

videokasetebis
raodenoba

nax. 17.1 ori urTierTdakavSirebuli bazari: ,,akinos bileTebis gayidvis da ,,b

videokasetebis gaqiravebis

urTierTdakavSirebul bazrebze yvela produqtis fasi erTdroulad ganisazRvreba. konoTetris bileTebze gadasaxadi konofilmebis
miwodebis mruds gadaadgilebs zemoT S
M
-dan S
M
*
mdgomareobaSi (naxazi ,,a). KkinoTetris bileTebis ufro maRali fasi (6,35 lari
nacvlad 6 larisa) dasawyisSi videokasetebze moTxovnis mruds gadaadgilebs zemoT D
v
-dan D
v
/
-Si (naxazi ,,b), rac gamoiwvevs
fasebis gazrdas videokasetebis gaqiravebaze (3 laridan 3,50 laramde). videokasetebis ufro maRali fasi ukugavlenas axdens kinos
bileTebis bazarze, moTxovna gadaadgildeba D
M
-dan D
M
/
mdgomareobaSi. Sedegad, kinos bileTebis fasi kvlav gaizrdeba 6,35 laridan
6,75 laramde. aRniSnuli gagrZeldeba manam, sanam ar damyardeba zogadi wonasworoba, romelic naxazze ,,a gamosaxulia D
M
*
da
S
M
*
mrudebis gadakveTaSi, konos bileTebis 6,82 lari fasis dros da naxazze ,,b - D
V
*
da S
V
*
mrudebis gadakveTaSi (videokasetebis
gaqiravebaze 3,58 lari fasis dros).

0

0

P

P

Q

Q

364
gadasaxadis gavlenis efeqti Seufasebelia. videokasetebis bazari imdenad mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli kinos
bazarTan, rom gadasaxadis Sedegebis axsnisaTvis aucilebelia zogadi wonasworobis analizi.

zogadi wonasworobis miRweva
ganvixiloT zogadi wonasworobis miRwevis SesaZlebloba zemoT aRniSnuli magaliTis safuZvelze.
kinos bileTebis sabazro fasis cvlileba ukumoqmedebas axdens videokasetebis fasze, rac Tavis mxriv
zemoqmedebs kinos bileTebis fasze da a.S. sabolood unda ganvsazRvroT erTdroulad kinos bileTebisa da
vodeokasetebis wonasworuli fasi da raodenoba. kinos bileTebis wonasworuli fasi mocemulia naxazze 17.1
`a (
*
M
S da
*
M
D mrudebis gadakveTa) da igi 6,82 lars Seadgens. videokasetebis wonasworuli fasi
mdebareobs videokasetebze moTxovnisa da miwodebis wonasworuli gadakveTaSi (
V
S da
*
V
D ) da igi 3,58
lars Seadgens (naxazi 17.1 ,,b). es zogadi wonasworobis fasia, radganac videokasetebis bazarze
moTxovnisa da miwodebis sabazro mrudebi gamoxataven im varauds, rom kinos bileTebze fasi 6,82 lars
gautolda. analogiur viTarebaSi, kinos bileTebis mrudebi asaxaven im varauds, rom videokasetebze fasi 3,58
lars Seadgens. sxva sityvebiT, orive mrudis nakrebi bazarze arsebul fasTan SesabamisobaSia da ar gvaqvs
safuZveli vivaraudoT, rom romelime maTganze moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebi gadaadgildeba.
Tu mxolod kinos bazriT davinteresdebiT videokasetebis bazris ganxilva mainc aucilebelia kinoSi
bileTebze gadasaxadis zemoqmedebis gansazRvrisaTvis. am magaliTSi nawilobrivi wonasworobis analizi ar
iZleva gadasaxadis efeqtis Sefasebis SesaZleblobas. gamodis, rom gadasaxadi zrdis kinos bileTebis fass 6
laridan 6,35 laramde. zogadi wonasworobis analizi gviCvenebs, rom gadasaxadis gavlena bileTebis fasze
ufro didia, Ffasi gaizarda 6,82 laramde.
nawilobrivi wonasworobis analiziT aseve SesaZlebelia gadasaxadis gavlenis Sefaseba
urTierTSemavsebel produqtebze, magaliTad, benzinze gadasaxadi gamoiwvevs masze fasis zrdas. Sedegad
Semcirdeba moTxovna avtomobilebze, rac gamoiwvevs benzinze moTxovnisa Semcirebas da a.S.
amrigad, bazrebi erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebulebi arian. zogadi wonasworobis analizi
gviCvenebs, rom miwodebis Semcireba da fasebis Sesabamisi zrda iwvevs Semavsebel produqtebze
moTxovnis Semcirebas da produqt-substitutebze mis zrdas.
bazrebis urTierTdamokidebuleba SeiZleba Caiweros gantolebis sistemis saxiT. ekonomikuri
wonasworoba gantolebis sistemis saSualebiT pirvelad aRwera Sveicarielma ekonomistma leon valrasma
(1834-1910).
magaliTisaTvis, ganvixiloT macivari. gayiduli macivrebis raodenoba damokidebulia yvela saxis
saqonlis fasebze. Tu qveyana axdens 5000 dasaxelebis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidva-gayidvas, xolo
macivari me-10 pozicias ikavebs am siaSi, maSin moTxovna meaTe saqonelze aris:

) , , ,....... , (
5000 2 1 10 10
M A P P P D Q =
(17.1)
sadac:
10
Q - aris gayiduli macivrebis ricxvi;

10
D - macivarze moTxovnis funqcia;

5000 2 1
,...., , P P P - danarCeni 5000 saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebi;
A - realuri aqtivebis maCvenebeli, romelic asaxavs qveynis simdidres;
M - naRdi fulis maragi.
analogiurad, me-10 saqonlis miwodeba aris:
365

) , , ,....... , (
5000 2 1 10 10
M A P P P S Q =
(17.2)
amis msgavsad SegviZlia miviRoT yvela 5000 saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gantolebaTa sistema,
romelic Semdegi formiT SegviZlia CavweroT:

) , , ,....... , ( ) , , ,....... , (
) , , ,....... , ( ) , , ,....... , (
5000 2 1 2 5000 2 1 2
5000 2 1 1 5000 2 1 1
M A P P P S M A P P P D
M A P P P S M A P P P D
=
=

......................................................................................................................................... (17.3)
) , , ,....... , ( ) , , ,....... , (
5000 2 1 5000 5000 2 1 5000
M A P P P S M A P P P D =
Tu cnobilia A da M sidideebi, maSin gantolebaTa ricxvi ucnobTa ricxvis tolia. es niSnavs sistemis
amoxsnis principul SesaZleblobas (e.i. zogadi wonasworobis miRwevas) da meorec, aseTi amoxsnis
erTaderTobas. fasebis realuri mniSvnelobebis Casmis SemTxvevaSi miviRebT gacvlili produqtisa da
momsaxurebis raodenobas.
mocemul gantolebaTa sistemas ewodeba zogadi (saerTo) wonasworobis gantolebaTa sistema.
valrasis dros ar arsebobda aseTi sistemis amoxsnis maTematikuri aparati. amitom igi sistemas xsnida
gantolebaTa dajgufebiT. wonasworobisken svlas ganixilavda rogorc mudmiv procesi. valrasma didi
mniSvneloba mianiWa winaswari garigebebis (kontraqtebis) formas. am procesis analizis safuZvelze
gaakeTa swori daskvna, rom zogadi wonasworobis sistema myaria da am mdgomareobis darRvevis
SemTxvevaSi igi isev wonasworobisaken miiswrafis fasebis meqanizmis saSualebiT.
sabazro meqanizmis funqcionireba gvaZlevs imis saSualebas, rom miRweul iqnas ara marto
ekonomikis zogadi wonasworuli mdgomareoba, aramed moxdes mTlianad ekonomikuri sistemis
funqcionireba, romelic xasiaTdeba ekonomikis pareto optimaluri mdgomareobiT.
ekonomikis paretooptimaluri (pareto-efeqtiani) mdgomareoba miiRweva im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac ekonomikuri dovlaTis warmoeba da ganawileba SeuZlebelia Seicvalos imgvarad, rom vinmes
keTildReoba gaizardos sxvaTa keTildReobis Semcirebis gareSe.
arsebobs ekonomikis pareto-optimaluri mdgomareobis sami piroba: 1. gacvlis efeqtianoba; 2.
warmoebis efeqtianoba; 3. sasaqonlo bazrebis efeqtianoba.

17.2 gacvlis efeqtianoba

konkurentuli bazari efeqtiania, rodesac is axdens mwarmoeblisa da momxmareblis mogebis
maqsimizacias. ekonomikuri efeqtianobis koncefciis gansaviTareblad, gavaanalizoT gacvlis efeqtianoba.
ganvixiloT ori momxmareblis qmedeba, romlebic erTmaneTTan vaWroben nebismieri ori produqtiT
(aRniSnuli analizi misaRebia or qveyanas Soris vaWrobis drosac). dauSvaT, rom dasawyisSi ori produqti
isea ganawilebuli, rom orive momxmarebels SeuZlia erTmaneTTan vaWrobiT gaiumjobesos mdgomareoba.
am SemTxvevaSi produqtis Tavdapirveli ganawileba warmoadgens ekonomikurad araefeqtians. produqtis
efeqtiani ganawilebisas (Effective Allocation) arcerT maTgans ar SeuZlia gaiumjobesos Tavisi
mdgomareoba ise, rom ar gaauaresos meoris mdgomareoba (pareto efeqtianoba).

vaWrobis upiratesoba
366
rogorc wesi, Tavisufali vaWroba or adamians an or qveyanas Soris urTierTxelsayrelia. rogor
aumjobesebs vaWroba adamianTa mdgomareobas? am sakiTxis analizisaTvis yuradRebiT ganvixiloT
ormxrivi gacvla. Cveni analizi or mniSvnelovan daSvebas efuZneba:
1. orive adamianma icis erTmaneTis upiratesoba (gemovneba);
2. produqtis gacvla ufasoa (igi ar moiTxovs danaxarjebs);
dauSvaT, giorgis da kaxas orives erTad gaaCnia 10 erTeuli ( F ) sakvebi da 6 erTeuli ( C ) tansacmeli.
cxrili 17.1 gviCvenebs, rom dasawyisSi giorgi flobs 7 erTeul sakvebs da 1 erTeul tansacmels, xolo kaxa - 3
erTeul sakvebs da 5 erTeul tansacmels. moutans Tu ara maT vaWroba sargebels? amisaTvis unda
gavarkvioT maTi gemovneba sakvebTan da tansacmelTan dakavSirebiT.
vTqvaT, kaxas bevri tansacmeli aqvs, xolo saWmeli cota _ misi sakvebis tansacmelze gacvlis
maqsimaluri zRvruli norma ( MRS) 3-is tolia: 1 erTeuli sakvebis misaRebad igi 3 erTeul tansacmels
gaiRebs. magram giorgisaTvis sakvebis tansacmelze gacvlis MRS Seadgens mxolod 1/2 anu igi gaiRebs
mxolod 1/2 erTeul tansacmels 1 erTeuli sakvebis misaRebad.
cxrili 17.1
momxmarebeli sawyisi ganawileba vaWroba saboloo ganawileba
giorgi 7F,1C -1F,+1 C 6 F,2 C
kaxa 3 F,5 C +1 F,-1 C 4 F,4 C

amrigad, arsebobs urTierTmomgebiani vaWrobis SesaZlebloba _ giorgisTvis ufro Rirebulia
tansacmeli, xolo kaxasTvis sakvebi. kidev erTi erTeuli sakvebis misaRebad kaxa Tanaxmaa gaiRos 3 erTeuli
tansacmeli. magram giorgi gaiRebs mxolod 1 erTeul sakvebs 1/2 erTeuli tansacmlisaTvis. gacvlis realuri
pirobebi molaparakebebis proceszea damokidebuli. saboloo Sedegebidan ar unda gamovricxoT, rom
SeiZleba giorgis 1 erTeul sakvebSi kaxam gadaixados 1/2-dan da 3 erTeulamde tansacmeli.
vTqvaT, kaxam giorgis SesTavaza 1 erTeuli tansacmeli 1 erTeul sakvebSi da giorgi daTanxmda. orive
am SemTxvevaSi mogebuli rCeba. giorgis ufro meti tansacmeli eqneba romelic ufro Rirebulia misTvis),
xolo kaxa miiRebs met sakvebs (romelsac igi ufro metad afasebs). yovelTvis, roca ori momxmareblis
Senacvlebis zRvruli norma gansxvavebulia, iqmneba SesaZlebloba urTierTmomgebiani vaWrobisaTvis,
radganac resursebis Tavdapirveli ganawileba araefeqtiania: vaWroba aumjobesebs orive momxmareblis
mdgomareobas; da piriqiT, rom mivaRwioT ekonomikur efeqtianobas, ori momxmareblis MRS toli unda
iyos.
aRniSnuli daskvna ZalaSia maSin, roca saxezea didi raodenobiT produqti da momxmarebeli. produqtis
ganawileba efeqtiania mxolod maSin, Tu produqti nawildeba ise, rom nebismieri wyvilis gacvlis zRvruli
norma yvela momxmareblisaTvis erTnairia.

ejvortis kolofi (Edgeworth Box)
Tu vaWroba sargebliania, ra saxis garigebebi unda daidos? rogori garigebebi gaanawileben produqts
ufro efeqtianad momxmareblebs Soris? ramdenad gaumjobesdeba am SemTxvevaSi momxmareblebis
mdgomareoba? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac gacvlaSi monawileobs
ori adamiani da ori produqti. amasTan gamoviyenoT diagrama, romelsac ejvortis kolofs uwodeben. ejvortis
367
kolofi warmoadgens naxazs, romelic gviCvenebs ori produqtis or adamians Soris an warmoebis ori faqtoris
or sawarmoo process Soris ganawilebis yvela SesaZlo variants.
naxazze 17.2 naCvenebia ejvortis kolofi, romlis horizontalur RerZze gadazomilia sakvebi erTeulebis
raodenoba, xolo vertikalur RerZze erTeuli tansacmlis raodenoba. kolofis sigrZe sakvebis 10 erTeulis
(sakvebis mTliani raodenoba), simaRle 6 tansacmlis erTeulis tolia (arsebuli tansacmlis mTliani raodenoba).


ejvortis kolofis yoveli wertili aRwers orive momxmareblis sabazro kalaTas. giorgis sakuTreba O
g

koordinatTa saTavidan, xolo kaxasi ki sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebidan O
k koordinatTa saTavidan aiTvleba.
magaliTad, wertili A gviCvenebs sakvebisa da tansacmlis sawyis ganawilebas. marcxnidan marjvniv
mimarTuli horizontaluri wrfe kolofis qvemoT gvamcnobs, rom giorgis aqvs 7 erTeuli sakvebi, xolo
diagramis vertikaluri wrfe marcxniv gviCvenebs, rom mas aqvs 1 erTeuli tansacmeli. amrigad, giorgisTvis
A wertili aRniSnavs, rom mas aqvs kombinacia 7 F da 1C . darCenili 3 F da 5C _ ekuTvnis kaxas. kaxas
sakvebis ganawileba (3 F ) daiwyeba kolofis zeda nawilSi O
k
-dan marjvnidan marcxniv; monacemebi mis
xelTarsebuli tansacmlis Taobaze ganTavsebulia qvemodan zeviT diagramis marjvena nawilSi. aqve Cans
giorgisa da kaxas vaWrobis Sedegebi. giorgi 1 F -s gascems 1C -s sanacvlod da gadaadgildeba A wertilidan
B wertilSi. kaxa Seelia 1C-s, sanacvlod iRebs 1 F -s da aseve gadaadgildeba A wertilidan B wertilSi.
amrigad, B wertili aRwers kaxasa da giorgis sabazro kalaTebis mdgomareobas urTierTsargebliani vaWrobis
Semdeg.

efeqtiani ganawileba
vaWrobis Sedegad A wertilidan B wertilSi gadaadgileba aumjobesebs rogorc giorgis, aseve kaxas
mdgomareobas. magram efeqtiania Tu ara saqonlis ganawileba B wertilSi? pasuxi imazea damokidebuli, Tu
ramdenad erTnairia am wertilSi giorgis da kaxas Senacvlebis zRvruli normebi, rac Tavis mxriv
1C
2C
6C
10F
5C
4C
6F 7F
6C
A
O
g
Ok
B
+1 C
-1F
nax. 17.2 ejvortis kolofi: gacvla
ejvortis kolofis yvela wertili erTdroulad uCvenebs giorgis da kaxas sabazro kalaTas, A wertilSi giorgi flobs 7 erTeul
sakvebs da 1 erTeul tansacmels, xolo kaxa 3 erTeul sakvebs da 5 erTeul tansacmels.
4F 3F 10F
giorgis
tansacmeli
kaxas
tansacmeli
giorgis sakvebi
kaxas
sakvebi
368
damokidebulia maTi ganurCevlobis mrudebis formaze. naxazze 17.3 naCvenebia giorgis da kaxas
ganurCevlobis ramdenime mrudi. ramdenadac giorgis sakuTreba O
g_
dan ganlagdeba, misi ganurCevlobis
mrudebi Cveulebriv gamoisaxeba, magram kaxasaTvis es mrudebi 180
0
-iT aris Semobrunebuli ise, rom
koordinatTa saTave misTvis mdebareobs kolofis zeda marjvena kuTxeSi.
axla ganvixiloT naxazze aRniSnuli U
1
g
da U
1
k
, mrudebi, romlebic resursebis sawyisi ganawilebis
A wertilze gadian. giorgis da kaxas MRS gviCvenebs, Tu rogori daxra eqneba
A
wertilSi maTi
ganurCevlobis mrudebs. igi giorgisaTvis 1/2-is, xolo kaxasaTvis 3-is tolia. am ori ganurCevlobis mruds
Soris daStrixuli sivrce warmoadgens tansacmlisa da sakvebis ganawilebis yvela SesaZlo variantis
erTobliobas, romlebic giorgisa da kaxas mdgomareobas gaaumjobesebda A wertilTan SedarebiT. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, igi aerTianebs giorgis da kaxas Soris yvela urTierTsasargeblo gacvlis variantebs.
A wertilis Semdeg nebismieri gacvla, romelic gadaanacvlebs produqtis ganawilebas daStrixuli zonis
gareT, erT-erTi momxmarebelis mdgomareobas gaaumjobesebda; A -dan B wertilSi gadaadgildeba
urTierTsargebliani iyo. magram naxazi 17.3-dan Cans, rom B ar warmoadgens efeqtian wertils, radgan U
2
g

da U
2
k
mrudebi ikveTeba. am SemTxvevaSi giorgis da kaxas MRS-ebi ar aris erTnairi anu ganawileba
araefeqtiania. es Zalian mniSvnelovania: araefeqtiani sawyisi ganawilebis dros, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
garigeba orive monawilis mdgomareobas aumjobesebs, axali ganawileba yovelTvis efeqtiani ver iqneba.



vTqvaT B wertilidan axali savaWro garigeba xorcieldeba, romelSic giorgi kidev erT erTeul sakvebs
gaiRebs erTi erTeuli tansacmlis sanacvlod, xolo kaxa - erT erTeul tansacmels erT erTeul sakvebSi. M
wertili axal ganawilebas aRniSnavs (naxazi 17.3). am wertilSi orive monawilis MRS erTnairia, swored
amitom ganurCevlobis mrudebi erTmaneTs exebian. Aam SemTxvevaSi vercerTi monawile ver
nax. 17.3 gacvlis efeqtianoba
ejvortis kolofi gviCvenebs, Tu vaWrobis saSualebiT sargeblianobis donis zrdis ra SesaZleblobebi aqvs yovel
momxmarebels. A wertili aRniSnavs resursebis sawyis ganawilebas, daStrixuli nawili vaWrobis yvela
urTierTsargeblian variants.
D
A
6C
10F
6C
O
g
O
k
10F
B
M giorgis
tansacmeli
kaxas sakvebi
kaxas
tansacmeli
giorgis sakvebi
Ug
3
Ug
2

Ug
1

Uk
3

Uk
2
Uk
1

369
gaiumjobesebs mdgomareobas ise, rom ar gaauaresos meores mdgomareoba. amgvarad, SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom M wertili warmoadgens efeqtiani ganawilebis wertils.
ra Tqma unda, M wertili ar aris erTaderTi SesaZlo efeqtiani Sedegi, romelic miiRweva giorgisa da
kaxas Soris ganxorcielebuli gacvlebiT. magaliTad, Tu giorgis uyvars da gamosdis vaWroba, garigebam
SeiZleba gadaaadgilos produqtis ganawileba A-dan D wertilSi, sadac U
3
g
ganurCevlobis mrudi U
3
k

ganurCevlobis mruds exeba. produqtis aseTi ganawileba kaxas mdgomareobas A wertilTan SedarebiT ar
gaauaresebs, magram saSualebas miscems giorgis SesamCnevi mogeba miiRos. radgan Semdgomi vaWroba
SeuZlebelia, D warmoadgens efeqtiani ganawilebis wertils. amrigad, M da D produqtis efeqtiani
ganawilebis wertilebs warmoadgenen. Tumca giorgisaTvis D wertili ufro misaRebia, vidre M , xolo
kaxasaTvis piriqiT. produqtis aseTi ganawilebis winaswarmetyveleba sakmaod Znelia, radgan saboloo
Sedegi damokidebulia monawileTa molaparakebebze.

optimaluri garigebebis mrudi anu kontraqtuli mrudi (Contract Curve)
Cven ukve gavarkvieT, rom urTierTsargebliani vaWrobiT sawyisi ganawilebidan SegviZlia
gadavideT uamrav SesaZlo efeqtiani ganawilebis mdgomareobaSi. imisaTvis, rom movZebnoT sakvebisa da
tansacmlis yvela SesaZlo efeqtiani ganawilebis varianti giorgisa da kaxas Soris, unda vipovoT maTi
ganurCevlobis mrudebis Sexebis wertilebi. naxazze 17.4 naCvenebia mrudi, romelic gadis yvela aseTi
variantebis efeqtiani ganawilebis saSualebiT. mas optimaluri garigebebis mruds an kontraqtul mruds
uwodeben.
optimaluri garigebebis mrudi gviCvenebs ganawilebis yvela variants, romelTa dros SeuZlebelia
urTierTsargebliani garigebis ganxorcieleba. ganawilebis es variantebi efeqtiania, radgan ar arsebobs
produqtis gadanawilebis araviTari saSualeba, riTac SesaZlebelia erT-erTi monawilis mdgomareoba
gaumjobesdes ise, Tu ar gauaresdeba meoris mdgomareoba. naxazze 17.4 E , F daGG-Ti aRniSnuli sami
ganawileba paretos mixedviT aris efeqtiani. Tumca sakvebi da tansacmeli imgvarad aris ganawilebuli, rom
vercerTi monawile ver gaiumjobesebs Tavis mdgomareobis meoris xarjze.
optimaluri garigebebis mrudis zogierTi Tviseba dagvexmareba efeqtiani gacvlis koncefciis ukeT
gagebaSi. am mrudze arsebuli wertilidan (magaliTad, E ) SeuZlebelia optimaluri gadanawilebis mrudis sxva
wertilze (magaliTad, F ) gadasvla ise, rom ar gauaresdes garigebis erT-erTi monawilis (am SemTxvevaSi
kaxas) mdgomareoba. kaxasa da giorgis gemovnebis Semdgomi Sedarebis gareSe ver SevZlebT
ganvsazRvroT romeli ganawileba _ E Tu F iqneba saukeTeso. Cven ubralod viciT, rom isini orive
efeqtiania. pareto_efeqtianoba gviCvenebs, rom yvela xelsayreli gacvla ganxorcielebul iqnes, magram ar
gveubneba, Tu romeli maTgani migviyvans saukeTeso Sedegamde.

370

xSirad efeqtianoba im SemTxvevaSic miiRweva, roca erT-erTi mxaris mdgomareoba SeTavazebuli
cvlilebis Semdeg uaresdeba. mxolod aucilebelia mas davamatoT kidev erTi iseTi cvlileba, rom jamuri
cvlilebebi erT-erTi mxarisTvis mainc iyos momgebiani da amave dros arcerTi mxare ar darCes wagebuli.
magaliTad, vTqvaT, ganixileba avtomanqanebis importze qvotis gauqmeba. ufro dabali fasebiT
momxmareblebi moigeben da sasurveli avtomanqanis arCevis meti Sansi uCndebaT, magram samuSao
adgilebis raodenoba manqanaTmSeneblobis dargSi Semcirdeba. Tu amave dros qvotis gauqmebasTan erTad
miRebuli iqneba federaluri sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da subsidirdeba (vinc dakavebuli iyo
manqanaTmSeneblobis warmoebaSi da visac samuSao adgilebis Secvla sWirdeba), am SemTxvevaSi
momxmareblebis mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeba _ manqanaTmSeneblobaSi dakavebuli muSebi zarals ar
miiReben da saxeze iqneba efeqtianobis zrda.

momxmareblis wonasworoba konkurentul bazarze
ormxrivi gacvlis saboloo Sedegi damokidebulia monawileTa molaparakebis xelovnebaze, imaze Tu
ramdenad SeuZliaT maT TavianTi interesebis dacva. magram konkurentul bazrebze uamravi potenciuri
myidveli da gamyidvelia. amitom, Tu vinme ukmayofiloa gacvlis pirobebiT, mas SeuZlia sxva gamyidveli
moZebnos, romelic ufro misaReb pirobebs SesTavazebs. sabolood yvela myidveli Tu gamyidveli, produqtis
fass Rebulobs rogorc fiqsirebuls da iRebs gadawyvetilebas Tu ra raodenoba gayidos da iyidos am fasis
pirobebSi. ganvixiloT, Tu rogor mivyavarT konkurentul bazars efeqtian gacvlamde ejvortis kolofis
meSveobiT. movaxdinoT konkurentuli bazris imitacia. vTqvaT, bazarze bevria giorgi da kaxa. es saSualebas
gvaZlevs vifiqroT yovel giorgize da kaxaze, rogorc fasis mimRebze, Tundac mxolod ori adamianisTvis
vmuSaobdeT.
G
F
E
O
g
O
k
kaxas
tansacmeli
giorgis sakvebi
kaxas sakvebi
nax. 17.4 optimaluri garigebebis mrudi
optimaluri garigebebis mrudi aerTianebs produqtis ganawilebis yvela variants, romlis drosac momxmarebelTa
ganurCevlobis mrudebi exeba erTmaneTs. am mrudis yoveli wertili efeqtiania, radganac arcerT monawiles ar SeuZlia
Tavisi mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba meores mdgomareobis gauaresebis gareSe.

optimaluri garigebis
(kontraqtebis) mrudi
giorgis
tansacmeli
371
naxazze 17.5 NnaCvenebia vaWrobis SesaZleblobebi sawyisi ganawilebis dros ( A wertiliT),
tansacmlisa da sakvebis fasi 1-s utoldeba (realuri fasebis sidides am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs mniSvneloba;
mniSvnelovania mxolod tansacmlisa da sakvebis fasebis Sefardeba). rodesac sakvebsa da tansacmelze fasebi
tolia, tansacmlis yoveli erTeuli erT erTeul sursaTze SeiZleba gaicvalos. naxazze 17.5 naCvenevia
1
PP
fasebis wrfe, romelsac gaaCnia daxriloba 1, igi moicavs yvela SesaZlo ganawilebas, romelic gacvlis
Sedegad miiRweva.
vTqvaT, giorgim gadawyvita 2 erTeuli tansacmlis yidva 2 erTeuli sursaTis sanacvlod. es aiZulebs
yovel giorgis A wertilidan M wertilSi gadaadgildes da zrdis mis kmayofilebas ganurCevlobis U
1
g
-dan da
U
2
g
mrudamde. amave dros, yoveli kaxa yidulobs 2 erTeul sursaTs da gayidis 2 erTeul tansacmels, rac
agreTve, gadaadgilebs yovel kaxas A wertilidan M wertilSi da zrdis sargeblianobas ganurCevlobis U
1
k
-
dan U
2
k
mrudze.


ori saqonlisTvis fass virCevT ise, rom sursaTze moTxovnis sidide yoveli kaxas mxridan utoldebodes
sursaTis raodenobas, romlis gayidvac surs yovel giorgis. Aanalogiurad, tansacmlis raodenoba, romelzec
yoveli giorgi warmoadgens moTxovnas, utoldeba tansacmlis raodenobas, romlis gayidvac surs yovel kaxas.
Sedegad, tansacmlisa da sursaTis bazrebi wonasworul mdgomareobaSia. wonasworoba aris fasTa nakrebi,
romlis drosac yovel bazarze miwodebis sidide moTxovnis sididis tolia. Ees, amave dros, aris konkurentuli
wonasworobac, radgan yvela mimwodebeli da myidveli fasebis mimRebia.
wonasworobas yvela fasi rodi akmayofilebs. magaliTad, Tu sakvebis fasi 1-is, xolo tansacmlis 3-is
tolia, sakvebi tansacmelze 3/1 proporciiT unda icvlebodes. aseT SemTxvevaSi yovel giorgis ukve aRar
SeuZlia gacvalos garkveuli raodenobis sakvebi, raTa damatebiTi tansacmeli miiRos, radgan misi tansacmlis
A
P
M
kaxas
tansacmeli
Ok
giorgis sakvebi
kaxas sakvebi
giorgis
tansacmeli
O
g
konkurentuli
wonasworoba
U
g
2
U
g
1
U
k
2
U
k
1
P
/
10
F
6
C
6
C
10
F
nax. 17.5 konkurentuli wonasworoba
konkurentul bazarze ori produqtis fass gansazRvravs momxmarebelTa Soris gacvlis pirobebi. Tu A wertili gviCvenebs produqtis
sawyis ganawilebas, xolo PP
/
wrfe fasTa Tanafardobas warmoadgens, maSin konkurentuli bazari wonasworul mdgomareobas
miaRwevs M wertilSi. es aris orive mxaris ganurCeblobis mrudebis Sexebis wertili. amrigad, konkurentuli wonasworoba
efeqtiania.

bazari.

372
sakvebze MRS mxolod
2
1
-s Seadgens. meore mxriv, yoveli kaxa, bednieri iqneboda gaeyida tansacmeli,
raTa meti sakvebi mieRo, magram mas aravisTan ar SeuZlia garigebis dadeba. maSasadame, bazari
arawonasworul (Disequilibrium) mdgomareobaSia, radgan moTxovnis sidide ar aris miwodebis sididis
toli.
es araTanabari mdgomareoba droebiTia. konkurentul bazrebze fasebis koreqtireba moxdeba rogorc
arakonkurirebad bazrebze Warbi moTxovnis (Excess Demand), aseve Warbi miwodebis (Excess Supply)
dros. Cvens magaliTSi, sakvebze yoveli kaxas moTxovnis sidide metia, vidre yoveli giorgis mzadyofna
gayidos igi, im dros, roca yoveli kaxas mxridan tansacmlis miwodeba metia, vidre yoveli giorgis moTxovna.
sakvebze Warbi moTxovnisa da tansacmlis Warbi miwodebis pirobebSi unda velodoT, rom moxdeba
sakvebis fasis zrda tansacmelTan SedarebiT. fasis cvlilebasTan erTad moxdeba bazris yvela monawilis
mxridan moTxovnis koreqtireba. saboloo jamSi fasebis cvlilebebi xdeba manam, sanam ar miiRweva
wonasworuli mdgomareoba. Cvens magaliTSi orive produqtis fasi SeiZleboda 2-is doneze dadgeniliyo;
zemoaRniSnuli analizidan viciT, rom Tu tansacmlis fasi sakvebis fass gautoldeba, maSin bazari konkurentuli
wonasworobis mdgomareobaSia
arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba ormxriv gacvlasa da mTlianad ekonomikaSi mimdinare
gacvlas Soris: Tu gacvlaSi ori adamiani monawileobs savaWro garigebis Sedegi gaurkvevelia; Tu gacvlaSi
uamravi adamiani iRebs monawileobas, produqtze fasebi ganisazRvreba yvela myidvelis da momwodeblis
erToblivi arCevaniT.

konkurentuli bazrebis ekonomikuri efeqtianoba
mikroekonomikuri analizis erT-erTi fundamenturi sakiTxia konkurentuli bazrebis ekonomikuri
efeqtianoba. naxazze 17.5 aRniSnuli M wertili gviCvenebs, rom konkurentuli wonasworobis dros
ganawileba ekonomikurad efeqtiania. es im mizeziT xdeba, rom M wertili unda mdebareobdes ori
ganurCevlobis mrudis Sexebis wertilSi. Tu es ase ar aris, maSin erT-erTi giorgi an kaxa ver miaRwevs
maqsimalur sargeblianobas; romelime maTgans axali garigeba dasWirdeba, raTa sargeblianobis ufro maRal
dones miaRwios.
es Sedegi sruldeba gacvlis farglebSi wonasworobis situaciaSi, rodesac yvela bazari srulyofilad
konkurentulia.
Tu SevajamebT konkurentul wonasworobas momxmareblis mxridan, SeiZleba CamovayaliboT
Semdegi debulebebi:
1. ganurCevlobis mrudebi erTmaneTs exebian, amitom yvela momxmareblis Senacvlebis zRvruli norma
erTmaneTis tolia;
2. yoveli ganurCevlobis mrudi warmoadgens fasebis wrfesTan Sexebas, amitom yoveli adamianis tansacmlis
sakvebze Senacvlebis zRvruli norma MRS am ori produqtis fasebis Sefardebis tolia.
Tu ori produqtis fass aRvniSnavT
c
P da
F
P , maSin es debuleba giorgisa da kaxasTvis
Semdegnairad SegviZlia CavweroT:
MRS
g
FC
= =
F C
P P / MRS
k
FC
(17.4)
didi raodenobiT momxmareblis (momwodeblis) arsebobis pirobebSi resursebis efeqtiani ganawilebis
miRweva advili ar aris. es SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, Tu yvela bazari srulyofilad konkurentulia. efeqtiani
373
Sedegebis miRweva sxva gziTac SeiZleba. magaliTad, centralizebuli sistemis meSveobiT, rodesac
saxelmwifo anawilebs yvela produqtsa da momsaxurebas. xSirad konkurentul gadawyvetilebas upiratesobas
aniWeben imitom, rom igi resursebs minimalur informaciaze dayrdnobiT anawilebs. yvela momxmarebelma
unda icodes, sakuTari upiratesobebi da fasebi, romlzedac Tanxmdebian. srulebiT ar aris saWiro imis codna,
Tu kidev ra iwarmoeba da ra moTxovnas gamoxataven sxva momxmareblebi. ganawilebis sxva meTodebi
met informacias saWiroeben da maTi gamoyeneba rTulia.


17.3 warmoebisa da sasaqonlo bazrebis efeqtianoba

Cven SeviswaleT pirobebi, romlebic ori produqtis gacvlis dros efeqtiani ganawilebis
miRwevisTvis aris saWiro. Aamjerad, ganvixiloT produqtis gamoSvebisaTvis saWiro warmoebis faqtorebis
efeqtiani gamoyeneba. davuSvaT, arsebobs warmoebis ori faqtoris _ Sromisa da kapitalis fiqsirebuli
miwodeba, romelic aucilebelia ori produqtis _ tansacmlisa da sakvebis warmoebisaTvis. amasTanave
vuSvebT, rom warmoebis faqtorebs (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Sroma) flobs ara ori adamiani, aramed mravali
momxmarebeli da isini iReben Semosavals misi gayidvidan.
es struqtura ekonomikaSi akavSirebs moTxovnisa da miwodebis sxvadasxva elementebs.
adamianebi bazars sTavazoben warmoebis faqtorebs, xolo Semdeg maTi gayidviT miRebul Semosavlebs
iyeneben produqtsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovnis formirebisaTvis. TuU erT-erTi faqtoris fasi izrdeba,
maSin mimwodeblebi, romlebic bazars miawvdian didi raodenobiT aRniSnul faqtorebs, ufro maRal
Semosavlebs miiReben da romeliRac produqts ufro didi raodenobiT moixmaren. Tavis mxriv, es zrdis
moTxovnas im faqtorebze, romlebic saWiroa am produqtis sawarmoeblad da axdens ukukavSirs am
faqtorebis fasze. mxolod zogadi wonasworobis analizi gvaZlevs saSualebas vipovoT fasebi, romlebic
bazarze moTxovnas da miwodebas gaaTanabrebs.

warmoeba ejvortis kolofSi
kvlav gamoviyenoT ejvortis kolofis diagrama, magram yovel RerZze produqtis nacvlad gadavzomoT
warmoebisTvis saWiro faqtorebi. naxazze 17.6 gamosaxulia diagrama, romlis horizontalur RerZze
gadazomilia Sromis, xolo vertikalur RerZze kapitalis danaxarjebi. sawarmoo procesisaTvis
xelmisawvdomia 50 saaTi Sroma da 30 saaTi kapitali. Aadre ganxiluli gacvlis analizis dros sakoordinato
sibrtyis saTave Seesabameboda adamians; amJamad, es wertilebi dakavSirebulia gamoSvebul produqtTan.
sakvebi gadaizomeba
F
O , xolo tansacmeliO
C
O wertilidan. erTaderTi gansxvaveba warmoebisa da gacvlis
analizSi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom grafikze aRvniSnavT danaxarjebs da ara mza produqts, ganvixilavT ori
tipis produqts da ara or momxmarebels.
naxazze 17.6 gamosaxuli yoveli wertili warmoadgens Sromisa da kapitalis danaxarjebs sakvebisa da
tansacmlis warmoebaSi. magaliTad, A wertili asaxavs tansacmlis warmoebisas 35 saaTian Sromas da 25
saaTian kapitalis danaxarjebs. Sromisa da kapitalis gaerTianebis yvela varianti yoveli produqtis
warmoebisTvis naxazze wertilebiT aris mocemuli.
374

sawarmoo izokvantebi gviCveneben warmoebuli produqtis dones sawarmoo faqtorebis sxvadasxva
kombinaciis dros. yoveli izokvanta aRwers warmoebuli produqtis erTobliv moculobas miuxedavad imisa, Tu
romeli firmebis mier aris igi warmoebuli. Gnaxazze mocemulia sami izokvanta, romelic Seesabameba 50, 60
da 80 erTeul warmoebul sakvebs. sakvebisTvis izokvantebi gamoiyurebian zustad iseve, rogorc izokvantebi,
romlebsac warmoebis Teoriis TemaSi ganvixilavdiT, tansacmlis warmoebis izokvantebi movabruneT 180
0
-
iT, raTa SesaZlebeli yofiliyo maTi yureba Oc sakoordinato sibrtyis saTavidan, magaliTad, izokvanta 50 F
warmoadgens Sromisa da kapitalis yvela kombinacias, rac saWiroa 50 erTeuli sakvebis warmoebisaTvis,
maSin, roca 25C aerTianebs Sromisa da kapitalis yvela kombinacias, rac saWiroa 25 erTeuli tansacmlis
warmoebisaTvis.
amave naxazze mocemulia sami izokvanta, romelsac Seesabameba 10, 25 da 30 erTeuli tansacmeli.
am izokvantebiT warmodgenilia warmoebis moculoba, romelic izrdeba im SemTxvevaSi Tu vmoZraobT
marjvena zeda kuTxidan marcxena qveda kuTxisaken (radgan erT-erTi an orive warmoebis faqtori gaizarda).
naTlad Cans, rom A wertili erTdroulad gviCvenebs 25 erTeuli tansacmlis da 50 erTeuli sakvebis
gamoSvebas. amasTan, maTi warmoebisaTvis gamoyenebul iqna sawarmoo danaxarjebis gansxvavebuli
kombinaciebi.

danaxarjebis efeqtianoba
warmoebis faqtorebis efeqtiani kombinirebisaTvis ganvixiloT danaxarjebis sxvadasxva kombinacia,
romelic saWiroa mza produqtis yoveli ori moculobis warmoebisaTvis. calkeuli produqtis warmoebis faqtoris
ganawileba teqnikurad efeqtiania, Tu erTi produqtis warmoebis moculoba ar SeiZleba gaizardos ise, Tu ar
Sroma kvebis warmoebaSi
Sroma tansacmlis warmoebaSi
k
a
p
i
t
a
l
i

k
v
e
b
i
s

w
a
r
m
o
e
b
a
S
i

30C.
25C
G
50F
60.F
80F
10C
OC

30 K





20 K






10 K














10 K







20 K






30 K



D
50 L 40 L 3 0L 20 L 10 L
10 L 2 0L 30 L 40 L 50L
OF.
B
B
A
k
a
p
i
t
a
l
i

t
a
n
s
a
c
m
l
i
s

w
a
r
m
o
e
b
a
S
i

M
nax. 17.6 warmoebis efeqtianoba
ejvortis kolofSi ori sawarmoo faqtoriT ori produqtis warmoebisas faqtorebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba xdeba maSin, rodesac
erT-erTi produqtis izokvanta warmoadgens meoris mxebs. Tu warmoebaSi Tavdapirvelad gamoiyeneboda faqtorebi,
romlebic A wertils Seesabameboda, maSin daStrixuli ubnis farglebSi SeiZleba orive produqtis meti raodenobiT
warmoeba, Tu gadanawildeba gamoyenebuli faqtorebi. B, G da D wertilebi optimaluri garigebebis mrudze arian
ganlagebuli da Sesabamisad dakavSirebuli arian danaxarjebis efeqtian gamoyenebasTan.

375
Semcirda meore produqtis warmoebis moculoba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, teqnikuri efeqtianoba
miiRweva im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac garkveuli moculobis produqtis warmoebisaTvis firmebi axerxeben
mcire danaxarjebis mqone faqtorebis kombinacias. warmoebis efeqtianobis cneba CvenTvis axali ar aris.
ukve ganvixileT sawarmoo funqcia, romliTac aRiwereboda gamoSvebis maqsimaluri moculoba warmoebis
faqtorebis garkveuli kombinaciiT. amJamad, vafarToebT koncefcias da erTis nacvlad ori produqti
Semogvyavs.
naxazi 17.6 gviCvenebs, rom warmoebis faqtorebi araefeqtianad aris ganawilebuli, Tu maTi
gadanawileba erT-erTi an orive produqtis gamoSvebis moculobis zrdis saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, A
wertiliT aRniSnuli araefeqtiani ganawileba, SeiZleba warmoiSvas, Tu profkavSirebi moaxerxeben aiZulon
mewarmeebi gamoiyenon araefeqtiani Siga samuSao ganawesi. A wertilSi ganawileba namdvilad
araefeqtiania, radgan daStrixuli ubnis SigniT nebismieri kombinacia saSualebas iZleva miviRoT ufro meti
sakvebi da tansacmeli. Aamrigad, samuSao danaxarjebis nawilis gadarTviT sakvebis warmoebidan
tansacmlis warmoebaSi SegviZlia gadavinacvloT A -dan B wertilSi; aseve kapitalis danaxarjebis
gadanacvlebiT tansacmlis warmoebidan sakvebis warmoebaSi. es gadaadgileba sakvebis raodenobas ucvlels
tovebs (50 erTeuli), magram ufro meti tansacmlis warmoebis saSualebas iZleva (30 erTeuli nacvlad 25-sa).
warmoebis optimaluri variantebis mrudi. naxazze 17.6 B da M wertilebi warmoadgenen
efeqtiani ganawilebis wertilebs, ise rogorc
F
O da
C
O SemaerTebel mrudze mdebare yvela wertili. yoveli
am wertilTagani ori izokvantis Sexebis wertils warmoadgens ise, rogorc gacvlisas optimaluri garigebebis
mrudze yoveli wertili warmoadgenda ori ganurCevlobis mrudis Sexebis wertils. warmoebis optimaluri
variantebis mrudi (Production Contract Curve) aerTianebs warmoebis faqtorebis yvela teqnikurad
efeqtian kombinacias. yoveli wertili, romelic ar devs warmoebis optimaluri variantebis mrudze,
araefeqtiania, radganac ori izokvanta, romelic am wertilze gadis, ikveTeba amave wertilSi. Tu ori izokvanta
ikveTeba ise, rogorc es A wertilis SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Sroma da kapitali SeiZleba gadanawildes imgvarad,
rom gaizardos warmoebis moculoba ori produqtidan erT-erTis mainc. A wertilis magaliTze vuCveneT, rom
ganawilebis nebismieri varianti, romelic daStrixuli ubnis SigniT mdebareobs, zrdis produqtis warmoebas.
aqedan gamomdinare, A wertili araefeqtiani ganawilebis wertilia.

mwarmoeblis wonasworoba faqtorebis konkurentul bazarze
Tu faqtorebis bazari konkurentulia, efeqtiani warmoebis wertili adre Tu gvian miRweuli iqneba.
gavarkvioT, ratom xdeba ase. Tu Sromisa da kapitalis bazrebi srulyofilad konkurentulia, maSin saxelfaso
ganakveTi e yvela dargisaTvis erTnairia. analogiurad, kapitalis arendis fasic _ r erTnairi iqneba,
miuxedavad imisa romel dargSi (sakvebi an tansacmlis) gamoiyeneba es kapitali. warmoebis danaxarjebis
Temidan viciT, rom Tu tansacmlisa da sakvebis mwarmoeblebi TavianTi danaxarjebis minimizacias
moaxdenen, maSin isini Sromisa da kapitalis iseT kombinacias gamoiyeneben, roca
r MP MP
K L
/ / e =
aseve vaCveneT, rom ori faqtoris zRvruli produqtebis Sefardeba udris Sromis kapitaliT teqnologiuri
Senacvlebis zRvrul normas
LK
MRTS .
Aamrigad,

LK
MRTS = r / e (17.5)
376
LK
MRTS aris firmis izokvantis daxra, amitom konkurentuli wonasworoba faqtorebis bazarze
SeiZleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi damyardes, Tu yvela mwarmoebeli gamoiyenebs Sromasa da kapitals ise,
rom izokvantebis daxra erTmaneTis toli da amave dros warmoebis ori faqtoris fasebis fardobis toli iyos.
Sedegad konkurentuli wonasworoba mdebareobs warmoebis optimaluri variantebis mrudze, xolo
konkurentuli wonasworoba warmoebis efeqtian variants warmoadgens.
wertilis mdebareoba, romelSic wydeba gadaadgileba warmoebis optimaluri variantebis mrudze,
damokidebulia ori produqtis moTxovnaze. magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom momxmareblebi, rogorc wesi,
upiratesobas aniWeben sakvebs tansacmelTan SedarebiT. naxazze 17.6 konkurentuli wonasworobis erT-erTi
SesaZlo mdgomareoba aRniSnulia D -Ti. aq sakvebis mwarmoebeli uSvebs 80 erTeul sakvebs minimaluri
danaxarjebiT, moixmars 43 erTeul Sromas da 20 erTeul kapitals. tansacmlis mwarmoebeli awarmoebs
saqonlis 10 erTeuls 7 erTeuli Sromisa da 10 erTeuli kapitalis meSveobiT. radgan saxelfaso ganakveTi
kapitalis arendis fass utoldeba, naxazze izokvantebis daxrilobis wrfe _ 1-is tolia. am fasebis pirobebSi
arcerTi mwarmoebeli ar moindomebs damatebiT warmoebis faqtorebis yidvas.
SeiZleba martivad davrwmundeT, rom orive mwarmoebeli optimaluri warmoebis mrudis gareT
wertilidan dawyebuli aRmoaCens, rom umjobesia gadaanawilos danaxarji Sromis daqiravebasa an kapitalis
arendaze ise, rom moxdinos misi minimizacia. naxazze 17.6 naTlad Cans, rom faqtorebis bazarze ar
arsebobs erTaderTi konkurentuli wonasworoba. warmoebis faqtorebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba Tavis mxriv,
gamoiwvevs meti raodenobiT sakvebisa da naklebi raodenobiT tansacmlis warmoebas da piriqiT.

sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvari (Production Possibilities Frontier _PPF)
sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvari gviCvenebs tansacmlisa da sakvebis sxvadasxva kombinacias,
romelic SeiZleba warmoebul iqnes mocemuli Sromisa da kapitalis mudmivi raodenobis dros, Tu teqnologia
ucvleli darCeba.


sferoebis
gazrda (gafarToeba)
tansacmeli
B
B
0
100
Osak.
60
Otans.
D
M
A

1C
1F
2C
1F
D
sakvebi
nax. 17.7 sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvari
sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvari aerTianebs yvela efeqtian sawarmoo moculobebs. B, M da D wertilebi
gadmotanilia optimaluri garigebebis (variantebis) mrudis Sesabamisi wertilebidan (nax. 17.6). sawarmoo
SesaZleblobebis sazRvari amozneqilia, radgan misi daxra (transformaciis zRvruli norma) izrdeba sakvebis warmoebis
donis zrdasTan erTad.

377
naxazze 17.7 mocemuli mrudi aigeba 17.6 naxazze naCvenebi optimaluri warmoebis mrudis
meSveobiT. optimaluri warmoebis mrudis yoveli wertili da sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvris yoveli
wertili sakvebisa da tansacmlis efeqtiani warmoebis dones aRniSnavs.
sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvarze movniSnoT ramdenime wertili, romlebic optimaluri
warmoebis mrudis wertilebs Seesabamebian.
F
O wertili erT-erT zRvrul SemTxvevas aRniSnavs, rodesac
mxolod tansacmeli iwarmoeba, xolo
C
O wertili meore ukiduresobaa, rodesac mxolod sakvebi iwarmoeba.
M B, da D wertilebi Seesabamebian sam danarCen wertilebs, romlebic kontraqtul mrudzea moniSnuli
(naxazi 17.6).
wertili A , romelic araefeqtian ganawilebas Seesabameba, sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvris
SigniT mdebareobs. MABM samkuTxedis farglebis yovel wertilSi Sroma da kapitali warmoebis procesSi
srulad gamoiyeneba. magram samuSao Zalis bazris meryeobis gamo (rac profkavSirebis moqmedebis
Sedegia) ekonomika mTlianobaSi araefeqtiani xdeba.
ratom aqvs sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvris qvemoT mimarTuli daxra? didi raodenobiT
sakvebis efeqtiani warmoebisaTvis aucilebelia sawarmoo faqtorebi gadanawildes tansacmlis warmoebidan,
rac Tavis mxriv, amcirebs tansacmlis warmoebis dones. sazRvris farglebSi arsebuli yvela wertili
araefeqtiania, amitom isini optimaluri garigebebis mrudis miRma mdebareoben.

transformaciis zRvruli norma (Marginal Rate of Transformation - MRT)
sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvari amozneqilia anu misi daxris sidide izrdeba, rodesac
gamoSvebuli produqtis moculoba matulobs. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT saWiroa ganisazRvros sakvebis
tansacmelSi transformaciis zRvruli norma MRT . igi gviCvenebs, Tu ra raodenobiT tansacmelze unda iTqvas
uari, raTa iwarmoos erTi damatebiTi erTeuli sakvebi. magaliTad, naxazi 17.7-is gadidebul fragmentebze
SegviZlia advilad davinaxoT, rom zRvarze mdebare B wertilSi MRT 1-is tolia (1 damatebiTi erTeuli
sakvebis misaRebad, saWiroa uari vTqvaT 1 erTeul tansacmelze). magram D wertilSi MRT 2-is tolia,
radganac damatebiTi erTeuli sakvebis misaRebad uari unda iTqvas or erTeul tansacmelze.
sakvebis warmoebis zrdasTan erTad, anu sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvris gaswvriv
gadaadgilebisas, MRT izrdeba.
25
es zrda xorcieldeba imis xarjze, rom Sromisa da kapitalis mwarmoebluroba
gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, Tu risTvis gamoiyeneba es faqtorebi _ tansacmlis Tu sakvebis
warmoebisaTvis. vTqvaT, viwyebT
F
O wertilidan, sadac iwarmoeba mxolod tansacmeli. gadavitanoT
Sromisa da kapitalis garkveuli nawili tansacmlis warmoebidan, sadac maTi zRvruli produqti SedarebiT
dabalia da gamoviyenoT isini sakvebis warmoebaSi, sadac maTi zRvruli produqti maRalia. am
SemTxvevaSi erTi damatebiTi erTeuli sakvebis misaRebad umniSvnelo raodenobiT tansacmelze unda
vTqvaT uari ( MRT 1-ze gacilebiT naklebia). magram Tu vmoZraobT sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvris
gaswvriv, maSin tansacmlis warmoeba Semcirdeba, rac gamoiwvevs tansacmlis warmoebaSi Sromisa da
kapitalis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas da kvebis warmoebaSi Sromis da kapitalis mwarmoeblurobis Semcirebas.
B wertilSi es mwarmoeblurobebi erTmaneTs utoldeba, xolo MRT erTis tolia. Tu gavagrZelebT sazRvris

25
sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvars yovelTvis rodi aqvs uwyveti, zrdadi MRT . vTqvaT, sakvebis warmoeba xasiaTdeba
ukugebis mkveTri klebiT masStabTan SedarebiT. rodesac warmoebis faqtorebi tansacmlis warmoebidan sakvebis warmoebaze
gadainacvlebs, tansacmlis raodenoba, rasac unda SevelioT erTi damatebiTi erTeuli sakvebis misaRebad, Semcirdeba.
378
gaswvriv moZraobas, SevamCnevT, rom tansacmlis warmoebaSi faqtorebis mwarmoebuloba izrdeba, xolo
sakvebisa mcirdeba, MRT 1-ze meti xdeba.
sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvris formis axsna agreTve SegviZlia movaxerxoT warmoebis
xarjebis meSveobiT.
F
O wertilSi, sadac damatebiTi erTeuli sakvebis warmoebisaTvis sakmarisia
umniSvnelod mcire moculobis tansacmlis warmoebaze uaris Tqma, sawarmos zRvruli xarjebi sakvebis
warmoebisas Zalian dabalia (saqonlis sakmaod mniSvnelovani moculoba mzaddeba faqtorebis umniSvnelo
danaxarjiT). amrigad, rodesac MRT dabalia, aseve dabalia sakvebis warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjebisa
F
MC
da tansacmlis warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjebis
C
MC fardoba. Ffaqtiurad, sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis
sazRvris daxriloba asaxavs erTi produqtis zRvruli danaxarjebis fardobas meore produqtis zRvrul
danaxarjebTan. sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvari swored imitomaa gamrudebuli, rom sakvebis
warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjebi tansacmelTan SedarebiT izrdeba. am sazRvris gaswvriv yovel wertilSi
sruldeba Semdegi toloba:

C F
MC MC MRT / = (17.6)
magaliTad, B wertilSi 1 = MRT . am wertilSi sawarmoo faqtorebi gadanawildeba tansacmlis
warmoebidan sakvebis warmoebaSi, pirvelis warmoebis moculoba mcirdeba 1 erTeuliT, xolo meoris izrdeba
1 erTeuliT. Tu 1 erTeuli nebismieri saqonlis warmoebisaTvis saWiro faqtorebis danaxarjebi 100 lars
Seadgens, maSin zRvruli danaxarjebis fardoba iqneboda 100lari/100lari, anu 1. toloba (17.5) sruldeba D
wertilSic (iseve, rogorc zRvaris nebismier wertilSi). vTqvaT, 1 erTeuli sakvebis warmoebisaTvis saWiro
faqtorebi 160 lari Rirs, maSin sakvebis zRvruli danaxarjebi am SemTxvevaSi 160 lars Seadgens, xolo
tansacmlis zRvruli danaxarjebi mxolod 80 laris tolia (160lari/2 erTeul tansacmelze). sabolood, zRvruli
danaxarjis fardoba 2, utoldeba MRT -s.

gamoSvebis efeqtianoba
ekonomikis efeqtianobisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris mxolod produqtis minimaluri danaxarjebiT
warmoeba. aucilebelia warmoeba SesabamisobaSi movides momxmarebelTa msyidvelobiT unarianobasTan.
gavixsenoT, rom tansacmlis sakvebis Senacvlebis zRvruli norma ( MRS) gamoxatavs momxmareblebis
mzadyofnas gadaixadon damatebiTi erTeuli sakvebisTvis da sanacvlod moixmaron ufro mcire raodenoba
tansacmeli. transformaciis zRvruli norma gamoxatavs danaxarjebs sakvebis damatebiT erTeulze tansacmlis
warmoebis Semcirebis xarjze. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT mza produqtis warmoeba efeqtiania mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu yoveli momxmareblisaTvis sruldeba toloba:
MRT MRS = (17.7)
efeqtianobis misaRwevad ratom aris saWiro am pirobis Sesruleba? davuSvaT, rom 1 = MRT , maSin,
roca MRS 2-is tolia. es niSnavs, rom momxmarebeli Tanaxmaa gaiRos 2 erTeuli tansacmeli 1 erTeuli
sakvebis sanacvlod. magram miRebul damatebiT erTeul sakvebs afaseben mxolod 1 erTeuli tansacmlis
fasad. naTelia, rom sakvebi Zalian mcire raodenobiT iwarmoeba. efeqtianobis misaRwevd aucilebelia
gaizardos sakvebis warmoeba, Sedegad MRS Semcirdeba, xolo MRT gaizrdeba manam, sanam es
maCveneblebi ar gautoldeba erTmaneTs. Sedegi efeqtiania mxolod maSin, roca yoveli produqtis
wyvilisaTvis MRT MRS = .
379


efeqtianobis es mniSvnelovani piroba mocemulia naxazze 17.8. mocemul naxazze calkeuli
momxmareblis ganurCevlobis mrudi dadebulia sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvarze (naxazze 17.7).
aRsaniSnavia, rom M wertili erTaderTi wertilia sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvarze, romelic
maqsimizacias ukeTebs momxmareblis sargeblianobas. Tumca teqnikurad mrudis yoveli wertili efeqtiania,
magram momxmareblis TvalsazrisiT produqtis warmoeba yvela wertilSi ar aris efeqtiani. ganurCevlobis
mrudisa da samwarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvris Sexebis wertilSi MRS= MRT (sawarmoo SesaZleblobis
sazRvrisa daA ganurCevlobis mrudis daxra).

efeqtianoba sasaqonlo (produqtebis) bazrebze
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mza produqtebis bazrebi srulyofilad konkurentulia, yvela momxmarebeli
sakuTar biujets anawilebs ise, rom erTis produqtis meoreTi Senacvlebis zRvruli normebi am produqtze
fasebis fardobis toli iyos. magaliTad, Cvens SemTxvevaSi tansacmlisa da sakvebisaTvis es toloba iqneba:
C F
P P MRS / =
amave dros yvela firma, romelic maqsimaluri mogebisken iswrafvis, awarmoebs produqts im
wertilamde, sadac fasi zRvrul danaxarjebs gautoldeba da isev, Cveni ori produqtisTvis:
F F
MC P = da
C C
MC P =
radgan zRvruli transformaciis norma utoldeba warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjebis fardobas
MRS P P MC MC MRT
C F C F
= = = / / (17.8)
bazarze wonasworoba damyardeba, rodesac
* *
/
C F
P P fasTa Sefardeba M wertilSi aRmoCndeba. am
dros mwarmoeblebi mzad arian gayidon
*
F erTeuli sakvebi da
*
C erTeuli tansacmeli; momxmareblebs
surT iyidon igive raodenobis produqti. am dros MRT =MRS, ase, rom konkurentuli wonasworoba kvlav
efeqtiania.
nax. 17.8 mza produqtebis efeqtianoba
produqtis efeqtiani kombinacia maSin aris, rodesac ori produqtis zRvruli transformaciis norma MRT (erTi produqtis
danaxarjebis Sefardeba meoris danaxarjebTan) udris momxmareblis Canacvlebis zRvrul normas MRS (erTi produqtis
moxmarebiT miRebuli zRvruli sargebeli meore produqtTan SedarebiT).

tansacmeli
sakvebi
sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis
sazRvari
ganurCevlobis
mrudi
0
MRS=MRT
100
60
M
380



Tu mza produqtisa da warmoebis faqtorebis bazrebi konkurentulia, maSin warmoeba efeqtiania
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac MRT utoldeba MRS. Cvens SemTxvevaSi sakvebisa da tansacmlis
warmoebis moculoba airCeva ise, rom kidev erTi erTeuli sakvebis moxmarebiT miRebuli zRvruli
sargeblianoba utoldeba misi warmoebis zRvrul danaxarjs; igive marTebulia tansacmlis moxmarebisa da
warmoebisaTvis.
naxazi 17.9 gviCvenebs, rom mza produqtebis konkurentuli bazrebi efeqtiani xdeba im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mwarmoeblis arCevani xorcieldeba momxmareblis arCevanisagan damoukideblad.
vTqvaT, bazari adgens fasebis Semdeg fardobas: . /
1 1
C F
P P Tu mwarmoebeli efeqtianad iyenebs warmoebis
faqtorebs, isini sakvebsa da tansacmels awarmoeben A doneze, sadac fasebis Tanafardoba MRT -s utoldeba
(sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvris daxras). magram SezRuduli biujetis gamo moxmareblebi iyidian
produqts B doneze, sadac isini maqsimalur sargrblianobas miiReben (ganurCvlobis mrudze U
2
). radgan
mwarmoebels surs
1
F raodenobis sakvebi awarmoos, maSin, rodesac momxmarebels surs
2
F raodenobis
sakvebis SeZena, am dros warmoiSveba sakvebze Warbi moTxovna. analogiurad, radgan momxmareblebs
2
C raodenobis tansacmlis SeZena surT, maSin rodesac mwarmoeblebs urCevniaT
1
C erTeulis gayidva,
iqmneba tansacmlis Warbi miwodeba. fasebi bazarze daiwyebs moZraobas: fasi sakvebze daiwyebs zrdas,
xolo tansacmlze _ Semcirebas, radgan
C F
P P / fardoba gaizrdeba, fasis wrfe gadainacvlebs sawarmoo
sazRvris gaswvriv.

konkurentuli bazrebis efeqtianoba
zogadi wonasworobisa da ekonomikuri efeqtianobis analizis saSualebiT miviReT ori mniSvnelovani
daskvna:
tansacmeli
sakvebi
M
* *
/
c F
P P
U1
C2
C*
C1
A
1 1
/
c F
P P
0
60
B
nax. 17.9 konkurencia da produqtis efeqtiani moculoba
mza produqtebs konkurentul bazarze adamianebi manamde moixmaren, sanam maTi Canacvlebis zRvruli norma ar
gautoldeba produqtTa fasebis Sefardebas. mwarmoeblebi warmoebis moculobas irCeven ise, rom transformaciis zRvruli
norma utoldebodes fasTa fardobas. radgan MRS = MRT-s, mza produqtebis konkurentuli bazari efeqtiania. fasTa sxva
nebismieri fardoba migviyvanda erT produqtze Warb moTxovnamde da meore produqtze Warb mowodebamde.

F1

F* F2
U2
381
1. resursebis nebismieri sawyisi gadanawilebis dros gacvlis konkurentul process moaqvs
ekonomikurad efeqtiani Sedegi;
2. Tu momxmarebelTa upiratesobebi amozneqilia, resursebis efeqtiani ganawileba resursebis swori
gadanawilebiT;
orive Sedegi efuZneba im daSvebas, rom bazrebi konkurentulia. Tu bazrebi konkurentuli ar arian, es
Sedegebi yovelTvis ver miiRweva.
arsebobs pirobebi, romelic unda Sesruldes, raTa warmoebis faqtorebisa da mza produqtebis bazarze
gacvla ekonomikurad efeqtiani iyos. yvela piroba mniSvnelovania da ganvixiloT maTi axsna:
1. gacvlis efeqtianoba. ganawilebis yvela varianti unda mdebareobdes optimaluri garigebis mrudze, raTa yoveli
momxmareblisTvis sakvebis tansacmlze gacvlis zRvruli norma erTnairi iyos:
MRS
g
FC
= MRS
k
FC

konkurentuli bazari aRwevs aseT efeqtur Sedegs, radganac momxmareblisTvis sabiujeto wrfisa da
misi yvelaze maRali misaRwevi ganurCevlobis mrudis Sexeba iZleva garantias, rom:
MRS
g
FC
= P
F
/ P
C
= MRS
k
FC

2. warmoebis faqtorebTa gamoyenebis efeqtianoba. warmoebis faqtorTa yvela konbinacia unda iyos
warmoebis optimaluri variantebis mrudze, radganac yoveli mwarmoeblisTvis ori produqtidan romelimes
warmoebis dros, Sromis kapitaliT teqnologiuri Senacvlebis zRvruli norma erTnairi iyos:
LK
C
LK
F
MRTS MRTS =
konkurentuli bazari aRwevs aseT efeqtian Sedegs, radganac yoveli mwarmoebeli axdens mogebis
maqsimizacias irCevs ra Sromisa da kapitalis iseT danaxarjebs, rom damokidebuleba warmoebis faqtorebze
fassa da teqnologiuri Senacvlebis zRvruli normis toli iyos:
LK
C
LK
F
MRTS r w MRTS = = /
3. efeqtianoba mza produqtebis bazarze. produqtTa Sefardeba unda SeirCes ise, rom misi transformaciis
zRvruli norma gautoldes momxmarebelTa Senacvlebis zRvrul normas (yvela momxmareblisTvis) :
FC FC
MRS MRT =
konkurentuli bazari aRwevs aseT efeqtian Sedegs, ise rogorc mwarmoeblebi iRwvian maqsimaluri
mogebis misaRwevad da warmoebis moculobas im donemde zrdian, sanam zRvruli danaxarjebi fass ar
gautoldeba:
C C F F
MC P MC P = =
,

Sedegad:
C F C F FC
P P MC MC MRT / / = =
magram momxmarebeli konkurentul bazarze axdens sargeblianobis maqsimizacias mxolod maSin, Tu:
FC C F
MRT P P = /

maSasadame, yvela momxmareblisTvis sruldeba piroba:
FC FC
MRT MRS = ()
amrigad, mza produqtebis efeqtianobis pirobebi sruldeba. aseT viTarebaSi, efeqtianoba moiTxovs,
rom produqti warmoebuli iyos iseTi raodenobiTa da danaxarjebiT, romelic Seesabameba adamianTa
gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnas.

ZiriTadi terminebi
- nawilobrivi wonasworoba
382
- zogadi wonasworoba
- pareto-optrimaluri mdgomareoba
- ejvortis kolofi
- pareto-efeqtiani ganawileba
- garigebebis (kontraqtebis) mrudi
- sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa sazRvari
- rtansformaciis zRvruli norma

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. nawilobrivi wonasworobis analizi ganixilavs calkeul bazarze fasisa da moculobebis cvlilebas da uSvebs,
rom gansaxilveli bazrebi erTierTzemoqmedebas ar ganicdian. zogadi wonasworobis analizi yvela bazars
erTdroulad ganixilavs da mxedvelobaSi iRebs sxva bazrebis sapasuxo zemoqmedebas Sesaswavl
bazarze da swavlobs ukukavSirebis efeqts.
2. resursebis ganawileba efeqtiania, roca arc erTi momxmareblis mdgomareoba ar umjobesdeba sxva
momxmarebelTa mdgomareobis gauaresebis xarjze. roca momxmareblebi axorcieleben urTierTxelsayrel
gacvlas, Sedegi aris pareto-efeqtiani da mdebareobs optimaluri garigebis mrudze.
3. konkurentuli wonasworobis dros yoveli momxmarebeli resursebs anawilebs misTvis umjobesi gziT,
yvela bazarze moTxovnili produqtis raodenoba emTxveva miwodebuli produqtis raodenobas.
konkurentuli wonasworobis pirobebSi yvela gadawyvetileba resursebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb
mdebareobs gacvlis optimaluri garigebebis mrudze da aris pareto-efeqtiani.
4. sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa sazRvari gamosaxavs resursebis yvela efeqtian ganawilebas im sargeblianobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac aRwevs TiToeuli individi. marTalia orive individi upiratesobas aniWebs
romelime ganawilebas araefeqtian ganawilebasTan SedarebiT, magram araa aucilebeli, rom yvela efeqtiani
ganawileba iqnes arCeuli. amdenad, resursebis romelime araefeqtiani ganawileba SesaZloa ufro samarTliani
iyos, vidre efeqtiani ganawileba.
5. warmoebis resursebis ganawileba teqnikurad efeqtiania, Tu erTi produqtis gamoSvebis gazrda
SeuZlebelia meore produqtis gamoSvebis Semcirebis gareSe. teqnikuri efeqtianobis yvela wertili
mdebareobs warmoebis optimaluri garigebebis (kontraqtebis) mrudze da warmoadgens mocemuli ori
produqtis izokvantebis gadaxris wertilebs.
6. konkurentul wonasworobas resursebis bazrebze adgili aqvs, roca resursebis wyvilebis teqnikuri
Senacvlebis zRvruli norma am resursebis fasTa Tanafardobis tolia.
7. sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa sazRvari gansazRvravs resursebis yvela SesaZlo efeqtian ganawilebas im
gamoSvebis pirobebSi, romlic SesaZlebelia resursebis mocemuli kombinaciiT. sakvebis transformaciis
zRvruli norma tansacmelSi izrdeba, roca iwarmoeba meti sakvebi da naklebi tansacmeli. transformaciis
zRvruli norma aris sakvebis warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjis Sefardebisa tansacmlis warmoebis zRvrul
danaxarjTan.
8. momxmareblisTvis produqtis ganawilebis efeqtianoba miiRweva maSin, roca erTi produqtis meoreTi
Senacvlebis zRvruli norma tolia warmoebaSi erTi produqtis meoreSi transformaciis zRvruli normis.
9. roca produqtebisa da resursebis bazrebi srulyofilad konkurentulia, Senacvlebis zRvruli norma
transformaciis zRvrul normis tolia.
10. konkurentuli bazrebi SeiZleba araefeqtiani iyos Semdegi mizezis gamo: 1. firmebs an momxmareblebs
SeiZleba hqondeT sabazro Zalaufleba produqtis an resursebis bazrebze; 2. arasruli informaciis gamo
momxmareblebma da mwarmoeblebma SeiZleba miiRon mcdari gadawyuvetilebebi; 3. sazogadoebisTvis
sasurveli zogierTi produqti SeiZleba ar iwarmoebodes.

383
kiTxvebi ganxilvisTvis

1. ra gansxvavebaa nawilobriv da zogad wonasworobas Soris?
2. daasaxeleT ori urTierTdakavSirebuli bazris magaliTi. aRwereT am bazrebze zogadi wonasworobis
miRwevis piroba.
3. SeafaseT zogadi wonasworobis gantolebaTa sistema.
4. rodis aris konkurentuli bazari efeqtiani?
5. rogori garigebebi gaanawileben produqts ufro efeqtianad momxmareblebs Soris?
6. produqtebis ganawilebis romel variantebs aerTianebs optomaluri garigebis mrudi?
7. daaxasiaTeT momxmareblis wonasworoba konkurentul bazarze.
8. ra SemTxvevaSia konkurentuli bazari efeqtiani?
9. SeajameT warmoebis efeqtianoba ejvortis kolofis saSualebiT.
10. axseniT sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis sazRvris maxasiaTeblebi.
11. rogor gaiangariSeba transformaciis zRvruli norma?
384
Tavi 18. asimetriuli informaciis bazrebi

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. arasrulyofili informaciis bazrebis Taviseburebebis axsnas
2. asimetriul bazrebze gadawyvetilebaTa analizs da Sefasebas
3. srulyofili informaciis Rirebulebis gansazRvras
4. ,,gadawyvetilebis xis diagramis analizs
5. auqcionis tipis bazrebze arCevanis aRweras

18.1 asimetriuli bazrebis saxeebi

bazrebis warmatebiT funqcionireba damokidebulia imaze, Tu fasebi ramdenad srulad gvawvdian
informacias. konkurentuli bazrebis modeli ganvixileT im daSvebiT, rom bazris monawileebi srulad
informirebulebi arian da informacia simetriulad aris ganawilebuli maT Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi fasebi
gvaZleven srul informacias bazarze gasayidad gamotanili saqonlis alternatiuli danaxarjebis Sesaxeb. sruli
informaciis floba ar iZleva warmatebis garantias, magram mniSvnelovnad aadvilebs mis miRwevas da
arsebuli resursebis optimalur ganawilebas.
realuri bazrebi Sors arian aseTi idealuri modelisagan. xSirad srulfasovani informaciis miReba did
danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli an sruliad SeuZlebelia. asimetriuli informaciis bazrebi gvxvdeba yoveldRiuri
cxovrebaSi TiTqmis yovel nabijze. magaliTad, azartuli TamaSebis organizatorebma ician maTi biznesis
detalebis Sesaxeb ufro meti, vidre TamaSis rigiTma monawileebma; saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
gamyidvelebi floben saqonlis xarisxis Sesaxeb ufro srulyofil informacias, vidre myidvelebi; sadazRvevo
polisis mflobelebi floben ufro met informacias dasazRvevi obieqtis Sesaxeb, vidre sadazRvevo kompaniebi.
gamyidvelebi da myidvelebi xSirad cdiloben dafaron TavianTi qmedebis WeSmariti motivebi da
cdiloben sxvadasxva saSualebebis gamoyenebas calmxrivi upiratesobis misaRebad. sabazro meqanizmi
uZluria bazris monawile yvela mxarisaTvis srulfasovani informaciis miwodebasa da Tanabari ganawilebisas.
asimetriuli informaciis bazrebze garigebaSi monawile mxolod erTi mxare flobs srul da
mniSvnelovan informacias, xolo meore mxare SezRuduli informaciis mflobelia.
xarisxis gaurkvevlova da meoradi saqonlis bazrebi
meoradi avtomobilebis bazarze xarisxis gaurkvvelobis problema kvlevis obieqtad pirvelad 1970 wels
jorj akerlofma aqcia.
26
davuSvaT, Zveli avtomobilebis bazarze iyideba ori kategoriis avtomobilebi:
saSualoze maRali xarisxis kargi avtomobilebi da saSualoze dabali xarisxis cudi avtomobilebi (amerikuli
Jargonis enaze `limonebi). pirveli kategoriis avtomobilebis gamyidvelebi mzad arian $3000 gayidon
TavianTi saqoneli, xolo myidvelebi mzad arian gadaixadon $3600. meore kategoriis manqanebisaTvis ki
Sesabamisi fasebi aris $1000 da $1200. Tu orive kategoriis avtomobilebi bazarze Tanabari raodenobiTaa
gamotanili, maSin saSualo fasi gamyidvelebisaTvis iqneba $2000 (($3000+$1000) : 2), xolo
myidvelebisaTvis $2400 (($3600+$1200):2). aseT situaciaSi kargi avtomobilis yidvis albaToba aris 50%.

26
Akerlof George A. The Market for Lemons; Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism// The Quarterly Journal of
Economics. August, 1970. Vol. 84. P. 488-500 (translated in Russian.; Theses, 1994, p. 91-104)
385
`limonebis bazarze gamyidvelebma ician TavianTi avtomobilebis xarisxi da av-kargianoba, xolo
myidvelebma ki ara. bazarze Camoyalibebuli fasi $2000 kargi avtomobilebis mflobelebisaTvis wamgebiania
da Sesabamisad miuRebeli. cudi avtomobilebis mflobelebisaTvis ki, piriqiT, es fasi maTTvis yvelaze
optimistur molodinsac ki aWarbebs. aseTi asimetriuli informaciis SemTxvevaSi, roca gamyidvelebma ufro
meti ician saqonlis xarisxis Sesaxeb, vidre myidvelebma, meoradi avtomobilebis bazari deformacias
ganicdis. igi uunaroa efeqtianad gaanawilos resursebi: kargi avtomobilebis mflobelebi aRar moisurveben
wamgebian fasad gayidon avtomobilebi da Sewyveten maT miwodebas. cudi avtomobilebis miwodeba ki,
piriqiT, gaizrdeba. amis Semdeg, aseT bazarze kargi avtomobilis yidvis albaToba 50%-dan 0-mde
Semcirdeba. sabolood, avtomobilebis bazarze darCeba mxolod dabali xarisxis avtomobilebi - `limonebi.
zemoT aRwerili situacia araxelsayreli SerCevis kargi magaliTia. xarisxis Sesaxeb informaciis
araTanabari ganawilebis mizeziT dabali xarisxis saqonelma bazridan sruliad gandevna maRali xarisxis
saqoneli .da momxmarebels misTvis araxelsayreli arCevanisaken ubiZga. araxelsayreli SerCevis problema
imdenad seriozuli SeiZleba gaxdes, rom bazris sruli ganadgureba gamoiwvios.
sadazRvevo bazrebic, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebis miuxedavad, `limonebis bazris
msgavsia. aseTi bazrebis erTaderTi gansxvaveba `limonebis bazrisagan imaSi mdgomareobs, rom xarisxis
Sesaxeb informacia sadazRvevo bazarze sadazRvevo polisebis mflobelebis xelSia da ara sadazRvevo
kompaniebis. vin ufro metadaa dainteresebuli janmrTelobis an sicocxlis dazRveviT - janmrTeli adamiani Tu
qronikuli mZime daavadebis matarebeli? unda vivaraudoT, rom susti janrTelobis mqone adamianebi
janmrTelobis dacvis didi danaxarjebis ufro maRali riskis winaSe dganan. swored amitom janmrTelobisa da
sicocxlis damzRvevi kompaniebis sadazRvevo polisebs aseTi adamianebis ufro meti raodenoba SeiZens,
vidre kargi janmrTelobis mqone adamianebi.
ase rom, sadazRvevo bazarze maRali riskis matarebeli klientebi gamodevnian SedarebiT dabali
riskis matarebel klientebs. es garemoeba aiZulebT sadazRvevo kompaniebs gazardon sadazRvevo polisis
fasi. gazrdili fasi kidev ufro Seamcirebs kargi janmrTelobis mqone momxmareblebis mier sadazRvevo
polisebis SeZenis SemTxvevebs. fasis zrda spiraliseburi principiT ,,maRali fasi saSiSi klientebisaTvis
aZlierebs araxelsayreli SerCevis efeqts da grZeldeba manmade, sanam sadazRvevo polisis fasi ar gaxdeba
maqsimaluri riskis amsaxveli.
sabazro signalebi
asimetriuli informaciiT gamowveuli deformaciebis Tavidan acilebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
sabazro signalebi. meoradi avtomobilebis bazarze Tuki maRali xarisxis avtomobilebis gamyidvelebs
saSualeba aqvT momxmareblebs damatebiT miawodon informacia saqonlis maRali xarisis Sesaxeb, maSin
ufro maRal fassac moiTxoven da iReben kidec. aseT SemTxvevebSi umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs firmis
reputacia, samarko niSani da a.S. Sromis bazarze damqiraveblisaTvis aseTi damatebiTi signalis rols
SesaZloa asrulebdes samuSaos maZieblis ganaTlebis damadasturebeli diplomi, sertifikati da a.S.
Znelia klientis darwmuneba axali saqonlis maRal xarisxSi. es xSir SemTxvevaSi dakavSirebulia
damatebiT xarjebTan. zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki sabazro signalebi Seicaven aseT informacias. magaliTad, Tu
pirvelad SexvalT TqvenTvis ucnob restoranSi, bunebrivia, ar gecodinebaT iqauri kerZebis xarisxi. Tumca
Tqven SegiZliaT damatebiT miiRoT sabazro signali, Tu es restorani romelime cnobil kompanias, magaliTad,
sastumroebis qselis msoflioSi cnobil firmas Marriott-s ekuTvnis.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara asimetriuli informaciis daZleva? momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva unda
daefuZnos saqonlis da momsaxurebis xarisxis Sesaxeb sruli informaciis miwodebas. SesaZlebelia ki aseTi
386
informaciis mopoveba saerTod an vin unda awvdides msgavs informacias momxmarebels? did rols
TamaSobs masmediis saSualebebi, sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli organoebis specialuri samsaxurebi da,
ra Tqma unda, Tavad firmebi ewevian ra aqtiur sareklamo kampanias. informacia ufaso ar aris. bunebrivia
dgeba kiTxva, vin aris dainteresebuli da vin unda gaiRos informaciis safasuri?
informaciis udidesi nawili bazars miewodeba reklamis saxiT, romlis funqciebi winaaRmdegobrivia.
xSirad Znelia gaarCio ra ufro metia reklamaSi, informacia Tu dezinformacia, tyuili Tu marTali. farTo
auditoriisaTvis gankuTvnil reklamas sxvadasxvagvar interpretacias ukeTeben momxmarebelTa sxvadasxva
jgufebi. rac ufro didia auditoria, miT ufro metia erTidaigive informaciis sxvadasxvagvarad interpretirebis
SesaZleblobebi, srulyofili informaciis floba ufro macdur ideals gavs, vidre Tanamedrove sameurneo
cxovrebis realur yoveldRiur praqtikas, sadac bazrebisaTvis informaciuli asimetria damaxasiaTebelia met-
naklebi doziT.

18.2 `gadawyvetilebis xis koncefcia

asimetriuli informaciis bazrebze gaurkvevel da sarisko situaciebSi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
TiToeuli adamianis winaSe sxvadasxva xelmisawvdomi SesaZleblobebis mTeli speqtria da sarisko
movlenebis aseve didi jgufia, romlebic SesaZloa warmoiSvan drois TiToeul momentSi. gadawyvetilebis
mimRebi subieqtis arCevanis gasaanalizeblad gamoiyeneba e.w. `gadawyvetilebis xis koncefcia.
`gadawyvetilebis xe aris arCevanis ganmxorcielebeli subieqtis winaSe gadaSlili SesaZlebeli
gadawyvetilebebis da maTi Sesabamisi albaTobebis aRmweri diagrama
27
. igi Zalze mosaxerxebeli iaraRia
riskis winaSe mdgari subieqtisaTvis moqmedebaTa optimaluri gegmis SesarCevad.
ganvixiloT martivi magaliTi. davuSvaT, erTerTma navTobmompovebelma kompaniam
moulodnelad aRmoaCina navTobis axali maragebi kaspiis zRvis sanapiroze. zRvaSi mas SeuZlia aagos didi
simZlavris saburRavi platforma an mcire simZlavris patara mowyobiloba. asagebi konstruqciis sidide
damokidebulia axlad aRmoCenil rezervuarSi navTobis maragis sidideze:
- Tu rezervuari didia da firma aagebs
a) did konstruqcias, maSin misi mogeba iqneba $50 milioni
b) patara konstruqcias, maSin misi mogeba iqneba $30 milioni
- Tu rezervuari aris patara da firma aagebs
a) did konstruqcias, maSin firmis mogeba iqneba $10 milioni
b) patara konstruqcias, maSin firmis mogeba iqneba $20 milioni
am magaliTSi Tuki firmas danamdvilebiT ecodineboda navTobis axali maragis sidide, maSin is
aagebda didi simZlavris platformas. kompaniisaTvis problemas swored is warmoadgens, rom man mocemuli
momentisaTvis ar icis navTobis axali rezervuaris sidide. imis albaToba, rom axlad aRmoCenili sabado
Seicavs navTobis did marags, aris 0,5 (analogiurad, albaToba imisa, rom sabadoSi aris navTobis umniSvnelo
raodenoba, aris aseve 0,5).
naxazi 18.1 warmoadgens navTobkompaniis gadawyvetilebis xis ilustracias.
gadawyvetilebis xes aqvs oTxi mTavari nawili:

27
Besanko David A.; Braeutigam Ronald R. Microeconomics. An Integrated Approach.; Printed in the USA. 2001, p. 649
387
- gadawyvetilebis punqtebi (Decision Nodes): igi asaxavs konkretul gadawyvetilebas, romlis winaSec
dgas individi (naxazze A punqti). TiToeuli gamomavali toti am punqtidan gamoxatavs individis
alternatiul arCevans.
- Sansis punqtebi: (Chance Nodes) Sansis punqti asaxavs SesaZlo alternativebis Sesabamis albaTobebs,
romlis winaSec dgas gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqti (B da C punqtebi naxazze), Sansis punqtidan
gamomavali TiToeuli toti Seesabameba sarisko situaciis TiToeul mosalodnel Sedegs.
- albaTobebi. TiToeuli Sansis punqtidan gamomaval TiToeul tots aqvs albaToba. erTi punqtis yvela
albaTobaTa jami 1-is tolia.

- Semosavlebi. gadawyvetilebis xis marjvena boloSi ganlagebul TiToeul tots aqvs Sesabamisi
Semosavali, romelic aris TiToeuli SesaZlo alternativisa da Sesabamisi sarisko Sedegis kombinaciiT
miRebuli namdvili Sedegis Rirebuleba. Tu gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqti riskisadmi neitralurad
ganwyobilia, maSin misTvis Semosavali aris fuladi Rirebuleba; Tu individi riskis uarmyofelia,
maSin misTvis Semosavali aris Sesabamisi fuladi Rirebulebebis sargeblianoba.
davuSvaT, rom navTobkompania aris riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobili. ase rom, firmis Semosavali
tolia firmis mogebis (Profit). Tu firma riskis uarmyofelia, maSin saWiroa ganisazRvros firmis
sargeblianobis funqcia da Sefasdes TiToeuli SesaZlo Sedegis fuladi Rirebulebis sargeblianoba.
gadawyvetilebis xis Sefasebisas, erTi SexedviT SesaZloa mogveCvenos, rom misi analizi unda
daviwyoT marcxena bolodan da gavagrZeloT marjvena bolos mimarTulebiT. aseTi mcdeloba
imedgacruebiT mTavrdeba rogorc ki mivadgebiT Sansis punqtebs (B da C). isini erTaderT informacias
gvamcnoben: `Tqveni gadawyvetilebis Sedegebis Rirebuleba damokidebulia gaurkvevel movlenebze.
patara
konstruqciis
ageba
rezervuari didia
(albaToba = 0,5)
rezervuari pataraa
(albaToba = 0,5)
rezervuari didia
(albaToba = 0,5)
rezervuari pataraa
(albaToba = 0,5)
didi konstruqciis
ageba

nax. 18.1 navTobkompaniis `gadawyvetilebis xis~ diagrama
navTobkompania aris riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobili, sarisko situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebs igi afasebs Sesabamisi
mosalodneli Rirebulebebis mixedviT. B punqtis mosalodneli Rirebuleba aris (0,5 $50 milioni)+(0,5 $10milioni)=$30
milioni. es cifri gveubneba, rom firmisaTvis didi konstruqciis agebis mosalodneli sargebeli aris $30 milioni. riskisadmi
neitraluard ganwyobili kompaniisaTvis igi aris B Sansis punqtSi yofnis Sesabamisi Rirebuleba. analogiurad SegviZlia
gamovTvaloT C punqtSi yofnis mosalodneli Rirebuleba: (0,5X $30milioni)+(0,5 $20 milioni)=$25 milioni.
B
A

C
navTobkompaniis Semosavlebi (mln)
$50
$10
$30
$20
388
am problemis mogvarebisaTvis saWiroa gadawyvetilebis xis analizi daviwyoT marjvena bolodan
marcxena bolos mimarTulebiT. am proceduras ewodeba `xis Sebruneba _ (Folding the Tree Back). am
proceduris msgavsia `TamaSis xis analizis procedura, romelic Cven me-14 TavSi ganvixileT.
daviwyoT B Sansis punqtidan. radganac Cvens SemTxvevaSi navTobkompania aris riskisadmi
neitralurad ganwyobili, sarisko situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebs igi afasebs Sesabamisi mosalodneli Rirebulebebis
mixedviT. B punqtis mosalodneli Rirebuleba aris (0,5 $50milioni)+(0,5 $10milioni)=$30 milioni. es cifri
gveubneba, rom firmisaTvis didi konstruqciis agebis mosalodneli sargebeli aris $30 milioni. riskisadmi
neitraluard ganwyobili kompaniisaTvis igi aris B Sansis punqtSi yofnis Sesabamisi Rirebuleba. analogiurad
SegviZlia gamovTvaloT C punqtSi yofnis mosalodneli Rirebuleba: (0,5X$30 milioni)+(0,5 $20
milioni)=$25 milioni.
axla ukve SegviZlia gadawyvetilebis xis gamartiveba Tuki B da C punqtebis nacvlad CavsvavT am
punqtebis Sesabamis sarisko situaciebis mosalodnel Rirebulebebs. naxazi 18. 2 gviCvenebs
navTobkompaniis gadawyvetilebis xes `Sebrunebis proceduris Catarebis Semdeg.

rogorc vxedavT, didi simZlavris konstruqciis agebis mosalodneli Rirebuleba aWarbebs mcire zomis
konstruqciis agebis mosalodnel Rirebulebas ($30 milioni>$25 milioni). ase rom, navTobkompaniisaTvis
optimaluri gadawyvetileba iqneba aagos didi konstruqcia axladaRmoCenili sabados WaburRilisaTvis.
TanamimdevrobiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis (Sequence of Decisions) SemTxvevaSi analizi
rTuldeba. zemoT aRweril magaliTSi analizis Catareba martivi iyo, imitom rom navTommompovebeli
kompaniis winaSe mxolod erTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis aucilebloba idga (aeSenebina didi an patara
platforma). xSirad individs uwevs gadawyvetilebis miReba erTmaneTis miyolebiT ise, rom gaTvaliswinebul
iqnes gaurkvevli situaciis mosalodneli Sedegebi.
warmovidginoT, rom didi an patara platformis agebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebamde
navTobkompanias SeuZlia Caataros winaswari seismuri samuSaoebi zRvis fskerze navTobis rezervuaris
sididis dasadgenad. (analizis gasaadvileblad davuSvaT, rom seismuri samuSaoebis danaxarjebi nulis tolia).
patara konstruqciis ageba
didi konstruqciis ageba

nax. 18.2 navTobkompaniis `gadawyvetilebis Sebrunebuli xis~ diagrama
didi konstruqciis agebis mosalodneli Rirebuleba aWarbebs patara konstruqciis agebis mosalodnel Rirebulebas. ($30
>$25). navTobkompaniisaTvis optimaluri gadawyvetileba iqneba aagos didi konstruqcia axladaRmoCenili sabados
WaburRilisaTvis.

A

navTobkompaniis mosalodneli Semosavlebi (mln)
$30 0.5($10) 0.5($50) = +
$25 0.5($20) 0.5($30) = +
389
axla navTobkompania dgas ori gawyvetilebis winaSe: (1) Caataros Tu ara seismuri samuSaoebi da amis
mere miiRos gadawyvetileba didi Tu patara platformis aSenebis Sesaxeb da (2) aaSenos didi an patara
platforma seismuri samuSaoebis Catarebis gareSe.
firmis gadawyvetilebis analizisas kvlav mivmarTavT 18.3 naxazze gamosaxul gadawyvetilebis xis
diagramas.

rogorc vxedavT, A punqtidan gamomavali gadawyvetilebebis amsaxveli zeda ori toti zustad igivea,
rogorc, 18.1 da 18.2 naxazebze. mesame toti ki asaxavs axal alternativas: firmam Caataros seismuri
samuSaoebi konstruqciis agebamde. am SemTxvevaSi firmas ecodineba, rogoria zRvisqveSa navTobis
rezervuaris sidide (Sansis punqti D). seismuri samuSaoebis Sedegi aris Sansis punqti D, radgan aseTi
samuSaoebis Sesrulebamde firmam ar icis gansazRvruli Sedegi.
Cvens magaliTSi, seismur Semowmebas aqvs ori Sedegi TiToeuli 0,5 albaTobiT. Tuki firmas
ecodineba rom rezervuari aris didi, mis winaSe kvlav dgas alternativa, aagos didi an patara platforma
(naxazze Sansis punqti E). didi konstruqciis agebis SemTxvevaSi firmis sargebeli iqneba $50 milioni, xolo
patara konstruqciis agebis SemTxvevaSi ki $30 milioni. Tu firmas ecodineba, rom zRvisqveSa rezervuari
aris patara, (naxazze Sansis punqti F), am SemTxvevaSi mis winaSe dgas igive alternativa - aagos didi an
rezervuari didia
(albaToba = 0,5)
didi konstruqciis ageba
(seismuri samuSaoebis
gareSe)
patara konstruqciis
ageba
didi konstruqciis
ageba
seismuri samuSaoebi adastureben, rom
rezervuari pataraa
(albaToba = 0,5)
seismuri gamokvlevis
Catareba
$20
didi konstruqciis
ageba
patara konstruqciis
ageba
patara konstruqciis ageba
(seismuri samuSaoebis
gareSe)
seismuri samuSaoebi adastureben, rom
rezervuari didia
(albaToba = 0,5)
rezervuari pataraa
(albaToba = 0,5)

nax. 18.3 navTobkompaniis `gadawyvetilebis xis~ diagrama mosamzadebeli seismuri samuSaoebis Catarebis
dros
mesame toti asaxavs axal alternativas: firmam Caataros seismuri samuSaoebi konstruqciis agebamde. am SemTxvevaSi firmas
ecodineba, rogoria zRvisqveSa navTobis rezervuaris sidide (Sansis punqti D).
B
A

D
kompaniis Semosavlebi (mln)
$50
$10
$30
rezervuari didia
(albaToba = 0,5)
rezervuari pataraa
(albaToba = 0,5)
C
E

F

$50
$30
$10
$20
390
patara konstruqcia. didi konstruqciis agebisas firmis sargebeli iqneba $10 milioni, xolo patara konstruqciis
agebisas ki - $20 milioni.
gadawyvetilebis xis analizs am SemTxvevaSic viwyebT marjvena bolodan marcxena bolosaken
gadawyvetilebis punqtebis analiziT. E gadawyvetilebis punqtis analizi advilia: Tu firmas danamdvilebiT
ecodineba seismuri samuSaoebis Semdeg, rom rezervuari didia, cxadia, didi konstruqcia unda aaSenos.
(naxazze 18.3 gadawyvetilebis punqtis tots, romelic asaxavs patara konstruqciis aSenebis alternativas, xazi
aqvs gadasmuli, radganac igi arabunebrivi gadawyvetileba iqneboda).
F gadawyvetilebis punqtis analizic aseve martivia: Tu firmas danamdvilebiT ecodineba, rom
rezervuari pataraa, maSin misTvis saukeTeso gadawyvetileba iqneba patara konstruqciis mSenebloba.
(analogiurad, F gadawyvetilebis punqtis tots, romelic asaxavs didi konstruqciis mSeneblobis alternativas,
xazi aqvs gadasmuli, radganac igi aseve arabunebrivi gadawyvetileba iqneboda firmisaTvis).
naxaze 18.3 gamosaxuli E da F punqtebis optimaluri alternativebis dadgenis Semdeg SegviZlia
gavamartivoT gadawyvetilebis xe rogorc es gamosaxulia naxazze 18.4.

seismuri samuSaoebis Catarebis Semdeg, firmam zustad icis rogori zomis konstruqcia unda aagos.
Cven zustad SegviZlia gamovTvaloT D Sansis punqtis mosalodneli Semosavali:
(0,5 $50milioni)+(0,5 $20 milioni)=$35 milioni. naxazze 18.4 naTlad Cans A gadawyvetilebis punqtis
sami sxvadasxva alternativis sami mosalodneli Semosavali. mesame alternativis mosalodneli Semosavali
metia wina oris mosalodnel Semosavalze. axla ukve SegviZlia CamovayaliboT navTobkompaniis
moqmedebaTa optimaluri gegma.
- firmam unda Caataros seismuri samuSaoebi;
- Tu seismuri samuSaoebi daadasturebs navTobis did maragebs, maSin firmam unda aaSenos didi
konstruqcia;
- Tu seismuri samuSaoebi daadasturebs navTobis mcire maragebs, maSin firmam unda aagos patara
konstruqcia.
didi konstruqciis ageba
(seismuri samuSaoebis gareSe)
seismuri samuSaoebis Catareba
patara konstruqciis ageba
(seismuri samuSaoebis gareSe)
nax. 18.4 navTobkompaniis `gadawyvetilebis Sebrunebli xis~ diagrama seismuri samuSaoebis dros
firmam unda Caataros seismuri samuSaoebi; Tu seismuri samuSaoebi daadasturebs navTobis did maragebs, maSin
aaSenos didi konstruqcia; Tu seismuri samuSaoebi daadasturebs navTobis mcire maragebs, maSin aagos patara
konstruqcia.

A

$30 0.5($10) 0.5($50) = +
$25 0.5($20) 0.5($30) = +
$35 0.5($20) 0.5($50) = +
navTobkompaniis mosalodneli Semosavali (mln)
391
zemoT aRwerili magaliTi warmoadgens gadawyvetilebis xis agebisa da analizis momcveli ZiriTadi
safexurebis ilustrirebas:
1. daviwyoT gadawyvetilebebis Tanmimdevrobisa da sarisko movlenebis sqematuri monaxazis SedgeniT;
2. TiToeuli gadawyvetilebisaTvis davadginoT is alternativebi, romlebic dgas individis winaSe;
3. TiToeuli sarisko movlenisaTvis ganvsazRvroT SesaZlo Sedegebi;
4. ganvsazRvroT TiToeuli sarisko movlenis albaTobebi;
5. davadginoT Semosavlebi mosalodneli Sedegebisa da alternatiuli gadawyvetilebebis yvela SesaZlo
kombinaciisaTvis;
6. bolos, vipovoT gadawyvetilebaTa optimaluri Tanmimdevroba `xis Setrialebis proceduris gamoyenebiT;
am dros Cven ganvsazRvravT `Sansis punqtis TiToeuli SesaZlo Sedegis mosalodnel Rirebulebas da
TiToeuli `gadawyvetilebis punqtis yvelaze maRal mosalodnel Semosavals. Yyvelaze maRali mosalodneli
Semosavlis mqone alternativa warmoadgens swored Sesabamisi `gadawyvetilebis punqtis Rirebulebas.


18.3 srulyofili informaciis Rirebuleba


sarisko gadawyvetilebebis winaSe mdgari adamianisaTvis Zalze sasargeblo da momgebiania iseTi
damatebiTi informaciis miReba, romelic amcirebs gaurkvevlobas an mis srul likvidirebas axdens. aseTi
informaciis mniSvnelobisa da Rirebulebis Sesaxeb metyvelebs is faqti, rom realur cxovrebaSi, Cvens mier
ganxiluli magaliTisagan gansxvavebiT, navTobmompovebeli kompaniebi mzad arian gaiRon mniSvnelovani
danaxarjebi seismuri samuSaoebis Casatareblad.
gavixsenoT `gadawyvetilebis xis analizis Sedegebi:
- roca navTobkompanias ar SeeZlo seismuri samuSaoebis Catareba, maSin misTvis optimaluri
samoqmedo gegma iyo didi konstruqciis aSeneba. am gegmis mosalodneli Semosavali iyo $30 milioni;
- roca navTobkompanias SeeZlo seismuri samuSaoebis Catareba danaxarjebis gareSe, maSin misi
optimaluri samoqmedo gegma iyo aseTi samuSaoebis Catareba. Tu winasawari samuSaoebi
gamoavlenda didi rezervuris arsebobas, maSin kompanias unda aego didi konstruqcia da piriqiT. aseTi
samoqmedo gegmis mosalodneli Semosavali iqneboda $35 milioni;
- ase rom, roca kompanias danaxarjebis gareSe SeeZlo Caetarebina winaswari samuSaoebi, misi
samoqmedo gegmis (didi konstruqciis mSenebloba) mosalodneli Semosavali $5 milioniT meti iyo, vidre
im SemTxvevaSi, roca mas ar SeeZlo aseTi samuSaoebis Catareba (SevniSnavT, rom am SemTxvevaSic
firmisaTvis optimaluri alternativa iyo didi konstruqciis ageba).
es magaliTi warmoadgens srulyofili informaciis Rirebulebis (Value of Perfect Information -
VPI)) ilustracias. srulyofili informaciis Rirebuleba aris gadawyvetilebis mimRebi individis mosalodneli
Semosavlis nazrdi, roca individs damatebiTi xarjis gareSe SeuZlia sarisko situaciis SesaZlo Sedegebis zustad
dadgena gadawyvetilebis miRebamde winaswari qmedebebis saSualebiT. Cvens ganxilul magaliTSi
srulyofili informaciis Rirebuleba aris $5 milioni.
srulyofili informacia Rirebulebis matarebelia ara imitom, rom adamianebi riskisadmi uaryofiTad
ganwyobilni arian. srulfasovani informaciis miRebas hqonda dadebiTi Sedegi ($5 milioni nazrdi), maSinac
ki, roca Cvens magaliTSi navTobkompania riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobilad miviCnieT. amasTanave,
392
srulfasovanma informaciam ver moaxdina riskis likvidacia: seismuri samuSaoebis Catarebas ki SeuZlia
rezevuaris sididis zusti dadgena, magram aseTi samuSaoebis Sesrulebamde mosalodneli Sedegebi xom
gaurkvevelia, ese igi navTobkompania isev riskis winaSe dgas im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca gadawyvets
seismuri samuSaoebis Catarebas.
ratom aqvs srulyofil informacias Rirebuleba? srulyofili informacia saSualebas aZlevs
gadawyvetilebis mimReb subieqts miusadagos Tavisi gadawyvetilebebi mis winaSe gadaSlil alternativebs.
Cvens magaliTSi navTobkompaniis saukeTeso moqmedebaa Seusabamos WaburRilis konstruqciis zoma
zRvisqveSa navTobmaragebis sidides (maqsimaluri mogeba patara zomis konstruqciis agebiT mcire
navTobis rezervuaris SemTxvevaSi da aseve maqsimaluri mogeba didi konstruqciis agebiT didi
navTobmaragebis SemTxvevaSi). kompanias ar SeuZlia Seusabamos Tavisi gadawyvetilebebi rezervuaris
zomebs winaswari seismuri samuSaoebis gareSe.
srulyofili informaciis Rirebulebis sidide gansazRvravs im Tanxis odenobas, ris gaRebasac firmebi
isurvebdnen gaurkveveli mosalodneli Sedegebis Sesaxeb amomwuravi informaciis misaRebad. Cvens
SemTxvevaSi navTobkompania gaiRebda, magaliTad, $4 milions winaswari seismuri samuSaoebisaTvis,
radganac am samuSaoebis WeSmariti fasi $5 milionia. Tuki aseTi samuSaoebis Catareba firmas daujdeboda
$7 milioni, maSin misTvis ukeTesi iqneboda ar Caetarebina seismuri samuSaoebi da ise mieRo
gadawyvetileba asagebi konstruqciis zomebis Sesaxeb.
srulyofili informaciis Rirebulebis gansazRvrisaTvis Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecniereba iyenebs
realuri SesaZleblobis koncefcias (Real Option Concept). mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom `man daiwyo bevri
sawarmos ekonomikuri `formulis Secvla.
28
realuri SesaZlebloba maSin arsebobs, roca gadawyvetilebis
mimRebs SeuZlia Seusabamos gadawyvetilebebi momavalSi misaReb informaciebs.
zemoT ganxilul naxazze 18.3 warmodgenili gadawyvetilebis xis magaliTSi seismuri samuSaoebis
Catareba navTobkompaniisaTvis qmnis realur SesaZleblobas. srulyofili informaciis Rirebuleba aris realuri
SesaZleblobis damatebiTi Rirebuleba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi es Rirebuleba arsebobs TavisTavad navTobis
rezervuaris Rirebulebis miRma. realuri SesaZlebloba gviCvenebs sxvaobas kompaniis mier winaswari
samuSaoebis SemTxvevaSi mosalodnel semosavalsa da aseTi samuSaoebis Cautareblobis SemTxvevaSi
mosalodnel Semosavlebs Soris. zogadad SevniSnavT, rom realuri SesaZleblobis Rirebulebis gansazRvra
hgavs Cvens mier aRweril gadawyvetilebis xis analizs.

magaliTi 1
realuri SesaZlebloba `hiuleT faqard--isaTvis
realuri biznesis samyaroSi firmebi sul ufro xSirad mimarTaven msgavs analizs, raTa daadginon is
sargeblianoba, rasac maT momavalSi misaReb informaciasTan gadawyvetilebebis misadageba moutanT.
magaliTad, personaluri kompiuterebis mwarmoebelma msoflioSi cnobilma amerikulma kompaniam `hiuleT
faqard-ma Hewlett Packard (HP) Secvala evropuli qveynebis (safrangeTi, germania) bazrebisaTvis
zogierTi prodqciis damzadebisa da Setanis strategia.
Tavdapirvelad calkeuli qveynisaTvis gankuTvnili Wavluri printeris damzadeba kompaniis
sawarmoSi xdeboda da Semdeg ucxour bazarze gahqondaT gasayidad. aseTi strategia ucxour bazrebze
moTxovnis raodenobis winaswar gansazRvris sirTulis gamo kompaniisaTvis Zalze riskiani aRmoCnda.

28
M. Amram, and N. Kulatilaka, Real Options: Managing Strategic Investment in an uncertain World. Boston: Harvard Business
School Press, 1999)
393
udidesi Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, swrafad cvalebadi moTxovnis pirobebSi ucxour bazrebze xSirad Wavluri
printerebis Zalze meti an Zalze naklebi raodenoba aRmoCndeboda xolme. aseTi riskis SemcirebisaTvis
kompaniam gadawyvita ucxour qveynebSi Seetana da iqaur sawyobebSi moeTavsebina Wavluri printerebis
naxevarfabrikatebi da maTi asawyobi marag-nawilebi.
kompania Wavluri printerebis sabolood damzadebas mxolod mas Semdeg iwyebda, roca miiRebda
zustad gansazRvrul raodenobaze SekveTas calkeuli bazrebisaTvis. axalma strategiam gamoiwvia warmoebis
danaxarjebis zrda, samagierod kompanias saSualeba mieca ucxour bazarze Wavluri printerebis garkveul
saxeobebi moTxovnis Sesatyvisi raodenobiT miewodebina mas Semdeg rac cnobili gaxdeboda realuri
damkveTis moTxovnis moculoba. kompania iyenebda realuri SesaZleblobis koncefcias, raTa ganesazRvra,
uRirda Tu ara warmoebis danaxarjebis zrdis fasad is sargeblianoba, rac axal strategias mohqonda.
rac ufro popularuli xdeba realuri SesaZleblobis koncefcia yoveldRiur ekonomikur saqmianobaSi
CarTuli firmebisaTvis, `gadawyvetilebis xis analizis teqnikac sul ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens, radganac
misi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia srulyofili informaciis Rirebulebis, da Sesabamisad, realuri SesaZlebelobis
ganxorcielebis Rirebulebis dadgenac.

18.4 auqcionis tipis bazrebi

tipiuri bazari, sadac advilad xerxdeba asimetriuli informaciis likvidacia aris auqcioni. tipiur
auqcionebze monawileobs individebis SedarebiT mcire ricxvi, romelTac gadawyvetilebis miReba uwevT
gaurkvevlobasa da asimetriuli informaciis pirobebSi. amitom auqcionebis analizi aerTianebs TamaSTa
Teoriis elementebs, romlebic ganxilulia me-14 TavSi da gaurkvevlobis pirobebSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis
Taviseburebebs, romelTa nawilic me-6 TavSi ganvixileT. swored amitom auqcionis tipis bazrebis, rogorc
asimetriuli bazrebis erT-erTi nairsaxeobis analizi udides praqtikul daniSnulebasTan erTad xsenebuli
Temebis integrirebis saukeTeso gzaa.
auqcionisaTvis yovelTvis damaxasiaTebelia asimetriuli informacia: auqcionze monawile TiToeulma
mxarem icis Tavisi sastarto fasebi da SesaZleblobebi, Tumca ar aqvs srulyofili informacia konkurentebis
sastarto fasebisa da potenciuri SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, monawile mxareebi aseTi informaciis
erTmaneTisagan dafarvas saguldagulod cdiloben. zogjer sruliad SeuZlebelia savaraudo fasis gansazRvra
uSualod gayidvis momentamde Tundac sul mcire xniT adre. magaliTad, rogor ganvsazRvroT firosmanis
unikaluri naxatebis fasi? rogor ganvsazRvroT winaswar moTxovnisa da miwodebis Tanafardoba axlad
mokrefil xilsa da bostneulze, cocxal Tevzsa Tu sxva malfuWebad produqtebze? yvela am SemTxvevaSi
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia winaswar fasis gansazRvra, sanam zustad ar ganisazRvreba moTxovnisa da miwodebis
moculobebi, anu fasi Camoyalibdeba mxolod da mxolod uSualod gayidvis procesSi.

auqcionis modelebi
auqcioni aris iseTi organizebuli bazari, sadac yidva-gayidva xorcieldeba fasis dasaxelebis
formaluri procedurebis meSveobiT. gvxvdeba mravali formisa da zomis auqcionebi. xSirad isini
gamoiyeneba gansakuTrebiT unikaluri saqonlis da diferencirebuli produqtebiT vaWrobisas (magaliTad,
xelovnebis nawarmoebi, antikvaruli nivTebi, sxvadasxva saxis licenziebi). aseTi formis auqcionebs aqvT
erTi udavo upiratesoba: maT gacilebiT naklebi dro sWirdebaT, vidre ormxriv pirispir molaparakebebs
394
myidvelsa da gamyidvels Soris asimetriuli informaciis pirobebSi. amasTanave, auqcionebi aZliereben
konkurencias myidvelebs Soris, rac zrdis gamyidvelis Semosavals.
auqcionis modeli, romelic gulisxmobs auqcionis warmarTvis wesebis erTobliobas, metwilad
gansazRvravs mis Sedegebs. gamyidvels yovelTvis surs iseTi auqcioni, romelic axdens gayidvidan miRebuli
Semosavlebis maqsimizacias. myidvels ki urCevnia iseTi auqcioni, romelic axdens saqonlis SeZenis
danaxarjebis minimizacias. farTod gavrcelebulia auqcionis ramdenime modeli:
1. tradiciuli inglisuri auqcioni: gamyidveli iRebs potenciuri myidvelebis mier zepir gancxadebebs
saqonlis fasis gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnis Sesaxeb. yoveli momdevni potenciuri myidvelis mier
dasaxelebuli fasi yovelTvis ufro maRalia. saqonels SeiZens bolo, yvelaze maRali fasis SemTavazebeli.
auqcionis msvlelobisas monawile mxareebma yovel momentSi ician dasaxelebuli maRali fasi, auqcioni
mTavrdeba maSin, roca Semdgomi myidveli mzad ar aris SesTavazos dasaxelebulze ufro maRali fasi.
2. holandiuri auqcioni: gamyidveli iwyebs vaWrobas saqonelze maRali fasis dasaxelebiT. Tu potenciuri
myidvelebisagan aravin gamoTqvavs mzadyofnas dasaxelebuli fasis gadaxdisaTvis, gamyidveli
amcirebs saqonlis fass da yovel momdvno momentisaTvis acxadebs sul ufro dabal fass. auqcioni
grZeldeba manam, sanam pirveli potenciuri myidveli ar gamoTqvavs mzadyofnas romelime Semcirebuli
fasis gadaxdisaTvis. holandiuri auqcioni xSirad gamoiyeneba zogierTi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciiT
vaWrobisas, magaliTad TambaqoTi da yvavilebiT vaWroba, maT Soris holandiaSi titebiT vaWroba
(swored aqedan momdinareobs auqcionis am modelis saxelic).
3. daxuruli ganacxadebis auqcioni (tenderebi): fasis Sesaxeb yvela ganacxadi keTdeba erTdroulad
daxuruli konvertebis saSualebiT. gamarjvebulia is klienti, romlis konvertSic aRmoCndeba SeTavazeba
yvelaze maRali fasis gadaxdisaTvis mzadyofnis Sesaxeb. Tu ramdens gadaixdis myidveli,
damokidebulia auqcionis wesze: pirveli fasis auqcionze ( First-Price Auction) gasayidi saqonlis fasi
yvelaze maRali dasaxelebuli fasia. meore fasis auqcionze (Second-Price Auction) saqoneli iyideba
sididiT meore dasaxelebuli fasis mixedviT.
auqcionebis klasificireba SesaZlebelia monawileebis mier auqcionze gamotanili saqonlis Sefasebis
mixedviT. monawileebisaTvis kerZo Sefasebis saqonlis SemTxvevaSi TiToeul monawiles aqvs mocemuli
saqonlis Rirebulebis gansakuTrebuli, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sefaseba. man zustad icis, ra `uRirs
es nivTi, magram ar flobs srulyofil informacias Tu ra uRirs sxva monawileebs igive nivTi. magaliTad,
xelovnebis unikaluri nawarmoebebisa da antikvaruli nivTebis auqcioni swored aseTi auqcionia. saerTo
Sefasebis auqcionze yvela monawiles aqvs saqonlis Rirebulebis erTnairi Sefaseba, magram arcerTma
maTganma ar icis zustad Rirebulebis odenoba.
warmovidginoT, rom auqcionze gasayidad gamotanilia larebiT savse daluquli Cemodani. aravin icis,
ramdeni lari devs masSi. TiToeuli monawilisaTvis CemodanSi moTavsebuli kupiurebis fuladi Rirebuleba
erTi da igivea, magram arcerTma ar icis larebis zusti odenoba. saerTo Sefasebis auqcionebze monawileebma
rogorme TavisiT unda moipovon informacia saqonlis realuri Rirebulebis Sesaxeb, unda mixvdnen mas an
gamoiyenon sxva monawileebis mier dasaxelebuli fasis Sesaxeb informacia.

kerZo Sefasebis auqcionebi
ganvixiloT kerZo Rirebulebis auqcionebis specifika sami saxis auqcionis magaliTze: esenia pirveli
fasis daxuruli auqcioni, inglisuri auqcioni da meore fasis daxuruli auqcioni. am SemTxvevebis ganxilvisas
395
Cveni mizania SeviswavloT, Tu rogor gavlenas axdens TiToeuli saxis auqcionis formaluri wesebi
monawileTa qcevaze da gamyidvelebis mier miRebul Semosavalze.

magaliTi 2
antikuri magida internet-auqcionze
davuSvaT, internet-auqcionze gasayidad gamotanilia antikuri sasadilo magida. umetes SemTxvevaSi
internet-auqcioni, magaliTad, msoflioSi cnobili amerikuli internet-auqcioni eBay, moqmedebs pirveli fasis
daxuruli auqcionis modelis mixedviT, sadac monawileebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia saqonlis kerZo Sefaseba.
davuSvaT, rom $1000 aris WeSmariti Sefaseba (True Valuation) - maqsimaluri Tanxa, romlis
gadasaxdeladac mzad xarT. radganac mocemuli SemTxveva aris kerZo Sefasebis auqcioni, sxva potenciuri
klientebi SesaZloa sxva maqsimaluri Tanxis gadaxdisadmi iyvnen mzad. davuSvaT, rom Tqven ar iciT
Tqveni konkurentebis mier internet-auqcionze dasaxelebuli maqsimaluri fasi. Tqven darwmunebuli xarT,
rom konkurentebs Soris albaT iqnebian iseTebic, vinc $1000-ze meti an naklebi fasis gadasaxdelad iqneba
mzad. rogori unda iyos fasis dasaxelebis strategia?
erTi SexedviT Zalze bunebrivad moCans $1000-is ganacxadis gakeTeba. bolos da bolos, Tven
swored ase ,,giRirT es magida da Tqveni SefasebiT maqsimaluri fasis SeTavazebiT zrdiT auqcionis
mogebis Sansebs. Tumca, es namdvilad ar aris saukeTeso strategia am SemTxvevaSi. pirveli fasis daxurul
auqcionze myidvelebis optimaluri strategia im maqsimalur Tanxaze dabali fasis dasaxelebaa, romlis
gadaxdisTvisac isini mzad arian.
aseTi strategiis upiratesobaSi dasarwmuneblad, davuSvaT, rom gaakeTeT $900 ganacxadi. radganac
TqvenTvis ucnobia sxva monawileebis kerZo Sefasebebi (maT mier magidis subieqturi Sefasebebi - is
Tanxa, rac TiToeul maTgans magida `uRirs), Tqven zustad ar gecodinebaT is Sedegebi, rasac Tqveni
qmedeba gamoiwvevs. S mrudi naxazze 18.5 gviCvenebs damokidebulebas Tqvens mier dasaxelebuli fasis
odenobasa da auqcionis mogebis albaTobebs Soris. davuSvaT, rom Tqven riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobili
brZandebiT, xolo Semosavalsa da danaxarjebs afasebT mosalodneli Rirebulebis mixedviT (ise, rogorc es
me-6 TavSi aRvwereT).
396

rogorc naxazidan Cans, roca Tqvens mier internet-auqcionze gakeTebuli ganacxadi $1000-ia,
mosalodneli gadasaxdeli (Expacted Payment) _ ganacxadSi miTiTebuli fasi gamravlebuli auqcionis
mogebis albaTobaze _ aris A+B+C+D+E+F farTobi toli. Tuki Tqven SeamcirebT SeTavazebul fass $900-
mde, maSin mosalodneli gadasaxdeli Tanxa iqneba E+F farTobi. mosalodneli gadsaxdeli mcirdeba
A+B+C+D fartobiT ori mizezis gamo: ixdiT cotas, Tuki moigebT da mogebis albaToba am SemTxvevaSi
ufro naklebia.
mosalodneli gadasaxdelis Semcireba Zalian kargia, magram mcirdeba auqcionis mogebisas
misaRebi mosalodneli sargebloba (Benefit) Tavdapirvelad Tqveni mosalodneli sargebloba - $1000
gamravlebuli mogebis albaTobaze aris A+B+C+D+E+F farTobi, xolo roca SeTavazebas $900-mde
amcirebT, maSin Tqveni mosalodneli sargeblobac D+E+F mcirdeba mcirdeba da klebulobs A+B+C farTobis
toli sididiT.
ase rom, mosalodneli gadasaxdeli mcirdeba ufro meti sididiT, vidre mosalodneli sargebloba.
wminda sargebloba am SemTxvevaSi D farTobis tolia. Tqveni keTildReoba D farTobiT umjobesdeba.
cxrili 18.1 naTlad gviCvenebs am Sedegs: marTalia SeTavazebuli fasis SemcirebiT Tqveni mogebis
albaTobac mcirdeba, magram ufro naklebi sididiT vidre mosalodneli sargebloba, xolo mogebis
SemTxvevaSi gadasaxdeli Tanxac dagezogebaT.
C
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nax. 18.5 pirveli fasis daxurul auqcionze optimaluri fasis SeTavazeba
roca internet-auqcionze gakeTebuli ganacxadi $1000-ia, mosalodneli gadasaxdeli Tanxa aris A+B+C+D+E+F farTobi. Tu
Semcirdeba SeTavazebuli fasi $900-mde, maSin mosalodneli gadasaxdeli Tanxa iqneba E+F farTobi. mcirdeba auqcionis
mogebisas misaRebi mosalodneli Semosavali (Benefit). pirvelad mosalodneli Semosavali - $1000 gamravlebuli mogebis
albaTobaze aris A+B+C+D+E+F farTobi, xolo roca SeTavazebas $900-mde amcirebT, maSin Tqveni mosalodneli
Semosavalic D+E+F farTobamde mcirdeba da klebulobs A+B+C farTobis toli sididiT. ase rom, mosalodneli gadasaxdeli
mcirdeba ufro meti sididiT, vidre mosalodneli Semosavali. wminda Semosavali am SemTxvevaSi tolia D farTobis.

D
A
F
E
$900 $1000
fasis ganacxadebi
397
mosalodneli sargebloba da danaxarji daxurul auqcionze
cxrili 18.1
mosalodneli Semosavali da danaxarji pirveli fasis daxurul auqcionze sxvadasxva fasis
dasaxelebisas

SeTavazebuli fasi
$1000 $900
mosalodneli sargebloba A+B+C+D+E+F D+E+F
mosalodneli gadasaxdeli A+B+C+D+E+F E+F
mosalodneli mogeba 0 0

ramdeniT unda SeamciroT SeTavazebuli fasi? am kiTxvaze pasuxi damokidebulia S mrudis
formaze. S mrudis formas gansazRvravs auqcionis sxva monawileebis mier arCeuli ganacxadis gakeTebis
strategiebisa da maTi kerZo Sefasebebis Sesaxeb Tqveni warmodgenebi. pirveli fasis daxurul auqcionze
Fganacxadis wardgenis strategia aris me-14 TavSi gaanalizebuli neSis wonasworobis erT-erTi magaliTi.
auqcionze monawileTa N mTliani raodenobis SemTxvevaSi, neSis wonasworobis Sesabamisi
strategia TiToeuli monawilisaTvis aris, SesTavazos fasi, romelic udris (N-1)/N gadamravlebuli
SemTavazeblis kerZo Sefasebaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom ramdenic ar unda iyos auqcionze monawileTa
raodenoba, yvelaze maRali kerZo Sefasebis monawile igebs auqcions da ixdis ufro naklebs, vidre mzad
iyo gadaexada. amasTanave, SeTavazebebis wonasworuli fasi izrdeba auqcionze monawileTa ricxvis
zrdasTan erTad.

savarjiSo 1
neSis wonasworobis ilustrireba daxurul auqcionze
amocana
auqcionze or monawiles surs iSviaTi gamocemis bukinisturi wignis SeZena. TiToeul maTgans sjera,
rom metoqis mier wignis kerZo WeSmariti Sefaseba meryeobs $0-dan $200-mde. vaCvenoT, rom TiToeuli
monawilisaTvis neSis wonasworobis Sesabamisi fasi aris maTive WeSmariti Sefasebis naxevari.

amoxsna
radgan mocemul SemTxvevaSi N=2, amitom TiToeuli monawilisaTvis optimaluri SesaTavazebeli
fasi aris {(2-1)/2=1/2} gadamravlebuli TiToeulis WeSmarit Sefasebaze.

Cveni mizania vaCvenoT, Tu I monawile darwmunebulia, rom II monawile WeSmariti Sefasebis
naxevari fasis tol ganacxads gaakeTebs, maSin TviTonac Tavisi WeSmariti Sefasebis naxevari fasis tol
ganacxads gaakeTebs.
Tu II monawilis mier dasaxelebuli fasi aris misi WeSmariti Sefasebis naxevari, maSin I monawilis
azriT, II monawilis mier dasaxelebuli fasi aris $0-dan $100-mde diapazonSi ($200/2=100). aseTi varaudis
safuZvelze, Tu I monawile daasaxelebs Q-s tol fass, misi auqcionis mogebis albaToba iqneba Q/100.
aSkarad Cans, rom II monawilis mocemuli strategiis SemTxvevaSi sakmarisia I monawilis mier $100-ze
398
udnav maRali fasis SeTavazeba, raTa man auqcioni ueWvelad moigos. (am SemTvevaSi Q/100 ganayofi
erTze metia).
Tu I monawile daasaxelebs $50, maSin arsebobs 0,5 albaToba imisa rom II monawile ufro met
Tanxas daasaxelebs. amave SemTxvevaSi arsebobs 0,5 albaToba imisa rom II monawile $50 nakleb Tanxas
ganacxadebs. davuSvaT rom I monawilis mier wignis namdvili Sefaseba aris $60. misi mTliani mogeba aris
wignis SeZenis mosalodnel sargeblobas minuss mosalodneli gadasaxdeli
mosalodnel sargeblobas mosalodneli gadasaxdeli=
= (namdvili Sefaseba X mogebis albaTobaze) (SeTavazebuli fasi X mogebis albaTobaze)=
= (60 X Q/100) (Q X Q/100)= (0,60 -0,01 Q) Q
monawilis mTliani mogebis (Total Profit) formula (0,600,01Q)Q aris wrfivi moTxovnis mrudis
Sesabamisi mTliani amonagebis (Total Revenue) analogiuri formula. gavixsenoT masala me-11 Temidan;
roca moTxovnis funqciaa P=(a-bQ), mTliani amonagebi tolia TR=(a-bQ)Q). zRvruli mogebis (Marginal
Profit) formulac analogiuri iqneba wrfivi moTxovnis mrudis Sesabamisi zRvruli amonagebis formulis: MP=
0,60-0,02Q. ( me-11 Temidan gvaxsovs, rom roca TR= (a-bQ), maSin MR= a-2bQ.)
optimaluri Ffasis dros zRvruli mogeba nulis tolia. optimalurma ganacxadis fasma unda
daakmayofilis 0,60-0,02Q=0 formula, saidanac Q=$30. axla ukve aSkarad vxedavT, rom I monawilis mier
SeTavazebuli fasi aris misi WeSmariti Sefasebis - $60-is naxevari.
ase rom, Tu I monawile darwmunebulia, rom II monawile auqcionze daasaxelebs mis mier saqonlis
WeSmariti Sefasebis naxevaris tol fass, saukeTeso qmedeba I monawilisTvisac zustad igive strategiis
arCeva iqneba. ramdeni monawilec ar unda iyos auqcionze, mas yovelTvis yvelaze maRali WeSmariti
Sefasebis mqone monawile igebs da Tanac yovelTvis ufro nakleb Tanxas ixdis vidre mzad iyo gadaexada.
amasTanave, auqcionze wonasworuli fasi matulobs imis mixedviT, rac ufro meti monawilea.

magaliTi 3
antikuri magida kerZo Sefasebis mqone inglisur auqcionze

ganvixiloT antikuri magidis gayidvis magaliTi inglisur auqcionze. davuSvaT, rom Tqvens mier
gansazRvruli antikuri magidis kerZo Sefaseba $1000-is tolia, xolo Tqveni metoqis mier magidis kerZo
Sefaseba $800-ia, oRond amis Sesaxeb Tqven araferi iciT. davuSvaT, auqcioni iwyeba organizatorebis mier
$300 fasis gamocxadebiT. rogori unda iyos Tqveni qmedebis startegia?
me-14 TemaSi Catarebuli sxvadasxva strategiebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom dominanturi strategia
iqneba gaagrZeloT sul ufro da ufro maRali fasis dasaxeleba manam, sanam fasi ar gadaaWarbebs Tqvens
mier antikuri magidis WeSmarit Sefasebas.
warmovidginoT, Tqveni metoqe asaxelebs $450, unda daasaxeloT Tu ara $451 magidis xelSi
Casagdebad? cxadia, unda daasaxeloT. situacia ori scenaris mixedviT SeiZleba ganviTardes da orive scenari
ukeTesia im varianTTan SedarebiT, roca ar asaxelebT $451 magidis xelSi Casagdebad.
I varianti: yvelaze uaresi rac SeiZleba dagemarToT aris is, rom metoqem ufro maRali fasi
SesTavazos gamyidvels. am situaciaSi Tqveni mdgomareoba ar iqneba ufro uaresi, vidre $451-s
daasaxelebdiT (arc maSin da arc axla ar gaqvT magida, Tumca Tanxac ar wagigiaT);
399
II varianti: yvelaze saukeTeso viTareba, romelSic SeiZleba aRmoCndeT $451 dasaxelebisas, aris is,
rom metoqem Sewyvitos fasis dasaxeleba da $451-ad sasurveli magida miiRoT. es fasi naklebia Tqvens mier
magidis WeSmarit Sefasebaze _ Tqven xom mzad iyaviT Tundac $1000 gadagexadaT.
roca inglisur auqcionze monawileebi misdeven maT mier saqonlis WeSmariti Sefasebis tol
Tanxamde fasis zrdis strategias, auqcions igebs yvelaze maRali kerZo Sefasebis mqone monawile. Tqveni
metoqe tovebs auqcions, rogorc ki Tqvens mier dasaxelebuli fasi gadaaWarbebs $800 da gaxdeba Tundac
$801. Tqven ki Sedegad SeiZenT TqvenTvis $1000 Rirebulebis mqone magidas $801-ad.

magaliTi 4
antikuri magida kerZo Sefasebis mqone meore fasis daxurul auqcionze
warmovidginoT, rom igive magida iyideba meore fasis daxurul auqcionze. TamaSTa Teoria aqac
dagvexmareba optimaluri strategiis SerCevaSi: TiToeuli monawilis dominanturi strategia iqneba maT mier
saqonlis WeSmariti Sefasebis toli fasis dasaxeleba. rasac ar unda fiqrobdeT Tqveni metoqis mier dasaxelebul
mosalodnel fasze, sulerTia, TqvenTvis saukeTeso startegiaa $1000 dasaxeleba. am gadawyvetilebis
sisworeSi dasarwmuneblad ganvixiloT Tqveni alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi:
- Tu daasaxelebT $1000-ze nakleb fass, an moigebT auqcions an ara. es damokidebuli iqneba
metoqeebis mier saqonlis WeSmarit Sefasebebze, romelTa Sesaxeb Tqven ar gagaCniaT srulyofili
informacia. $1000 fasis dasaxelebisas ki faqtiurad zarali ar gaqvT: es xom meore fasis daxuruli
auqcionia da mogebis SemTxvevaSic ki Tqven ixdiT ara $1000 dolars, aramed $1000-is Semdeg
meore maqsimalur fass. ase rom, $1000 ze naklebi nebismieri fasis dasaxeleba ar aris optimaluri
qmedeba Tqveni mxridan (es iqneba Tqveni dominirebadi da ara dominanturi strategia)
- ra moxdeba Tu daasaxelebT Tqvens mier magidis WeSmarit Sefasebaze ufro maRal fass, magaliTad
$1050? erTi SexedviT, es varianti momxiblavad gamoiyureba, radgan mogebis SemTxvevaSic ki
$1050 ze naklebi Tanxis gadaxda mogiwevT. (Tumca zustad ver gansazRvravT $1000-ze metis Tu
naklebis. es damokidebuli iqneba sxva monawileebis strategiebze)
- Tu Tqvens mier $1050 dasaxelebisas II monawile asaxelebs $1050-ze met fass, Tqveni mxridan fasis
momateba veraferSi dagexmarebaT: Tqven yvela SemTxvevaSi agebT auqcions.
- meore mxriv, Tu Tqveni metoqe daasaxelebda $1000-ze naklebs, Tqven ki auqcionis mogeba $1000
dolaradac SegeZloT, axla zaralobT da ixdiT $50-iT mets.
da bolos, Tuki Tqveni metoqe asaxelebs fass $1000-dan $1050-mde diapazonSi, maSin Tqven igebT
auqcions, magram zaralobT ixdiT Tqvens mier magidis WeSmarit Sefasebaze ufro mets.
ase rom, WeSmarit Sefasebaze ufro maRali fasis SeTavazebas arasdros moaqvs sargebeli da zogierT
SemTxvevaSi zianis momtania. ukeTesia daasaxeloT Tqvens mier saqonlis Wesmariti Sefasebis toli fasi da
auqcionis wagebis SemTxvevaSic ki, Tqven ar dazaraldebiT.
axla kvlav davubrundeT meore fasis daxurul auqcionze antikuri magidis gayidvis magaliTs. roca
Tqveni metoqis maqsimaluri fasi $800 dolaria, Tqvens mier swored SerCeuli startegiis Semdeg asaxelebT
$801, igebT auqcions da ixdiT $800 (es aris Tqveni metoqis mier dasaxelebuli maqsimaluri fasi, romelic
axla ukve auqcionze dasaxelebuli meore maqsimaluri fasia). Tqvens mier meore fasis daxurul auqcionze
gadaxdili safasuri $800 aris praqtikulad im Tanxis toli ($801) romelsac inglisuri auqcionis SemTxvevaSi
gadaixdidiT.
400
ase rom, meore fasis daxuruli auqcioni, gasxvavebuli formaluri procedurebis miuxedavad, TiTqmis
igive Semosavlis momtania gamyidvelisaTvis, rogorc inglisuri auqcioni.
SevajamoT Cvens mier ganxiluli kerZo Sefasebis mqone sami saxis auqcionis analizis Sedegebi. Tu
auqcionis yvela monawile misdevs neSis wonasworobis Sesabamis strategiebs, maSin
- pirveli fasis daxurul auqcionze yvelaze maRali fasis gadaxdisaTvis mzadmyofi monawile igebs
auqcions, magram ixdis im maqsimalur fassze naklebs, romlis gadasaxdeladac gadasaxdeladac mzad
iyo;
- inglisur auqcionze aseve yvelaze maRali fasis gadaxdisadmi mzadmyofi monawile igebs auqcions,
magram ixdis meore maqsimaluri fasis praqtikulad tol (umniSvnelod met) safasurs;
- meore fasis daxurul auqcionze isev yvelaze maRali fasis gadaxdisadmi mzadmyofi monawile igebs
auqcions. TiToeuli monawile asaxelebs Tavis maqsimalur fass. mogebuli ixdis dasaxelebul meore
maqsimalur fass.
rogorc vxedavT, samive auqcions saerTo Tvisebebi axasiaTebT: 1. auqcions yovelTvis igebs
maqsimaluri fasis gadaxdisadmi mzadmyofi; 2. mogebulis mier gadaxdili fasi aris missave
gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnaze ufro naklebi. kerZod, inglisur da meore fasis daxurul auqcionze
mogebulis gadaxdili Tanxa praqtikulad sididiT meore dasaxelebuli maqsimaluri fasis eqvivalenturia.
es eqvivalenturoba ZalaSia kerZo Sefasebis mqone monawileebis yvela auqcionisaTvis. am gasaocar
Ffenomens ewodeba Semosavlebis eqvivalenturobis Teorema, romlis Tanaxmadac nebismieri saxis kerZo
Sefasebis mqone monawileebis auqcionze gamyidveli iRebs praqtikulad erTsa da igive Semosavals, romelic
meore maqsimaluri Sefasebis tolia.

saerTo Sefasebis auqcionebi
saerTo Sefasebis mqone monawileebis auqcions axasiaTebs erTi ucnauroba, romelsac SegviZlia
`mogebulis ubedureba (Winners Curse) vuwodoT: auqcionis momgebi monawilis mier dasaxelebuli fasi
SesaZloa aWarbebdes saqonlis realur fass. am araracionaluri qmedebis SesaZleblobis sailustraciod
warmovidginoT, rom auditoriaSi auqcionis wesiT gasayidad profesors Semoaqvs dolarebi, romelic
moTavsebulia gaumWvirval daxurul CemodanSi. auqcionze iyideba dolarebi da ara Cemodani. studentebs
eZlevaT CemodanSi mxolod wamierad Caxedvis saSualeba, raTa daaxloebiT mainc gansazRvron Tu
ramdeni dolaria Sig moTavsebuli. zusti informacia CemodanSi moTavsebuli kupiurebis fuladi Rirebulebis
Sesaxeb studentebisaTvis ucnobia.
davuSvaT CemodanSi moTavsebuli fulis Rirebuleba Tqven SeafaseT $150. es aris is maqsimaluri
Tanxa ris dasaxelebasa da gadaxdasac moisurvebdiT am Cemodanis sanacvlod. Tqveni jgufelebic Tavisi
Sexedulebebis mixedviT afaseben Cemodnis Rirebulebas. maTi Sefaseba SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli iyos
Tqveni Sefasebisagan.
davuSvaT, rom jgufis wevrebis mier gakeTebuli Sefasebebi warmodgenilia normaluri ganawilebis
mixedviT. naxazze 18.6. normaluri ganawilebis mrudis simaRle gviCvenebs sxvadasxva Sefasebebis
SedarebiT sixSires (Relative Frequency). gumbaTis wveri anu mrudis Sua nawili gviCvenebs saqonlis
realur fass, anu CemodanSi moTavsebuli Tanxis realur odenobas - $80, rac ucnobia studentebisaTvis.
davuSvaT, rom profesori mimarTavs pirveli fasis daxuruli auqcionis wess `Cemodnis fulis
gasayidad. studentebs axsovT profesoris leqciaze Seswavlili sakiTxi: kerZo Sefasebis pirveli fasis auqcionze
optimaluri strategia aris imaze naklebi fasis dasaxeleba, ris gadaxdisTvisac isini mzad arian. Tu yvela
401
studenti marTlac ase moiqceva maSin maT mier dasaxelebuli fasebis ganawilebis amsaxveli gumbaTis
formis mrudi iqneba ufro marcxniv, vidre studentebis Sefasebebis ganawilebis mrudi.
davuSvaT rom Tqven daasaxeleT $100, maSin roca mzad xarT `Cemodnis fulisaTvis $150
gadaixadoT. Tqven igebT auqcions, magram aRmoaCenT rom gadaixadeT ufro meti (100>80), vidre
kupiurebis realuri Rirebulebaa. swored es gaxlavT `mogebulis ubedureba: monawileebi iyeneben kerZo
Sefasebis auqcionis Sesabamis saukeTeso strategiebs saerTo Sefasebis auqcionze, ris Sedegadac ixdian ufro
maRal fass, vidre saqonlis realuri sabazro fasia.


naxazi 18.6 gvixsnis `mogebulis ubedurebis fenomens.
29
momgebi fasi dasaxelebuli iqneba lurji
mrudis marjvena monakveTidan da es dasaxeleba Seesabameba ,,Cemodnis kupiurebis realuri Rirebulebis
yvelaze optimistur Sefasebas. nebismieri studenti romelic daasaxelebs fass 80-100 dolaris diapazonSi
(naxazze a+b areali), waawydeba ,,mogebulis ubedurebis problemas.
rogor aviciloT Tavidan ,,mogebulis ubedurebis problema? profesoris kerZo Sefasebis auqcionis
gakveTilebidan kargad unda gaxsovdeT, rom auqcions yovelTvis igebs mxolod saqonlisaTvis yvelaze
maRali Sefasebis mimniWebeli monawile. windaxedulma studentma unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom CemodanSi
moTavsebuli kupiurebis Rirebuleba erTnairia, saerToa yvelasaTvis, oRond misi zusti odenoba aravin icis.

29
naxazi warmoadgens identur diagramas m. bezermanisa da u. f. samuelsonis wignidan: M Bazerman and W.F. Samuelson, I Won the Auction
But Dont Want the Prize, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 27, 4, page 618-634

a

b

nax. 18.6 mogebulis ubedureba
mrudis simaRle gviCvenebs sxvadasxva Sefasebebis SedarebiT sixSires. gumbaTis wveri (mrudis Sua nawili) gviCvenebs
saqonlis realur fass anu CemodanSi moTavsebuli Tanxis realur, studentebisaTvis ucnob odenobas - $80. fasi dasaxelebuli
iqneba muqi mrudis marjvena monakveTidan da es dasaxeleba Seesabameba `Cemodnis kupiurebis realuri Rirebulebis yvelaze
optimistur Sefasebas. nebismieri studenti, romelic daasaxelebs fass 80-100 dolaris diapazonSi (naxazze a+ b farTobi),
waawydeba `mogebulis ubedurebis problemas.


Sefasebebi da fasebi dolarebSi
$80 $100 $150
S
e
f
a
s
e
b
e
b
i
s
a

d
a

f
a
s
e
b
i
s

s
i
x
S
i
r
e

402
windaxeduli studentis mier auqcionze strategiis SerCevisas Catarebul analizs eqneba Semdegis saxe:
- me Sevafase CemodanSi fuli $150-ad;
- Tu movigeb auqcions, es niSnavs rom me yvelaze maRali Sefaseba mimicia CemodanSi moTavsebuli
fulisaTvis da, SesaZlebelia fulis realuri Rirebuleba iyos ufro naklebi vidre Cemeuli Sefaseba - $150;
- radganac Cemi mizania movigo auqcioni da amasTanave ar gadavixado imaze meti, vidre fulis realuri
Rirebulebaa, ise unda moviqce TiTqos Cemeuli Sefaseba aris $150-ze naklebi, vTqvaT a $150, sadac
a < 1.
Tu ramdeniT nakleb fass daasaxelebT Tqveneul SefasebasTan SedarebiT (a -s sidide),
damokidebulia sxva monawileebis raodenobaze. davuSvaT, rom auditoriaSi Tqvens garda 29 studentia.
auqcionis mogebis SemTxvevaSi Tqveni Sefaseba $150 aris umaRlesi 30 potenciur Sefasebebs Soris. ra
odenobis Tanxis dasaxeleba iqneba yvelaze ukeTesi TqvenTvis? am kiTxvaze zusti pasuxi moiTxovs rTul
gaTvlebs albaTobis Teoriidan, magram erTmniSvnelovnad cxadia, rom unda daasaxeloT bevrad ufro naklebi
vidre $150, magaliTad daiwyeT $85-dan. codna ,,mogebulis ubedurebis fenomenis arsebobis Sesaxeb
aucileblad iwvevs monawileebis mxridan Zalze frTxil da TavSekavebul qmedebebs, vidre es xdeba kerZo
Sefasebis auqcionebze.
,,mogebulis ubedurebis fenomeni gulisxmobs, rom auqcionis monawileebs SeuZliaT misi Tavidan
acileba Tuki gaiTvaliswineben misi arsebobis SesaZleblobas strategiis SerCevisas. auqcionze monawileTa
ricxvis gazrdam SesaZloa kidev ufro frTxili saqcielisken ubiZgos monawileebs da isini kidev ufro dabali
fasis dasaxelebiT daiwyeben auqcions. (kerZo Rirebulebis auqcionidan gansxvavebiT, sadac monawileTa
ricvis gazrda iwvevs neSis wonasworobis Sesabamisi fasis zrdas).
rogorc vxedavT, saerTo Sefasebis auqcionis SemTxveva, sadac monawileebi ufrTxian mogebulis
ubedurebis fenomens da dabal fass asaxeleben, sulac ar aris auqcionis saukeTeso saxe gamyidvelisaTvis.
rogorc Cans, saerTo Sefasebisas gamyidvelisaTvis yvelaze ufro xelsayrelia inglisuri auqcionis mowyoba.
TamaSTa Teoriis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia imis dasabuTeba, rom gamyidvelebis Semosavlebi saSualod
maRalia inglisuri auqcionis SemTxvevaSi vidre pirveli da meore fasis, an holandiuri auqcionis
SemTxvevaSi. (es debuleba marTebulia, Tu monawileebi arian riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobili an riskis
uarmyofeli individebi). amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom inglisuri auqcioni yvelaze ufro metadaa
gavrcelebuli realuri biznesis samyaroSi. is saSualebas aZlevs monawileebs miiRon ufro meti informacia
erTmaneTisagan, aRmofxvran asimetriuli informaciiT gamowveuli ,,mogebulis ubedurebis problema.

magaliTi 5
`mogebulis ubedureba saklaso oTaxSi
rogor fiqrobT, Tqvens auditoriaSi marTla rom Semovides profesori dolarebiani CemodniT da
moawyos zemoT aRwerili auqcioni, waawydebiT Tu ara ,,mogebulis ubedurebis problemas?
orma profesorma, maqs bezermenma (Max Bazerman) da uiliam samuelsonma (William Samuelson)
Caatares zustad msgavsi eqsperimenti aSS-s bostonis universitetSi magistraturis studentebis sxvadasxva
jgufebTan. Cemodanisa da dolaris kupiurebis nacvlad isini iyenebdnen xurda fuliT savse gaumWvirvale
qilas, sadac moTavsebuli iyo $8-is xurda fuli. studentebis motivaciis gazrdis mizniT maT daaweses
damatebiTi prizi im studentisaTvis, romelebic qilaSi fulis realur raodenobasTan yvelaze ufro miaxloebul fass
daasaxelebdnen.
403
auditoriebSi Catarebulma eqsperimentebma daadastures, rom studentebi sistematurad dgebodnen
`mogebulis ubedurebis problemis winaSe. 48 Catarebul auqcionze mogebulis mier dasaxelebuli saSualo fasi
iyo $10,01 rac $2,01 iT aRemateboda qilaSi moTavsebuli fulis realur Rirebulebas. es Sedegi kidev ufro
gasaocaria, radganac studentTa umravlesoba saSualod mcire Tanxas asaxelebda. studentTa mier qilaSi
moTavsebuli Tanxis saSualo Sefaseba iyo $5,13, rac @2,87-iT naklebia `qilis fulis realur Rirebulebaze. ase
rom, am auqcionze ,,mogebulis ubedurebis tendencia kidev ufro Zlieri aRmoCnda. miuxedavad imisa, rom
studentebi realur Rirebulebaze naklebad afasebdnen `qilis fulis Rirebulebas, auqcionis momgebis mier
dasaxelebuli fasi aRemateboda mis realur Rirebulebas. realuri Rirebuleba marTla $5,13 rom yofiliyo,
mogebulis danakargi kidev ufro STambeWdavi iqneboda - $4,88 (10,01-5,13) vidre $2,01

magaliTi 6
internet-auqcionebi
bolo wlebSi internet-auqcionebis popularoba gansakuTrebiT izrdeba. ucxoeTSi erT-erTi popularuli
internet-auqcioni aris eBay. (www.ebay.com). yoveldRiurad am internet-saitis meSveobiT imarTeba
mravali auqcioni, sadac gasayidad gamoaqvT uamravi sxvadaxva saqoneli, dawyebuli antikvaruli nivTebiT
da damTavrebuli saTamaSoebiT. Nnebismier 18 wlis moqalaqes SeuZlia masSi monawileobis miReba
myidvelis statusiT. rogorc wesi, gamyidvelebi ixdian gayiduli nivTis safasuridan garkveul procents
kompaniis sasargeblod. kompania marTavs ori modelis auqcions: (1) erT saqonelze zrdadi fasis mqone
auqcions, sadac yvelaze maRali fasis SemTavazebeli iRebs auqcions da ixdis sididiT meore SeTavazebul
fass; (2) ramodenime identur saqonelze mzardi fasis auqcions, sadac igebs yvelaze maRali fasis
SemTavazebeli n raodenobis monawile.
aRsaniSnavia, rom arcerTi maTgani zustad ar Seesabameba Cvens mier zemoT aRweril auqcionis 4
models. pirveli TiTqos hgavs tradiciul inglisur auqcions, magram auqcionis damTavrebis zusti da fiqsirebuli
drois codna monawileebs aZlevs saSualebas mimarTon sxvagvar strategias da gaakeTon Tavisi ganacxadebi
auqcionis bolos. meore modelis auqcions, Tavad kompania eBay ki uwodebs holandiurs, magram tradiciuli
holandiuri auqcionisagan gansxvavdeba ori ZiriTadi niSniT: (1) fasis dasaxeleba mimdinareobs zrdis da ara
klebis principiT da (2) cnobilia auqcionis daxurvis zusti da fiqsirebuli dro. orive modelis internet-auqcionze
gamyidveli organizatorebs acnobebs maTTvis misaReb minimalur fass-sarezervo fass (Reserve Price).
Tumca myidvelebma ician sarezervo fasis arebobis Sesaxeb, maTTvis ucnobia misi zusti odenoba.
mraval internet-auqcionze umeteswilad warmodgenilia kerZo Sefasebis mqone saqoneli (Tumca,
radgan nebismiers SeuZlia nivTis auqcionze gatana, dgeba saqonlis saerTo Sefasebis problemac - ramdenad
sandoa gamyidveli?). tradiciuli auqcionebisagan gansxvavebiT, internet-auqcionebs saqonlis xarisxis
gakontrolebis aranairi funqcia ar aqvT, isini myidvelisa da gamyidvelisaTvis mxolod internet-forumis
organizebas axdenen.
saerTo Sefasebis mqone internet-auqcionebs axasiaTebs kidev erTi saSiSroeba: radganac
gamyidvelisaTvis Zalian advilia eleqtronuli fostis daregistrireba da misi saSualebiT auqcionze fasis
ganacxadis gakeTeba, maT SeuZliaT am procesis manipulireba. magaliTad, maT SeuZliaT realurad
gaamwvavon `mogebulis ubedurebis problema saqonlis fiqtiuri fasis Tavadve SeTavazebiT, rac myidvelebs
SecdomaSi Seiyvans da aiZulebs maTac gazardon dasaxelebuli fasebi. ase rom, internet-auqcionebze
monawileobis drosac ,,frTxili da windaxeduli myidvelis filosofia kargi mrCevelia.

404
ZiriTadi terminebi
- asimetriuli informacia
- xarisxis gaurkvevloba
- TanmimdevrobiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi
- srulyofili informaciis Rirebuleba
- auqcionis saxeebi
- kerZo Sefasebis auqcioni
- saerTo Sefasebis auqcioni
- ,,mogebulis ubedurebis problema

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. asimetriuli informaciis bazrebze garigebaSi monawile mxolod erTi mxare flobs srul da
mniSvnelovan informacias, xolo meore mxare SezRuduli informaciis mflobelia.
2. saqonlis xarisxis Sesaxeb informaciis asimetriulad ganawilebis mizeziT dabali xarisxis saqoneli
bazridan srulad gandevnis maRali xarisxis saqonels .da momxmarebels araxelsayreli arCevanisaken
ubiZgebs. araxelsayreli SerCevis problema SesaZlebelia imdenad seriozuli gaxdes, rom bazris sruli
ganadgureba gamoiwvios.
3. `gadawyvetilebis xe aris diagrama, romelic aRwers gadawyvetilebis mimRebi individis SesaZlo
alternativebs da drois mocemul momentSi TiToeuli alternativis albaTobebs. `gadawyvetilebis xis
diagramis analizi iwyeba diagramis marjvena bolodan marcxniv calkeuli punqtebis analiziT.
4. srulyofili informaciis Rirebuleba aris gadawyvetilebis mimRebi individis mosalodneli Semosavalis
nazrdi, roca individs damatebiTi xarjis gareSe SeuZlia winaswari samuSaoebis Catareba sarisko
movlenis mosalodneli Sedegebis Ggamovlenis (Semowmebis, testirebis) mizniT.
5. arsebobs mravali saxis auqcioni: inglisuri, pirveli da meore fasis daxuruli auqcioni, holandiuri
auqcioni. auqcionebis dayofa SesaZlebelia kerZo da saerTo Sefasebis mqone auqcionebad imis
mixedviT, monawileebs mocemuli saqonlis mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sefaseba aqvT Tu
saqonlis Rirebuleba yvelasaTvis saerTo, magram TiToeulisaTvis ucnobia.
6. Semosavlis eqvivalenturobis Teorema amtkicebs, rom Tu auqcionis monawileebs aqvT saqonlis
kerZo Sefasebebi, maSin nebismieri modelis auqcioni auqcionTa didi ricxvis SemTxvevaSi
saSualod erTi da igive Semosavlis momtania gamyidvelisaTvis. faqtiurad, es Semosavali meore
yvelaze maRali Sefasebis toli iqneba.
7. saerTo Sefasebis auqcionebze, monawileebi unda ufrTxildnen `mogebulis ubedurebis fenomens:
movlenas, roca auqcionis momgebi individi asaxelebs da ixdis saqonlis realur Rirebulebaze maRal
fass.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis
1. daasaxeleT asimetriuli informaciis bazrebis magaliTebi.
2. rogor da ratom iwvevs asimetriuli informacia bazris deformacias (axseniT Zveli manqanebis bazris
magaliTze).
3. ra igulisxmeba ,,gadawyvetilebis xis cnebaSi da ras asaxavs ,,gadawyvetilebis xis diagrama?
405
4. ratom aqvs srulyofil informacias Rirebuleba riskisadmi neitralurad ganwyobili adamianebisTvisac ki?
5. ratom aris auqcioni asimetriuli informaciis yvelaze ufro swrafad aRmomfxvreli bazris saxe?
6. ra gansxvavebaa kerZo da saerTo Sefasebebis mqone auqcionebs Soris?
7. ratom Cndeba ,,mogebulis ubedurebis problema saerTo da ara kerZo Sefasebis auqcionebze?
8. rogori unda iyos optimaluri strategia saerTo Sefasebis auqcionze? kerZo Sefasebis auqcionze?
406
Tavi 19. gare efeqtebi da sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis Sefasebas
2. bazris fiaskos koreqtirebis meTodebis SerCevas
3. gare efeqtebisa da sakuTrebis uflebebis analizs
4. gare efeqtebis dros zRvrul sazogadoebriv sargeblianobasa da zRvrul danaxarjebs Soris
damokidebulebis axsnas
5. qouzis Teoremis praqtikuli gamoyenebis axsnas
6. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis efeqtiani miwodebis gansazRvras
7. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis kerZo upiratesobebis Sefasebas

19.1 gare efeqtebi

gare efeqtebi anu eqsternaliebi (Externalities) warmoiSoba rogorc momxmareblebs, aseve
mwarmoeblebs Soris an momxmareblebsa da mwarmoeblebs Soris. igi SeiZleba iyos uaryofiTi (rodesac
erTi mxaris qmedebebi iwvevs meore mxarisaTvis damatebiT danaxarjebs) an dadebiTi (rodesac erTi
mxaris qmedebebs meore mxarisTvis damatebiTi mogeba moaqvs).
uaryofiT gare efeqtebs adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac magaliTad, firma narCen wyals CauSvebs im
mdinareSi, romelSic Tevzs iWeren da meTevzeTa Semosavali maT yoveldRiur saqmianobazea
damokidebuli. mdinareSi rac ufro met gaufiltrav wyals CauSvebs firma, miT naklebia TevzWeris moculoba.
uaryofiTi efeqtis warmoSobis mizezia is, rom sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros firmas ar gaaCnia
damatebiTi (gare) danaxarjebis gaTvaliswinebis stimuli.
dadebiTi gare efeqti warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac magaliTad, mepatrone Tavis saxls lamaz ferebSi
SeRebavs da mis irgvliv mSvenier baRsac gaaSenebs. am saqmianobidan sargebels yvela mezobeli
Rebulobs miuxedavad imisa, rom am gadawyvetilebaSi Tavidan gaTvaliswinebuli ar iyo mezoblis
sargeblianoba.
uaryofiTi eqsternaliebi da araefeqtianoba
eqsternaliebi sabazro fasebze ar moqmedeben. Aamitom isini SeiZleba ekonomikuri araefeqtianobis
mizezi gaxdes. aRniSnuli faqti rom avxsnaT, davubrundeT firmis magaliTs. naxazi 19.1 ,,a gviCvenebs
firmis sawarmoo gadawyvetilebis mruds konkurentul bazarze, naxazi 19.1 ,,b _ sabazro moTxovnisa da
miwodebis mrudebs. davuSvaT, rom bazarze moqmedi yvela firma erTnair gare efeqtebs axdens.
vivaraudoT, rom firmas aqvs sawarmoo funqcia warmoebis faqtorTa fiqsirebuli TanafardobiT, anu is ver
Secvlis faqtorTa kombinaciebs. Ggaufiltravi wylebis moculobis Semcireba SeiZleba mxolod warmoebis
moculobis Semcirebis xarjze.
gare efeqtebis arsi gavaanalizoT or etapad: 1. Tavdapirvelad dabinZurebis wyaro iyos mxolod erTi
firma; 2. ra moxdeba, Tu yvela firma analogiurad moiqceva?
407
dargSi warmoebuli Pproduqtis fasi P
1
-is tolia, is ganisazRvreba dargobrivi miwodebisa (MC
1
) da
moTxovnis mrudebis (D) gadakveTis wertiliT (naxazi 19.1 ,,b). MC mrudi asaxavs firmaSi warmoebis
zRvrul danaxarjebs (naxazi 19.1 ,,a). firma maqsimalur mogebas Rebulobs q
1
gamoSvebis dros, rodesac
zRvruli danaxarjebi fass utoldeba. magram Q gamoSvebis moculobis cvlileba gavlenas axdens meTevzeebze
dawesebul gare danaxarjebze. gare danaxarjebi naCvenebia zRvruli gare danaxarjebis (Marginal
External Cost _ MEC) mrudis saxiT naxazze 19.1 ,,a. dabinZurebis umravlesi saxeobisaTvis
firmisMmrudi aRmavalia: Tu firma didi raodenobiT awarmoebs produqts da wyalSi CaRvris damatebiT
narCenebs, maSin meTevzeTa zarali izrdeba.


fasi fasi
P
1
MSC

MC

q* q1

firmis gamoSvebis
moculoba
MEC

P
1
MSC
I
MC
I
Q* Q1

MEC
1
dargSi gamoSvebis
moculoba
A,,a

,,b

nax. 19.1 gare danaxarjebi
uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis arsebobis dros zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianoba MMSC maRalia, vidre zRvruli danaxarji
(MC). maTi sxvaoba gare zRvruli danaxarjis (MEC) tolia. Nnaxazze ,,a firma, iswrafis ra maqsimaluri mogebisaken,
awarmoebs q
1
raodenobis produqts, romlis fasi MC-s utoldeba. warmoebis efeqtiani moculoba q
*
-is tolia, amiT fasi MSC-s
utoldeba. naxazze ,,b dargSi produqtis gamoSveba Q
1
-is tolia (dargobrivi miwodebis MC
1
da moTxovnis D mrudis
gadakveTis wertili). Mmagram warmoebis efeqtiani moculoba Q
*
arc ise maRalia da moTxovnis mrudisa da zRvruli
sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis (MSC
I
) mrudebis gadakveTis wertilSia mocemuli.


P
*
raodenoba raodenoba
D

P P
Q q
408
sazogadoebis TvalsazrisiT, firma awarmoebs didi raodenobis produqts. efeqtiania warmoebis done,
rodesac produqtis fasi zRvrul sazogadoebriv danaxarjebs (Marginal Social Cost - MSC) utoldeba
(warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjebi da gadaRvrili narCenebis zRvruli gare danaxarjebi).
naxazze 19.1 ,,a warmoebis yoveli donisaTvis zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis mrudi aigeba
zRvruli danaxarjebisa da zRvruli gare danaxarjebis SejamebiT (MSC=MC+MEC). zRvruli sazogadoebrivi
danaxarjebis mrudi (MSC) kveTs fasis wrfes warmoebis moculobis
*
q wertilSi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi
mdinareSi narCenebs mxolod erTi firma Rvris, amitom produqtze sabazro fasi ucvleli rCeba. magram firma
awarmoebs produqtis met raodenobas (
1
q _s nacvlad
*
q -isa) da mdinareSi bevr mavne narCenebs Rvris.
ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac yvela firma CaRvris narCenebs mdinareSi. naxazze 19.1 ,,b
1
MC
aris dargobrivi miwodebis mrudi. dargis mTliani warmoebis moculobasTan dakavSirebuli zRvruli gare
danaxarjebi
1
MEC SeiZleba miviRoT yvela im individis zRvruli danaxarjis SejamebiT, romlebmac zarali
miiRes warmoebis yoveli doneze.
1
MSC mrudi aris produqtis mwarmoebeli yvela firmis warmoebis zRvruli
danaxarjebisa da zRvruli gare danaxarjebis jami. sabolood, =
1
MSC
1
MC +
1
MEC
efeqtiania Tu ara dargSi warmoebis moculoba gare efeqtebis dros? naxazze 19.1 ,,b naCvenebia
dargSi warmoebis efeqtianobis done, rodesac damatebiTi erTeulis gamoSvebidan miRebuli zRvruli
amonagebi zRvrul sazogadoebriv danaxarjebs utoldeba. vinaidan momxmareblisTvis moTxovnis mrudi
gamoxatavs zRvrul amonagebs, amdenad warmoebis efeqtiani moculoba Seadgens
*
Q _s da igi zRvruli
sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebisa (
1
MSC ) da moTxovnis mrudis ( D) gadakveTaSi mdebareobs. magram
konkurenciis pirobebSi dargSi warmoebis moculoba
1
Q _is

tolia da mdebareobs moTxovnis mrudisa da
1
MC miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTaze. naTelia, rom dargSi warmoebis moculoba Zalian maRalia.
mocemul magaliTSi, yoveli erTeuli produqtis warmoeba niSnavs mdinareSi garkveuli raodenobis
mavne narCenebis CaRvras. maSasadame, mniSvneloba ar aqvs mdinares erTi firma abinZurebs Tu
mTlianad dargi. ekonomikuri araefeqtianoba vlindeba rogorc nameti warmoeba, romelic iwvevs mdinareSi
didi raodenobiT dabinZurebuli wylis Cadinebas. araefeqtianobis mizezia produqtze araswori faswarmoqmnis
meqanizmi. Nnaxazze 19.1 ,,b sabazro fasi
1
P Zalze dabalia. is asaxavs calkeuli firmis warmoebis zRvrul
danaxarjs da ara zRvrul sazogadoebriv danaxarjs. mxolod ufro maRali, magaliTad,
*
P fasis SemTxvevaSi
mwarmoeblebi SeZleben miaRwion warmoebis efeqtian dones.
rogoria sazogadoebisTvis am araefeqtianobis danaxarjebi? gamoSvebis yovel erTeulze Q
*
_ze meti
moculobis dros sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi aris sxvaoba sazogadoebriv zRvrul danaxarjebsa da
zRvrul amonagebs Soris (moTxovnis mrudi). erToblivi sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi naCvenebia naxazze
19.1 ,,b. igi warmodgenilia daStrixuli samkuTxedis saxiT, SemosazRvrulia
1
MSC da D mrudebiTa da
warmoebis Q
*
_
1
Q moculobiT.
eqsternaliebi iwveven ara marto moklevadian, aramed grZelvadian araefeqtianobasac. viciT, rom
firmebi konkurentul bazarze Sedian maSin, rodesac fasi warmoebis saSualo danaxarjze metia, xolo gadian
bazridan, roca fasi saSualo danaxarjebze naklebia. grZelvadiani wonasworobis dros fasi grZelvadian saSualo
danaxarjebs utoldeba. uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis dros calkeuli warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebi ufro naklebia,
vidre saSualo sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi. Sedegad, zogierTi firma dargSi rCeba maSinac ki, rodesac
409
maTTvis gamosvla ufro efeqtiania. Aamrigad, uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis gamo dargSi Warbi raodenobis
firmebi moqmedeben.
dadebiTi eqsternaliebi da araefeqtianoba
gare efeqtebma SeiZleba gamoiwvion warmoebis arasakmarisi donec. gavixsenoT saxlis remontisa da
baRis gaSenebis magaliTi. naxazze 19.2 horizontalur RerZze naCvenebia saxlis mepatronis investiciebi
remontsa da baRis gaSenebaze.


saxlis remontis zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi asaxavs danaxarjebs remontze saxlSi Catarebul
samuSaoebTan mimarTebaSi. igi aris horizontaluri wrfe, vinaidan danaxarjebi damokidebuli ar aris
saremonto samuSaoebis moculobaze. moTxovnis mrudi D asaxavs saxlis remontidan miRebul zRvrul
kerZo sargeblianobas mflobelisTvis. saremonto samuSaoebSi mepatrone debs
1
q investiciebs (moTxovnisa
da zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis gadakveTa). magram remonts gare sargeblianoba moaqvs misi
mezoblebisTvisac, rogorc amas gviCvenebs zRvruli sargeblianobis mrudi (Marginal External Benefit -
MEB). E mrudi mocemul magaliTSi daRmavalia, vinaidan zRvruli sargeblianoba didia mcire moculobis
remontis dros, magram klebulobs, Tu saremonto samuSaoebis moculoba izrdeba.
zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis mrudi (Marginal Social Benefit - MSB) gamoiTvleba
warmoebis yvela doneze zRvruli kerZo sargeblianobisa da zRvruli gare sargeblianobis SejamebiT, e.i.
MEB D MSB + = . warmoebis efeqtianobis
*
q done aris MSB da MC mrudebis kveTa (damatebiTi
saremonto samuSaoebidan zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianoba utoldeba am samuSaoebis zRvrul
danaxarjebs). araefeqtianoba gaCnda imis gamo, rom saxlis mepatrone remontsa da baRis gaSenebaze
D

P*
MEB

P
1
MSB

MC

q1 q*

remontis moculoba



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nax. 19.2 gare sargebeli
dadebiTi gare efeqtis dros zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianoba MSB maRalia, vidre zRvruli kerZo sargeblianoba
D. maTi sxvaoba zRvruli gare sargeblianobis MEB-is tolia. saxlis mflobeli amjobinebs saremonto samuSaoebSi q
1

Tanxis investirebas (zRvruli sargeblianobis D mrudisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis MC mrudis gadakveTa). remontis
efeqtianobis done q
*
metia da aris zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis
gadakveTa.


410
daxarjuli investiciebidan sargeblianobas srulad ver Rebulobs. P
1
fasi sakmaod maRalia imisaTvis, rom
mflobels gauCndes sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT saremonto samuSaoebze investirebis survili q
*
efeqtian
doneze. igi moiTxovs ufro dabal P
*

fass.

19.2 bazris fiaskos koreqtirebis meTodebi

rogor SeiZleba gare efeqtebiT gamowveuli araefeqtianobis daZleva? Tu firmis warmoebis teqnologia
faqtorTa fiqsirebul proporciebzea dafuZnebuli, maSin gare efeqtiT miRebuli araefeqtianobis daZleva
warmoebis moculobis Semcirebis waxalisebiTaa SesaZlebeli, magaliTad, warmoebis moculobaze
sagadasaxado dabegvris gamoyeneba. bevr firmas SeuZlia Secvalos warmoebis faqtorebi, SearCios sxva
teqnologia, magaliTad, gamoyofili mavne narCenebis Sesamcireblad mwarmoebels SeuZlia damatebiTi
filtrebis gamoyeneba.
ganvixiloT firma, romelic produqts konkurentul bazarze yidis. misi qarxnis gamonabolqvi haers
abinZurebs. firmas SeuZlia Seamciros narCenebis moculoba, magram es danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
kompromisis miRwevis situacia asaxulia naxazze 19.3. horizontalur RerZze gamosaxulia qarxnis narCenebis
raodenoba, vertikalurze danaxarjebi erTeul narCenze. simartivisTvis davuSvaT, rom firmis gadawyvetileba
warmoebis moculobaze da narCenebis Sesaxeb miRebul iqna erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad; SeirCa
warmoebis iseTi moculoba, romelic mas maqsimalur mogebas moutans. narCenebis ra done iqneba
firmisTvis xelsayreli? MSC aris qarxnis narCenebis zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis mrudi. igi
gviCvenebs qarxnis narCenebisgan miRebuli zaralis moculobas da maSasadame, is adre aRwerili MEC
mrudis eqvivalentia. MSC mrudi aRmavalia, radganac gare efeqtis zRvruli danaxarji miT metia, rac ufro
didia es efeqti.
411

MCA mrudi asaxavs narCenebis Semcirebis zRvrul danaxarjebs (firmis damatebiTi danaxarjebi im
mowyobilobebis dadgmaze, romliTac gakontroldeba dabinZureba). MCA mrudi daRmavalia, radgan
narCenebis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarji dabalia, Tu Semcireba umniSvneloa, xolo maRali, Tu Semcireba
arsebiTia.
narCenebis Semcireba danaxarjebs moiTxovs da ar gaaCnia pirdapiri sargeblianoba firmisTvis.
Aamitom firmis mogebis maqsimizacia aris narCenebis done _ 26, romlis drosac narCenebis Semcirebis
zRvruli danaxarjebi nulis tolia. 12 erTeulis SemTxvevaSi efeqtiani done E
*
wertilSi miiRweva, sadac
zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarji (3 lari) utoldeba narCenebis Semcirebis zRvrul danaxarjs. aRsaniSnavia,
rom Tu narCenebis done E
*
-ze naklebia (magaliTad, E
0
), maSin narCenebis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarjebi
(7 lari) metia, vidre sazogadoebrivi zRvruli danaxarjebi (2 lari). maSasadame, sazogadoebisTvis narCenebis
done optimalur doneze bevrad naklebia. Tu aRniSnuli done E
1
is tolia, maSin zRvruli sazogadoebrivi
danaxarji (4 lari) metia zRvrul mogebaze (1 lari). am dros narCenebis gadaRvra Zalzed didia.
standarti narCenebze (Emissions Standard)
standarti anu normativi narCenebze aris mavne nivTierebis oficialurad dadgenili moculoba, romlis
gadameteba firmebs ekrZalebaT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT fuladi an sisxlis samarTlis
pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT.
MCA
MSC
6
4
2
1
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
0
E
0
E
*

E
1

nax. 19.3 narCenebis efeqtiani done
narCenebis efeqtiani donis dros zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi (MSC) narCenebis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarjebis (MCA)
tolia. efeqtiani E
*
done 12 erTeuls Seadgens.


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narCenebis raodenoba
412


naxazze 19.4 efeqtiani standarti E
*
wertilSi 12 erTeuls Seadgens. Tu narCenebi aRniSnul dones
gadaaWarbebs, maSin firmas daekisreba Sesabamisi sanqciebi.
standarti gulisxmobs, rom firma efeqtianad muSaobs. igi aRniSnul standarts inarCunebs im
danadgarebis dadgmiT, romlebic mavne narCenebis dones amcireben. narCenebis Semcirebaze xarjebis zrda
iwvevs firmis saSualo danaxarjebis zrdas. firmebi aRmoaCenen, rom dargSi Sesvla momgebiania im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu produqtze fasi ufro metia, vidre warmoebis saSualo danaxarjebisa da narCenebis
Semcirebaze gaweuli xarjebis jami. aRniSnuli moTxovna dargisaTvis efeqtianobis pirobaa.
gadasaxadi narCenebze
narCenebze gadasaxadi aris Tanxa, romelsac firma narCenebis yovel erTeulze ixdis. naxazi 19.4
gviCvenebs, rom 3 lari gadasaxadi uzrunvelyofs firmis efeqtian muSaobas. am gadasaxadiT igi axdens
danaxarjebis minimizacias mavne narCenebis Semcirebis xarjze 26-dan 12 erTeulamde. riT aris es
gamowveuli? vTqvaT, gadasaxadi pirvel erTeulze narCenebis dones amcirebs 26-dan 25-mde naklebi
danaxarjebiT (narCenebis Semcirebis damatebiTi zRvruli danaxarji axloa 0-Tan). maSasadame, firma 3
larsac ar ixdis. faqtiurad, 12 erTeulis zemoT nabismieri moculobis narCenisTvis zRvruli danaxarji naklebia,
vidre dabinZurebis gadasaxadi. amitom firma upiratesobas aniWebs gadasaxadis gadaxdas mavne
narCenebis Semcirebaze. 12 erTeulis donidan dawyebuli zemoT narCenebis Semcirebaze zRvruli danaxarji
mcirea, vidre dabinZurebis fasi. am SemTxvevaSi firmisTvis ufro sarfiania gadaixados gadasaxadi, vidre
Seamciros narCenebis gadayra. maSasadame, firma gadaixdis Tanxas, romelic Ria feris marTkuTxedis
saxiTaa naCvenebi da gaiRebs mTlian danaxarjebs mavne narCenebis Semcirebaze (muqi feris
samkuTxedi).
3

12
E
*
nax. 19.4 standartebi da gadasaxadi narCenebze
narCenebis gadayris efeqtiani E done miiRweva rogorc narCenebis gadayraze gadasaxadis, aseve dabinZurebis
zRvruli normebis dawesebiT. firma, romelic iZulebulia mavne narCenebis yovel erTeulSi 3 lari gadaixados,
amcirebs mavne narCenebis dones im wertilamde, sadac es Tanxa zRvrul amonagebs utoldeba. Aaseve, mavne
narCenebis Semcirebis igive done miiRweva standartis saSualebiT (narCenebis done 12 erTeulamde mcirdeba).

MSC

MCA

26

narCenebis raodenoba
standarti

(nakrebi)

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413
standartebi da gadasaxadi
mavne nivTierebaTa gadayris regulirebisTvis zogierT qveyanaSi (magaliTad, aSS) SemoRebul iqna
standarti narCenebis gadayraze, zogierTSi ki (magaliTad, germania) upiratesoba eniWeba gadasaxads.
romeli meTodia ukeTesi?
standartebsa da gadasaxads Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba arsebobs maSin, rodesac saxelmwifo
organoebs ar gaaCniaT sruli informacia da regulireba danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. davuSvaT, rom
administraciuli danaxarjis gamo narCenebis gadayris maregulirebeli organo awesebs yvela firmisTvis
erTnair standarts an erTnair gadasaxads.
narCenebze gadasaxadis upiratesobebi
ganvixiloT narCenebze dawesebuli gadasaxadis arsi. davuSvaT, ori firma ganlagebulia ise, rom
narCenebze zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi erTnairia. amasTan mniSvneloba ar aqvs imas, Tu romeli
maTgani Seamcirebs narCenebis gadayris moculobas. firmebisTvis narCenebis gadayris moculobis
Semcireba xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, amitom maTi dabinZurebis Semcirebis amsaxveli mrudebi erTnairi ar
iqneba. ratom aris umjobesi dabinZurebis gadasaxadis da ara standartis SemoReba? naxazze 19.5 yoveli
firma narCenebis 14 erTeuls yris. davuSvaT, gvinda mTliani narCenebis moculoba 14 erTeuliT SevamciroT.
es yvelaze iafi iqneba, Tu ,,firma I narCenebs 6 erTeuliT, xolo ,,firma II 8 erTeuliT Seamcirebs. amasTan,
TiToeuli firmis narCenebis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarji Yyoveli firmisTvis 3 lars Seadgens. ra moxdeba,
Tu maregulirebeli organo moiTxovs, rom orive firmam narCenebis gadayra 7 erTeulamde Seamciros? am
SemTxvevaSi ,,firma I-is narCenebis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarji 3-dan 3,75 laramde gaizrdeba, xolo
,,firma II-is ki 3-dan 2,5 laramde Semcirdeba. es gadawyvetileba ar axdens danaxarjebis minimizacias,
radganac ,,firma II_s narCenebis Semcireba ufro iafi daujdeba, vidre ,,firma I_s. narCenebis Semcirebis
danaxarji 14 erTeulamde minimaluria mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu orive firmis narCenebis Semcirebaze
danaxarjebi erTmaneTis tolia.
Ggasagebia, Tu ratom SeiZleba gadasaxadi (3 lari) ufro xelsayreli iyos, vidre standarti (7 erTeuli). 3
laris gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi ,,firma I narCenebis moculobas 6 erTeulamde Semacirebs, ,,firma II 8
erTeulamde, rac efeqtiani iqneba. standartis SemoRebis SemTxvevaSi ,,firma I damatebiT danaxarjebs
gadaixdis (gamosaxulia muqi daStrixuli nawiliT 7 da 8 erTeul narCenebs Soris). amave dros, ,,firma IIis
narCenebis Semcirebaze danaxarjebi Semcirdeba (gamosaxulia Ria daStrixuli nawiliT 6 da 7 erTeuls Soris).
naTelia, rom mavne narCenebis gadayris danaxarjebi ,,firma I-Tvis ufro metad gaizrdeba, vidre Semcirdeba
,,firma II-is danaxarjebi. maSasadame, gadasaxadis SemoRebis SemTxvevaSi dabinZurebis igive done
miRweuli iqneba ufro mcire danaxarjebiT, vidre yvela firmisTvis narCenebis gadayris erTiani standartis
pirobebSi.




Ggadasaxadi erTeul narCenze
(lari)

414

sabolood, gadasaxadi ufro xelsayrelia, vidre standarti. aRniSnuls ramdenime mizezi gaaCnia: a) Tu
standartebi yvela firmisTvis erTnairad gamoiyeneba, maSin damabinZurebeli narCenebis igive moculobiT
Semcireba SeiZleba miRweul iqnas masze gadasaxadis dawesebiT da Tanac naklebi danaxarjebiT; b)
gadasaxadi firmas stimuls aZlevs axali danadgarebis SesaZenad, amiT kidev ufro metad mcirdeba mavne
narCenebis moculoba.
davuSvaT, standarti moiTxovs, rom orive firmam narCenebis done 6 erTeuliT Seamciros (14-dan 8-
mde). ,,firma I ganixilavs axali aRWurvilobis SeZenis SesaZleblobas, rac Seamcirebs misi narCenebis
Semcirebis zRvrul danaxarjebs MCA
1
-dan MCA
2
-mde. Tu danadgarebi SedarebiT iafia, firma iyidis mas
(es danaxarjebs Seamcirebs). magram 3 laris odenobis gadasaxadi firmisTvis narCenebis Semcirebis ufro
Zlieri stimuli gaxdeba. aseTi gadasaxadiT ara mxolod Semcirdeba firmis danaxarjebi pirveli 6 erTeulis
mavne narCenebis gadayraze, aramed kidev momdevno 2 erTeulis narCenis gadayrac gaiafdeba: 8-dan 6
erTeulamde moculobis narCenebis gadayraze gadasaxadi ufro maRalia, vidre dabinZurebis Semcirebis
zRvruli danaxarjebi.
narCenebze standartis upiratesobebi
ganvixiloT naxazze 19.6 naCvenebi situacia. zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis mrudis daxriloba
Zalian mkveTria, Tumca dabinZurebis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarjebi ufro damreci wrfiT aris
warmodgenili. narCenebis gadayris efeqtiani gadasaxadi 8 lars Seadgens. davuSvaT, rom informaciis
uqonlobis gamo dawesebulia ufro dabali mosakrebeli 7 lari (12,5%-iT naklebi). radganac MCA mrudi
damrecia, firmis narCenebis done 8-dan 11 erTeulamde gaizrdeba. es nawilobriv Seamcirebs firmis
danaxarjebs narCenebis gadayraze, magram MSC mrudi mkveTrad izrdeba. es imas niSnavs, rom
sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba. sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis zrda (narCenebis
SemcirebiT gamowveuli xarjebis ekonomia) naCvenebia ABC samkuTxedis farTobis saxiT.
ra moxdeba, Tu analogiuri Secdoma daSvebuli iqneba dabinZurebis normativis gaangariSebis dros?
efeqtiani standarti mavne narCenebis 8 lars Seadgens. davuSvaT, 12,5%-ian doneze 8-dan 9 erTeulamde
standarti dadginda. rogorc wina magaliTSi ganvixileT, es gamoiwvevs sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis zrdas da
6
5
3,75
3
2,5
0
MCA
1
4
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
nax. 19.5 gadasaxadi narCenebze
SezRuduli informaciis pirobebSi Cinovniks SeiZleba hqondes arCevani mavne narCenebis erTian gadasaxadsa da yvela
firmisTvis narCenebis gadayris erTian standarts Soris. 3 lari gadasaxadi amcirebs narCenebis gadayris saerTo raodenobas 14
erTeulamde ufro naklebi danaxarjebiT, vidre 7 erTeulamde yoveli firmisTvis. gadasaxadis pirobebSi dabali danaxarjebis mqone
firma (,,firma II) metad amcirebs narCenebis dones, vidre maRali danaxarjebis mqone firma (,,firma I).


MCA
2
danaxarjebis zrda ,,firma Iis
narCenebis SemcirebiT
danaxarjebis
Semcireba ,,firma
II-is SemcirebiT

narCenebis raodenoba

415
narCenebze danaxarjebis Semcirebas. magram sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis wminda zrda, romelic naxazze
19.6 patara ADE samkuTxedis saxiTaa naCvenebi, amJamad iseTi didi aRar iqneba.
aRniSnuli magaliTi gviCvenebs sxvaobas dabinZurebaze dawesebul standartsa da gadasaxads Soris.
rodesac zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis mrudi mkveTrad daxrilia, xolo dabinZurebis Semcirebis
zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi SedarebiT damreci rCeba, maSin danaxarjebi damatebiT narCenebze SeiZleba
mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes. aseT SemTxvevaSi standarti umjobesia, vidre gadasaxadi. arasruli informaciis
pirobebSi standarti narCenebis dones ufro mkacrad gansazRvravs, Tumca maTi Semcirebis danaxarjebi isev
gaurkvevelia. dabinZurebaze gadasaxadi piriqiT, narCenebis Semcirebaze gaweul danaxarjebs sizustes
matebs, Tumca Semcirebuli narCenebis moculoba isev ucnobi rCeba. A
amrigad, gasatarebeli politikis upiratesoba damokidebulia ganusazRvrelobis xasiaTsa da danaxarjebis
mrudebis formaze.

gardamavali nebarTvebi dabinZurebaze
davuSvaT, gvinda efeqtianad SevamciroT narCenebis done im wertilamde, rodesac dabinZurebis
SemcirebiT miRebuli zRruli sargebeli am Semcirebis zRvrul danaxarjebs utoldeba. magram danaxarjebis
ganusazRvrelobisa da gadayris SemcirebiT miRebuli sargeblis gamo ar SeiZleba narCenebze dawesebul
gadasaxads vendoT. amisaTvis arsebobs gardamavali nebarTvebi dabinZurebaze (Transferable
Emissions Permits). am sistemis Tanaxmad, TiToeulma firmam nebarTva unda aiRos narCenebis
gadayraze. nebarTvaSi miTiTebulia narCenebis raodenoba, romlis gadayra nebadarTuli aqvs firmas.
darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba seriozuli fuladi sanqciebi. firmebs Soris ganawilebuli nebarTvebis
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 narCenebis raodenoba
nax. 19.6 standarti narCenebis gadayraze
rodesac mTavroba ar flobs informacias dabinZurebis SemcirebiT gamowveul danaxarjebsa da mogebaze, mas SeuZlia
daawesos standarti an gadasaxadi. standarti ufro efeqtiania im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis
mrudi ufro damrecia, vidre narCenebis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudi. am SemTxvevaSi standartis dawesebis 12,5%-
iani Secdoma gamoiwvevs ADE samkuTxedis farTobis tol damatebiT sazogadoebriv danaxarjebs. imave Secdomis Sedegad
gadasaxadis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi gaCndeboda zedmeti danaxarjebi ABC samkuTxedis saxiT.


standarti
erTeul narCenze (lari)


zRvruli
sazogadoebrivi
danaxarji
dabinZurebis
Semcirebis
zRvruli danaxarji
A
C
E
B
D
416
raodenoba imgvarad aris SerCeuli, rom narCenebis done ar unda aRematebodes sasurvel maqsimums.
nebarTvebi bazarze brunavs, SesaZlebelia maTi yidva da gayidva.
aRniSnuli sistemis farglebSi garemos abinZureben is firmebi, romlebsac nebarTvebi gaaCniaT.
davuSvaT, rom naxazze 19.5 mocemulma orma firmam 7 erTeuli narCenis gadayris nebarTva miiRo. ,,firma
I, romlisTvisac narCenebis moculobis Semcirebis zRvruli danaxarji SedarebiT maRalia, 1 erTeul narCenze
nebarTvisaTvis 3,75 lars gadaixdida. amave dros, ,,firma IITvis am nebarTvis Rirebuleba mxolod 2,5 lars
Seadgens. maSasadame, ,,firma II-s SeuZlia ,,firma I-s nebarTva 2,5 laridan 3,75 laramde fasSi miyidos.
Tu firmebi da nebarTvebi sakmaod bevria, maSin ganviTardeba nebarTvaTa konkurentuli bazari.
sabazro wonasworobis dros nebarTvis fasi utoldeba Semcirebis zRvrul danaxarjebs yvela firmisaTvis.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi firmebisTvis ufro sasargeblo iqneboda meti raodenobis nebarTvebis SeZena.
saxelmwifos mier dawesebuli narCenebis done minimaluri danaxarjebiT miiRweva. SedarebiT dabali
zRvruli danaxarjebis mqone firmebi yvelaze metad Seamcireben narCenebis moculobas, xolo gansakuTrebiT
maRali danaxarjebis mqone firmebi narCenebis Semcirebas SeZleben meti nebarTvebis yidviT, Tanac
narCenebs Seamcireben minimaluri odenobiT.
bazarze moqmedi nebarTvebi qmnian gare efeqtebis bazars. aseTi midgoma mimzidvelia, radgan igi
aerTianebs standartebis sistemisa da danaxarjebis upiratesobebs.
meoradi nedleulis gamoyeneba
sanam momxmareblebisa da mwarmoeblebisaTvis narCenebis gadayra Semaferxebel faqtorebTan ar
aris dakavSirebuli, manam sazogadoeba ar zrunavs maT Semcirebaze. pirveladi resursebis zedmetad da
gadamuSavebuli masalis arasakmarisad gamoyeneba gamoiwvevs bazris fiaskos. sabednierod, bazris fiaskos
Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos CareviT.
ganvixiloT tipiuri ojaxis mier minis taris gamoyenebis wesi, raTa avxsnaT resursebis meorad
gadamuSavebaze moqmedi stimulebi. bevr komunalur meurneobaSi dasufTavebis wliuri gadasaxadi
fiqsirebulia. Sedegad, saSualo ojaxisTvis nagvis gadayris xarji umniSvneloa.
nagavze dabali danaxarjebis gamo warmoiSoba gansxvaveba nagvis gadayraze kerZo da
sazogadoebriv danaxarjebs Soris. dasufTavebis zRvruli kerZo danaxarjebi nagvis mcire da saSualo
moculobisTvis mudmivi iqneba, xolo didi raodenobis SemTxvevaSi (transportirebis da gatanis gamo)
danaxarjebi gaizrdeba. aRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT dasufTavebis sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi Sedgeba
garemos dabinZurebisa da dazianebis (minis mavne narCenebis gamo) danaxarjebisagan. zRvruli
sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi udaod gaizrdeba kerZo danaxarjebisa da dabinZurebis ekologiuri Tu esTeTikuri
danaxarjebis gamo.
naxazze 19.7 naCvenebia orive danaxarjis mrudi. horizontalur RerZze marcxnidan marjvniv
naCvenebia narCenebis raodenoba m, romelsac ojaxi gadayris kviris ganmavlobaSi (maqsimaluri
mniSvneloba 12 erTeuli kviraSi). Sesabamisad, gamomuSavebuli narCenebis raodenobas miviRebT, Tu
horizontalur RerZs ganvixilavT marjvnidan marcxniv mimarTulebiT. rodesac izrdeba ganadgurebuli
narCenebis raodenoba, izrdeba kerZo zRvruli danaxarji MC, magram ara ise mkveTrad, rogorc zRvruli
sazogadoebrivi danaxarji MSC.
taris meorad gadamuSavebas axorcielebs kerZo an municipaluri organizacia. meoradi gadamuSavebis
zRvruli danaxarjebi SeiZleba gaizardos narCenebis moculobis zrdis SemTxvevaSi, maT Soris imis gamoc,
rom nagvis Segrovebisa da daxarisxebis xarjebi ufro swrafad izrdeba. gadamuSavebis zRvruli danaxarjebis
mrudi MCR ganixileba marjvnidan marcxniv. rodesac narCenebis 12 erTeuli ganadgurebulia,
417
gadamuSaveba Cerdeba da zRvruli danaxarjebi nulis tolia; roca gadayrili nagvis moculoba mcirdeba,
gadamuSavebis moculoba izrdeba. amasTan, izrdeba gadamuSavebis zRvruli danaxarjebic.


narCenebis gadamuSavebis efeqtiani moculoba ganisazRvreba wertiliT, sadac narCenebis
gadamuSavebis zRvruli danaxarji MCR utoldeba dasufTavebis zRvrul sazogadoebriv danaxarjs
MSC. naxazze 19.7 naCvenebia, rom gadayrili narCenebis efeqtiani raodenoba m* naklebia, vidre kerZo
bazarze dawesebuli m
1
raodenoba.
ratom ar aris gare efeqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis gamoyenebuli dasufTavebis gadasaxadi,
standartebi an nebarTvebi? Teoriulad nebismieri maTgani kargia, magram praqtikaSi misi realizacia rTulia.
magaliTad, dasufTavebaze gadasaxdis daweseba Znelia radgan komunalur momsaxurebas Zalian Zviri
ujdeba minis narCenebis daxarisxeba da Segroveba. aseve rTulia nagvis dasufTavebaze fasebis dadgena da
angariSebis gamowera (narCenebis sazogadoebriv danaxarjebze gavlenas axdens wona da masalebis
Semadgenloba. Sesabamisad maszea damokidebuli fasebis dadgena).
anazRaurebadi depozitebi (Refundable Deposit)
erT-erTi politikuri gadawyvetileba, romelic warmatebulad gamoiyeneba meoradi gadamuSavebis
waxalisebisTvis aris anazRaurebadi depozitebi. am sistemis dros myidveli yidulobs saqonels minis tariT,
maRaziis mflobels uxdis pirvelsawyis Tanxas da Rebulobs depozits ukan, rodesac taras abrunebs maRaziaSi
an meoradi narCenebis gadamuSavebis centrSi. anazRaurebadi depoziti sasurvel stimuls qmnis _
kompensacia ise SeirCeva, rom firmebi sul ufro met taras abareben misi meoradi damuSavebisTvis.
calkeuli individis SemTxvevaSi, anazRaurebadi depoziti ganixileba rogorc narCenebze damatebiTi
kerZo danaxarjis Tavidan acilebis saSualeba (anazRaurebis miRebiT alternatiul danaxarjebze uaris Tqma).
naxazze 19.7 naCvenebia, rom narCenebis ganadgurebaze maRali danaxarjebis dros adamianebi
upiratesobas aniWeben nagvis raodenobis Semcirebas da meoradi gadamuSavebis moculobis gazrdas
optimalur sazogadoebriv m
*
donemde.
MSC

c

4 m
*
m
1
8 12
nax. 19.7 gadamuSavebis efeqtiani moculoba

MCR

MC+ ukugeba erTeulze

MC

e
r
T
e
u
l
i
s

R
i
r
e
b
u
l
e
b
a

(
l
a
r
i
)


narCenebis
raodenoba
418


msgavsi analizi dargobriv donezec gamoiyeneba. naxazi 19.8 gviCvenebs minis taraze sabazro
moTxovnis daRmaval D mruds. pirveladi minis taris miwodeba S
v
mrudia, meoradi minis taris miwodeba
S
r
mrudi. sabazro miwodeba S aris am ori mrudis jami. ase rom, minis sabazro fasi udris P_s, xolo
meoradi minis wonasworuli sabazro miwodebaa M
1
.
nagvis gadayris SedarebiTi (SefardebiTi) danaxarjebis gazrdiTa da misi meoradi damuSavebis
waxalisebiT aRdgenili depoziti iwvevs gadamuSavebuli minis miwodebis zrdas S
r
-dan S
r
/
-mde, minis
erToblivi miwodeba gaizrdeba S-dan S
/
-mde, xolo minis fasi klebulobs P
/
donemde. Sedegad,
gadamuSavebuli minis raodenoba izrdeba M*-mde, rac gadayrili minis Semcirebas asaxavs.
anazRaurebadi depozitis sqemas gaaCnia sxva upiratesobac: iqmneba iseTi saqonlis bazari, romelic
mzadaa meoradi gadamuSavebisTvis. municipaluri meurneobebi, kerZo firmebi an calkeuli adamianebi
ewevian meoradi gadamuSavebisaTvis masalebis Segrovebasa da aRdgenas. amasTan, bazari rac ufro
farTovdeba da efeqtiani xdeba, miT ufro metad izrdeba moTxovna meoradi gadamuSavebis nedleulze.

19.3 gare efeqtebi da sakuTrebis uflebebi

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom gare efeqtebiT gamowvuli araefeqtianobis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia
saxelmwifo regulirebiT. gadasaxadi narCenebze da nebarTvebi dabinZurebaze mniSvnelovania, radganac
isini cvlian firmis stimulebs da aiZuleben maT mxedvelobaSi miiRon zrdadi gare danaxarjebi. Mmiuxedavad
amisa, saxelmwifo regulireba gare efeqtebis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi saSualeba ar aris.
sakuTrebis uflebebi (Property Rights)
SV
P
P
I

D

M
1
M*



nax. 19.8 anazRaurebadi depozitebi
pirvelad, minis taris bazarze balansi P fassa da gadamuSavebuli minis M1 miwodebis donezea. nagvis ganadgurebis
SedarebiTi danaxarjebis zrdisa da meoradi gadamuSavebis waxalisebis gamo dasabrunebeli depoziti gadamuSavebuli
minis miwodebas Sdan S
1
mde zrdis. Semdeg fasi P
1
mde mcirdeba, gadamuSavebuli minis raodenoba M* -mde
izrdeba, gadayrili minis raodenoba ki mcirdeba.

Sr
S
I
r
S
S
I

minis raodenoba

fasila
ri

419
sakuTrebis uflebebi iuridiuli wesebia, romlebic adgenen Tu ra unda akeTon adamianebma an
firmebma TavianTi sakuTrebiT. Tu adamians aqvs miwis sakuTrebis ufleba, mas SeuZlia am miwaze
aaSenos saxli, moawyos sasaTbure meurneoba, gayidos da a. S. amasTan, is daculia sxva firmebis an
adamianebis zemoqmedebisagan.
sakuTrebis uflebaTa mniSvnelobis Sesafaseblad davubrundeT firmas, romelic narCenebs mdinareSi
yris. dauSvaT, rom is flobs sakuTrebis uflebas mdinaris gamoyenebaze Tavisi narCenebis gadasayrelad, xolo
meTevzeebs ar gaaCniaT sakuTrebis ufleba wylis dabinZurebaze. amitom firma ar aris dainteresebuli
mdinaris dabinZurebis danaxarjebi CarTos sawarmoo angariSebSi. sxva sityvebiT, firma dabinZurebiT
gamowveul xarjebs gare danaxarjebad aqcevs. davuSvaT, meTevzeebi mdinares floben, anu maT aqvT
sufTa wylis gamoyenebis ufleba. am SemTxvevaSi, maT ufleba aqvT moiTxovon firmisgan, rom maT
gadauxadon narCenebis gadaRvrisTvis. firma an aRar imuSavebs, an gadaixdis gadasaxdels. es danaxarjebi
SeiZleba iyos internalizebuli (gardaiqmneba firmis Siga danaxarjebad) da resursebis ganawileba efeqtiani
gaxdeba.
molaparakebebi da ekonomikuri efeqtianoba
ekonomikuri efeqtianoba miiRweva saxelmwifos Carevis gareSec (Tu gare efeqtebi zemoqmedeben
SedarebiT mcire monawileebze da maTi sakuTrebis uflebebi kargadaa gansazRvruli). davuSvaT, qarxnis
narCenebis mdinareSi CaRvris gamo mcirdeba meTevzeTa mogeba. qarxanas SeuZlia daayenos filtrebi,
meTevzeebs ki SeuZliaT gadaixadon gamwmendi danadgarebis dadgmisTvis.
efeqtiani gadawyvetileba axdens qarxnisa da meTevzeebis erToblivi mogebis maqsimizacias. yvelaze
didi Sedegi miiRweva maSin, rodesac qarxana filtrebs daayenebs. sakuTrebis gansxvavebuli uflebis
SemTxvevaSi rogori molaparakebebia momgebiani orTave mxarisTvis?

narCenebis moculobis alternatiuli variantebis mogeba (yoveldRiuri)
cxrili 19.1
Qqarxnis mogeba,
lari

meTevzeebis
mogeba, lari
erToblivi
mogeba, lari
filtri da gamwmendi
mowyobiloba ar aris
500 100 600
filtri dayenebulia,
gamwmendi mowyobiloba ara
300 500 800
filtri ara, Ggamwmendi
mowyobiloba dayenebulia
500 200 700
filtri da Ggamwmendi
mowyobiloba dayenebulia
300 300 600

davuSvaT, qarxanas ufleba aqvs gadaRvaros narCenebi mdinareSi. dasawyisSi meTevzeTa mogeba
100, xolo qarxnisa 500 lars Seadgens. gamwmendi danadgarebis dayenebis SemTxvevaSi meTevzeebis
mogeba 200 laramde gaizarda, ris gamoc mTliani mogeba erToblivi TanamSromlobiT 700 (500+200) laria.
420
ufro metic, meTevzeebi mzad arian qarxanas 300 lari gadauxadon filtrebis dayenebisTvis (sxvaoba filtris
arsebobis dros 500 lar mogebasa da TanamSromlobis ararsebobis dros 200 lar mogebas Soris). qarxana
filtrebis dadgmaze kargavs mxolod 200 lars. Ddanakargebze igi Tanaxmaa, radgan misi danakargebi
kompensirebuli iqneba. am dros, TanamSromlobiT orive mxaris mogeba 100 laria (meTevzeebisTvis 300 lar
mogebas akldeba filtris dayenebis danaxarjebi 200 lari).
davuSvaT, rom qarxanam da meTevzeebma moilaparakes 100 laris mogeba Tanabrad gadainawilon da
meTevzeebi qarxanas filtris dayenebisTvis 250 lars gadauxdian. rogorc cxrili 19.2 gviCvenebs, es
gadawyvetileba mogviyvans efeqtian Sedegamde. TanamSromlobis ararsebobis dros meTevzeebi
gamoimuSaveben 200, xolo qarxana 500 lar mogebas; TanamSromlobis SemTxvevaSi orive mxaris mogeba
50 lariT izrdeba.
davuSvaT, meTevzeebi floben sakuTrebis uflebas da isini qarxnisgan moiTxoven filtrebis dayenebas.
sawarmo 300, xolo meTevzeebi 500 lar mogebas Rebulobs. ase rom, arcerT mxares ar SeuZlia gaiumjobesos
Tavisi mdgomareoba molaparakebis Sedegad _ sawyisi gadawyvetileba aris efeqtiani.

molaparakebebi alternatiuli sakuTrebis uflebebis dros
cxrili 19.2

gadayraze ufleba,
lari
sufTa wyalze ufleba,
lari
ar aqvs adgili
TanamSromlobas

qarxnis mogeba 500 300
meTevzeTa mogeba 200 500
TanamSromloba
qarxnis mogeba 550 300
meTevzeTa mogeba 250 500

aRniSnulis msgavsad SeiZleba gavaanalizoT nebismieri situacia, romelSic mkveTradaa gansazRvruli
sakuTrebis ufleba. Tu mxareebs SeuZliaT yovelgvari danaxarjebis gareSe urTierTsasargeblo
molaparakeba, saboloo Sedegi efeqtiania imis miuxedavad, Tu rogor ganisazRvreba sakuTrebis
ufleba. Mmocemul debulebas qouzis Teorema (Coase Theorem) ewodeba.

ZviradRirebuli molaparakebebi _ strategiuli qcevis roli
molaparakebebi droisa da fulis danaxarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu
sakuTrebis uflebebi ar aris mkveTrad gansazRvruli. aseT dros arc erTi mxare ar aris darwmunebuli
molaparakebebis SedegebSi. Cvens mier ganxilul magaliTSi orive mxarem icoda, rom molaparakebebis
procesi damTavrdeboda 200_dan 300 laramde gadaxdiT. Tu mxareebi uflebebSi darwmunebuli ar iyvnen,
meTevzeebs SeeZloT uari eTqvaT 100 larze meti Tanxa gadaexadaT da molaparakebis procesi Sewydeboda.
421
molaparakebebi Sewydeba maSinac, rodesac danaxarjebis TvalsazrisiT komunikaciebi da kontroli
araferi ar Rirs da orive mxare darwmunebulia, rom ufro did mogebas miiReben. erT-erTi mxare ufro did wils
moiTxovs da molaparakebebze uars acxadebs. igi SecdomiT fiqrobs, rom meore mxare daTmobaze wava.
aseTi strategiuli qceva SeiZleba araefeqtiani SedegiT damTavrdes _ Sewydes TanamSromloba. davuSvaT,
qarxnas narCenebis mdinareSi gadaRvris ufleba aqvs. is acxadebs, rom filtrebis sistemas ar daayenebs
manam, sanam ar miiRebs 300 lars da es misi saboloo gadawyvetilebaa. magram meTevzeebi sTavazoben
250 lars (darwmunebulebi imaSi, rom bolos qarxana daTanxmdeba ,,samarTlian gadawyvetilebas). aseT
situaciaSi SeTanxmeba SeiZleba verasdros ver iqnes miRweuli, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac erT-erT an
orive mxares ,,jiuti momlaparakeblis reputacia gaaCnia.

samarTlebrivi gadawyveta sasamarTlo sarCeli zaralis anazRaurebaze
gare efeqtebTan dakavSirebul mraval situaciaSi dazaralebul mxares aqvs kanonieri ufleba mimarTos
sasamarTlos. warmatebis SemTxvevaSi dazaralebuli mxare iRebs zaralis Sesabamis fulad kompensacias. am
Tanxas dazaralebuli ixdis.
davuSvaT, meTevzeebs aqvT sufTa wyliT sargeblobis ufleba e.i. qarxana pasuxismgebelia
zaralisTvis, romelsac meTevzeebi miiReben filtrebis uqonlobiT. es zarali meTevzeebisTvis mocemul
SemTxvevaSi 400 lars Seadgens (mogebas 500 lars, romelsac meTevzeebi Rebuloben sanam wyalSi
narCenebi ar iyo, gamoakldeba mogeba 100 lari wyalSi narCenebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi).
qarxanas arCevanis Semdegi variantebi gaaCnia:
1. filtri ar daidgmeba, zarali anazRaurdeba da mogeba Seadgens 100 lars (500lari_400lari);
2. filtri daidgmeba, zaralis anazRaureba Tavidan iqneba acilebuli da mogeba Seadgens 300 lars
(500lari_200lari).
Aamrigad, qarxnisTvis ufro efeqtiania filtris dadgma, vidre zaralis anazRaureba.
efeqtiani Sedegi maSinac aris mosalodneli, Tu qarxanas mdinareSi narCenebis CaRvris ufleba aqvs.
kanonis Tanaxmad, meTevzeebs ufleba aqvT qarxnisgan filtris dadgma moiTxovon, magram maT qarxanas
200 lari unda gadauxadon. meTevzeebs arCevanis sami varianti gaaCniaT:
1. dadgan gamwmendi danadgarebi; mogeba Seadgens 200 lars;
2. aiZulon qarxana dadgas filtri, magram gadauxdos kompensacia; mogeba Seadgens 300 lars
(500lari_200lari);
3. ar dadgan gamwmendi danadgarebi da ar moiTxovon filtrebi, mogeba Seadgens 100lars.
meTevzeebs SeuZliaT maqsimaluri mogeba meore variantis SemTxvevaSi miiRon. amiT isini
qarxnisagan moiTxoven filtraciis sistemis dadgmas, magram amisTvis kompensirdeba 200 lari dakarguli
mogeba, zustad ise, roca meTevzeebs gaaCndaT sufTa wyalze ufleba. es arCevani efeqtiania, radgan filtri
dadgmuli iqneba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom 300 lari mogeba bevrad naklebia 500 larze, romelic maT sufTa
wyliT sargeblobis uflebis dros hqondaT.
dasaxelebuli magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom danakargebis anazRaurebaze sarCelis Setana molaparakebebis
moTxovnas abaTilebs. dazaralebuli mxarisTvis zaralis anazRaurebis ufleba iZleva efeqtiani Sedegis miRebis
garantias.
magaliTi 1
qouzis Teoremis praqtikuli gamoyeneba
qouzis Teorema gamoiyeneba rogorc xelisuflebaSi, aseve organizaciebsa da individebs Sorisac.
422
mravali wlis manZilze narCenebis gadamamuSavebeli nagebobidan nagavi niu-iorkis navsadguris
maxloblad iyreboda, rac cud zegavlenas axdenda wylis xarisxze da drodadro abinZurebda niu-jersis
sanapiros. erT-erTi yvelaze cudi incidenti 1987 wlis agvistoSi moxda, rodesac nagvis 200 tonaze metma
masam niu-jersis sanapiro zolze 50 milis sigrZis fena warmoqmna.
niu-jersis Stats sufTa sanapiros ufleba hqonda da man niu-iorkis sasamarTloSi iCivla zaralis
anazRaurebis mizniT. niu-jerselebs aseve SeeZloT moeTxovaT, rom sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT
Sewyvetiliyo nagvis gadamuSaveba da Senaxvis danadgarebis gamoyeneba manam, sanam problema ar
mogvardeboda.
niu-jerss sufTa sanapiro da ara mxolod zaralis anazRaureba sWirdeboda. niu-iorki ki icavda Tavis
SesaZleblobas gamoiyenebina gadamamuSavebeli danadgarebi. Sedegad, gaCnda urTierTxelsayreli gacvlis
SesaZlebloba. ori kviris molaparakebebis Semdeg mxareebma SeTanxmebas miaRwies. niu-jersis Stati
daTanxmda ar gaegrZelebina sasamarTlo devna, niu-iorki ki daTanxmda gamoeyenebina specialuri bornebi
da sxva mcuravi saSualebebi imisaTvis, rom SeezRuda narCenebis gavrceleba. is aseve daTanxmda, rom
Seqmniliyo damkvirebelTa gundi nagvis gadamuSavebisa da Senaxvis monitoringisTvis. jgufs SeeZlo
moeTxova im danadgarebis daxurva, romlebic pirobebs ar Seesabameboda. imavdroulad, niu-jersis oficialur
pirebs neba darTes SeuzRudavad misuliyvnen niu-iorkis nagvis Senaxvisa da gadamamuSavebel
danadgarebis simZlavreebTan, raTa gaekontrolebinaT misi efeqtiani funqcionireba.

19.4 saerTo sargeblianobis resursebi

gare efeqtebi drodadro warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac SesaZlebelia resursebiT ufaso sargeblianoba.
saerTo sargeblianobis resursebi (Common Property Resources) yvelasaTvis Tavisuflad
xelmisawvdomia. Sedegad xdeba maTi gadaWarbebuli gamoyeneba. haeri da wyali aseTi resursebis ori
yvelaze metad cnobili magaliTebia. garda amisa, masve miekuTvneba Tevzi, cxovelTa populaciebi,
mineraluri nedleulis Zieba da mopoveba. ganvixiloT zogierTi araefeqtianoba, romelic SeiZleba gaCndes, Tu
resursebi imyofebian saerTo da ara kerZo sakuTrebaSi.
davuSvaT, did tbaSi kalmaxia da igi xelmisawvdomia meTevzeebis SeuzRudavi raodenobisTvis.
TiToeul meTevzes SeuZlia gaagrZelos Tevzis daWera manam, sanam Tevzis daWeris zRvruli Semosavali ar
gautoldeba zRvrul danaxarjebs. magram tba warmoadgens saerTo sargeblianobis resurs da arcerTi meTevze
ar aris dainteresebuli imiT, rom gaiTvaliswinos sakuTari TevzWeris zemoqmedeba sxva meTevzeebis
SesaZleblobebze. Sedegad meTevzis kerZo danaxarjebi ar asaxaven namdvil danaxarjebs
sazogadoebisaTvis, vinaidan TevzWeris gafarToeba amcirebs Tevzis maragebs da naklebad misawvdoms
xdis mas sxvebisaTvis. es iwvevs araefeqtian Sedegs iWeren zedmeti raodenobis Tevzs.
aRniSnuli mdgomareoba grafikulad gamosaxulia naxazze 19.9. vivaraudoT, rom daWerili Tevzis
moculoba sakmaod mcirea moTxovnasTan SedarebiT da meTevzeebi aRiqvamen Tevzis fasebs, rogorc
mocemulobas. agreTve dauSvaT, rom SesaZlebelia im meTevzeebis raodenobis kontroli, visac xeli
miuwvdeba tbasTan. Tevzis daWeris efeqtiani done TveSi * F F wertiliT ganisazRvreba, sadac Tevzis
daWeris zRvruli sargeblianoba zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjis tolia. zRvruli sargeblianoba fasia, romelic
miRebulia moTxovnis mrudiT. naxazze zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi mocemulia imisaTvis, rom
423
asaxuli iqnas ara mxolod kerZo saeqspluatacio danaxarjebi, aramed Tevzis maragebis amowurvis
sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebic.
axla SevadaroT efeqtiani Sedegi im SemTxvevas, rodesac tba aris saerTo sargeblianobis resursi. am
SemTxvevaSi zRvruli gare danaxarjebi mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba da TiToeuli meTevze iWers Tevzs
manam, sanam ar Sewydeba mogebis miReba. Tu daWerili Tevzis raodenoba miaRwevs * F _s, maSin
TevzWeriT miRebuli Semosavali aRemateba danaxarjebs da miiReba mogebac. TevzWera gagrZeldeba da
am bizness SeurTdebian axali monawileebi manam, sanam fasi ar gauTanabrdeba zRvrul danaxarjebs.
naxazze es mdgomareoba aRniSnulia
c
F wertiliT.
c
F wertilSi daWerili iqneba metismetad bevri Tevzi.


arsebobs saerTo sargeblianobis resursebis problemis SedarebiT martivi gadawyveta aseTi resursis
marTva ganxorcieldes erTaderTi mesakuTris mier. mesakuTre daawesebs gadasaxads resursebiT
sargeblianobaze, romelic Tevzis maragis amowurvis zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia. iZulebiTi Senatanis
(gadasaxadis) gamo bevri meTevze * F -ze meti raodenobiT Tevzis daWeras araxelsayrelad CaTvlis.
samwuxarod, saerTo sargeblianobis resursebis umravlesobas gaaCnia didi masStabebi, amitomac erTaderTi
mesakuTris daniSvna yovelTvis ar aris praqtikuli. aseT SemTxvevebSi resursi zogjer xdeba saxelmwifos
sakuTreba an masze xorcieldeba pirdapiri saxelmwifo regulireba.

19.5 sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi (saqoneli)

nax. 19.9 saerTo sargeblianobis resursebi
rodesac saerTo sargeblianobis resursebi (magaliTad, Tevzi) xelmisawvdomia yvelasaTvis, maSin isini gamoiyenebian Fc
wertilamde, sadac kerZo danaxarji damatebiT miRebuli Semosavlis tolia. aseTi gamoyenebis dros gadaWarbebuli aRmoCndeba
efeqtiani F
*
done, romlis drosac resursis gamoyenebis zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarji zRvruli sargeblianobis tolia (emTxveva
moTxovnis mruds).

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Tevzis raodenoba
(TveSi)

F
*
F
c
kerZo danaxarji

zRvruli
sazogadoebrivi
danaxarji

moTxovna

424
CvenTvis ukve cnobilia, rom gare efeqtebi, maT Soris saerTo sargeblianobis resursebic,
warmoadgenen sabazro araefeqtianobis mizezebs da zogjer iTxoven saxelmwifo regulirebas. ra
SemTxvevaSi unda daikavos saxelmwifom kerZo firmebis adgili saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoeblis
saxiT? ramdenad saWiroa es? am TavSi davaxasiaTebT pirobebs, romlis drosac bazari saerTod ver
uzrunvelyofs momxmareblebs sasurveli saqonliT an ar xdeba misi saTanadod Sefaseba.
sazogadoebriv dovlaTs (Public Goods) ori damaxasiaTebeli niSani gaaCnia, kerZod, aris: 1.
arakonkurentuli; 2. gamouricxavi.
arakonkurentulia dovlaTi (Nonrival Goods), Tu warmoebis nebismier doneze am dovlaTis
miwodebis zRvruli danaxarji kidev erTi momxmareblisTvis nulis tolia. kerZo seqtorSi warmoebuli dovlaTis
umravlesobisTvis warmoebis zrdis zRvruli danaxarji dadebiTi sididea. magram rig dovlaTze damatebiTi
momxmareblebis gaCena gavlenas ver axdens danaxarjebze.
ganvixiloT moZraoba Tbilisi-cixisZiris Cqarosnul avtostradaze mcire satransporto nakadis
SemTxvevaSi. vinaidan avtostrada ukve arsebobs da ar aris gadatvirTuli, masze avtomobiliT mgzavrobis
damatebiTi danaxarjebi udris nuls. aseTive magaliTia Suquris gamoyeneba gemisTvis. rodesac Suqura ukve
funqcionirebs, misi eqspluataciis danaxarjebi ar gaizrdeba, Tu masze orientacias aiRebs kidev erTi gemi. da
bolos, ganvixiloT sazogadoebrivi televizia. cxadia, rom damatebiTi telemayureblis mier misi gamoyenebiT
gamowveuli danaxarjebi udris nuls.
dovlaTis umravlesoba konkurentulia moxmarebaSi. magaliTad, rodesac Tqven yidulobT avtomobils,
gamoricxulia misi yidva kidev sxvis mier. konkurentuli dovlaTi momxmareblebs Soris unda ganawildes.
arakonkurentuli dovlaTis SeZena yvelas SeuZlia Dda es gavlenas ver moaxdens sxva adamianebis
sargeblianobaze.
gamouricxavia (Nonexclusive) dovlaTi Tu SeuZlebelia adamianis moxmarebidan misi
gamoricxva. amis gamo Znelia an saerTod SeuZlebelia gamouricxavi dovlaTiT sargeblianobisaTvis
gadasaxadis daweseba; maTi gamoyeneba SeiZleba gadaxdis gareSe. gamouricxavi dovlaTis erT-erTi
magaliTia erovnuli Tavdacva. Tu eri uzrunvelyofilia kargi TavdacviT, es yvela moqalaqisTvis sargebliania.
Suqura da sazogadoebrivi televiziac gamouricxavi dovlaTis magaliTebia.
ar aris aucilebeli, rom gamouricxavi dovlaTi Tavisi xasiaTiT iyos saerTo-erovnuli. Tu regionis an
qalaqis administracia ebrZvis sasoflo-sameurneo mavneblebs, amiT mogebulia yvela fermeri da
momxmarebeli. calkeuli fermeris gamoricxva am programiT miRebuli sargeblianobidan praqtikulad
SeuZlebelia. avtomobili aris gamoricxvadi saqoneli (amavdroulad konkurentulic). rodesac dileri axal
avtomobils miyidis erT momxmarebels, yvela danarCens igi arTmevs am avtomobilis yidvis SesaZleblobas.
zogierTi dovlaTi gamoricxvadia, magram arakonkurentuli. magaliTad, dabali intensiuri moZraobis
dros xidze gavla arakonkurentulia, vinaidan damatebiTi manqana xidze ar Seanelebs sxva avtmobilis
moZraobis siCqares. amave dros xidze moZraoba gamoricxvadia _ mflobels SeuZlia akrZalos xidis
gamoyeneba. aRniSnulis kidev erT magaliTs satelevizio signali warmoadgens. Tu signali eTerSi gadis,
mauwyeblobis zRvruli danaxarjebi kidev erTi damatebiTi momxmareblisTvis nulis tolia. magram tele da
radiosignalebi SeiZleba gaxdes konkurentuli, Tu signali daiSifreba da kodebis miRebaze dawesdeba
gadasaxadi.
zogierTi dovlaTi aris gamouricxavi, magram konkurentuli. okeane an didi tba arakonkurentulia,
magram TevzWera konkurentulia (radgan sxvebisTvis igi dakavSirebulia danaxarjebTan). rac ufro meti
Tevzi iqneba daWerili, miT ufro naklebi darCeba sxvebisTvis. atmosferuli haeri aris gamouricxavi, xSirad
425
arakonkurentulic. is SeiZleba aRmoCndes konkurentuli, Tu romelime firmis mavne gamonabolqvi
araxelsayrelad imoqmedebs haeris xarisxze da SezRudavs sufTa haeriT sargeblianobis SesaZleblobas.
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi, romelic arakonkurentuli da gamouricxavia, adamianebisTvis sargeblianoba
moaqvs nulovani zRvruli danaxarjebis dros da misi vinmesTvis CamorTmeva SeuZlebelia. sazogadoebrivi
dovlaTis klasikuri magaliTia erovnuli Tavdacva. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tavdacva aris gamouricxavi da
agreTve arakonkurentuli, radgan Tavdacvis uzrunvelyofaze zRvruli danaxarjebi kidev erTi damatebiTi
adamianisaTvis nulis tolia. Suqurac sazogadoebrivi dovlaTia, vinaidan igi arakonkurentuli da amasTan
gamouricxavia _ Znelia gemebs dauweso gadasaxadi SuquriT sargeblianobisaTvis. ar aris aucilebeli, rom
Suqurebis mflobeli iyos saxelmwifo. r.qouzma Tavis erT-erT naSromSi aRwera XIX saukunis inglisSi
Suqurebis kerZo dafinansebis magaliTi.
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis CamonaTvali gacilebiT mcirea, vidre saxelmwifos mier uzrunvelyofili
dovlaTi. saxelmwifos mier uzrunvelyofili uamravi dovlaTi konkurentulia moxmarebaSi, gamoricxvadia an
gaaCnia orive maxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, saSualo ganaTleba konkurentulia moxmarebaSi. arsebobs kidev
erTi damatebiTi bavSvis ganaTlebaze dadebiTi damatebiTi danaxarji, radgan klasis gazrdis gamo sxva
bavSvebze yuradReba mcirdeba. garda amisa, fasiani swavlebis SemoRebam SeiZleba zogierTi bavSvi
ganaTlebis miRebis procesidan gamoricxos. saxelmwifo ganaTlebas uzrunvelyofs adgilobrivi xelisufleba,
radgan igi dakavSirebulia dadebiT gare efeqtebTan da ara imis gamo, rom igi aris yvelasaTvis
xelmisawvdomi sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi.

efeqtianoba da sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi
kerZo dovlaTis miRebis efeqtiani done ganisazRvreba damatebiTi erTeulis zRvruli sargeblianobis da
am erTeulis warmoebaze gaweuli zRvruli danaxarjebis SedarebiT. efeqtianoba miiRweva im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac zRvruli sargeblianoba da zRvruli danaxarjebi tolia. igive principi gamoiyeneba sazogadoebrivi
dovlaTis mimarT, Tumca analizis meTodi gansxvavebulia. kerZo dovlaTis SemTxvevaSi zRvruli
sargeblianoba ganisazRvreba sargebliT, romelsac Rebuloben momxmareblebi.
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis SemTxvevaSi unda gairkves rogor afasebs TiToeuli adamiani produqtis
damatebiT erTeuls. am Sefasebebis agrerirebiT gamoiangariSeba zRvruli sargeblianoba yvela im
adamianisTvis, vinc sargeblobs am dovlaTiT. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis efeqtiani donisaTvis zRvruli
sargeblianoba da warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjebi erTmaneTs unda gautoldes.
naxazze 19.10 naCvenebia sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoebis efeqtiani done. D
1
aris pirveli
momxmareblis sazogadoebriv dovlaTze moTxovnis mrudi, xolo D
2
meore momxmareblis moTxovnis
mrudi. TiToeuli mrudi aRwers zRvrul sargeblianobas, romelsac momxmarebeli Rebulobs warmoebis
moculobis TiToeul doneze. magaliTad, Tu arsebobs sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis 2 erTeuli, pirveli
momxmarebeli Tanaxmaa gadaixados am dovlaTSi 1,50 lari da es aris momxmareblis zRvruli sargeblianoba.
analogiurad, meore momxmarebeli Rebulobs sargeblianobas 4,00 laris odenobiT.
orive adamianis zRvruli sargeblianobis gasaangariSeblad unda Sejamdes TiToeuli moTxovnis mrudi
vertikalze. magaliTad, Tu gamoSvebis moculoba 2 erTeuls Seadgens, maSin jamdeba zRvruli sargeblianoba
1,50 lari da zRvruli sargeblianoba 4,00 lari. Ee i. zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianoba 5,50 laria. Tu aseTi
gaTvla sazogadoebrivi warmoebis TiToeuli donisaTvis keTdeba, Sedegad vRebulobT sazogadoebrivi
dovlaTis agregirebuli moTxovnis D mruds.
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warmoebis efeqtiani done ganisazRvreba moTxovnisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis gadakveTis
wertiliT. Cvens magaliTSi warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjebi aris 5,50 lari, amitom dovlaTis 2 erTeuli
gamoSvebis efeqtiani donea.


ratom aris 2 erTeuli efeqtiani moculoba? ra moxdeba, Tu gamovuSvebT dovlaTis mxolod 1 erTeuls?
miuxedavad imisa, rom zRvruli danaxarjebi isev 5,50 laria, zRvruli sargeblianoba erTi erTeulis
gamoSvebaze daaxloebiT 7,00 lars Seadgens. vinaidan zRvruli sargeblianoba zRvrul danaxarjebze metia,
SeTavazebuli dovlaTis raodenoba aSkarad arasakmarisia. Aanalogiurad, vivaraudoT, rom warmoebulia
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis 3 erTeuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi zRvruli sargeblianoba, (daaxloebiT 4,00 lari) ufro
naklebia, vidre zRvruli danaxarjebi (5.50 lari); warmoebulia metismetad bevri dovlaTi. sazogadoebrivi
dovlaTis warmoeba efeqtiania mxolod maSin, rodesac zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianoba zRvruli
danaxarjebis tolia.

sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi da bazris uunaroba
davuSvaT, fiqrobT q. foTSi ganaxorcieloT ,,amerikuli TeTri pepelas ganadgurebis programa.
gaTviTcnobierebuli gaqvT, rom programis mniSvneloba qalaqisa da misi mosaxleobisaTvis ufro didia, vidre
misi ganxorcielebis danaxarjebi _ 50000 lari. SegiZliaT Tu ara mogebis miReba programis kerZo gziT
ganxorcielebiT? Tqven gakotrdebiT, maSinac ki, Tu q. foTSi mcxovreb 10000 mosaxleze daawesebT
gadasaxads 5,00 laris odenobiT. ver aiZulebT adamianebs gadaixadon gadasaxadi, Tundac zogierTi maTgani
Tanaxma iyos yvelaze maRali Tanxis gadaxdaze.
D1
D
D2
7,00
5,50
4,00
1,50
nax. 19.10 sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis efeqtiani miwodeba
rodesac saqoneli arakonkurentulia, zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianoba (moTxovnis D mrudi) ganisazRvreba dovlaTze
moTxovnis D1 da D2

mrudebis vertikaluri SejamebiT. gamoSvebis efeqtiani donis wertilSi moTxovnis, miwodebis da
zRvruli danaxarjis mrudebi erTmaneTs kveTen.


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 raodenoba
zRvruli danaxarjebi

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samwuxarod, mavne mwerebis mospoba gamouricxavi momsaxurebaa. ar SeiZleba misi
ganxorcieleba ise, rom igi sargebliani ar iyos yvelasTvis. amitom bevri ojaxi ar gadaixdis imdens,
ramdenadac sinamdvileSi afaseben programas. am SemTxvevaSi adamianebi moqmedeben rogorc ,,ubileTo
mgzavrebi (Free Riders). esmiT programis mniSvneloba, magram ufasod iReben misgan sargebels.
rac Seexeba sazogadoebriv dovlaTs, ,,ubileTo mgzavrebis arseboba arTulebs an SeuZlebels xdis
bazarze mis efeqtian miwodebas. SeiZleboda, monawileTa raodenoba mcire yofiliyo, xolo programa
SedarebiT iafi, maSin yvela ojaxi nebayoflobiT daTanxmdeboda danaxarjebis ganawilebas. magram
ojaxebis metismetad didi raodenobis SemTxvevaSi nebayoflobiTi kerZo SeTanxmebebi Cveulebriv
araefeqtiania. amrigad, sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoeba efeqtiani rom iyos, igi saxelmwifos mier unda
iyos subsidirebuli an uzrunvelyofili.

magaliTi 2
moTxovna sufTa haerze
SeviswavloT sufTa haeris maxasiaTeblebi, rogorc sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi. regionSi haeris xarisxs
uamravi faqtori gansazRvravs, maT Soris hava, qari, samrewvelo gamonabolqvi da sxva. haeris
gasufTavebis nebismieri mcdeloba gaaumjobesebs atmosferul haers mTlianad regionis farglebSi.
maSasadame, sufTa haeri gamodis rogorc gamouricxavi dovlaTi _ romelime adamianis gamoricxva am
sargeblianobidan praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. sufTa haeri warmoadgens agreTve arakonkurentul dovlaTs: Tu
me vsargeblob sufTa haeriT, es xels ar giSliT Tqvenc igive gaakeToT.
vinaidan sufTa haeri aris sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi, misTvis ar arsebobs bazari an gansazRvruli fasi,
romliTac adamianebi Tanaxma iqnebodnen gaecvalaT haeri sxva produqtze. sabednierod, Cven SegviZlia
ganvsazRvroT adamianebis sufTa haerSi gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna uZravi qonebis bazris analizis
saSualebiT. nebismieri ojaxi ori identuri saxlis yidvis dros, mets gadaixdis im saxlSi, romelic mdebareobs
ufro sufTa haeris mqone regionSi.
davuSvaT, qalaq TbilisSi sacxovrebeli saxlebis Sesaxeb monacemebis statikuri analizis
daxmarebiTYmiRebuli iqna sufTa haerze moTxovnis Sefasebebi. kerZod, dadginda korelacia binis fasebsa
da haeris xarisxs, agreTve saxlebis sxva maxasiaTeblebsa da garemos Soris. naxazze 19.11 naCvenebia
moTxovnis sami mrudi, romlebic asaxaven sufTa haeris, azotis oqsidisa da Semosavlis donis SefasebiT
damokidebulebas. horizontalur RerZze aRniSnulia haeris dabinZurebis done wilebSi haerSi azotis oqsidis
as milionze (Parts Per Hundred Million, pphm). vertikalurze _ TiToeuli ojaxis mzadyofna gadaixados
azotis oqsidis donis Semcirebis erT asmilionian wilSi.
moTxovnis mrudi aRmavalia, vinaidan horizontalur RerZze aisaxeba ufro dabinZureba, vidre sufTa
haeri. rac ufro sufTaa haeri, miT dabalia met dovlaTSi gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna. sxvaoba sufTa haerSi
gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnis doneebs Soris mniSvnelovnad meryeobs. magaliTad, Tu TbilisSi azotis oqsidis
done icvleba 3-dan 5 punqtamde, saSualo Semosavliani ojaxi Tanaxma iqneboda gadaexada 800 lari azotis
oqsidis donis 1 punqtiT SemcirebaSi (Tu azotis oqsidis done 3 punqtamde Semcirdeboda).
428


es Tanxa mkveTrad aiwevs (2200 laramde 1 wiliT SemcirebaSi), Tu azotis oqsidis Ydone 9 punqts
Seadgens.
atmosferuli haeris mciredi gaumjobesebisaTvis maRalSemosavliani ojaxebi Tanaxma arian
gadaixadon meti dabalSemosavlianebTan SedarebiT. azotis oqsidis dabali donis SemTxvevaSi (3 punqti)
sxvaoba ojaxebs Soris dabali da maRali SemosavlebiT mxolod 200 larss Seadgens, magram igi ufro maRal
doneebze (9 punqti) 700 laramde izrdeba.
sufTa haerze moTxovnis raodenobrivi informaciisa da haeris xarisxis gaumjobesebaze danaxarjebis
Sefasebebis daxmarebiT SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, aRemateba Tu ara garemos mdgomareobis regulirebiT
miRebuli sargeblianoba danaxarjebs. gamokvleviT dadgenilia, rom kontrolis zomebi amcireben
dabinZurebis dones, magaliTad, azotis oqsidiT dabinZurebas daaxloebiT 10%-iT. Qq. Tbilisis yvela
mcxovrebis sargeblianoba am 10%-iani gaumjobesebiT daaxloebiT 20 aTas lars Seadgens. Aaseve,
gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom avtomobilebis gamonabolqvis kontrolisaTvis mowyobilobaze danaxarjebi
20 aTas larze naklebia. Aamrigad, regulirebidan miRebuli sargeblianoba namdvilad aRemateba danaxarjebs.
lari
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
nax. 19.11 moTxovna sufTa atmosferul haerze
sami mrudi asaxavs TiToeuli sami kategoriidan (dabali, saSualo da maRali SemosavliT) ojaxebis mzadyofnas gadaixadon
sufTa haerSi (azotis oqsidebis donis SemcirebaSi). saerTod ojaxebi maRali SemosavliT avlenen ufro maRal moTxovnas
sufTa atmosferul haerze, vidre ojaxebi dabali SemosavlebiT. garda amisa, TiToeul ojaxs urCevnia naklebi gadaixados
sufTa haerSi, rodesac haeris xarisxis done izrdeba.



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 azotis oqsidi
maRali Semosavali
dabali Semisavali
saSualo Semosavali
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sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis kerZo upiratesobebi
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoeba xelsayrelia saxelmwifosaTvis, vinaidan mas uCndeba
SesaZlebloba daawesos gadasaxadebi an baJebi. rogor gansazRvros mTavrobam moTxovna sazogadoebriv
dovlaTze, Tu ,,ubileTo mgzavrebis problema stimuls aZlevs adamianebs arasworad warmoadginon
TavianTi upiratesobebi?
ganvixiloT kerZo upiratesobebis gansazRvris meqanizmebi.


ganawilebis problemis gadasawyvetad farTod gamoiyeneba kenWisyris principi. zogierTi sakiTxis
mosagvareblad moqalaqeebi uSualod monawileoben kenWisyraSi. agreTve isini irCeven kanonmdeblebs,
romlebic monawileoben kenWisyraSi danarCen sakiTxebze. mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis mosagvareblad
gamoiyeneba referendumic, romelic adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobisa da regionebis doneze dafuZnebulia
xmaTa umravlesobis wesze: TiToeul admians aqvs erTi xma. imarjvebs is kandidati (an pasuxi kiTxvaze),
romelic miiRebs xmebis 50%-ze mets. rogor gansazRvravs umravlesobis wesi saxelmwifo ganaTlebiT
uzrunvelyofas? naxazze 19.12 aRniSnulia sami moqalaqis upiratesoba ganaTlebis danaxarjebTan
dakavSirebiT erT moswavleze. aRniSnuli sami moqalaqe mocemuli skolis raionSi sam dainteresebul jgufs
warmoadgens.
mrudi
1
W asaxavs pirveli moqalaqis mzadyofnas gadaixados ganaTlebis safasuri yvela aucilebeli
gadasaxadebis gamoklebiT. gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna es momxmareblis nametia, romelsac mosaxleoba
Rebulobs xarjebis konkretuli donis arCeviT. saerTo jamSi ganaTlebis xarjebis momatebiT miRebuli
sargeblianoba imatebs xarjebis zrdasTan erTad. magram amasTan izrdeba gadasaxadebic, romliTac ibegreba
ganaTleba. gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnis mrudi, romelic asaxavs wminda sargeblianobas ganaTlebis xarjebidan,
Tavdapirvelad mimarTulia zemoT (moqalaqeebi ufro afaseben ganaTlebis xarjebis dabal dones). Tu
AW

W
1
600

1200 1800 2400


W
2
W
3

danaxarji erTi moswavlis ganaTlebaze, lari


g
a
d
a
x
d
i
s

m
z
a
d
y
o
f
n
a

nax. 19.12 ganaTlebaze danaxarjebis donis gansazRvra
ganaTlebaze danaxarjebis efeqtianobis done ganisazRvreba Tanxis SekrebiT, romlis gadasaxdelad mzadaa samive moqalaqe. mrudebi
W
1
, W
2
, W
3
gamoxataven TiToeuli maTganis gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnas, xolo mrudi AW Seesabameba gadaxdaze maT erTobliv
mzadyofnas. danaxarjebis efeqtiani done erT moswavleze 1200 lars Seadgens. sinamdvileSi uzrunvelyofili xarjebia is done, romelsac
irCevs saSualo amomrCeveli. mocemul situaciaSi saSualo xmis mimcemTa upiratesoba W
2
mrudis pikiT aisaxeba, romelic efeqtian
doneze mdebareobs.
430
ganaTlebaze xarjebi gadaaWarbebs 600 lars erT moswavleze, ganaTlebis miRebis mniSvneloba mcirdeba.
maSasadame, wminda sargeblianoba sinamdvileSi klebadia. sabolood xarjebis done imdenad izrdeba (2400
lari erT moswavleze), rom moqalaqeebisTvis umniSvnelo xdeba arCevanis gakeTeba xarjebis aRniSnul
donesa da xarjebis ararsebobas Soris.
mruds W
2
, romelic aRwers gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebuli meore moqalaqis gadaxdisadmi
mzadyofnas, analogiuri forma aqvs, magram maqsimums aRwevs erT moswavleze 1200 laris doneze. da
bolos, mrudi
3
W , romelic asaxavs mesame moqalaqis gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnas, piks aRwevs 1800 laris
pirobebSi.
wrfe AW aris erT moswavleze ganaTlebis gadaxdisadmi erToblivi mzadyofna, e.i. mrudebis
2 1
,W W da
3
W jami. mrudi AW aCvenebs maqsimalur Tanxas, romlis gadaxdaze Tanaxmaa samive
moqalaqe TiToeuli ganaTlebis donis miRebaSi. naxazze 19.12 advilad SesamCnevia, rom erToblivi
gadaxdisadmi mzadyofna maqsimums aRwevs, roca erT moswavleze ixarjeba 1200 lari. vinaidan mrudi
AW gamoxatavs saxsrebis xarjvidan miRebul sargeblianobas aucilebeli gadasaxadebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
maqsimaluri wertili _ 1200 lari erT moswavleze _ xarjebis efeqtiani donec aris.
miviRebT Tu ara efeqtian Sedegs, Tu kenWisyris dros vixelmZRvanelebT xmaTa umravlesobis
wesiT? davuSvaT, rom sazogadoebam kenWisyriT unda gadawyvitos daixarjos erT moswavleze 1200 Tu
600 lari. pirveli moqalaqe xmas miscems 600 lars, xolo danarCeni ori xmas miscems 1200 lars, romelic
iqneba arCeuli xmaTa umravlesobis wesiT.
xmaTa umravlesobis wesiT, alternativis miuxedavad arCeuli iqneba varianti 1200 lari erT
moswavleze. maSasadame, 1200 lari warmoadgens saukeTeso variants saSualo xmis mimcemisTvis
(medianuri anu saSualo upiratesobis moqalaqisaTvis; pirveli moqalaqe amjobinebs 600 lars, mesame 1800
lars). xmaTa umravlesobis wesiT xarjebis done, romelsac airCevs saSualo xmis mimcemi, yovelTvis iqneba
misaRebi yvela alternatiul variants Soris.
iqneba Tu ara saSualo amomrCevlis mier arCeuli xarjebis done efeqtiani? mocemul SemTxvevaSi es
asea, vinaidan 1200 lari aris efeqtiani xarjebi. magram saSualo xmis mimcemis upiratesoba xSirad ar
emTxveva xarjebis efeqtian dones. davuSvaT, mesame moqalaqis upiratesoba iseTive aRmoCnda, rogoric
meoresi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom saSualo amomrCeveli irCevs Tanxas 1200 lars erT
moswavleze, xarjebis efeqtiani done ukve naklebia, vidre 1200 laris dros (mxedvelobaSi miiReba samive
moqalaqis upiratesoba). am SemTxvevaSi umravlesobis wesi iwvevs ganaTlebaze saxsrebis gadaxarjvas. Tu
Cvens magaliTSi erTnairi iqneboda pirveli da meore moqalaqis upiratesoba, maSin umravlesobis wesi
gamoiwvevda ganaTlebaze xarjebis arasakmaris dones.
maSasadame, miuxedavad imisa, rom xmaTa umravlesobis wesi avlens saSualo amomrCevlis
upiratesobas, misi Sedegebi ekonomikurad yovelTvis efeqtiania. umravlesobis wesi araefeqtiania im
TvalsazrisiT, rom igi TiToeuli adamianis upiratesobas Tanabar mniSvnelobas aniWebs.

ZiriTadi terminebi
- gare efeqtebi (eqsternaliebi)
- dadebiTi gare efeqti
- uaryofiTi gare efeqti
- zRvruli gare danaxarji
- zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarji
- zRvruli sargeblianoba
- zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianoba
- bazris fiasko
431
- standarti narCenebze
- gadasaxadi narCenebze
- nebarTva dabinZurebaze
- anazRaurebadi depoziti
- qouzis Teorema
- saerTo sargeblianobis resursi
- sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi
- arakunkurentuli dovlaTi
- gamouricxavi dovlaTi
- sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis kerZo upiratesoba

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. gare efeqtebs adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac mwarmoebeli an momxmarebeli zemoqmedebs sxvebis
sawarmoo an samomxmareblo gadawyvetilebebze imgvarad, rom es pirdapir ar aisaxeba bazarze.
gare efeqtebi iwveven bazris araefeqtian muSaobas, radgan maTi zemoqmedebiT sabazro fasebi
veRar gvawvdian zust informacias moTxovnisa da miwodebis sidideebis Sesaxeb.
2. garemos dabinZureba aris gare efeqtebis gavrcelebuli magaliTi, rac sabazro ,,Cavardnebs iwvevs.
aRniSnulis koreqtireba SesaZlebelia narCenebis gadamuSavebis xelSewyobiT an gamonabolqvze
standartebisa da nebarTvebis SemoRebiT, aseve gadasaxadebis dawesebiT. Tu ar arsebobs
gansazRvruli monacemebi danaxarjebisa da sargeblianobis Sesaxeb, SesaZlebelia koreqtirebis
nebismieri meqanizmi aRmoCndes misaRebi, imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria zRvruli sazogadoebrivi
danaxarjisa da zRvruli sargeblianobis mrudTa formebi.
3. sabazro CavardniT gamowveuli problemebis daZleva SeiZleba mxareTa Soris kerZo
molaparakebebis gziT. qouzis Teoremis mixedviT molaparakebebis Sedegad miRebuli
gadawyvetileba efeqtiani iqneba, roca sakuTrebis uflebebi naTlada gansazRvrulia, transaqciuli
danaxarjebi aris nulis toli da adgili ara aqvs strategiul qcevas. naklebad mosalodenelia, rom
molaparakebam moitanos efeqtiani ASedegi, radgan xSirad mxareebs aqvT strategiuli qceva.
4. saqoneli, romelsac kerZo seqtori efeqtianad ver awarmoebs, aris arakonkurentuli an gamouricxavi.
sazogadoebriv dovlaTs orive Tviseba axasiaTebs. dovlaTi arakonkurentulia, Tu warmoebis yoveli
mocemuli donis pirobebSi misi miwodebis zRvruli danaxarji yoveli damatebiTi momxmareblisTvis
aris nulis toli. dovlaTi gamouricxavia, Tu calkeuli adamianebis moxmarebidan misi gamoricxva
Zviria an SeuZlebelia.
5. zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianoba ganisazRvreba dovlaTze individualuri moTxovnis mrudebis
vertikaluri SejamebiT. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis miwodeba efeqtiania, roca zRvruli sazogadoebrivi
sargeblianoba warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia.
6. moqalaqeebisTvis xmis micemis umravlesobis wesi aris sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis arCevis erT-erTi
gza. umravlesobis wesis mixedviT efeqtiania danaxarjebis done, romelsac upiratesoba mianiWa
medianurma momxmarebelma. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom aRniSnuli done calsaxad efeqtiania.

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis

1. ra SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba gare efeqtebi (eqsternaliebi)?
2. gare efeqtebis ra saxeobebs icnobT?
3. rogori damokidebulebaa zRvrul sazogadoebriv sargeblianobasa da zRvrul danaxarjebs Soris
dadebiTi gare efeqtebis dros?
432
4. rogori damokidebulebaa zRvrul sazogadoebriv sargeblianobasa da zRvrul danaxarjebs Soris
uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis dros?
5. aageT zRvruli sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis mrudi. aRwereT grafiki.
6. daasaxeleT bazris fiaskos koreqtirebis meTodebi.
7. rogor SeiZleba gare efeqtebiT gamowveuli araefeqtianobis daZleva?
8. ra SemTxvevaSi miiRweva narCenebis gadayris efeqtiani done?
9. daasabuTeT narCenebze gadasaxadis dawesebis upiratesobebi.
10. daasabuTeT narCenebze nebarTvebis dawesebis upiratesobebi.
11. ratom ar aris gare efeqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis gamoyenebuli dasufTavebis gadasaxadi,
standartebi an nebarTvebi?
12. sakuTrebis gansxvavebuli uflebebis SemTxvevaSi rogori molaparakebebia sarfiani ori mxarisTvis?
13. ganmarteT qouzis Teorema.
14. saerTo resursebiT sargeblianobis ra SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba gare efeqtebi? Ppasuxi daasabuTeT.
15. ganmarteT terminebi: arakonkurentuli dovlaTi, gamouricxavi dovlaTi. moiyvaneT magaliTebi.
16. grafikulad warmoadgineT sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis efeqtiani miwodebis mrudi. ra SemTxvevaSia
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoeba efeqtiani?
17. ra SemTxvevaSi unda daikavos saxelmwifom kerZo firmebis adgili produqtisa da momsaxurebis
mwarmoeblis saxiT? ramdenad saWiroa es?
18. rogor gansazRvros mTavrobam moTxovna sazogadoebriv dovlaTze, Tu ,,ubileTo mgzavrebis
problema stimuls aZlevs adamianebs arasworad warmoadginon TavianTi upiratesobebi?
19. SeafaseT kerZo da sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis sargeblianobebi.

433
Tavi 20. keTildReobis ekonomika

Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT
1. keTildReobis ekonomikis cnebebis ganmartebas
2. konkurentuli wonasworobiT miRweuli ganawilebis Sefasebas samarTlianobisa da efeqtianobis
TvlaTaxedviT
3. SesaZlo sargeblianobis mrudebis agebas
4. socialuri keTildReobis funqciur gamosaxvas da analizs
5. keTildReobis ekonomikis Teoremebis ganxilvas
6. lorencis mrudiT Semosavlebis uTanabrobis aRweras

20.1 keTildReobis ekonomikis ganmarteba

keTildReobis ekonomika (Welfare Economics) Seiswavlis zogadi wonasworobis modelSi aRwerili
pareto-optimaluri mdgomareobis miRwevisa da socialuri keTildReobis maqsimizaciis pirobebs. pareto-
optimalurobis miRweva efeqtian gacvlasTan erTad gulisxmobs warmoebis faqtorebis, aseve saqonlis da
Semosavlebis optimalur ganawilebas momxmareblebs Soris.
keTildReobis ekonomika ganixilavs normatul sakiTxebs da damyarebulia SefasebiT gasjaze. Mmisi
mizania aRweros ara is, Tu rogor muSaobs ekonomika, aramed Seafasos ramdenad kargad muSaobs igi.
warmoebis faqtorebis ganawileba pareto-optimaluria, Tu SeuZlebelia faqtorTa xelaxali gadanawilebiT
romelime saqonlis gamoSvebis gazrda sxva saqonlis gamoSvebis Semcirebis gareSe. amrigad, ori saqonlis
mqone ekonomikis modelSi sawarmoo kontraqtebis (SeTanxmebaTa) mrudi aris warmoebis faqtorTa pareto-
optimaluri ganawilebis Sesabamisi wertilebis aRmniSvneli traeqtoria.
saqonlisa da Semosavlis ganawileba pareto-optimaluria, Tu SeuZlebelia maTi xelaxali gadanawilebiT
romelime momxmareblis sargeblianobis gazrda sxva momxmareblis sargeblianobis Semcirebis gareSe.
amrigad, ori ekonomikis modelSi samomxmareblo kontraqtebis (SeTanxmebaTa) mrudi aris
saqonlis/Semosavlis pareto-optimaluri ganawilebis Sesabamisi wertilebis aRmniSvneli traeqtoria.

20.2 samarTlianoba da efeqtianoba

zogadi wonasworobis analizis dros Cven ganvixileT produqtisa da momsaxurebis efeqtiani
ganawilebis sxvadasxva modeli. Gganawilebis efeqtianobis problema dakavSirebulia samarTlianobis
problemasTan. Oorive cneba istoriulia da isini sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneebs
gamoxataven.
rogorc aRiniSna, efeqtiani ganawileba srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi miRweva. AamasTan,
ganawilebis zogierTi modeli ufro samarTliania, vidre sxvebi. ganawilebis romeli tipia yvelaze samarTliani?
es rTuli sakiTxia. ekonomistebi, aseve sxva mecnierebi, ver mividnen im SeTanxmebamde, Tu rogor
ganisazRvros samarTlianoba (Equity) da rogor gamoisaxos igi raodenobrivad. yoveli Sexeduleba mWidrod
aris dakavSirebuli sargeblianobis Sesaxeb subieqtur warmodgenasTan. aRiSnuli sakiTxi ganvixiloT Teoriul
434
aspeqtSi da movaxdinoT konkretuli magaliTis ilustracia imis dasamtkiceblad, rom konkurentuli
wonasworobiT miRweuli ganawileba yovelTvis ar aris samarTliani.

SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa mrudi (Utility-Possibility Curve)

ganvixiloT naxazze 20.1 warmodgenili X da Y saqonlis mwarmoebeli martivi ekonomikis efeqtiani
gacvlis zogadi wonasworobis modeli, sadac mxolod A da B individebi arseboben.

Tu saqonlis gamoSvebis amsaxveli naxazidan (nax. 20.1) samomxmareblo kontraqtebis mrudebs
gadavitanT individebis sargeblianobebis amsaxvel naxazze (nax. 20.2), miviRebT ekonomikis SesaZlo
sargeblianobaTa mruds.
naxazze 20.2 ganurCevlobis A
1
mruds Seesabameba 150 erTeuli sargeblianoba (U
A
= 150
utili), xolo B
3
ganurCevlobis mruds ki 450 erTeuli sargeblianoba (U
B
=450 utili). sargeblianobaTa amsaxvel
naxazze am kombinacias Seesabameba C
I
wertili, xolo naxazze 20.1 sargeblianobaTa am kombinaciisas
optimaluri gacvlis aRmniSvnelia C wertili.
zustad aseve, naxazze 20.2 ganurCevlobis A
2
mruds Seesabameba 300 erTeuli sargeblianoba (U
A
=
150 utili), xolo B
2
ganurCevlobis mruds ki 400 erTeuli sargeblianoba (U
B
=400 utili). sargeblianobaTa
amsaxvel diagramaze am kombinacias Seesabameba D' wertili, xolo naxazze 20.1 sargeblianobaTa am
kombinaciisas optimaluri gacvlis aRmniSvnelia D wertili.
4
O
A
10
8
A3
6
2

10 8 6 4 2
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
J '
N '
X
) (
B
O M'
C
D
B2
B3
A1
A2
B1
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
E
Y
nax. 20.1 efeqtiani gacvlis zogadi wonasworobis modeli
435


analogiurad, naxazze 20.2 ganurCevlobis A
3
mruds Seesabameba 400 erTeuli sargeblianoba
(U
A
=400 utili), xolo B
1
ganurCevlobis mruds ki 150 erTeuli sargeblianoba (U
B
=150 utili). sargeblianobaTa
amsaxvel diagramaze am kombinacias Seesabameba E' Ewertili, xolo naxazze 20.1 sargeblianobaTa am
kombinaciisas optimaluri gacvlis aRmniSvnelia E wertili.
C' , D' da E' wertilebis SeerTebiT miviRebT
M
F
'
F SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa mruds (naxazi 20.2).
am mrudze D' wertili, warmoadgens rogorc warmoebis, aseve moxmarebis pareto-optimalurobis
aRmniSvnel wertils, romelsac naxazze 20.1 Seesabameba D wertili.
erTiani SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa mrudi (Grand Utility-Possibility Curve)
naxazze 20.1 asaxul J M N ' ' ' transformaciis mrudze wertilebis arCeviT SesaZlebelia ejvortis kolofis
diagramisa da samomxmareblo mrudis, Semdeg ki, erTiani SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa mrudis (Grand
Utility-Posibility Curve) ageba, aseve warmoebisa da moxmarebis sxva pareto-optimumis Sesabamisi
wertilis migneba. es procedura SesaZlebelia ramdenjerme gavimeoroT da pareto-optimumis aRmniSvneli
wertilebi SevaerToT texiliT. miviRebT erTian SesaZlo sargeblianobis mruds (naxazi 20.3).
naxazze 20.2
M
F
'
SesaZlo sargeblianobis mrudi miRebulia naxazze 20.1 asaxuli M O
A
'
samomxmareblo kontraqtis mrudidan. Tu avirCevT sxva N' wertils transformaciis mrudze, maSin
SegviZlia avagoT sxva N O
A
'

samomxmareblo kontraqtis mrudi (romelic ar aris naCvenebi naxazze 20.1).
Sesabamisad, SegviZlia avagoT sxva
N
F
'
SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa mrudi (nax. 20.3).
500
400
300
200
100
uA
M
F
'

) , (
1 3
B A E'
) , (
2 2
B A D'
) , (
3 1
B A C'
O
100 200 300 400 500
uB
nax. 20.2 SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa mrudi
436


amrigad, SegviZlia davadginoT warmoebisa da gacvlis sxva pareto-optimumis Sesabamisi T'
wertili, romelic aseve asaxulia naxazze 20.3. Tu zemoT aRweril proceduras ramdenjerme gavimeorebT,
miRebul T D ' ',

da sxva wertilebs SevaerTebT, miviRebT erTian SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa G mruds.
maSasadame, SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna: saqonlis an Semosavlis veranairi ganawileba ver gazrdis
romelime individis mier moxmarebuli saqonlis an Semosavlis raodenobas, Tu amave dros ar Semcirda
sxva individis moxmareba.
samarTlianoba da srulyofili konkurencia
konkurentul wonasworobas mivyavarT pareto-efeqtianobis Sedegamde, romelic SeiZleba
aRmoCndes samarTliani, SeiZleba ara. faqtiurad konkurentuli wonasworoba optimaluri garigebebis mrudis
nebismier wertilSi SeiZleba damyardes imis miuxedavad, Tu rogori iyo sawyisi ganawileba.
efeqtiani ganawileba yovelTvis ar aris samarTliani. amitom saxelmwifom socialuri samarTlianobis
motiviT SeiZleba moaxdinos saqonlis an Semosavlebis gadanawileba. xSirad es miiRweva sagadasaxado
sistemis gamoyenebiT. magaliTad, progresuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT miRebuli saxsrebi gamoiyeneba
saojaxo meurneobebis daxmarebis programebSi da Semosavlebi gadanawildeba mdidrebidan Raribebis
sasargeblod. Aaseve, saxelmwifos SeuZlia uzrunvelyos samedicino daxmarebiT naklebSemosavliani ojaxebi
da sxva.
rogorc aRvniSneT, konkurentuli wonasworoba SeiZleba arsebobdes optimaluri garigebebis mrudis
nebismier wertilSi. es mikroekonomikis erT-erTi fundamenturi daskvnaa da pasuxs iZleva ZiriTad normatul
kiTxvaze: arsebobs Tu ara kompromisi samarTlianobasa da efeqtianobas Soris? es daskvna ganixileba
rogorc keTildReobis ekonomikis pirveli Teorema da amtkicebs, rom nebismieri konkurentuli
wonasworoba pareto-efeqtiania.
SeuZlia Tu ara sazogadoebas resursebis ufro samarTliani ganawilebis pirobebSi funqcionirebdes
ekonomikurad efeqtianad? am kiTxvaze pasuxs iZleva keTildReobis ekonomikis meore Teorema, romlis
uB
N
F
'

M
F
'

N
F
'

M
F
'

G
G
T '
D'
600
500
400
300
200
100
uA
O
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
nax. 20.3 erTiani SesaZlo sargeblianobis mrudi
437
Tanaxmad ar aris aucilebeli, rom gadanawileba konfliqtSi movides efeqtianobasTan. formalurad
meore Teorema amtkicebs:
Tu individualuri upiratesobebi gamokveTilia, maSin TiToeuli pareto-efeqtiani ganawileba
warmoadgens konkurentul wonasworobas.
ufro martivad, Teorema amtkicebs, rom yoveli wonasworoba, romelic pretenzias acxadebs
samarTlianobaze, SeiZleba miRweul iqnas individTa Soris resursebis ganawilebiT da aseTi ganawileba
araefeqtianobis gancdas ar iwvevdes.
realurad efeqtianobisa da samarTlianobis amocanebi ar SeiZleba gadaiWras erTdroulad. aucilebelia
ganxorcieldes rTuli arCevani. pirvel da meore Teoremebze dafuZnebuli keTildReobis ekonomika
saxelmwifo politikaSi samarTlianobisa da efeqtianobis Tanmxlebi normatiuli sakiTxebis ganxilvis
saSualebas iZleva.

20.3 socialuri keTildReobis funqcia

ekonomikaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba socialuri keTildReobis funqcia (Social Wal Fare Function).
misi saSualebiT aRiwereba sazogadoebisaTvis sasurveli calkeuli sargeblianobis xvedriTi wonebi.
socialuri keTildReobis funqcia dakavSirebulia samarTlianobis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebul
Sexedulebaze. samarTlianobaze zogierTi Sexeduleba ar iZleva saSualebas zustad ganisazRvros individualuri
sargeblianoba. aqedan gamomdinare, socialuri keTildReobis funqciis saxiT maTi warmodgena ar xerxdeba.
samarTlianobis Sesaxeb arsebobs oTxi Sexeduleba:
1. egalitaruli sazogadoebis yvela wevri Tanabari raodenobis dovlaTs iRebs;
2. roulzianuri gulisxmobs yvelaze naklebad uzrunvelyofili adamianebis sargeblianobis maqsimizacias;
3. utilitaruli gulisxmobs sazogadoebis yvela wevris saerTo sargeblianobis maqsimizacias;
4. bazarze orientirebuli dovlaTis sabazro ganawileba warmoadgens yvelaze samarTlians.
egalitaruli Sexedulebebis mixedviT, dovlaTi mkacri TanabrobiT unda ganawildes; roulzianelebic
samarTlianobas did mniSvnelobas aniWeben. maTi Sexeduleba zogjer SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc
egalitaruli, rac gulisxmobs sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris resursebis Tanabar ganawilebas. Tumca es yovelTvis
ar aris aucilebeli. vTqvaT, maRali Sromisnayofiereba jildovdeba ufro meti SemosavlebiT. Cven SeiZleba
vaiZuloT adamianebi imuSaon meti daZabulobiTa da maRali SromisnayofierebiT. es gamoiwvevs meti
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebas, romelTagan zogierTi SeiZleba gadanawilebul iqnes sazogadoebis
Raribi adamianebis mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad.
roulzianuri Sexedulebis (Rawlsian View) mixedviT, resursebis Tanabarma ganawilebam SeiZleba
mospos aqtiuri adamianebis ufro meti daZabulobiT Sromis stimuli.
30
is keTildReoba, romelsac daZabuli
SromiT miaRwies, SeiZleba gadasaxadebis meSveobiT iqnes amoRebuli. es mosazreba uSvebs
uTanasworobas, Tu sazogadoebis naklebad uzrunvelyofili wevrebis mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeba. roulzis
mixedviT, yvelaze xelsayreli samarTliani ganawileba maqsimizacias ukeTebs sazogadoebis yvelaze
naklebad uzrunvelyofili wevrebis sargeblianobas.
utilitarizmis momxreebi garkveul zRvars avleben yvelaze metad da yvelaze naklebad uzrunvelyofili
sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris.

30
Cm.: John Rawls, A Teory of Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971).
438
bazarze orientaciis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, samarTlianad SeiZleba CaiTvalos konkurenciuli sabazro
procesis Sedegi _ bazari ajildoebs maT, vinc yvelaze niWieria da yvelaze daZabulad Sromobs. magaliTad,
Tu E aris konkurentuli wonasworuli ganawilebis wertili, maSin am SexedulebiT E wertili ufro
samarTliania vidre F , im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu saqoneli Tanabrad ar aris ganawilebuli.
erTiani SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa mrudze gamosaxul pareto-optimumis mravali wertilidan romeli
Seesabameba maqsimalur socialur keTildReobas? socialuri keTildReobis funqciis asagebad arsebobs
erTaderTi meTodi pirovnebebs Soris sargeblianobaTa Sedareba (Interpersonal Comparision of
Utility).

socialuri keTildReobis funqcia gviCvenebs A da B individebis sargeblianobebis sxvadasxva
kombinaciebs, romlebic sazogadoebas erTidaigive dakmayofilebis anu keTildReobis doniT uzrunvelyofen.
naxazze 20.4
3 2 1
W W W da warmoadgenen socialuri keTildReobis funqciebs anu socialuri
ganurCevlobis mrudebs. sazogadoeba amjobinebs maRla mdebare mrudebze arsebuli wertilebis Sesabamis
socialur keTildReobas. dabla mdebare mrudidan maRla mdebare mrudze gadasvla mTlianad
sazogadoebisaTvis (orive individisaTvis) keTildReobis ufro maRal doneze mianiSnebs. erTidaigive mrudis
gaswvriv moZraoba ki niSnavs, rom erTi individis keTildReobis gazrda SesaZlebelia mxolod meore
individis keTildReobis Semcirebis xarjze.
socialuri keTildReobis mrudis Sexebis wertili erTian SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa mrudTan
warmoadgens maqsimaluri socialuri keTildReobis aRmniSvnel wertils. naxazze 20.5 D' wertili
Seesabameba maqsimaluri socialuri keTildReobis wertils Cvens mier ganxiluli martivi ekonomikisaTvis.
maSasadame, socialuri keTildReobis funqciis asagebad da keTildReobis maqsimumis wertilis
dasadgenad, sazogadoebam unda Caataros SefasebiTi msjeloba (eTikuri msjeloba) _ erTmaneTs Seudaros
sxvadasxva individTa sargeblianobebi.


20.4 Semosavlebis ganawileba da gadanawileba
G
G
D'
500
600
W2
W3
nax. 20.4 socialuri ganurCevlobis mrudebi
nax. 20.5 maqsimaluri socialuri keTildReoba
W1
200 400 600 800
uB
uA
400
200
O
O
200 400 600 800
W3
500
400
600
200
uA
W1
W2
uB
439

adamianTa keTildReobis Sesaxeb warmodgenas iZleva Semosavlebis individualuri ganawileba.
marTalia ar arsebobs mecnierulad dasabuTebuli meTodi individTa bednierebis SedarebisaTvis, magram
Semosavlebis ganawileba SedarebiTi keTildReobis erT-erTi xelmisawvdomi indikatoria da farTod
gamoiyeneba ganawilebis uTanabrobis statikuri analizis dros.
individualuri Semosavlebis uTanabrobas mravali faqtori gansazRvravs. maTgan mniSvnelovania
Sromis anazRaurebis diferenciacia, rasac Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs gansxvavebani bunebriv unarSi,
ganaTlebis doneSi, profesiul gamocdilebaSi da sxva. Semosavlebis uTanabrobis mZlavri faqtoria agreTve
fasian qaRaldebsa (aqciebi, obligaciebi) da uZrav qonebaze sakuTrebis araTanabari ganawileba da bolos,
arcTu iSviaTad ganmsazRvrel faqtorebad gvevlineba: warmateba, qudbedianoba, informaciis floba, riski,
piradi kavSirebi da a.S.
Semosavlebis uTanabrobis siRrme aRiwereba lorencis mrudiT. horizontalur RerZze aRvniSnoT
mosaxleoba (an ojaxebi), xolo vertikalurze Semosavali (naxazi 20. 6). maCveneblebi mocemulia %-Si da
TiToeul RerZze 100%-is misaRebad gamoyofilia 20%-iani niSnulebi. amgvarad, mosaxleoba nawildeba 5
nawilad. mosaxleobis jgufebi RerZze lagdebian dabalSemosavlianebidan mdidrebis mimarTulebiT. Tu
mosaxleobis TiToeuli mexuTedi iRebs Tanabar Semosavals, maSin adgili aqvs absolutur Tanabarzomierebas
da lorencis mrudi warmoadgens
OE
diagonals, xolo absoluturi araTanabarzomiereba OGE mrudiT aris
warmodgenili. lorencis mrudi asaxavs Semosavlebis faqtiur ganawilebas. realurad uRaribesi fena iRebs 5-
6%_s, xolo mdidrebi 40-50%_s. amitom lorencis mrudi Zevs im xazebs Soris, romlebic asaxaven
Semosavlebis absolutur Tanabarzomierebasa da absolutur uTanabrobas. rac ufro uTanabroa Semosavlebis
ganawileba, miT ufro Cazneqilia mrudi da uaxlovdeba G wertils, da piriqiT, rac ufro dabalia diferenciaciis
done, miT ufro axlosaa lorencis mrudi OE biseqtrisasTan.
uTanasworobis done ganisazRvreba jinis koeficientis saSualebiT. igi gamoiTvleba rogorc
OABCDEF figuris (daStrixuli) farTobis Sefardeba OEG figuris farTobTan. rac ufro maRalia koeficienti,
miT didia uTanasworoba.
ganxiluli sistema asaxavs mxolod nominaluri Semosavlis ganawilebas. ganviTarebul qveynebSi
Semosavlebis gadanawilebisas gaiTvaliswineba yvela fuladi Tanxa _ xelfasebis, dividendebis, sargeblis,
transfertuli gadasaxdelebis saxiT. Tumca es sistema ar iTvaliswinebs im Semosavlebs, romlebmac ar miiRes
fuladi Sefaseba (Semosavlebi sakarmidamo meurneobebidan, saxelmwifo daxmarebebi da sxva).
440

ganviTarebul qveynebSi saxelmwifo aqtiurad ereva Semosavlebis gadanawilebaSi. TiTqmis yvela
qveyanaSi moqmedeben socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da RaribTa saxelmwifo daxmarebis programebi (socialuri
da samedicino dazRveva, daxmarebebi mravalSvilian ojaxebze, SeRavaTebi binis qiraSi, ganaTlebasa da
samedicino momsaxurebaze da sxva).
Semosavlebis gadanawilebis Sedegad lorencis mrudi gadaadgildeba Tanabarzomieri mimarTulebiT
(nax. 20. 7).


nax. 20.7 lorencis mrudis gadaadgileba Semosavlebis gadanawilebis Sedegad
piradi Semosavali gadasaxadebis gamoricxvisa da transfertebis gaTvaliswinebis Semdeg SedarebiT
Tanabarzomierad nawildeba. transfertebi amcireben uTanabrobas da dabalSemosavliani ojaxebis Semosavlebis
mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgenen.

E
D'
C'
B'
A'
lorencis mrudi gadasaxadebis
gadaxdisa da transfertuli
gadasaxdelebis gacemis Semdeg
F
0 20 40 60 80 100
100



80



60



40



20

D
C
B
A
S
e
m
o
s
a
v
l
i
s

p
r
o
c
e
n
t
i

l
o
r
e
n
c
i
s

m
r
u
d
i

g
a
d
a
s
a
x
a
d
e
b
i
s
a

d
a

t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
t
u
l
i

g
a
d
a
s
a
x
d
e
l
e
b
i
s

g
a
c
e
m
a
m
d
e

mosaxleobis procenti
G
absoluturi
Tanabarzomiereba
lorencis mrudi
(faqtiuri
ganawileba)
F
0 20 40 60 80 100
100



80



60



40



20

D
C
B
A
S
e
m
o
s
a
v
l
e
b
i
s

p
r
o
c
e
n
t
i

a
b
s
o
l
u
t
u
r
i

u
T
a
n
a
b
r
o
b
a

mosaxleobis procenti
E
nax. 20.6 lorencis mrudi
lorencis mrudi asaxavs Semosavlebis ganawilebis Tanabarzomierebis xarisxs da gviCvenebs damokidebulebas
Semosavlebis absolutur Tanabarzomier da uTanabro ganawilebas Soris.



441
20.5 monopoliis arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli efeqtianobis danakargebi.
kvazioptimumi
davuSvaT, rom tansacmlis (C) warmoeba monopolizebulia, xolo sakvebis (F) warmoeba srulyofili
konkurenciis pirobebSi mimdinareobs. es imas niSnavs, rom
C
P P
C C
MC MR = > , rodesac
F F F
MC MR P = = . erTi gamosaxulebis meoreze gayofiT miviRebT:
F C F C
MC MC P P / / >
an
F C F C
MRT P P >
F
/

vinaidan momxmarebeli sargeblobs sabazro fasebiT, is monopolizebul produqtze amcirebs
moxmarebas fasebis zrdis dros. wonasworobis pirobebSi TiToeuli momxmareblisaTvis sruldeba toloba:
CF F C
MRS P P =
F
/
Aamis gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT:
CF CF
MRT MRS >
tansacmlis monopolizebuli warmoebidan gamoTavisuflebuli resursebi gadaerTveba sakvebis
warmoebaSi, axdens mis kvlavwarmoebas da fasis Semcirebas. monopoliis arseboba fasebs amaxinjebs
pirvel rigSi monopolizebul, meore mxriv, yvela sxva dargSi.
gadasaxadebi aseve amaxinjeben zogad wonasworobas, radganac iwveven fasebis wonasworuli
mdgomareobidan gadaxras. es gavlenas axdens, erTi mxriv, mwarmoebelze (umcirebs warmoebis stimuls),
meore mxriv, momxmareblis arCevanze. es ukanaskneli cdilobs ra Seamciros sagadasaxado tvirTi, irCevs
saqonelSemcvlels. urTierTSemcvlelobis mzardi efeqti iwvevs erToblivi moTxovnis damaxinjebasa da
saboloo jamSi efeqtianobis danakargebs.
davuSvaT, sakvebis momxmarebeli ibegreba 25%-iani gadasaxadiT, xolo tansacmlisa ar ibegreba.
Tu gadasaxads gamyidveli ixdis, maSin wminda fasi tolia sabazro fass gamoklebuli gadasaxadis Tanxa:
), 1 ( t P P
t p
=
sadac:
p
P aris wminda fasi;
t
P - sacalo fasi sagadasaxado fasnamatiT;
t - fasze sagadasaxado fasnamati (%-Si), mocemul SemTxvevaSi 0,25. aqedan (
p t
P P ) aris gadasaxadis
sidide erTeul sakvebze.
momxmareblisaTvis
CF F C
MRT P P >
F
/
Tumca mwarmoeblebi orientacias akeTeben ara sacalo
t
P fasze, aramed im fasze, romelsac realurad
iReben, e.i.
p
P fasze. gamyidvelisaTvis
CF F C
MRT P P = /
magram radganac ,
p t
P P > maSin
CF CF
MRT MRS < amrigad, sazogadoeba gaiRebs efeqtianobis
danakargebs da gadasaxadi aferxebs pareto-optimumis miRwevas.
realurad ganixileba orive SemTxveva: 1. Tu tansacmlis warmoeba monopolizebulia, xolo sakvebis
ara, sagadasaxado politikis ganxorcielebiT SeiZleba aRdges darRveuli wonasworoba; 2. Tu gadasaxadebis
442
saSualebiT moimata sakvebis fasma, am dargSi damatebiTi resursebis modineba SeCerdeba da SeiZleba
warmoiqmnas dargze zewolis situaciac ki. zogadi wonasworoba miiRweva axal `meore saukeTeso~
(Second Best) doneze. mas sxvanairad kvazioptimumsac uwodeben.
kvazioptimumis (`meore saukeTesos~) Teoria amtkicebs, rom Tu erT dargSi an dargTa garkveul
jgufSi SeuZlebelia aRmoifxvras damaxinjeba, ukeTesia uari iTqvas sxva dargSi an dargTa jgufSi
maqsimaluri efeqtianobis miRwevaze.Ees aucilebelia ekonomikis dabalansebuli ganviTarebisaTvis.
aseTi midgomiT SesaZlebelia axleburad iqnas gaazrebuli bazris fiasko. Aam ukanasknels adgili aqvs
maSin, rodesac gacvla momxmareblebsa da gamyidvelebs Soris Tavisufal bazarze ar ganapirobebs
gamoSvebis maqsimaluri efeqtianobis miRwevas (rodesac kerZo zRvruli danaxarjebi ar emTxveva
sazogadoebriv zRvrul danaxarjebs).
aRniSnuli situacia tipiuria gare efeqtebis dros. Aam dros bazrebi damuxruWebulia da Tu erT bazarze
garduvalia damaxinjeba ( MRT MRS = ), `meore saukeTeso~ Teoriis mixedviT ufro efeqtiania ganzrax, odnav
davamaxinjoT yvela bazari da damaxinjebis Sedegebi gadavanawiloT.
kargi iqneba Tu SevZlebT damaxinjebis yvela wyaros aRmofxvras. rogorc Cans, Sereuli ekonomikis
zogierTi forma iTavsebs saxelmwifo Carevas zogierTi problemis dasaZlevad. TumcaBbazris
funqcionirebaSi saxelmwifo Careva dRemde gauTavebeli davis sagania.
saxelmwifo Carevis Tavidan asacileblad sazogadoeba darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom ar arsebobs gare
efeqtebi, sazogadoebrivi saqoneli, riskiani saqonlisa da informaciis bazrebi, aseve, arasrulyofili konkurencia
da aqedan gamomdinare, masStabis zrdiT miRebuli ekonomia. Tu yvela CamoTvlili arsebobs, maSin
Tavisufali bazris wonasworobis mixedviT, Semosavlebis ganawileba marTebulia. magram realur cxovrebaSi
es ase ar aris. amitomac sabazro ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Careva unda Sefasdes Semosavlebis ganawilebis,
samarTlianobisa da resursebis ganTavsebis efeqtianobis mixedviT.

20.6 ratom arian bazrebi warumatebelni?

ganixileba Bbazrebis efeqtianobis Sefasebis ori midgoma: 1. konkurentuli bazrebi moqmedeben. aseT
SemTxvevaSi Sesasrulebelia konkurenciis winapirobebi, raTa moxdes resursebis efeqtiani gadanawileba; 2.
konkurenciis winapirobebi saeWvoa sruldebodes. aseT dros aucilebelia wamgebian bazrebTan brZolis
xerxebis dadgena. maSasadame, Tu aqamde ganvixilavdiT pirvel midgomas, axla ki saWiroa ganvixiloT
meorec.
konkurentuli bazrebis warumatebloba oTxi ZiriTadi mizeziT aris gamowveuli: sabazro Zalaufleba,
arasruli informacia, gare efeqtebi, sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi (saqoneli).
sabazro Zalaufleba. viciT, rom araefeqtianoba Cndeba maSin, rodesac mwarmoebeli an warmoebis
faqtoris gamyidveli flobs sabazro Zalauflebas. magaliTisTvis warmovidginoT, rom sakvebis mwarmoebeli
Cvens mier warmodgenil ejuortis kolofSi monopoliur Zalauflebas flobs. Sesabamisad, is irCevs warmoebis
iseT moculobas, romlis drosac zRvruli amonagebi zRvrul danaxarjebs utoldeba. amasTan, yidis ufro naklebi
moculobis produqcias konkurentulze meti fasiT. warmoebis ufro dabali done gulisxmobs sakvebis
warmoebaze ufro mcire zRvrul danaxarjebs. amavdroulad, warmoebidan gamoTavisuflebuli faqtorebi
gadairTveba tansacmlis warmoebaze. Sedegad, transformaciis zRvruli norma Semcirdeba ise, rom
FC
MRT =
C F
MC MC / . Zalian bevri tansacmlisa da Zalian naklebi sakvebis warmoebiT miiReba mza
443
produqciis araefeqtiani nakrebi. Ees imiT aris gamowveuli, rom sabazro Zalauflebis mqone firmebi
sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebis dros ar iyeneben momxmareblebis gadawyvetilebebiT miRebul fasebs.
Aanalogiur Sedegebs iwvevs sabazro Zalaufleba warmoebis faqtorTa bazarzec. davuSvaT, rom
profkavSirebis saSualebiT muSebma xelSi Caigdes sabazro Zalaufleba da Sromis miwodebas akontroleben
sakvebis warmoebis sferoSi. amiT kvebis industriaSi Sromis miwodeba mkveTrad Semcirdeba, xelfasi ki
mkveTrad gaizrdeba (
F
w ). samkervalo industriaSi piriqiT, Sromis miwodeba mkveTrad gaizrdeba dabali
xelfasis (
C
w ) fonze. samkervalo dargSi warmoebis faqtorebis efeqtianobis pirobebi Sesruldeba, vinaidan
r w MRTS
C
LK
C
/ = . magram kvebis industriaSi gacemuli xelfasi samkervalo industriis xelfasis dones
aRemateba. maSasadame, LK
C
C F
LK
F
MRTS r w r w MRTS = > = / / . sabolood, warmoebis faqtorebis
ganawileba araefeqtiani gaxdeba. efeqtianoba moiTxovs, rom teqnikuri Senacvlebis zRvruli norma erTnairi
iyos yvela produqciis warmoebis dros.
arasruli informacia. Tu momxmarebels sabazro fasebze an produqciis xarisxze ar gaaCnia zusti
informacia, maSin sabazro sistema efeqtianad ver funqcionirebs. informaciis ukmarisobis gamo
mwarmoebelma bazars produqcia SeiZleba miawodos zedmetad an arasamarisi raodenobiT. zogjer
momxmarebeli saqonels ar yidulobs, Tundac misi SeZeniT sargeblianoba miiRos. Aaseve, SesaZlebelia
produqciis yidva, romliTac zarals Rebuloben. magaliTad, wonis damklebi abebis myidvelma SeiZleba
aRmoaCinos, rom maT araviTari samedicino Rirebuleba ar gaaCniaT. sabolod, arasamkarisma informaciam
SeiZleba SeaCeros zogierTi bazris ganviTareba.
amrigad, informaciulma problemam SeiZleba konkurentuli bazris araefeqtianoba gamoiwvios.
gare efeqtebi. fasebis sistema efeqtianad muSaobs, radgan sabazro fasebi, rogorc mwarmoeblisTvis
aseve momxmareblisTvis, informaciis wyaros warmoadgenen. zogjer sabazro fasebi ver asaxaven
mwarmoebelTa da momxmarebelTa saqmianobas. Tu sawarmoo saqmianoba an moxmareba zegavlenas
axdens sxva saxis warmoebaze an moxmarebaze da es uSualod ar aisaxeba sabazro fasebSi, maSin
saubroben gare efeqtebis arsebobaze. termini gare efeqtebi (eqsternaliebi) gamoiyeneba imitom, rom
zegavlena xdeba saqmianobis sxva sferoebze (mogebaze an xarjebze) da is gareSe faqtoria mocemul
bazarTan mimarTebaSi.
davuSvaT, rom foladsaglini qarxana sawarmoo narCenebs mdinareSi Rvris. amiT gamousadegari
xdeba dasvenebis zona, banaoba da TevzWera. Ee. i. adgili aqvs gare efeqts. qarxana ver acnobierebs wylis
dabinZurebiT gamowveuli danaxarjebis zust masStabs. es iwvevs warmoebis faqtorTa gamoyenebis
araefeqtianobas. Tu aseTi efeqti mTlian dargs axasiaTebs, maSin foladze ufro dabali fasi dawesdeba
(warmoebis zRvruli danaxarjebis toli), vidre Tundac warmoebis danaxarjebis gaangariSebis dros
gaTvaliswinebul iqnes wylis dabinZurebis danaxarjebi. sabolood, foladis naglinis gamoSvebis moculoba
aRmoCndeba gaumarTleblad didi, xolo mza produqciis bazari araefeqtiani iqneba.
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi (saqoneli) (Public Good) Bbazris warumateblobis bolo mizezi Cndeba maSin,
rodesac bazars momxmareblisaTvis sargebliani saqonlis miwodeba aRar SeuZlia. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi
(saqoneli) mravali momxmareblisTvis SeiZleba iafi iyos, Mmagram Tu zogierTma igi ukve miiRo, sxvebisTvis
SesaZlebelia igi miuwvdomeli aRmoCndes. davuSvaT, firmam gadawyvita Caataros gamokvleva axali
teqnologiebis sferoSi, romelSic is ver SeZlebs patentis miRebas. Tu aRmoCena cnobili gaxda, sxva firmebs
SeuZliaT misi gamoyeneba. maSasadame, sanam ar SeCerdeba sxva firmebisagn saqonlis gayidva, manam
kvlevebi araefeqtiani iqneba.
amrigad, bazars ar SeuZlia momxmareblisTvis sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis (saqonlis) sakmarisi
raodenobiT SeTavazeba. problemis gadawyveta SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos daxmarebiT. Aam TvalsazrisiT
444
Aganixileba problemis mogvarebis ori gza: 1. saqoneli gamouSvas damoukideblad; 2. kerZo firmebs
Seuqmnas misi warmoebis stimuli.

445
ZiriTadi terminebi
- keTildReobis ekonomika
- SesaZlo sargeblianobis mrudi
- erTiani SesaZlo sargeblianobis mrudi
- keTildReobis pirveli Teorema
- keTildReobis meore Teorema
- socialuri keTildReobis funqcia
- egalitaruli Sexeduleba
- roulzianuri Sexeduleba
- utilitaruli Sexeduleba
- bazarze orientirebuli Sexeduleba
- lorencis mrudi
- kvazioptimumi

ZiriTadi daskvnebi
1. keTildReobis ekonomika Seiswavlis zogadi wonasworobis modelSi aRwerili pareto-optimaluri
mdgomareobis miRwevisa da socialuri keTildReobis maqsimizaciis pirobebs. pareto-optimalurobis
miRweva efeqtian gacvlasTan erTad gulisxmobs warmoebis faqtorebis, aseve saqonlis da Semosavlebis
optimalur ganawilebas momxmareblebs Soris.
2. ori ekonomikis modelSi samomxmareblo kontraqtebis (SeTanxmebaTa) mrudi aris
saqonlis/Semosavlis pareto-optimaluri ganawilebis Sesabamisi wertilebis aRmniSvneli traeqtoria.
3. efeqtiani ganawileba yovelTvis ar aris samarTliani. amitom saxelmwifom socialuri samarTlianobis
motiviT SeiZleba moaxdinos saqonlis an Semosavlebis gadanawileba. xSirad es miiRweva sagadasaxado
sistemis gamoyenebiT.
4. keTildReobis ekonomikis pirveli Teoremis Tanaxmad nebismieri konkurentuli wonasworoba pareto-
efeqtiania. keTildReobis ekonomikis meore Teorema amtkicebs, rom Tu individualuri upiratesobebi
gamokveTilia, maSin TiToeuli pareto-efeqtiani ganawileba warmoadgens konkurentul wonasworobas. pirvel
da meore Teoremebze dafuZnebuli keTildReobis ekonomika saxelmwifo politikaSi samarTlianobisa da
efeqtianobis Tanmxlebi normatiuli sakiTxebis ganxilvis saSualebas iZleva.
5. samarTlianobis Sesaxeb ganixileba oTxi Sexeduleba: egalitaruli sazogadoebis yvela wevri Tanabari
raodenobis dovlaTs iRebs; roulzianuri gulisxmobs yvelaze naklebad uzrunvelyofili adamianebis
sargeblianobis maqsimizacias; utilitaruli iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebis yvela wevris saerTo sargeblianobis
maqsimizacias; bazarze orientirebuli dovlaTis sabazro ganawileba warmoadgens yvelaze samarTlians.
6. socialuri keTildReobis funqcia gviCvenebs individebis sargeblianobebis sxvadasxva kombinaciebs,
romlebic sazogadoebas erTidaigive dakmayofilebis anu keTildReobis doniT uzrunvelyofen. socialuri
keTildReobis mrudis Sexeba erTian SesaZlo sargeblianobaTa mrudTan warmoadgens maqsimaluri socialuri
keTildReobis aRmniSvnel wertils.
7. Semosavlebis uTanabrobis siRrme aRiwereba lorencis mrudiT. igi asaxavs Semosavlebis ganawilebis
Tanabarzomierebis xarisxs da gviCvenebs damokidebulebas Semosavlebis absolutur Tanabarzomier da
uTanabro ganawilebas Soris.
8. kvazioptimumis (`meore saukeTesos~) Teoriis Tanaxmad Tu erT dargSi an dargTa garkveul jgufSi
SeuZlebelia aRmoifxvras damaxinjeba, ukeTesia uari iTqvas sxva dargSi an dargTa jgufSi maqsimaluri
efeqtianobis miRwevaze.Ees aucilebelia ekonomikis dabalansebuli ganviTarebisaTvis.
446

kiTxvebi ganxilvisaTvis
1. ras Seiswavlis keTildReobis ekonomika?
2. rogori damokidebuleba arsebobs samarTlianobasa da efeqtianobas Soris?
3. aageT da daaxasiaTeT SesaZlo sargeblianobis mrudi.
4. aageT erTiani SesaZlo sargeblianobis mrudi. gaakeTeT daskvna individebs Soris
saqonlis/Semosavlebis ganawilebaze.
5. ganmarteT keTildReobis pirveli da meore Teoremebi.
6. aRwereT socialuri keTildReobis funqcia.
7. individebis sargeblianobis rogor kombinaciebs aRwers socialuri keTildReobis funqcia? daasaxeleT
magaliTebi.
8. samarTlianobis Sesaxeb romel Sexedulebebs icnobT? Mmokled daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli maTgani.
9. arsebobs Tu ara kompromisi samarTlianobasa da efeqtianobas Soris?
10. SeuZlia Tu ara sazogadoebas resursebis ufro samarTliani ganawilebis pirobebSi funqcionirebdes
efeqtianad?
11. CamoTvaleT individualuri Semosavlebis uTanabrobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi.
12. romeli mrudiT aRiwereba Semosavlebis uTanabrobis done? Ppasuxi warmoadgineT grafikulad.
13. axseniT lorencis mrudis gadaadgileba Semosavlebis gadanawilebis SemTxvevaSi.
14. SeafaseT monopoliis arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli eeqtianobis danakargebi.
15. rogor gesmiT cneba kvazioptimumi (,,meore saukeTeso)?
16. CamoTvaleT bazris warumateblobis oTxi ZiriTadi mizezi.
17. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis arasakmarisi miwodebis SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos mier problemebis
mogvarebis ra gzebi arsebobs?
447
gamoyenebuli literatura

1. buloni p., gagniZe i., nacvalaZe m., mikroekonomika, meToduri saxelmZRvanelo, nawili 1, nawili 2,
Tbilisi-parizi, 2001.
2. burjaliani j., ioSiro nakamacu, analitikuri Jurnali `strategia da organizacia~, 2004, #3(7), gv. 12-13.
3. feli u. oberenderi p., mikroekonomikis safuZvlebi, Targmani germanuli gamocemidan b. gelitaSvilis
mier, gamomcemloba `xelovneba~, Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 315-318.
4. xaraiSvili e., i. gagniZe, m. CavleiSvili, i. nacvliSvili, m. nacvalaZe, mikroekonomika, leqciebis kursi,
gamomcemloba ,,universali, Tbilisi, 2007.
5. Besanko David A., Braeutingam Ronald R., Microeconomics, An Integrated Approach, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. 2-end Edition 2004.
6. Dominick Salvatore, Schaum s Outline of Theory and Problems of Microeconomic Theory, Third
Edition, McGraw-Hill, printed in the USA, 1992 .
7. Milton H. Spencer. Contemporary Economics, Sixth Edition, Worth Publishers Inc, New York, 1986.
cn.24.
8. Pindyck R.S. and Rubinfeld D.L., Microeconomics, 2nd edition, New York, Macmillan, 1992.
9. Pindyck R.S. and Rubinfeld D.L., Microeconomics, Fifth edition, Prentice Hall International, Inc. 2001.
10. Thomas Christopher R., Maurice Charles S., Managerial Economics., Eighth Edition 2005, McGraw-Hill
Company.
11. Fogiel and the staff of Research and Education Association, Microeconomics, 2000.
12. a ., M, .,1998.
13. .., M; - ,,, ., 2001.
14. ., ., , - ,,, ., 2002.
15. http://www.freeusaguide.com/col_index.htm
16. http://www.bls.gov/bls/glossary.htm#C
15. http://microeconomica.economicus.ru/
16. http://nova.umuc.edu/~black/pageg.html
The Economics Net-TextBook
17. http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/nhm/notes.htm
Mas-Colell, Whinston, and Green, Microeconomic Theory, Oxford University Press (1995).
18. http://daphne.palomar.edu/jose/sabbatical
19. http://www.math.omsu.omskreg.ru/info/learn/micro/D.htm
.
20. ***http://myphlip.pearsoncmg.com/cw/mplistres4.cfm?vbookid=152
Microeconomics, 5/e Robert S. Pindyck
448




iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

ekonomikisa da biznesis fakulteti


s i l a b u s i


kursi _ mikroekonomika

bakalavriati ECTS: 10 krediti

2008 -2009 saswavlo weli

avtorebi: sruli profesori e. xaraiSvili
asocirebuli profesorebi:
i. gagniZe, m. CavleiSvili, i. nacvliSvili
asistent-profesori m. nacvalaZe


misamarTi:
0186 Tsu maRlivi (X) korpusi, universitetis q. #2, oTaxi #506;
tel. 30 37 53; faqsi (99532) 30 37 53.
www.economics.tsu. ge/ micro



Tbilisi 2008
C
449
kursis mizani
Camouyalibos studentebs analitikuri ekonomikuri azrovneba, Seaswavlos maT ekonomikuri analizis
Tanamedrove instrumentebis gamoyeneba gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da socialur-ekonomikur problemaTa
gadaWris procesSi.
kursis amocanebi
_ Seaswavlos studentebs mikroekonomikuri analizis instrumentebis gamoyeneba Teoriis
SemoqmedebiTi aTvisebisaTvis; daexmaros maT Teoriuli codna gamoiyenon praqtikuli problemebis
gadaWraSi.
_ gaarkvios studentebi momxmarebelTa qcevis TeoriebSi, bazris efeqtiani funqcionirebis
koncefciebSi martivi maTematikuri aparatis gamoyenebiT;
_ gamoumuSavos studentebs warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebis, riskebis Sefasebis, bazris uunarobisa da
informaciuli problemebis pirobebSi efeqtiani moqmedebisa da optimaluri gadawyvetilebis miRebis, bazrebis
urTierTgavlenisa da zogadi wonasworobis analizis unar-Cvevebi;
_ Seaswavlos maT ekonomikis efeqtiani funqcionirebis meTodebi.
winapiroba
kursis masalebis warmatebiT aTvisebisaTvis studentebs Seswavlili unda hqondeT Semdegi akademiuri
kursebi: maTematika; ekonomikis principebi.
saswavlo kursis formati
leqcia _ kviraSi 1 saaTi;
seminari (weriTi da zepiri gamokiTxva, testireba), praqtikuli (savarjiSoebis, amocanebis amoxsna, saqmiani
situaciebis ganxilva) _ kviraSi 2 saaTi;
saSinao davalebebi;
Sualeduri gamocda _ semestrSi 2-jer;
konsultacia leqtorTan/seminaris xelmZRvanelTan _ SemuSavebuli ganrigis Sesabamisad;
finaluri gamocda _ weriTi, kombinirebuli.
swavlebis meTodebi
1. pirdapiri swavleba (leqcia), sadac gamoyenebuli iqneba:
- struqturirebuli praqtika (leqtoris mier problemis an amocanis nabij-nabij analizi studentebTan
erTad);
- mizanmimarTuli praqtika (studentebis mier damoukidebeli muSaoba da leqtoris mxridan maTi
samuSaos kontroli);
- damoukidebeli praqtika (studentebis damoukidebeli muSaoba leqtorTan uSualo kavSiris gareSe da
davalebis wardgena seminarze).
2. modelireba, romelic iTvaliswinebs: modelirebuli savarjiSoebSi mocemuli ZiriTadi koncefciebis
axsnasa da gameorebas, rolebis, wesebis, proceduris gacnobas, praqtikuli savarjiSoebis Sesrulebas,
Sedgebis Sejamebasa da procesis analizs.
3. kooperireba/jgufuri muSaoba, romelic iTvaliswinebs:
- modelis/savarjiSos Sedarebas realur cxovrebasTan, kavSirebis dadgenas savarjiSosa da kursis
ZiriTad Sinaarss Soris;
- ZiriTadi ilustrirebuli ekonomikuri koncefciebis mimoxilvas da jgufur prezentaciebs, sadac Cadebuli
iqneba Sejibris elementebi.
4. kvleva/jgufuri muSaoba, romelic iTvaliswinebs:
- studentTa Soris urTierTswavlebis danergvas, sxvisi azrebis mosmenas, Sefasebas da saerTo
daskvnebis Camoyalibebis unaris ganviTarebas;
- studentebis mier internetis gamoyenebiT sakuTari gamokvlevebis Catarebas, literaturis gacnobas,
statistikuri informaciis damuSavebas, sqemebis, cxrilebis, grafikebis meSveobiT
monacemebis/informaciis Segrovebas da damuSavebas;
- miRebul monacemebze dayrdnobiT daskvnebis gakeTebas da mis warmodgenas esseebisa da proeqtis
saxiT;
- proeqtis prezentacias, sadac Cadebuli iqneba Sejibris elementebi.
450
SeTavazebuli kiTxvis reJimebi:
a/swrafi kiTxvis reJimi (mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis, faqtebis, daskvnebis gacnoba)
b/gamoyenebiTi kiTxvis reJimi (praqtikul sakiTxebze, diagramebze, cxrilebze, sqemebze orientacia)
g/ZiriTadi kiTxvis reJimi (gaRrmavebuli codnis miReba, Temis srulad mocva)
kursis Sinaarsi da struqtura
#
Temebis dasaxeleba leqcia

seminari

vada
Semodgomis semestri

1. Tanamedrove mikroekonomika da misi
meTodologia
1 2

I kvira
2. moTxovna, miwodeba da sabazro wonasworoba
2 2

II kvira
3. moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastikuroba
2 2
III kvira
4. momxmarebelTa qceva 2 4 IV-V kvira
5. individualuri da sabazro moTxovna 1 2 VI- kvira
pirveli Sualeduri Semowmeba
2
VII kviris seminarze
6 gaurkvevloba da riski 2 4 VIII - IX kvira
7. warmoebis Teoria da danaxarjebi 1 2 X kvira
8. mogebis maqsimizacia da konkurentuli miwodeba 2 4 XI-XII kvira
9 konkurentuli bazrebis analizi
2 4

XIII-XIV kvira
meore Sualeduri Semowmeba 2 XV kviris seminarze
sul saaTebi 15 sT 30 sT

gazafxulis semestri
10 monopolia da monofsonia 2 4 I-II kvira
11 faswarmoqmna sabazro Zalauflebis pirobebSi 2 2 III
12 monopolisturi konkurencia da oligopolia 2 4 IV-V
13 TamaSTa Teoria 2 2 VI-VII
14 sawarmoo faqtorTa bazrebi 2 4 VIII
mesame Sualeduri Semowmeba 2 IX kviris seminarze
15 investiciebi, dro da kapitalis bazari 1 2 X
16 zogadi wonasworobis analizi da ekonomikuri
efeqtianoba
2 4

XI-XII
17 asimetriuli informaciis bazrebi 1 2 XIII
18 gare efeqtebi da sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi
1 2

XIV
meoTxe Sualeduri Semowmeba 2 XV kviris seminarze
sul saaTebi 15 sT 30 sT
jami
30 sT 60 sT



Sefaseba
Ggamoyenebuli iqneba Sefasebis ori tipi:
1. uwyveti Sefaseba (Temis Teoriuli nawili _ esse, savarjiSoebi da amocanebi, testireba yoveli
Temis Semdeg, situaciebis ganxilva-Sefaseba, Sualeduri gamocda, jgufuri proeqtebi da sxva);
2. saboloo Sefaseba (gamocdebi: testebiT, zepiri, werilobiTi, ,,Ria wigniT, ,,mosafiqrebeli,
,,saSinao davalebis formiT da sxva).
Sualeduri Sefasebis Sedegebi studentebs ecnobebaT semestrSi 2-3_jer. Sefasebis procesis aRricxva
mimdinareobs programa Excel_iT.
451

Sefasebis determinantebi: daswreba seminarze _ 5 qula; aqtivoba seminarze (Temis Cabareba
weriTi formiT, situaciuri analizi, prezentaciebi) _ 20 qula; praqtikuli muSaoba (amocanebis,
savarjiSoebis amoxsna) _ 15 qula; Sualeduri gamocda (semestrSi 2_jer) _ 20 qula; finaluri gamocda
_ 40 qula.

studentis gamocdaze daSvebis winapiroba: Sualeduri Sefasebis mixedviT studentma unda
daagrovos 21 qula.

savaldebulo literatura
1. mikroekonomika, e. xaraiSvili; i. gagniZe; m. CavleiSvili; i. nacvliSvili; m. nacvalaZe,
saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2008.
2. Besanko David A., Braeutigam Ronald R., Microeconomics. An Intergrated Approach.;
Printed in the USA. 2004.
3. ., ., , ,,,,, 2002.
4. Pindyck R.S. and Rubinfeld D.L., Microeconomics, Fifth edition, Prentice Hall International, Inc. 2001.

damatebiTi literatura
1. gagniZe i., nacvalaZe m., buloni p., mikroekonomika, meToduri saxelmZRvanelo, naw. 1 da
naw. 2, Tbilisi, 2001.
2. biwaZe b., lipartia z., cimintia k., mikroekonomika, gamomcemloba ,,afxazeTis mecnierebaTa
akademia, Tbilisi, 2004.
6. pindaiki r. rubinfeldi d., mikroekonomika, (mokle Targmani inglisuri da rusuli enidan),
mTargmneli da redaqtori lobJaniZe v., Tbilisi, gamomcemloba ,,lampari, Tbilisi, 1998.
7. .., M, , - , ,
2001.
8. .., , , 1993, 1., 2.
9. . , M, -, 1994, 1.
11. Pindyck R.S. and Rubinfeld D.L., Microeconomics. , 2nd edition, New York, Macmillan,
1992.
12. Dominick Salvatore, Microeconomic Theory. Schaums Outlines. McGraw-Hill Companies. 1992.
mikroekonomikis onlain-saxelmZRvaneloebi:
http://www.amp.aknet.kg/microeconomics/contents.htm
http://www.uef.ru/rus/parts/microeconomics/
http://www.math.omsu.omskreg.ru/info/learn/micro/D.htm
http://daphne.palomar.edu/jose/sabbatical
http://nova.umuc.edu/~black/pageg.htm

literaturis xelmisawvdomoba:
- ZiriTadi da damxmare literaturis umetesi nawili xelmisawvdomia. igi aris erovnul da Tsu
biblioTekebSi, aseve ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis biblioTekaSi, mikroekonomikis kaTedraze _
oTaxi #506.
- garda aRniSnuli literaturisa, studentebs miecemaT leqtorebis mier momzadebuli masalebi, testebi,
savarjiSoebi, amocanebi da sxva (nabeWdi saxiT).
452
- studentebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT gamoiyenon onlain-saxelmZRvaneloebi, hend-buqebi da sakiTxavi
masala rusul da inglisur enebze.
gamocdis win studentebs CautardebaT test-konkursi, rogorc codnis winaswari Semowmebis
saSualeba. studentebi Sualeduri Sefasebebis mixedviT daiyofian mcire jgufebad da erTmaneTs
Seejibrebian 9 kategoriis mixedviT miRebul codnaSi, esenia:
I kategoria _ sabazro wonasworoba
II kategoria _ moTxovna da miwodeba
III kategoria _ elastikuroba
IV kategoria _ warmoeba da danaxarjebi
V kategoria _ srulyofili konkurencia
VI kategoria _ monopolia
VII kategoria _ oligopolia
VIII kategoria _ warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebi
IX kategoria _ finaluri kiTxva
test-konkursis detaluri aRwera proeqtis saxiT studentebs miewodebaT erTi TviT adre. yvelaze
maRali qulebis mqone jgufi gamarjvebulad gamocxaddeba da dajildovdeba prizebiT.
swavlis Sedegebi

1. codna da gacnobiereba
1.1 studentebs ecodinebaT ekonomikuri analizis Tanamedrove instrumentebis gamoyeneba
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da socialur-ekonomikur problemaTa gadaWris procesSi
1.2 studentebs gaacnobierebuli eqnebaT ekonomikuri cxovrebis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi
movlenebis analizis principebi da Sefasebis ZiriTadi teknika
1.3 B studentebs ecodinebaT ekonomikuri problemebis alternatiuli midgomebis Sefaseba
1.4 studentebs gaazrebuli eqnebaT mikroekonomikuri analizis Tanamedrove koncefciebisa da
instrumentebis gamoyeneba praqtikul saqmianobaSi
2. codnis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba/praqtikuli unarebi
2.1 mikroekonomikis Teoriuli sakiTxebis Sesabamisi literaturuli wyaroebis damuSavebis, ZiriTadi
Sinaarsis akumulirebisa da werilobiTi/zepiri formiT gadmocemis unari
2.2 mikroekonomikuri koncefciebis analizisas martivi maTematikuri aparatis gamoyenebis unari
2.3 ekonomikis efeqtiani funqcionirebis meTodebis analizisa da SerCevis unari
2.4. movlenebis praqtikuli Sefasebisa da ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis unari

3. zogadi unarebi
3.1 kognituri unarebi: analizisa da sinTezis, masalebis dajgufebisa da meoradi informaciebis
Seqmnis, debatebSi monawileobis, argumentirebuli informaciebis warmodgenisa da
kontrargumentebis warmoCenis unarebi
3.2 teqnologiuri unarebi: Tanamedrove kompiuteruli programebis gamoyenebis, internet
resursebis Ziebisa da damuSavebis, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT masalis
prezentaciis unari
453
3.3 lingvisturi unarebi: zepiri da werilobiTi komunikacia mSobliur enaze
3.4 sistemuri unarebi: damoukidebeli da gunduri muSaobis unari










454
ANNOTATION


Georgia has gained the political sovereignty and began to build the democracy , civil society and
market economy. This process also involves reforms in higher education system. The goal of
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University is to introduce educational standards that corresponds
with Bologna Process requirements. Members of Microeconomics Chair have tried develop
textbook for undergraduate students taking in to consideration new challenges of educational
reforms.

Most of examples, applications, and extensions are drawn from the real world and especially from
Georgian economy and lifestyle. We equip students with the theoretical framework to make wise
decisions in practice and to understand todays discussion of tomorrows problem. However, we
hope textbook will help students to understand quantitative and qualitative aspects of real
economic life dynamics; to apply contemporary microeconomics concepts and instruments in
practice; to evaluate consumer choice theory; to compare and analyze the profit maximization and
cost minimization conditions; to identify characteristics of factors market efficiency; to identify
equilibrium conditions in particular markets and in an industry; to make optimal decisions about
economic efficiency and equity.







455
Microeconomics

Course Content

1. Contemporary Microeconomics and its Methodology
2. Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium
3. Demand and Supply Elasticity
4. Consumer Behavior
5. Individual and Market Demand
6. Risk and Uncertainty
7. Production Theory
8. Production Costs
9. Profit Maximization and Supply in Competitive Markets
10. Analyses of Competitive Markets
11. Monopoly and Monopsony
12. Pricing in Markets with Market Power
13. Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
14. Game Theory and Strategic Behavior
15. Factors Markets
16. Capital Markets, Investments and Time
17. General Equilibrium and Economic Efficiency
18. Markets with Asymmetric Information
19. Externalities and Public Goods
20. Welfare Economics

Microeconomics
(Undergraduate Program ECTS 10).


Authors: Full Prof. E. Kharaishvili
Associate Prof. I. Gagnidze
Associate Prof. M. Chavleishvili
Associate Prof. I. Natsvlishvili
Assistant Prof. M. Natsvaladze


456
SeniSvnebisa da winadadebebisaTvis



457
SeniSvnebisa da winadadebebisaTvis