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sarCevi ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika gvelesiani. revaz gvelesiani Sromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis politikis winaaRmdegobebi da warmatebis strategia ............... 11 demna kvaracxelia. saqarTveloSi mTliani Siga produqtis danakargebi oukenis kanonis mixedviT .............................. 27 gulTaz labartyava. fulis arsisa da funqciebis sakiTxisaTvis ..................................................................................................... 37 SaTiriSvili, SaTiriSvili. jemal SaTiriSvili, leona SaTiriSvili. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reforma ..................................................................... 49 lazariaSvili. Tamar lazariaSvili. oligopoliuri bazris zogierTi Tavisebureba .............................................................................................................. 59 absava. nana absava meritokratiis Suq-Crdilebi ................................. 69 makroekonomika ioseb masuraSvili. venCuruli investiciebis marTvis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ...................................................................................... 79 Temur Caligava. mobiluri angariSsworeba informaciul ekonomikaSi ..................................................................................................... 91 uCa gogiSvili. erovnuli ekonomikuri wesrigis Camoyalibebis procesi da evrointegracia ..................................... 103 ekaterine meyanwiSvili. ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis Taviseburebebi transformirebadi ekonomikis qveynebSi ............................................................................................................... 117

CONTENTS menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLITICS solomon pavliaSvili. saxelmwifo sawarmoTa marTvis srulyofisaTvis .................................................................................................... 129 soso vardiSvili. Tanamedrove menejmenti da qarTuli realoba ................................................................................................................. 137 SoTa SaburiSvili. biznesis dafinansebis aspeqtebi dinamikuri WriliT .................................................................................................. 149 marine RuduSauri. turizmis ganviTarebis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi ........................................................................................................... 156 REVAZ GVELESIANI. Controversies of labor market and employment policy and the strategy of success ............................................... 11 DEMNA KVARATSKHELIA. GDP losses to Okens law ................ 27 GULTAZ LABARTKAVA. The Essence of Money its Functions ....37 JEMAL SHATIRISHVILI, LEONA SHATIRISHVILI. Local government reform ............................................................................... 49 TAMAR LAZARIASHVILI. Some peculiarities of oligopoly market .................................................................................. 59 saerTaSoriso savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebi giorgi doRonaZe, paata koRuaSvili. vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis ,,dohas raundi~ ............................................................... 165 eTer sarjvelaZe, dali wulaia. saqarTvelo-evrokavSirs Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis barierebi ...................................... 177 axali wignebi: rogoria profesional-recenzentTa azri? murman turava. damwyeb buRalterTa gzamkvlevi ............. 190 nino papaCaSvili. inglisuri enis damxmare saxelmZRvanelo saerTaSoriso ekonomikasa da biznesSi ......................... 192 saxelovan adamianTa galerea profesori nugzar paiWaZe _ 70 ......................................................... 196 IOSEB MASURASHVILI. The basic directions of management of venture investments .............................................................................. 79 TEMUR CHALIGAVA. Mobil payment in the information economics ............................................................................................. 91 MACROECONOMICS NANA ABSAVA. Light and shade of meritocracy ......................... 69

UCHA GOGISHVILI. The Process of Formation of National Economic Order and Euro Integration .......................................... 103 EKATERINE MEKANTSISHVILI. The Particularies of State Regulation of Economy in the Countries of Transitional Economy ................................................................... 117

MANAGEMENT. MARKETING. TOURISM SOLOMON PAVLIASHVILI. The major problems of the management in the state owned factories ................................................................ 129 SOSO VARDISHVILI. Modern management and the Georgian reality .................................................................................. 137 SHOTA SHABURISHVILI. Business funding aspects dynamics development in Georgia ..................................................................... 149 MARINE GHUDUSHAURI. Trends of tourizm development in Georgia .............................................................................................. 156 INTERNATIONAL TRAGING ECONOMIC RELATION GIORGI DOGHONADZE, PAATA KOGHUASVILI. World trade organization ,,Doha Round .............................................................. 165 ETER SARJVELADZE, DALI TSULAIA. Free trade barriers between Georgia and European ............................................................. 177 NEW BOOKS: WHAT ARE THE VIEWS OF PROFESSIONAL REVIEWERS? MURMAN TURAVA. The reference book for beginning bookkeepers ........................................................................................ 190 NINO PAPACHASHVILI. English rexbook for international business and economics .................................................................................... 192 GALLERY OF THE EMINENT PEOPLE Professor NUGZAR PAICHADZE - 70 ....................................... 196

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dasaqmebis maRali done Sesabamis ekonomikur sazogadoebaSi uSualod usafrTxoebas, Tavisuflebasa da samarTlianobas uwyobs xels. dasaqmebis maRali donis misaRwevad politikis calkeul sferoebs sakuTari miznebi gaaCnia. miwodebis politikis TvalsazrisiT Sualeduri mizani aris CarCo pirobebis gaumjobeseba, saidanac dasaqmebis dadebiT efeqtebs ekonomikuri zrdis Sedegad sainvesticio saqonelze meti moTxovnis gamo unda velodoT. moTxovnis stimulirebis politika ki, piriqiT, saerTo ekonomikuri agregatebis: moxmarebis, investiciebisa da saxelmwifo xarjebis marTvaze aris orientirebuli. satarifo xelSekrulebis politikiT samuSao Zalaze sawarmoTa moTxovnisaTvis mniSvnelovani CarCo pirobebi dgindeba. Tuki satarifo xelSekrulebis SeTanxmebebi sakmarisad maRal moqnilobas gamoavlens, amiT SeiZleba gaadvildes struqturuli cvlilebebi da Semcirdes regionuli ganviTarebis disproporciuloba. evrokavSirSi am mizans, agreTve, ekonomikuri politikis koordinaciis gaumjobeseba emsaxureba.

revaz gvelesiani ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikuri politikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli, ekonomikuri politikis qarTul-germanuli institutis direqtori, sruli profesori

Sromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis politikis winaaRmdegobebi da warmatebis strategia

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

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revaz gvelesiani
makroekonomikur doneze unda mivuTiToT mizanTa ,,klasikur konfliqtze, romelic srul dasaqmebasa da fasebis donis stabilurobas Soris arsebobs. mizanTa mniSvnelovani konfliqti Sromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis politikis ekonomikur-Teoriuli dasabuTebis doneze unda SevicnoT. neoliberaluri warmodgenebis Sesabamisad saxelmwifo aq rac SeiZleba naklebad unda ereodes, radgan bazari problemis gadaWris gzas TviTon poulobs. Tu mas upirispirdeba iseTi instituciur-samarTlebrivi regulirebebi, rogoricaa, satarifo avtonomia da aqedan gamomdinare, SeTanxmebebi minimalur xelfasze (romlebsac TavianTi socialur-politikuri mizanic gaaCniaT), am SemTxvevaSi neoliberaluri poziciis warmomadgenlebi alternativas ar avlenen da TviT satarifo avtonomias eWvqveS ayeneben. keinzianuri koncefciis farglebSi, piriqiT, umuSevrobis Semcireba moTxovnaze orientirebuli programebis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli. satarifo xelSekrulebis politikis farglebSi mizanTa sxva konfliqtebic arsebobs. warsulSi profkavSirebi dasavleTi evropis qveynebSi upiratesobas e.w. teritoriebis mixedviT satarifo xelSekrulebebs aniWebda. dasaqmebis kargi mdgomareobis mqone da maRali mwarmoeblurobis satarifo regionebSi amoqmedda saxelfaso SeTanxmebebi, romlebic Semdeg sxva regionebma da mxareebma gadaiRes. amiT SeiZleba regionuli da dargobrivi Zlieri gansxvavebebis gamo maRali dasaqmebisaTvis saWiro diferencirebas angariSi ar gaewios. profkavSirebi da damsaqmebelTa gaerTianebebi satarifo xelSekrulebebs TavianTi wevrebisTvis deben. Tu am xelSekrulebebSi dafiqsirebuli anazRaureba Zalian maRali an Zalian dabalia, ris Sedegadac wevrTa Tanxmoba ver miiRweva,

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

maSin profkavSirebis da am gaerTianebis wevrTa Semcireba SeiZleba moxdes. damatebiTi saxelfaso xarjebis Semcirebas dasaqmebis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba SeuZlia. man SeiZleba iqamdec migviyvanos, rom sawarmoebma mxolod TavianTi mogeba gazardon. am SemTxvevaSi konfliqtebi socialuri dacvis Sesabamisi poziciebis sisustidan gamomdinareobs. Tu saxelmwifo Sromis bazris aqtiuri politikisaTvis mzad aris da biujetis SezRudvis miuxedavad SeuZlia saxsrebi gaiRos, maSin unda gadawydes umuSevarTa romeli jgufisTvis unda gatardes RonisZiebebi (axalgazrdebis umuSevrobasTan brZolas eniWeba upiratesoba Tu yofil dasaqmebulTa Sromis bazarSi reintegraciis sakiTxebis gadawyvetas). umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebiT ZiriTadad sami strategiuli mimarTuleba SeiZleba ganvixiloT. samive miiswrafvis iqiTken, rom umuSevroba Semcirdes an aRmoifxvras. pirveli strategia satarifo xelSekrulebis partniorebisaken aris mimarTuli. Tu minimalur xelfasebze, romlebic wonasworul xelfasze maRalia, SeTanxmeba miRweulia, maSin zomieri xelfasis dadgeniT Sromis miwodebis siWarbe SeiZleba Semcirdes (aRmoifxvras). am kategorias ekuTvnis agreTve RonisZiebebi, rogorc Ria bazris (gaxsnilobis) sagangebo piroba (,,samuSaoze axalmiRebulTa tarifebi). amis mixedviT, damsaqmeblebs neba eZlevaT dasasaqmebelni daasaqmon satarifo xelSekrulebiT dadgenilze dabali xelfasebiT, Sromis bazris politikis aseT ganviTarebasTan gveqneba saqme, Tu saxelmwifos mxridan socialuri daxmarebebi (magaliTad, umuSevrebis fuladi daxmareba) Semcirdeba. amiT samuSao adgilis Ziebis stimuli amaRldeba, romelic ufro met

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Semosavals moitans, vidre kanonieri socialuri dazRvevis gamtareblebis mier dawesebuli momsaxureba. garda amisa, aseTi politika im sawarmoebs uadvilebs saqmianobas romlebic samuSao Zalas dabali anazRaurebis mqone saqmianobis sferoSi asaqmebs. profkavSirebis mxridan tardeba meore strategia, romelic samuSao drois Semcirebaze daiyvaneba. ramdenime wlis win profkavSirebis mier dasavleTi evropis qveynebSi wamoyenebuli da nawilobriv ganxorcielebuli moTxovna 35 saaTiani samuSao kviris Sesaxeb da samuSao drois Semdgomi Semcireba aq SeiZleba nimuSad davasaxeloT. mTeli cxovrebis manZilze samuSao periodis droiT Semoklebas (sapensio asakis dasawyisi _ 60 weli) Sromis miwodebis Semcirebamde mivyavarT. amiT axalgazrda dasasaqmebelTaTvis Tavisufali samuSao adgilebis dasakaveblad gza ixsneba. samuSaos moculobis sidide am SemTxvevaSi ar izrdeba, igi sxvagvarad nawildeba. socialuri dacvis sistemis dabali dafinansebis problemebi yovelTvis da yvelgan arsebobs. arsebiTad, demografiuli viTarebisa da mosaxleobis gauaresebuli asakobrivi struqturis safuZvelze, samuSao kvirisa da cxovrebis mTeli samuSao periodis gaxangrZliveba saWiro xdeba. keinzianurad dasabuTebuli dasaqmebis makroekonomikuri programebi (kreditiT dafinansebuli damatebiTi saxelmwifo xarjebi da/an saSemosavlo da korporaciis gadasaxadebis Semcireba), mesame strategias ekuTvnis. saxelmwifo an kerZo moTxovnis amaRlebiT saWiroa ufro meti samuSao Zala, ris Sedegad Sromaze moTxovnis mrudi marjvniv gadaadgildeba. es ZalaSia, rodesac saxelmwifos mier Sromaze moTxovnis subsidireba xdeba.

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

dabolos, kerZo ekonomikuri investiciebis CarCo pirobebis gaumjobeseba miwodebis politikis TvalsazrisiT Sromaze moTxovnis mrudis marjvniv gadaadgilebas Seuwyobda xels. Tumca, droiTi intervalis Sedegebi aq arsebiTad ufro aramtkicea, vidre moTxovnis stimulirebis politikis dros. sabolood, orive koncefciis kombinacia warmatebuli unda iyos. xSirad amtkiceben, rom dasavleT evropaSi da gansakuTrebiT germaniaSi Sromis bazars regulirebis maRali intensivoba gaaCnia. amitom mas, TiTqosda, aklia moqniloba, rom SedarebiT swrafad da qmediTad axal procesebs miesadagos. amiT Cven Sromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis politikas wesrigis politikis sazRvrebSi vexebiT. wesrigis politikidan gamomdinare gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba Sromis pirobebis formirebis RonisZiebebs eniWeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT naTlad ikveTeba mizanTa konfliqti. erTi mxriv, saqme umuSevarTa dacvas exeba, romelic profkavSirebis mier mravali aTwleulis manZilzea mopovebuli da danergili, meore mxriv, maTi mokle da saSualo vadiani yovlismomcveli dacva Sromis bazarze axal pirobebTan adaptacias xels uSlis. pirveli amosavali piroba aris xelfasis tarifebis ,,qvemoTken gaSla, romelic moqnilobis ufro maRal dones gvaZlevs. am gziT ramdenime milioni axali samuSao adgilis miReba SeiZleba. damatebiTi moTxovna dabalkvalificiur samuSao Zalaze gansakuTrebiT momsaxurebis sferoSi arsebobs. saerTaSoriso statistikuri monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom momsaxurebis sferoSi samuSao adgilebis zrda Sromis anazRaurebis dabali donis mqone qveynebSi dasturdeba. imave mimarTulebiT moqmedebs eqspertizis sabWos mier rekomendebuli satarifo xelSekrule-

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bebSi xelfasebis Zlieri diferencireba (kvalifikaciis, regionis Tu sawarmos TvalsazrisiT). teritoriul (regionul) satarifo xelSekrulebebze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi misi gatareba SesaZlebeli iqneboda. kontrpozicia gvafrTxilebs, rom evrokavSirSi es strategia yvelgan ar funqcionirebs da mas droebiTi upiratesoba mxolod zogierTi qveynisTvis moaqvs. ekonomikuri kvlevebis germanuli instituti eWvobs, rom msyidvelobiTunarianobisa da investiciebis dacema xelfasebis SemcirebiT SeiZleba moxdes. saerTod, dargis mwarmoeblurobaze xelfasis donis orientirebas upiratesoba unda mieniWos. is faqti, rom arsebobs tarifebis mzardi ,,qvemoT gaSla da xelfasebis dakleba, naTels xdis, rom am RonisZiebebs gansakuTrebiT dabal saxelfaso TanrigebSi dasaqmebaze arsebiTad mastimulirebeli zemoqmedebis unari ar aqvs (gansakuTrebiT sruli datvirTvis samuSao adgilebze). dabali saxelfaso seqtoris SemoRebiT nakleb kvalificirebulebisTvis ufro meti samuSao adgilebi aris mosalodneli. amave dros, amiT SeiZleba gamovlindes fenomeni, romelsac aSS-Si, magaliTad, Working-Poor (momuSave siRatakes) uwodeben. dabali xelfasebi, miuxedavad sruli samuSao droiT dasaqmebisa, normaluri arsebobis uzrunvelmyofeli ar aris; adamianebi dasaqmebis SemTxvevaSic ki siRatakis zRvarze rCebian. saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli xelSemwyobi RonisZiebebiT arsebobisaTvis aramyari dasaqmebis sferoebic ki, magaliTad, momsaxurebis sfero, SeiZleba iqnes aTvisebuli. es piroba iqidan gamomdinareobs, rom Tu moxdeba dabali xelfasebis kombinireba dabal socialur xarjebTan da sagadasaxado ganakveTebTan, maSin saarsebo minimumi uzrunvelyofili

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

iqneba. dasaqmebulebs dausaqmebel daxmarebis mimRebebTan mimarTebiT finansuri upiratesobebi unda hqondeT. wesrigis politikis TvalsazrisiT asaxuli ormxrivi monopolia Sromis bazarze saeWvo xdeba. amdenad, Zneli unda iyos kanoniT ganmtkicebul satarifo avtonomiaSi raRacis Secvla. garda amisa, sakiTxavia, saerTod sasurvelia Tu ara satarifo avtonomiis SezRudva. mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes, rom warsulSi satarifo xelSekrulebis politikis regulirebis kompetenciis aRqma socialuri partniorebis mier maRali pasuxismgeblobiT xasiaTdeboda. faqtobrivad ucvleli satarifo avtonomiis gamo ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom rogorc politikosebis, aseve evropuli centraluri bankis da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridanac SeiZleba adgili hqondes mxolod moralur rCevebs, romlebic profkavSirebs ,,zomieri saxelfaso gadawyvetilebebis miRebas mouwodebs. gardaqmnis RonisZiebebi mraval sferoSi unda gatardes. amasTan, saxelmwifos mxridan CarCo pirobebi Semdegi mimarTulebiT unda gaumjobesdes: a) sagadasaxado reformam sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba arsebiTad unda gaamartivos da sagadasaxado tvirTis Semcireba gamoiwvios (winadadebebi Semosavlis dabegvris radikaluri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb); b) socialuri dacvis sistema unda gajansaRdes. amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom socialuri dazRvevis gamtarebelTa problemebis erTi nawili umuSevrobiTac aris ganpirobebuli. reformebis mizani warmoebis procesSi Sromis faqtoris gaiafeba unda iyos; g) daxmarebaTa aSkara Semcireba SemdgomSic unda moxdes. sabazro ekonomikur wesrigSi mas gamarTleba zogadad mxolod moklevadian periodSi aqvs; d) mravali wlis

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manZilze moiTxovdnen saxelmwifo reglamentirebis moSlas, rac mxolod nawilobriv ganxorcielda. igi xSirad investiciebis xelis SemSlel mizezad gvevlineba; e) aseve aRsaniSnavia didi xnis manZilze dRis wesrigSi mdgomi zogadi da specialuri ganaTlebis sistemis reforma. samuSao Zalis kvalifikaciis saxeobebi momavalSi swrafad Seicvleba. es gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos Sesabamisi specialuri da umaRlesi ganaTlebis moqnili gadasamzadebeli kursebis programebSi; v)samuSao drois moqniloba, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna momsaxurebis sferosa (magaliTad, mkurnalobisa da zrunvis) da garemos dacvis seqtorSi, Sromis gadanawileba (magaliTad, zedmeti saaTebis gauqmebiT), meti muSakis arasruli samuSao droiT dasaqmeba, ganaTlebis sferoSi konsensusis miRweva (swavlebis Sedegad sawarmoSi dasaqmebis adgilebis garantia), aseve ganaTlebisTvis meti xelSewyoba, ganaTlebis sistemis specialistTa saarsebo pirobebis gaumjobeseba da sainovacio procesebis xelSewyoba, satarifo fondebis Seqmna, romliTac finansuri zarali pensiaze vadaze adre gasvlisas Semcirdeba da a.S. SemdgomSi, xelfasis cvlilebis saxelmZRvanelo mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb diskusias mkveTrad uaryofdnen. amiT ,,SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba iluzias daemsgavsa. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs gadawyvetilebaTa miRebas grZelvadian da srul dasaqmebaze, normirebul samuSao drosa da mis ganawilebaze. gardaqmnis procesis daCqareba aucilebelia. sazogadoebrivad sasurveli Sroma aramomgebian seqtorsa da saqmianobis axal sferoebSi dasaqmebis TvalsazrisiT, sawarmos mier organizebuli Sromis procesis farglebs gareT, mzard sazogadoebriv-politikur mxardaWeras saWiroebs.

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

evrokavSirs regionuli da struqturuli politikiT SeuZlia SedarebiT CamorCenil regionebSi Sromis bazris mdgomareobaze gavlena moaxdinos. es daxmarebebis gaweviT (subvenciebi) xorcieldeba. evrokavSiris struqturuli politikis mizania regionuli integraciis ekonomikuri da socialuri erTianoba gaaZlieros. gansxvaveba sxvadasxva regions Soris unda Semcirdes. evropuli socialuri fondis (ESF) amocanaa evrokavSiris SigniT xeli Seuwyos: samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebs, maT profesul gamoyenebas, teritoriuli da dargobrivi Tavisufali gadaadgilebis uflebas da sxva. garda amisa, fondis saqmianobiT industriuli gardaqmnis procesebTan da warmoebis sistemebis cvlilebebTan adaptacia unda gamartivdes (gansakuTrebiT es unda ganxorcieldes profesiuli ganaTlebiTa da kvalifikaciis srulyofiT). grZelvadian umuSevrobasTan brZola da aseve axalgazrdobis SromiT saqmianobaSi CarTvis gaadvileba ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens. TavisTavad cxadia, rom koordinirebuli politikis mizani evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs erTian programebamde ver miiyvans, radgan simZimis centri da ZiriTadi problemebi maTTan gansxvavebulia. kerZod, did britaneTSi cdiloben dasaqmebis politikis saxelmZRvanelo mimarTulebebi praqtikaSi samuSaos Ziebis, dasaqmebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis RonisZiebebis stimulirebiT ganaxorcielon, maSin rodesac samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis saxelmwifo programebze uars amboben, muSaobis dawyebis stimuls aniWeben upiratesobas. yvela umuSevarma sakonsultacio gasaubrebaSi monawileoba unda miiRos. safrangeTi, piriqiT, momxrea saxelmwifo programebisa, romlebSic dasaqmebis politikis gatarebis gegmebs aniWeben

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upiratesobas. sazogadoebriv seqtorSi, samuSao adgilebis SeqmnasTan erTad, minimaluri xelfasis gazrdasa da samuSao drois Semcirebas didi yuradReba eqceva. Sromis bazris politika daniaSi pirvel rigSi mimarTulia dasaqmebis unarianobis zrdaze kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mravlismomcveli SesaZleblobebiTa da movaleobebiT. am mizniT Sromis bazris politikis aqtiuri decentralizacia moxda. garda amisa, daniaSi Sromis bazris moqnilobas didi yuradReba eqceva. samsaxuridan daTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT mciredi dacva arsebobs, saxelmwifo mxolod samuSaodan masobriv ganTavisuflebebs awesrigebs. droebiTi daTxovnebi firmebs sawarmoo datvirTvis (koniunqturis) xarisxis ryevebTan moqnili adaptirebis saSualebas aZlevs. problemebs, pirvel rigSi, Sromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis politikis Teoriuli safuZveli qmnis. pasuxebi kiTxvebze, rogoricaa: eqvemdebareba Tu ara sabazro ekonomika endogenurad warmoSobil dasaqmebis ryevebs, SesaZlebelia Tu ara amovideT kerZo seqtoris stabilurobidan (rogorc amas axali klasikuri makroekonomika varaudobs) da gamoiwvevs Tu ara koniunqturul cvlilebebs ekonomikur procesSi saxelmwifos Careva, dRemde sadavo rCeba. Sromis bazris moqnilobis SezRuduloba an ararseboba warsulSi axal moTxovnebTan ufro swraf Sesabamisobas xels uSlida. es wesrigis politikis problemaa da mas emateba Sromis bazris cnobili arasrulyofileba, romelic dasaqmebulTa nakleb mobilurobasa da arasakmaris informirebaSi gamoixateba. Tumca, aqac unda daisvas kiTxva dasaqmebis problemis gadaWraSi saxelmwifos ra amocanebi ekisreba. warsulSi gamoCnda, rom instru-

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

qciebis gamkacrebam Sromis bazarze mdgomareoba arsebiTad ar gaaumjobesa. Sromis bazris problemebis mniSvnelovani nawili ekonomikuri subieqtebis qmedebaze daiyvaneba. gansakuTrebiT es im sawarmoebs exeba, romlebic samuSao Zalis axal dasaqmebas erideba da cdilobs arsebuli SemadgenlobiT _ zedmeti samuSao saaTebiTac _ dasaqmebis Siga sawarmoo ryevebi gaaTanabros, amas emateba isic, rom samewarmeo eTikaSi socialuri sazomi, rogorc Cans, atrofirebulia. Ddasaqmebis politikis instrumentebis gamoyeneba SezRudulia. instrumentTa simravlis miuxedavad, rigi maTgani mainc ar gamoiyeneba. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos, sxvaTa Soris, Sromis bazris politikis regulirebaTa kompetenturi gamtareblebis dadgena, maSin rodesac saxelmwifos CarCo pirobebis dadgena evaleba, xolo konkretuli satarifo xelSekrulebis wesebi partniorebma unda SeaTanxmon. problemebi ZiriTadi kanoniT ganmtkicebul satarifo avtonomiidan warmoiSoba. igi arsebiTad zRudavs saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebs uSualod ganaxorcielos Sromis bazris politikis miznebi. aRniSnuli instrumentebis gamoyenebisas arsebuli problemebi ekonomikuri politikis koncefciebze aramkafio warmodgeniT Zlierdeba. stabilurobis politikis TvalsazrisiT, ekonomikaSi wina planze erToblivi moTxovnis komponentebis gamoyofa saeWvo xdeba, rodesac, erToblivi moTxovnis daqveiTebis nacvlad struqturuli problemebi arsebobs. es aris diagnozis erT-erTi sakiTxic. arasakmarisma struqturulma cvlilebebma da zrdis Senelebulma dinamikam problemis gadaWra SeiZleba saWiro gaxados saSualo vadaze orientirebuli miwodebis politikiT. amasTan, Tavi unda avaridoT mcdar mosazrebas, rom

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miwodebis politikis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi makroekonomikuri agregatebis koniunqturul cvlilebas ver gamoviwvevT. moTxovnaze orientirebuli politika ekonomikaSi miwodebis pirobebis imavdroul gaumjobesebas araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gamoricxavs. ufro metic, igi sawarmoTa gasaRebis gaumjobesebuli SesaZleblobebis gamo aseTi politikis elementebsac moicavs. amas emateba isic, rom CarCo pirobebis gaumjobeseba dasaqmebaSi SeiZleba mastimulirebeli iyos, magram misi ufro swrafi zrda ar gamoiwvios. dasaqmebisa da fasebis stabilurobas Soris mizanTa konfliqtis dros, rogorc Cans, fasebis stabilurobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba. es niSnavs, rom ekonomikuri politikis mizanTa ierarqiaSi preferenciebi Seicvala. evrokavSiris centraluri bankis informacia gvaZlevs saSualebas davaskvnaT, rom igi _ miuxedavad evrokacSiris xelSekrulebaSi arsebuli valdebulebebisa _ ar eswrafvis fuladi politika dasaqmebis stimulirebisaTvis gamoiyenos. Sromis bazarze arsebobs paradoqsi, erTi mxriv, samuSao adgilebis nakleboba, meore mxriv, bevri samuSao adgili Tavisufalia (ar aris dakavebuli). axsna martivia: saWiroa kvalificiuri muSakebi, romelTa codna da gamocdileba maRali moTxovnis mqone samuSao adgilebs Seesabameba. Sromisadmi saWiro damokidebuleba da ganaTleba bevr adamians ar gaaCnia. SromiTi Semosavlebi maT mcire moculobis an droebiTi saqmianobiT SeuZliaT miiRon. Sromisadmi aseTi damokidebulebis alternativa umuSevrobaa. Sromis bazrisa da dasaqmebis problemebis gadaWraSi politikuri sistemac dabrkolebas warmoadgens.

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

xelisuflebis saTaveSi myofma mTavrobam ara marto kargi politika unda gaataros, aramed demokratiuli saxelmwifos sistemaSi garkveul kompromisebzec unda wavides. magram, rogorc wesi, mTavroba ufro metad ara sakiTxis warmatebiT gadaWraze, aramed Zalauflebis SenarCunebis strategiaze aris orientirebuli. aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, mzadyofna imisaTvis, rom sxva qveynebidan da maTi warmatebuli Sromis bazris politikidan raRac iswavlon, germaniaSi maincdamainc kargad ar aris gamokveTili. amitom ar unda gagvikvirdes, roca germania evrokomisiisagan dasaqmebis politikaSi arcTu saxarbielodaa Sefasebuli. evrointegraciisa da globalizaciis procesebiT sxva problemebic warmoiSva. Cven ukve mravalgzis vaxseneT am procesebis Sedegad saxelmwifo ekonomikur politikaSi avtonomiis Semcirebis tendencia. liberalizaciiT SesaZlebeli gaxda samuSao Zalis mobilurobis zrda, romelic xarjebis ekonomiaze aris orientirebuli. garda amisa, did rols TamaSobs gavlenis iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa axali bazris aRmoCena da misi aTviseba, gasaRebis bazarTan axlos yofna, garemos dacvaSi did xarjebTan dakavSirebuli regulirebis naklebi aucilebloba, sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis upiratesobebi da a.S. es, marTalia, Seesabameba Tavisufali vaWrobisa da kapitalis sruli mobilurobis princi ps, magram dasaqmebis Siga situacias SeiZleba tvirTad daawves. Cans, rom zogadad saukeTeso alokacia ganawilebis konkretul (agreTve Sromis) mizanTan konfliqtSi modis. amas emateba isic, rom evros SemoRebiT xarjebis mdgomareoba da maTi zrda wevr qveynebSi transparentuli da Sedarebadi gaxda. am procesma saSualo vadaSi evropul bazrebze

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(saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidva, gayidva, satransporto sistema da a.S.) struqturul cvlilebebamde SeiZleba migviyvanos. amasTan, Sromis bazris politikis sistemebi, romlebsac sakmaod didi moqniloba gaaCnia, am procesSi warmatebulad SeiZleba CavTvaloT. Sromis bazris problemis gadawyvetas dro sWirdeba. ekonomikur politikas xSirad TvalTaxedvidan rCeba, rom es problemebi xangrZlivi drois manZilze warmoiSva. Tu reagireba am mimarTulebiT Cveulebriv an metad dagvianebulia, maSin problemebs ukve permanentuli xasiaTi aqvs. es vlindeba, magaliTad, imiT, rom umuSevrobiT ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi politikis sxva sferoebSi arasasurveli procesebis inducireba (Setana, gavrceleba) xdeba. Tu marto umuSevrobis finansur xarjebs gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin politikis pasiuroba gaugebaria. dasaqmebis dabali done ara mxolod Sromis federaluri saagentos, aramed, agreTve, socialuri dazRvevis sxva gamtareblebis Semosavlebis (mosaxleobis SenatanebiT Seqmnili) Semcirebas iwvevs. ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom maSin aq finansuri siZneleebi warmoiSoba, romlis gamosworebasac momsaxurebaTa SemcirebiTa da Senatanebis wilis gazrdiT Seecdebian. es Sromis bazris politikis TvalsazrisiT arasasurvelia, radgan amiT kvlav saxelfaso damatebiTi xarjebi moimatebs. sawarmoebi reagireben am procesebze da mosalodnelia Crdilovani ekonomikis gafarToeba. amiT Cndeba jadosnuri wre, romlis garRveva mxolod dasaqmebisa da Sromis bazris politikis sferoSi aris SesaZlebeli. erT-erTi sawyisi piroba aris riskebis dazRvevis gadayvana pirovnebis kompetenciaSi (avadmyofobis, asakis, umuSevrobis da sxva riskis individualizacia), rac solidaruli da demokratiuli sa-

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

zogadoebis valdebulebaTa SezRudvis TanabarmniSvnelovania. gamoyenebuli literatura

1. ALTHAMMER, Joerg, Erwerbsarbeit in der Krise? Zur Entwicklung und Struktur der Beschaeftigung im Kontext von Arbeitsmarkt, gesellschaftlicher Partizipation und technischem Fortschritt, Berlin 2002. 2. BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND, Nationaler Beschaeftigungspolitischer Aktionsplan 2001, Berlin 2001. 3. DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUER WIRTSCHAFTSFORSCHUNG, Beschaeftigung im Niedriglohnbereich. Probleme, Loesungssatze und wirtschaftspolitische Implikationen, Vierteljahreshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, 72. Jg. H. 1, Berlin 2003. 4. FRANZ, Wolfgang, Arbeitsmarktoekonomik, 5., ueberarb. Aufl. Heidelberg 2003. 5. KOMMISSION ,,MODERNE DIENSTLEISTUNGEN AM ARBEITSMARKT (HARTZ-KOMMISSION), Bericht der Kommission, Berlin 2002. 6. Koch Walter A. S., Christian Czogalla, Grundlagen der Wirtschaftspolitik, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart 2004. 7. SCHMID, Guenther, Wege in eine neue Vollbeschaeftigung Uebergangsarbeitsmaerkte und aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Frankfurt/ main, New York 2002. 8. WAGNER, Thomas, JAHN, Elke J., Neue Arbeitsmarkttheorien, Duesseldorf 2004. 9. ZIMMERMANN, Klaus F., WAGNER, Gert. G, Arbeitsoekonomie, in: Neue Entwicklungen in der Wirtschaftswissenschaft, hrsg. v. Klaus F. ZIMMERMANN, Heidelberg 2002.

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10. revaz gvelesiani, irina gogoriSvili. ekonomikuri politika. wigni I, Tb., 2008. 11. revaz gvelesiani, irina gogoriSvili. ekonomikuri politika. wigni II, Tb., 2009.

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

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saqarTveloSi mTliani Siga produqtis danakargebi oukenis kanonis mixedviT

Controversies of Labor Market and Employment Policy and the Strategy of Success R. Gvelesiani Restrictions of labor market flexibility or its complete lack in the past was an obstacle for meeting the new requirements. This is a problem of order policy and there is well-known labor market imperfection as well, which is reflected in less mobile employed people and not efficient communication. Important part of labor market problems are connected to the activities of economic subjects. This is especially characteristic to the enterprises, which try not to recruit new employees and to equalize enterprise fluctuations of internal employment with the personnel they have. What is more, it seems that social measurement in an enterprise ethics is atrophied. When using tools of employment policy, the existing problems become even tougher because of not-clearly formed opinions about economic policy concepts. From the point of stability policy, when there are structural problems instead of drop in aggregate demand, it becomes questionable whether it is good to place aggregate demand components on the first place in economy. Not sufficient structural changes and slowing down of growth dynamics might cause the necessity to solve the problem by using supply policy oriented on medium-term. Demand oriented economic policy does not mean exclusion of simultaneous improvement of supply terms. What is more, improving of frame conditions in employment might be stimulating, though it cannot lead to the faster growth.

demna kvaracxelia ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mimdinare etapze gansakuTrebul problemas warmoadgens umuSevrobis maRali donis arseboba, vinaidan igi ganapirobebs produqciis gamoSvebis dabal dones da mis arsebiT CamorCenas potenciurTan SedarebiT, mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis Semosavlebis Semcirebas da maTi cxovrebis pirobebis gauaresebas, siRaribis donis zrdas da socialuri garemos mkveTr gauaresebas. Sromis bazarze arsebuli monacemebis analizisas unda aRiniSnos, rom garkveul eWvs iwvevs dasaqmebulTa raodenobis Sesaxeb arsebuli statistikuri monacemebis obieqturoba (ix. cxrili 1). gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobas. 1990 wels am dargSi dasaqmebuli iyo 697,2 aTasi kaci, 2003 wels ki _ 994,9 aTasi kaci, anu 287,7 aTasiT meti. 2007 wlisaTvis, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnulma samsaxurma, rogorc Cans, soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa Sesaxeb informacia daazusta, rac aisaxa maTi raodenobis SemcirebaSi 910,1 aTas kacamde. amasTan, 2008 wlidan saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri gaurkveveli mosazrebebiT ar axorcielebs dasaqmebulTa ganawilebis gaangariSebas ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT. amitom, soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba 2008 wl-

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isaTvis gaviangariSeT eqspertuli SefasebiT, Semdegi martivi gaTvlebis safuZvelze: dasaqmebulTa mTliani raodenoba 2008 wlisaTvis wina welTan SedarebiT Semcirebulia 102,4 aTasi kaciT. igive sididiT SevamcireT soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobac, anu CavTvaleT, rom dasaqmebulTa mTliani raodenobis Semcireba moxda soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa Semcirebis xarjze. vinaidan 2007 wels soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli iyo 910,1 aTasi kaci, 2008 wlisaTvis dasaqmebulTa raodenoba iqneba 910,1_102,4=807,7 aTasi kaci. miuxedavad aseTi mkveTri Semcirebisa, 2008 wlisaTvis soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa aRniSnuli raodenoba 1990 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels mainc aRemateba 110,5 aTasi kaciT. amasTan, wina 2002-2007ww wlebSi soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba ufro mniSvnelovnad aRemateboda 1990 wlis analogiur maCvenebels. miuxedavad amisa, mainc warmoudgenlad migvaCnia soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis aseTi maRali maCveneblis arseboba 2008 wlisaTvis. Cveni skepticizmi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom 1990-2008 wlebSi qveynis mosaxleobis 1055 aTasi kaciT Semcirebisa da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi arsebuli umwvavesi krizisuli viTarebis fonze, gaugebaria soflad dasaqmebulTa raodenobis mkveTri zrdis mizezebi. soflis meurneobis produqcia, 2008 wlisaTvis 1990 welTan SedarebiT, Semcirebulia daaxloebiT 48%-iT1. 1990-2008 wlebSi aseve mniSvnelovnad Semcirebulia damuSavebuli saxnavi miwebis (2,14-jer), Cais plantaciebis, venaxisa da xexilis farTobebi. aseve SemaRniSnuli maCvenebeli gaangariSebulia soflis meurneobis produqciis moculobis indeqsebis safuZvelze. 1990-96 wlebis monacemebi ixileT: saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2001, saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, Tb.: 2002, gv. 186. 1997-2008 wlebis monacemebi ixileT: statistikuri weliwdeuli 2009, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro, statistikis departamenti, gv. 171.
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

cirebulia msxvilfexa (1,21-jer) da wvrilfexa rqosani pirutyvis (2,7-jer) raodenoba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare saeWvoa, aRniSnul periodSi, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis sferoSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobis arnaxuli zrda. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ricxovnoba, dasaqmeba da mSp 1990-2008 wlebSi1 cxrili 1.
1990 mosaxleobis ricxovnoba 1 ianvrisa- 5424,4 Tvis, aTasi kaci 42,1 mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba, aTasi kaci sul ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba 2763,3 (samuSao Zala), aTasi kaci m. S. dasaqmebuli, 2763,3 aTasi kaci umuSevari, aTasi kaci umuSevrobis done, % soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa ric- 697,2 xovnoba, aTasi kaci naTesi farTobi 701,9 sul (aTasi ha) soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulebis wili dasaqmebulTa 25,2 mTlian ricxovnobaSi, % daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa ric- 2502,6 xovnoba, aTasi kaci TviTdasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba, aTasi 260,7 kaci TviTdasaqmebulebis wili dasaqmebulTa mTlian 9,4 ricxovnobaSi, % mSp mimdinare fasebiT, mln lari
1

1998 4504,9 4,2

2002 4371,5 0,2

2003 4342,6 0,1

2004 4315,2 0,8

2005 4321,5 3,5

2006 4401,3 5,5

2007 4394,7 8,1

2008 4382,1 13,6

2025,8

2104,2

2050,8

2041,0

2023,9

2021,8

1965,3

1917,8

1731,1

1839,2

1814,9

1783,3

1744,6

1747,3

1704,3

1601,9

294,7 14,5

265,0 12,6 988,4

235,9 11,5 994,9 561,0

257,6 12,6 962,0 534,0

279,3 13,8 947,8 539,6

274,5 13,6 966,4 330,2

261,0 13,3 910,1 297,2

315,8 16,5 807,71 329,3

616,1

577,0

53,8

54,9

54,0

54,3

55,6

53,4

50,42

761,8

650,9

618,5

600,9

600,5

603,9

625,4

572,4

969,3

1184,9

1195,2

1181,7

1143,3

1141,6

1078,8

1028,5

56,0 5041

64,4 7456

65.9 8564

66,3 9824

65,5 11621

65,3 13790

63,2 16994

64,2 19070

statistikuri weliwdeuli 2009. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro. statistikis departamenti (1990 wlis monacemebi ix. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 1999. saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti. Tb.: 1999). 2 espertuli SefasebiT

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demna kvaracxelia
soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobis maRali maCveneblis gamarTlebad SeiZleba miviCnioT is, rom 1990 welTan SedarebiT, dabalia soflis meurneobis teqnikuri aRWurvis done. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom soflad dasaqmebulTa raodenobis oficialuri maCvenebeli ekonomikuri krizisis sawyis etapzeve iqna xelovnurad amaRlebuli, anu maSin, rodesac jer kidev SenarCunebuli iyo arsebuli teqnika. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom problema statistikuri aRricxvis meTodSia, romlis Tanaxmadac dasaqmebulad iTvleba yvela piri, m.S. soflad mcxovrebic, romlis mSoblebsac gaaCniaT sakarmidamo nakveTi da romelmac ukanaskneli kviris manZilze imuSava Tundac erTi saaTi. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi umuSevarTa raodenoba da umuSevrobis done bevrad aRemateba oficialurad gamoqveynebul maCvenebels. ase magaliTad, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebis Tanaxmad, umuSevarTa raodenobam 2008 wlisaTvis Seadgina _ 315,8 aTasi kaci, xolo umuSevrobis donem _ 16,5%. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is, rom 2008 wlisaTvis soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 1990 welTan SedarebiT xelovnurad, TiTqmis 110,5 aTasi kaciTaa gazrdili (wina wlebSi, mag.: 2000-2007 wlebSi es maCvenebeli didad ufro masStaburi iyo. magaliTad, 2003 wels soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli iyo 297,7 aTasi kaciT meti 1990 welTan SedarebiT). amitom, migvaCnia, rom dasaqmebulTa es kategoria unda daematos umuSevarTa raodenobas, anu saqarTveloSi aranakleb 426,3 aTasi (315,8 aTass + 110,5 aTasi) umuSevaria. umuSevarTa realuri ricxovnobis gasaangariSeblad gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom 2003 wlidan 2008 wlamde

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

dasaqmebulTa raodenoba Semcirda 1814,9 aTasidan 1601,9 aTasamde, anu 213 aTasi kaciT, xolo amave periodSi umuSevarTa raodenoba gaizarda mxolod 80 aTasi kaciT. ismis kiTxva, sad wavida samuSaodan gamonTavisuflebuli 133 aTasi kaci? es SeiZleba aixsnas samuSaodakargulTa nawilis ucxoeTSi emigraciiT. magram Tu isini emigraciaSi wavidnen, maSin mosaxleoba unda Semcirebuliyo, vinaidan aRniSnul periodSi mosaxleobis raime mniSvnelovan bunebriv matebas adgili ar hqonia. Tumca, 2008 wels mosaxleobis ricxovnoba 2003 welTan SedarebiT, Aanu 5 wlis manZilze, gazrdilia 40 aTasi kaciT (aqedan bunebrivi matebis xarjze 31,5 aTasi kaciT, arada mxolod 1990 wels aRniSnulma maCvenebelma Seadgina 42,1 aTasi kaci). e. i. gamodis saqarTveloSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobis Semcirebisa da umuSevarTa raodenobis zrdis fonze qveyanaSi dabrunda 8,5 aTasi emigranti. Tu mosaxleobis ricxovnobis Sesaxeb es monacemebi sworia1, maSin gamodis
1

mosaxleobis ricxovnobis sizustis Sesaxeb garkveuli daeWvebis safuZvels iZleva saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris informacia (ix.: statistikuri weliwdeuli 2009. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro. statistikis departamenti, gv.: 22), romlis Tanaxmadac saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ricxovnobam 1989 wels Seadgina 5400,8 aTasi kaci, xolo 2002 wels _ 4371,5 aTasi, anu 1989 welTan SedarebiT 2002 wlisaTvis mosaxleoba Semcirebulia 1029,3 aTasi kaciT. amasTan, 1989 wlisaTvis qveyanaSi qarTvelTa raodenoba Seadgenda 3787,4 aTas kacs, xolo 2002 wlisaTvis ki _ 3661,2 aTas kacs. e. i. 1989 welTan SedarebiT 2002 wlisaTvis qarTvelTa raodenoba Semcirebulia mxolod 126,2 aTasi kaciT. aRniSnuli informacia realuri rom iyos Zalian kargi iqneboda, magram igi, samwuxarod, realurobisagan Zalian Sorsaa, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mravali aseuli aTasi qarTveli cxovrebis ukeTesi pirobebis saZieblad ucxoeTSia gasuli. es imas niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi qarTvelTa raodenoba oficialur monacemebTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad naklebia (amas informaciis damalva ver uSvelis, piriqiT, saWiroa gamWvirvaloba da saqarTveloSi qarTuli mosaxleobis dasabruneblad adekvaturi socialur-ekonomikuri RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba), Sesabamisad didad naklebia saqarTvelos mosaxleobac.

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demna kvaracxelia
rom umuSevrad darCenilma 133 aTasma kacma samuSaos Ziebaze xeli Caiqnia da Seavso samuSaos Sovnisadmi nihilisturad ganwyobili adamianebis mravalaTasiani armia, rac miuTiTebs qveyanaSi mkveTrad arajansaRi socialur-ekonomikuri viTarebis arsebobaze. nebismier SemTxvevaSi (mniSvneloba ara aqvs umuSevrad darCenilebi emigraciaSi wavidnen, Tu xeli Caiqnies samuSaos Sovnaze), migvaCnia, rom aRniSnuli 133 aTasi kaci unda daematos umuSevarTa raodenobas, vinaidan isini Tu guSin muSaobdnen, dResac imuSavebdnen saTanado samuSaos arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi umuSevarTa ricxovnoba Seadgens 426,3+133=559,3 aTas kacs1. amrigad, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba (dasaqmebulebisa da umuSevarTa raodenobis jami) 1601,9+559,3=2161,2 aTasi kacia. aqedan gamomdinare, umuSevrobis realuri done Seadgens 26%-s da ara 16,5%-s.
1

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa i. arCvaZis mosazreba (ix.: i. arCvaZe. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Tanamedrove socialurekonomikuri mdgomareobis zogierTi aspeqti. Jurn.: `socialuri ekonomika~, 2010w., #1). qveyanaSi umuSevarTa absoluturi donis gansazRvrisaTvis igi Tvlis, rom `aucilebelia qveynis teritoriaze umuSevarTa kontingents daematos qveynidan gasul SromiT migrantTa raodenobac~, vinaidan misi azriT `es ukanasknelni imitom gaxdnen migrantebi, rom saqarTveloSi ver iSoves samuSao~. migvaCnia, rom aRniSnuli mosazreba sworia. amasTan migvaCnia, rom ufro met dazustebas moiTxovs avtoris mier gaangariSebuli SromiTi migrantebis ricxovnoba, romelic misi azriT Seadgens 800 aTas kacs, romlis damatebac umuSevarTa raodenobas mkveTrad zrdis. 2008 wels, 1990 welTan SedarebiT, mosaxleoba Semcirebulia 1055 aTasi kaciT. aqedan okupirebuli qarTuli mxaris mier arakontrolirebad teritoriebze darCenilia mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili _ 200-300 aTasi kacis odenobiT. anu saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriaze mosaxleoba Semcirebulia daaxloebiT 800 aTasi kaciT da yvela maTganis SromiT migrantad CaTvla mizanSeuwonelia. amasTan, mosaxleobis raodenobisa da misi cvlilebis Sesaxeb statistikuri monacemebis arasaimedobis gaTvaliswinebiT, razec zemoT gvqonda msjeloba, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleoba dReisTvis oficialurze didad naklebia da SromiTi migrantebis raodenobac aranakleb 800 aTasia.

umuSevrobiT ganpirobebul socialur-ekonomikur danaxarjebs1 Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania produqciis gamoSvebis moculobis Semcireba. anu umuSevrobis donesa da produqciis gamoSvebis dones Soris arsebobs uku damokidebuleba. kerZod, aSS-s ekonomikisaTvis dadgenilia, rom roca faqtobrivi umuSevrobis done aRemateba mis bunebriv dones 1%-iT, maSin mSp-is moculobis faqtobrivi done 2,5 %-iT naklebia mis potenciur doneze2 zogierT naSromSi miTiTebulia Tanafardoba 1 : 23. saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi arsebuli viTarebis analizisas, imisTvis, rom tendenciurobaSi da bunebriv donesTan SedarebiT umuSevrobis 1%-iT zrdasa da produqciis gamoSvebis Semcirebas Soris Tanafardobis gadideba-gazviadebaSi ar dagvdon brali, aRniSnul Tanafardobas aviRebT 1 : 2-is tolad. amasTan, ra Tqma unda, mocemuli statia ufro moigebda postsocialisturi saqarTvelos pirobebSi aRniSnul maCveneblebs Soris zusti Tanafardobis dadgeniT4. es damokidebuleba cnobilia oukenis kanonis saxelwodebiT da igi gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:
1

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT soliduri gamokvleva aqvT Catarebuli g. wereTelsa da n. babilaSvils naSromSi: postkomunistur qveyanaSi umuSevrobiT gamowveuli negatiuri ekonomikuri Sedegebis gansazRvrisa da Semcirebis gzebi~. Tb., 2004. 2 . ., .. , .1. ., 1992 . . 160. 3 . . , 1994 . . 87. 4 saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi, gansxvavebiT aSS-s ekonomikisagan, Sromatevad dargebze modis warmoebuli mSp-is udidesi nawili. Sromis kapitalSeiaraRebis dabali donis Sedegad, saqarTveloSi aSS-sTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad dabalia Sromis zRvruli produqti. amitom, sruliad mosalodnelia, rom saqarTveloSi bunebriv donesTan SedarebiT faqtobrivi umuSevrobis donis 1%-iT amaRlebam gamoiwvios mSp-is potenciur donesTan SedarebiT misi faqtobrivi donis CamorCena 2 %-ze naklebi sididiT, anu Cveni azriT, umuSevrobis zrdis uaryofiTi efeqti saqarTveloSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes aSS-Si arsebulze naklebi. magram, vinaidan saqarTveloSi ar moi poveba saTanado informacia umuSevrobis zrdasa da produqciis gamoSvebis Semcirebas Soris Tanafardobis Sesaxeb, amitom, umuSevrobiT gamowveul danakargebze garkveuli warmodgenis Seqmnis mizniT, aRniSnul Tanafardoba, Cven pirobiTad aviReT aSS-is ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel minimalur _ 1 : 2_is tol doneze. .

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demna kvaracxelia
(Y-Yp )/Yp= - (U-Ue) (1) sadac Y mTliani Siga produqtis faqtobrivi moculobaa, Yp - mSp-is potenciuri done; U umuSevrobis faqtobrivi done; Ue umuSevrobis bunebrivi done,; oukenis koeficientia, romelic Cvens SemTxvevaSi 2-is tolia. 2008 wlisaTvis mSp-is danakargebs (mSp-is CamorCenas potenciur donesTan SedarebiT), upirveles yovlisa, Cven gaviangariSebT, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris mier dadgenili umuSevrobis faqtobrivi donis safuZvelze, Semdeg ki, Cvens mier eqspertuli Sefasebis gziT gaangariSebuli umuSevrobis donis mixedviT. amasTan, umuSevrobis bunebriv dones saqarTvelosaTvis CavTvliT 10%-is tolad, anu xelovnurad aviReT misi rac SeiZleba maqsimaluri mniSvneloba, raTa amiT gamoiricxos umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis mis realur donesTan (romlis Sesaxeb informacia statistikis erovnul samsaxurs ar gaaCnia) SedarebiT Semcirebis uaryofiTi zegavlena produqciis gamoSvebis moculobaze. 2008 wlisaTvis mSp-is moculobam Seadgina 19070 mln lari, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris mier gaangariSebulma umuSevrobis donem _ 16,5%, umuSevrobis Cvens mier gaangariSebulma donem ki _ 26%. aRniSnuli mniSvnelobebi CasmiT gantolebaSi (1) miviRebT: 1. (19070 _ Yp)/ Yp= _ 2(0,165_0,1), saidanac,martivi gardaqmnebis safuZvelze miviRebT, rom Yp=21919 mln lars. e. i. radgan 2008 wlisaTvis qveyanaSi arsebuli umuSevrobis faqtobrivi (oficialuri) done 6,5%-iT aRemateba mis bunebriv dones (10%-s), amitom mSp-is moculobis danakargma amave wlisaTvis Seadgina 2849,5 mln lari (2,85 mlrd

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

lari), anu umuSevrobis faqtobrivi done misi bunebrivi donis toli rom yofiliyo, maSin 2008 wlisaTvis mSp-is moculoba 15%-iT meti iqneboda statistikis samsaxuris mier gaangariSebul donesTan SedarebiT1. amasTan, aRniSnuli wlisaTvis mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT warmoebuli mSp-c 650 lariT meti iqneboda mis faqtobriv doneze. 2. (19070 _ Yp)/ Yp= _ 2(0,26_0,1), saidanac, martivi gardaqmnebis safuZvelze miviRebT, rom Yp=28044 mln lars. e. i. radgan 2008 wlisaTvis qveyanaSi arsebuli umuSevrobis faqtobrivi (Cveni eqspertuli SefasebiT) done 16%-iT aRemateba mis bunebriv dones (10%-s), amitom mSp-is moculobis danakargi 2008 wlisaTvis Seadgens 8974 mln lars (8,97 mlrd lars), anu umuSevrobis faqtobrivi done mis bunebriv doneze rom darCeniliyo, maSin 2008 wlisaTvis mSp-is moculoba 47%-iT meti iqneboda statistikis samsaxuris mier gaangariSebul donesTan SedarebiT. amasTan, aRniSnuli wlisaTvis mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT warmoebuli mSp-c 2048 lariT meti iqneboda mis faqtobriv doneze.

n. lacabiZisa da m. carciZis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad (ix. Jurn.: ekonomika da biznesi~, 2009w, #2, marti-aprili. gv.: 66-74), 2007 wels umuSevrobiT gamowveulma ekonomikurma danakargebma Seadgina mSpis 17,25 %. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is, rom aRniSnul statiaSi avtorebi umuSevrobis bunebriv doned iReben 6%-s, xolo bunebriv donesTan SedarebiT umuSevrobis 1%-iT zrdasa da produqciis gamoSvebis Semcirebas Soris Tanafardobas ki 1 : 2,5 _is tol sidided, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis mSp-is danakargebs. Tu 2008 wlisTvisac aRniSnuli sabazo maCveneblebis safuZvelze viangariSebT mSp-is (19070 danakargebs, maSin (1) gantoleba miiRebs saxes: (19070 _ Yp)/ Yp= _ 2,5(0,165_0,06), saidanac martivi gardaqmnebis gziT miviRebT, rom Yp=25857,6 mln lars. e.i. mSp-is danakargi aRniSnuli wlisTvis Seadgens 6787,6 mln lars, anu 2008 wels umuSevrobiT gamowveulma ekonomikurma danakargebma Seadgina faqtobrivi mSp-is 35,6 %.

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demna kvaracxelia
rogorc analizidan Cans, nebismier SemTxvevaSi sakmaod maRalia umuSevrobis realuri danaxarjebi, Tumca, eqspertuli Sefasebis safuZvelze gaangariSebuli umuSevrobis donis (romelic zemoTaRniSnuli mizezebis gaTvaliswinebiT ufro realurad migvaCnia) danaxarjebi didad ufro STambeWdavia. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom analogiuri situaciaa danarCen wlebSic (1991 wlidan dRemde), rac miuTiTebs, jer erTi, dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebuli statistikuri informaciis arasaimedobaze da meore, umuSevrobis maRali doniT (realuris da ara oficialuris) gamowveul mSp-is moculobis uzarmazar danakargebze.
GDP LOSSES ACCORDING TO OKUNS LAW D. Kvaratskhelia At the current stage of economic development high rate of unemployment is a special problem as it conditions law level of production and its significant lag compared with the potential, reduction of the incomes of the significant part of population and worsening of their life conditions, increase of the poverty level and dramatic worsening of the social environment. The article provides calculation of GDP loss due to increase of actual unemployment rate over the natural rate of unemployment. GDP loss calculated on the basis of the available official data on actual rate of unemployment for year 2008 comprised GEL 2.85 billions, or 15% of the actual GDP. GDP loss calculated on the basis of actual rate of unemployment as per expert evaluation for the same year was GEL 8.97 billions, or 47% of actual GDP. On the basis of the mentioned analysis we can see that in any case, actual costs of unemployment are quite high though costs calculated on the basis of expert evaluation are much more impressive. It should be also noted that the situation was similar in the other years as well (period from 1991 up to present), pointing to huge losses of GDP in result of high rate of unemployment (actual and not official).

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

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fulis arsisa da funqciebis sakiTxisaTvis*

ufulo eri erTa Soris da ufulo kaci adamianTa Soris, ymaa fulianisa ilia gulTaz labartyava ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori
fulis mecnieruli kvleva da Seswavla kacobriobis uZveles problemaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba. sagulisxmoa, rom fulma Tavidanve mii pyro sazogadoebis yuradReba. mecnierebis mravali problema fulis, rogorc ekonomikuri kategoriis ganxilvas ukavSirdeba. dawyebuli antikuri samyaros udidesi civilizaciidan, fulis fenomeni yvela drois swavlulTa yuradRebis centrSia da mas dResac TvalsaCino adgili ukavia ekonomikis, finansebisa da fulis TeoriaSi. fuli samarTlianad iTvleba ekonomikuri mecnierebis umniSvnelovanes mignebad, igi civilizaciis didi aRmoCena da monapovaria. saocaria, rom adamianebi yvelafers akeTeben fulisaTvis da fulic TiTqmis yvelafers akeTebs adamianebisaTvis1. fuliT siamovnebis miReba misgan ganTavisuflebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. fuls,
* redaqciisagan: problemis avtoriseuli dasma originaluria da saintereso, Tumca, midgoma marqsistulia. marqsistuli moZRvreba msoflio ekonomikuri azris mniSvnelovani Senakadia da mas aqvs arsebobis ufleba. amitomac, redaqciam mizanSewonilad miiCnia statiis gamoqveyneba. 1 kembel r. makkoneli, stenli l. briu. ekonomiqsi. naw. II, Tb., 1993, gv. 175.

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gulTaz labartyava
dedamiwis msgavsad, didi mimzidvelobis Zala aqvs. sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis gagebisaTvis ar arsebobs fulis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaze ufro mniSvnelovani fenomeni. fuls xSirad da samarTlianad bazris enas uwodeben1. onore de balzaki miiCnevda, rom fuli esaa meeqvse grZnoba, romelic Cven nebas gvaZlevs davtkbeT danarCeni xuTiT. ufro zustad da mokled gansazRvravdnen mas ekonomistebi. adam smiTi fuls uwodebda mimoqcevis borbals, karl marqsi ki sayovelTao eqvivalents2. fuli is RerZia, romlis irgvliv trialebs ekonomika3. erTi sityviT, fuls yvelaze meti Zala aqvs, fuli yvelaferia. da mainc, mis Sesaxeb sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaferi cnobili rodia. fuli ufro metia, vidre ekonomikuri sistemis romelime komponenti. kargad momuSave fuladi sistema ganapirobebs qveynis Zlierebas da piriqiT. fuli yvelasi da yovelives yvelaze didi momTvinierebelia. aseve ar SeiZleba imis daviwyeba, rom fuli yvelaze didi eqspluatatoria. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT fulis, rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis funqciaze. es funqcia sakmaod Zvelia, mas istoriuli fesvebi gaaCnia. igi moswons Tu ara vinmes, amis Sesaxeb msjeloba zedmetia. erTi ram ki cxadia fuls yvela etaneba. amasTan, fulis yvela patroni, rogorc damqiravebeli subieqti, potenciuri eqspluatatoria. fulis es funqcia yovelTvis saxezea. igi damqiravebelsa da daqiravebul subieqtebs Soris kon. . , .. , . . . , - . , 1994, . 8.
2 3
1

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

. . . . ., 1997, . 399.

ekonomikuri Teoria. g. adeiSvilisa da r. asaTianis redaqciiT. Tb., 1998, gv. 59.

traqtiTac ganmtkicebulia. Cven yvela, fulis am funqciis personaJebi varT, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, yvela vaRiarebT mas. igi aSenebs, marTavs qveyanas da sicocxles amkvidrebs yvelgan. fuli am funqciis gareSe Tavis arss kargavs da ubralo eqsponatad gadaiqceva. adamianebs araferi ise Tavisuflad ar emsaxureba, rogorc fuli, Cvens yofaSi, cxadia, masze ufro mobiluri da efeqtiani saSualeba ar arsebobs. fulis aseTi didi mniSvnelobis da SesaZleblobebis miuxedavad, ar arsebobs calke aRebuli fulis instituti. banki am funqcias TiTqos asrulebs, magram is dRes fulis srulyofil instituts mainc ar warmoadgens. amdenad, fulis specialuri institutebis Seqmna drois aucilebeli moTxovnaa. kapitalizmi es sabazro ekonomikaa1. ubedureba isaa, Cven mTeli 70 weli vebrZodiT kapitalizms, axla ki did mowiwebiT mas veltviT. yovelgvar am cvlilebebSi fuls arc Tavisi saxe daukargavs da arc Sinaarsi imitom, rom igi yovelTvis Tavisi funqciebis erTguli rCeboda. fuli, rogorc eqspluataciis saSualeba, orientiria, romelic sabazro sistemas erTgulad emsaxureba sazogadoebis yvela ekonomikur sistemaSi. fulis am funqciis Zala saTanadod jer kidev araa Sefasebuli, radgan igi zedapirze ar devs, aramed Rrmad Cafluli da CaxlarTulia mis arsSi, rac fulis yvelaze aqtiuri funqciaa. samwuxaroa, rom misi rolisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb sazogadoebam Zalian cota icis. fulis am funqcias, iseve rogorc yvela sxvas, fasTa sistema aregulirebs. yovelgvari eqspluataciis saboloo Sedegi fuls ukavSirdeba, fuliT anazRaurdeba da gaizomeba. ai, manqanebis, Sro1

kembel r. makoneli. stenli l. briu. ekonomiksi. naw. I, Tb., 1993, gv. 92.

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gulTaz labartyava
mis sagnebis eqspluataciac ki fulis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom TviT fulis meSveobiT xdeba ara marto adamianis mier adamianis eqspluatacia da yvlefa, aramed aseve TviT adamiani axdens fulis eqspluatacias, yvlefas da a.S. mokled rom vTqvaT, visac fuli aqvs is batonobs adamianebsa da bunebazec. dRes, vfiqrobT, am WeSmaritebas mtkiceba ar sWirdeba. igi aqsiomaa, Tumc, misi sabolood aRiareba jer kidev ar momxdara. monaTmflobeloba, feodalizmi, kapitalizmi, sabazro ekonomika es eqspluataciaze agebuli da dafuZnebuli sistemebia. maTi sicocxlisunarianoba fulis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. fulia is iaraRi, romliTac isini eqspluatacias axdenen. amitomac fuli warmoadgens eqspluataciis saSualebas. bunebrivia, igi am niadagze warmoiSva da am funqcias asrulebs. waarTviT fuls es funqcia da igi dakargavs sicocxlis yvela niSans, mas sxvanairad arseboba ar SeuZlia. formulac f f1 amas cxadyofs da gamoxatavs. eqspluatacia yovelTvis ar SeiZleba gvesmodes, rogorc uaryofiTi faqtori, mas didi sazogadoebrivi efeqtis moxdenis unari aqvs, kacobriobis istoriaSi amis ara erTi da ori magaliTia. ubralod, saocaria fulis buneba, misi orientacia. igi eqspluataciis saSualebaa, magram miuxedavad amisa, igi garegnulad araviTar wyenas ar imsaxurebs. piriqiT, rogorc wesi, eqspluataciis procesSi warmoqmnili yvela winaaRmdegoba Cveulebriv fulis meSveobiT wydeba. am urTierTobebSi, fuli, rogorc eqspluataciis saSualeba, gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs. yovelgvar borotebas da sikeTes Tu rame iwvevs da kurnavs es, upirveles yovlisa, mxolod fulia.

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

fulis funqciebi TiTqos SezRudulia. misi gamoSvebis ufleba yvelas ara aqvs, magram, miuxedavad amisa, misi daTrgunva veravin SeZlo. radganac igi TviT aris eqspluataciis saSualeba. fuls Tavisi axirebuloba gaaCnia. igi Rirseul partniorebs eZebs mxolod, uRirsebs saerTod ar uCerdeba. radgan maT ar ician jerovnad fulis fasi da yadri. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba iTqvas, vinc fulsa Wris, mas yvelaze meti fuli unda hqondes, magram ase rodia. imis gamo, rom igi fuls Stampavs ara piradi moxmarebisTvis, aramed sazogadoebis interesebis uzrunvelsayofad, TviT fulis mwarmoebeli muSac ki daqiravebulia da eqspluataciis subieqts warmoadgens. fulis, rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis funqcia, vfiqrobT, sruliadac araa misi axali funqcia. am azrs seriozuli safuZveli aqvs. adre, am funqciis Sesaxeb gamokveTilad, calsaxad arafers laparakobdnen, Tumca, misi arsebobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani Sromebi iwereboda. ase, magaliTad, karl marqsis daqiravebuli Sroma da kapitali fulis TiTqmis am funqciis erTgvar asaxvas warmoadgens. TanmimdevrobiT mivyveT marqsis msjelobas. muSa yidis kapitalistze Tavis samuSao Zalas da mis nacvlad Rebulobs xelfass. xelfasi aris daxarjuli Sromis fuladi anazRaureba, e.i. muSis saboloo mizani fulia, Tumca, is daxarjuli Sromis sruli, mTliani anazRaureba araa. amdenad igi, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, eqspluataciis saSualebas warmoadgens. fulis am Tvisebis siRrmiseuli gamokvleva dRemde aravis Cautarebia. fulis dauokebuli survilia gaxdes imaze meti, vidre TviTonaa. es formulidanac kargad Cans:

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gulTaz labartyava
f f1. fuli yovelTvis iswrafvis gaxdes f1, anu kapitali. fuli, rogorc universaluri saqoneli, kapitalia. misi Sinagani buneba mogebis maqsimizebisken iltvis, rac eqspluataciis gareSe SeuZlebelia miRweul iqnes. amdenad, fulis da kapitalis, rogorc eqspluataciis funqciis, identuroba ubralod damTxvevis Sedegi ki ar aris, aramed maCvenebelia imisa, rom fulis rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis funqcia Tavs iCens yvelgan da igi sazogadoebrivi warmoebis da misi ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan faqtorad unda miviCnioT. sazogadoebis nebismieri ekonomikuri wyobileba eqspluataciazea agebuli. amitomac, arsebobs ori subieqti: damqiravebeli da daqiravebuli, anu eqspluatatori da eqspluatirebuli. amdenad, sadavos ar unda warmoadgendes fulis rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis funqciis aRiareba. damqiraveblisa da daqiravebulis kontraqtis Sinaarsic amas cxadyofs. amasTan, ar SeiZleba imis daviwyeba, rom mxolod daqiravebuli qmnis yovelgvar Rirebulebas. sazogadoebam fulis gamoyeneba kargad iswavla, magram fulis arsis Sesaxeb mas jerjerobiT srulyofili warmodgena ara aqvs. swored amis Sedegia Cveni dRevandeli yofac. ubralo mevaxSeobidan dawyebuli, fuli yovelTvis eqspluataciis saSualebas warmoadgenda. mogeba, sargebeli, saqonlis realizacia usamarTlo fasiT da a.S. yvelaferi es eqspluataciaa da amasTan, misi donis maCvenebelic. nebismieri samarTliani fasidan gadaxra eqspluataciaa. termini samarTliani fasi pirvelad wamoayena Sua saukuneebis erTerTma TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

hi ponis (CrdiloeT afrika) episkoposma augustinim (354 430 ww.)1. sagulisxmoa, rom TviT adamianic eqspluatatoruli bunebisaa. igi eqspluatacias uwevs ara marto bunebas, cxovelebs, sagnebs, nivTebs, aramed yvelafers, maT Soris TviT adamiansac ki. adamianis es buneba ubralo faqtori rodia. igi imdenad gamjdaria masSi, rom mis gareSe adamianis cxovreba warmoudgenelia. SeiZleba iTqvas, igi misi cxovrebis Sinaarsia. amdenad, fulis macocxlebeli da mastimulirebeli mniSvneloba ganuzomelia. SemTxveviTi rodia is garemoeba, rom filosofiaSi, arc Tu iSviaTad, adamianis kategorias, rogorc borot arsebas, ganixilaven, vidre keTils. praqtika cxadyofs, rom qveyanaSi fulis masis nakleboba iwvevs ara marto fulis SimSils, aramed ekonomikis funqciebis moSlas. iseve rogorc patara mdinareSi, sadac koWebamde wyalia, ar SeiZleba curvis swavla, an roca navsadgurSi didi gemebis Semosasvlelad ar aris saTanado wyalwyva, aseve sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla SeuZlebelia fulis garkveuli raodenobis, aseve SeiZleba iTqvas, zedmeti masis gareSec ki. amas Tu davumatebT im garemoebas, rom saqarTveloSi mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli fulis 80%-ze meti, rogorc wesi, bankebSi ar brundeba da ar gamoiyeneba daniSnulebisamebr, yvelaferi cxadi iqneba. aSS-s zedmeti dolarebi aqvs, amitomac is yvelas donori qveyanaa. sxvanairad mas am funqciis Sesruleba gauWirdeboda. amiT aSS erTgvarad uzrunvelyofs misi qveynis valutis mdgradobas.
1

, , 1911.

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gulTaz labartyava
fuli rom sazogadoebrivi movlenaa amaSi eWvis Setanac ar SeiZleba, magram ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos am sazogadoebrivi movlenis, fulis, rogorc eqspluataciis funqciis Sesaxeb. fuli, upirveles yovlisa, Rebulobs e.w. xelfasis saxes da Semdeg, faqtobrivad, asrulebs mis sxva funqciebs. amitomac, eqspluatacia fulis upirvelesi funqciaa. Sesabamisad, ganmarteba xelfasi aris daxarjuli Sromis mxolod anazRaureba, arazustia. xelfasi daxarjuli Sromis mxolod nawilia. xelfasi rom srulad mieces mis mesakuTres, maSin ar Seiqmneboda mogeba, rasac qmnis mxolod cocxali Sroma. sayovelTaod miRebulia msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom fuli gansakuTrebuli saqonelia, magram ar xsnian fulis am gansakuTrebulobas. es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara eqspluataciis saSualeba, rac sayovelTao xasiaTis matarebelia. aba sxva romel urTierTobaze SeiZleba laparaki, rom fuli eqspluataciis saSualebas ar warmoadgendes? fuli warmoiSva pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis wiaRSi. swored fulma ganapiroba pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis daSla da axali sazogadoebis warmoSoba, romelic dafuZnebulia eqspluataciaze. eqspluataciis fuladi forma xels uwyobs eqspluataciaze agebuli sxvadasxva ekonomikuri formaciis warmoSobas. fuli, romelmac Seisisxlxorca eqspluataciis sayovelTao eqvivalenturi funqcia, ar atarebs Tavis namdvil saxels, rac didi usamarTlobaa. fuli Tavisi warmoSobis pirveli dRidanve asrulebs am funqcias, es misi monopoliuri funqciaa. amitomac, SemTxveviTi rodia, rom Cven yvelani fulis nebsiTi, Tu uneblie monebi varT. fuli imdenad SeniRbulia, rom am funqcias TiTqmis ar amJRavnebs. ramdeni saukune gavida, magram amis Sesaxeb

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

Riad TiTqmis aravin msjelobs. es funqcia, marTalia, zedapirze ar devs, magram fulis specialistebma igi unda i povon da aRmoaCinon. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, fulis arsisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebas swori warmodgena arasodes eqneba. saerTod, mkvlevar-ekonomistebi Zalian bevrs msjeloben fulis funqciebze, magram aravin TiTqmis arafers ambobs fulis, rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis, funqciaze. amitomac, naTeli da sruli warmodgena sazogadoebaSi fulis Sesaxeb jer kidev sabolood Camouyalibebelia. fuli universaluri funqciis matarebelia. igi rom sayovelTao saqonelia, dRes es aqsiomaa, magram Cven rom fulis mepatrone gavxdeT, amisTvis saWiroa, upirveles yovlisa, gavyidoT saqoneli an gadavcvaloT igi fulze, e.i. movaxdinoT gaweuli eqspluataciis realizacia. da kidev erTi mniSvnelovani momenti. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven didi sagareo vali gvaqvs misi araefeqtianad gamoyenebis gamo, axla tvins viWyletT imaze, rogorme movaxerxoT, rom es valebi Camogvaweron. Tanaxma varT gvaRiaron Ratak da damSeul qveynad, oRond, am valebisgan ganvTavisufldeT. es imaze migvaniSnebs, rom Cven unda viswavloT fulis gonivruli gamoyeneba. am sakiTxs msoflio ekonomikaSi metad prioritetuli mniSvneloba eZleva. fulis gamoyenebis xelovneba pirdapir ukavSirdeba fulis, rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis, funqcias. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mas dakargvis an gaufasurebis saSiSroeba elodeba. praqtikulad yvela ekonomikuri sistema ara marto iyenebs fuls, aramed agebulia masze. fuli mraval fun-

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gulTaz labartyava
qcias asrulebs, magram upirvelesi misi funqciaa eqspluataciis saSualebis funqcia. es funqcia rom ar yofiliyo, maSin sazogadoebaSi arc gafarToebul kvlavwarmoebas eqneboda adgili da arc dazogvis funqcias da sistemas. amdenad, fulis rogorc eqspluataciis funqcia xasiaTdeba rigi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi TvisebiT. amitom, zedmeti produqtis cnebac pirobiTia, igi mniSvnelovnad fulis, rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis, funqcias ukavSirdeba. sargebelic fulis eqspluataciis Sedegia. amdenad, fulis es funqcia mravali aspeqtiT gvevlineba. cxadia, fulis gareSe cxovrebaSi TiTqmis arafris gakeTeba ar SeiZleba. fuli faqtobrivad yvelafris wanamZRvars warmoadgens. fuli ara marto eqspluataciis saSualeba, aramed misi dafarvis saSualebacaa. amitomac igi dRemde SeumCneveli da auRiarebelia. praqtikaSi warmoSobili yovelgvari krizisis daZleva mxolod fulis meSveobiT xdeba, magram, sanam es aqti ganxorcieldebodes, sazogadoebas srulyofili warmodgena unda hqondes fulisa da misi funqciebis Sesaxeb. damqiravebelsa da daqiravebul subieqts araferi ise ar akavSirebs da amoZravebs, rogorc fuli. sanam raime saqoneli an produqcia Seiqmneba, manam aucilebelia gaformdes xelSekruleba kontraqti, anu aqti eqspluataciis Sesaxeb. am eqspluataciis anazRaureba da gamoxatvac mxolod fuliT xdeba. amitomac fulis rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis, funqcia aris fulis upirvelesi funqcia. is faqti, rom sxvadasxva qveyanas sxvadasxva valuta aqvs, maTi msyidvelobiTunarianobis xarisxic sxvadasxvaa, niSnavs, rom maTi eqspluataciis unaric gansxvavebulia, rac uSualo gavlenas axdens cxovrebis doneze, sa-

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

muSao Zalis, saqonlis fasze da a.S. amitomac arsebobs saerTaSoriso savaluto, Sromis da saqonlis bazrebi. Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, rodesac nebismier CvenTagans sadme muSaobis dawyeba uxdeba, igi nebiT Tu uneblied, iZulebulia xeli moaweros kontraqts damqiravebelTan, rogorc daqiravebulma. amiT Cven ukve ara marto vaRiarebT fulis rogorc eqspluataciis funqcias, aramed misi msxverpli vxdebiT da mxars vuWerT mas. e.i. eqspluatacia xdeba ara iZulebiT, aramed garigebis formiT da saxiT demokratiuli da liberaluri sawyisebis safuZvelze. rom ara fuli, sxvanairad eqspluatacia SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amitomac, SemTxveviTi rodia gavrcelebuli gamoTqma Cven, yvela fulis monebi varT. ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze amis aRiareba WeSmaritebaa. Cveni bedniereba isaa, rom fulis Teoriuli analizi fulis, rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis aRiarebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. amis mecnierulad dasabuTeba da argumentireba arc Tu ise Znelia da Tu am saqmes bolomde miviyvanT, amiT fulis TeoriaSi kidev erTi didi nabiji iqneba win gadadgmuli. dRes ki, fulis am bunebis (funqciis) dafarva aravis argebs da arc sWirdeba, miTumetes mecnierebas. es dro ukve istoriis kuTvnileba gaxda. amitomac, WeSmaritebas farda unda aexados, bolosdabolos yvelafers Tavisi saxeli unda daerqvas. dabolos, daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom fuli kacobriobis didi sazogadoebrivi aRmoCena da gamogonebaa, rameTu yvela sxva aRmoCenisaTvis fuli aucilebeli wanamZRvaria. fulis rogorc eqspluataciis saSualebis

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gulTaz labartyava

The article presents the opinion that at all stages of the human society development money has been not only the motive power phenomenon of public life, but also the exploitation medium. Moreover, the key function of money is the exploitation function which determines all its other functions. Correspondingly, any economic system of the society is based on exploitation. Adequately money performs the universal function of exploitation medium since its creation. Only in this way the universal and comprehensive essence of money can be scientifically explained.

funqcia, upirvelesi funqciaa, radgan yvela sxva funqcia, met-naklebad, mxolod maszea damokidebuli.

THE ESSENCE OF MONEY AND ITS FUNCTIONS

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G.. Labartkava
1

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saxelmwifo strategia (proeqti). gaz. `kviris palitra,~ 2010w. 1-7 Tebervali.

mimdinare wlis TebervalSi, gazeT `kviris palitra~Si gamoqveynda sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris _ `efeqtiani mmarTvelobis sistemis da teritoriuli mowyobis reformis centris~ mier gaeros ganviTarebis programis (UNDP) mxardaWeriTa da SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis saagentos (SIDA) finansuri xelSewyobiT SemuSavebuli proeqti _ `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saxelmwifo strategia~. avtorTa TqmiT, aRniSnuli dokumenti `gansazRvravs mmarTvelobis sistemis decentralizaciisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs~ da misi mizania `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saSualovadiani koncefciis gansazRvra da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistemis Camoyalibeba `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis evropuli qartiis~ princi pebis Sesabamisad~.1 upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom TviTmmarTveloba, rogorc erTiani mmarTvelobiTi sistemis Semadgeneli nawili, sivrciTi arealis mixedviT, sxvadasxva masStabiT SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili, kerZod: sasoflo

jamleT SaTiriSvili ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, leona SaTiriSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis staJiori

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reforma

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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

(saTemo) da sadabo TviTmmarTveloba, raionuli da saqalaqo TviTmmarTveloba, avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebis (respublika, olqi) TviTmmarTveloba, samxareo da regionuli TviTmmarTveloba da sxv. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba gulisxmobs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemis decentralizacias qveynis administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebis WriliT, anu adgilobrivi mmarTveli organoebisaTvis TavianT teritoriul danayofSi saqmianobis marTvis sruli uflebamosilebis miniWebas (maTi kompetenciis farglebSi) da am saqmianobis Sedegebze aseve sruli pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, upirveles yovlisa, unda ganvixiloT rogorc qveyanaSi demokratiis ganviTarebis da mmarTvelobis sistemis efeqtianobis uzrunvelyofis safuZvelTa safuZveli da misi aucilebeli winapiroba. winapiroba TviTmmarTveloba, romelic didi ilias TqmiT, `ukeTesi wamalia xalxis yovelgvari saWiroebisa~, yvelgan (da yovelTvis) saWiro da aucilebelia, radgan igi warmogvidgeba qveynis `nawil-nawil~ dayofis gziT misi movla-patronobis gaadvilebis~ saukeTeso da, SeiZleba iTqvas, Seucvlel (ualternativo) saSualebad. zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT da misgan gamomdinare, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba da misi ganviTarebis strategia unda efuZnebodes mmarTvelobis sistemis decentralizacias da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikas, mis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs, romelic, rogorc wesi, drois garkveul periodze (4-5 weliwadze) unda iyos gawerili. amdenad, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saxelmwifo strategiaSi igulisxmeba mmarTvelobis sistemis decen-

tralizaciisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politika, romelic, faqtobrivad, warmoadgens drois garkveul periodze samoqmedo gegmis saxiT gawerili adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis koncefcias. srulyofis (reformis) saSualovadian koncefcias adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebi, rogorc marTvis aucilebeli qveda rgolebi, evropis qveyenebSi efeqtianad axorcieleben iseT uflebamosilebebs, rogoricaa: mosaxleobis eleqtronergiiT, wyliTa da bunebrivi airiT momaragebis uzrunvelyofa; narCenebis marTva da utilizacia; pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis gaweva; sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva; mosaxleobis socialuri uzrunvelyofa; adgilobrivi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dagegmva; sivrciTi teritoriuli dagegmva; adgilobrivi infrastruqturis ganviTareba. aRsaniSnavia, rom CamoTvlili kompetenciebidan saqarTvelos dRevandel sinamdvileSi moqmed TviTmmarTvel erTeulebs zogi SeiZleba saerTod ar aqvT gadacemuli gamgeblobaSi anda ki aqvT, magram ver uzrunvelyofen maT efeqtian ganxorcielebas saTanado finansuri saxsrebis ukmarisobis gamo. amis dasturia is faqti, rom Tu adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sabiujeto Semosavlebis xvedriTi wona evropuli qveynebis (didi britaneTi, germania, safrangeTi, Sveicaria, litva, latvia, fineTi, SvedeTi da sxv.) konsolidirebul biujetSi Seadgens 25-60%-s, igive maCvenebeli saqarTveloSi mTlianobaSi aRwevs 15%-mde, xolo q. Tbilisis gareSe ki _ mxolod 4%-s.1 faqtobrivad gauqmebulia
1

adgilobirivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saxelmwifo strategia (proeqti), gv. 1.

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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

sasoflo (saTemo), sadabo da mcire qalaqebis TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi. TviTmmarTveli organoebis saqmianobis gasaumjobeseblad da munici palur organoebsa da adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris mWidro kavSirurTierTobis uzrunvelsayofad, saWiroa TviTmmarTveli erTeulebisaTvis damatebiTi saWiro kompetenciebisa da finansuri resursebis gadacema. amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi moqmedi munici palitetebis moqalaqeTa momsaxurebis centrebi mosaxleobas, e.w. `erTi fanjris princi fanjris princi piT~, uweven araerTi saxeobis momsaxurebas, rogoricaa, magaliTad: sacxovrebeli adgilis registracia; samewarmeo saqmianobis registracia; uZravi qonebis registracia; binadrobis nebarTvis gacema; amomrCevelTa registracia da a.S., maSin, roca saqarTveloSi Seqmnili analogiuri munici paluri samsaxurebis saqmianoba ZiriTadad Semoifargleba mxolod informaciis miReba-gacemiT. Seqmnili arasaxarbielo mdgomareobis gamosworeba, cxadia, saWiroebs qveyanaSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis jerovan reformas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, `efeqtiani mmarTvelobis sistemis da teritoriuli mowyobis reformis centris~ mier adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saxelmwifo strategiis Sesaxeb momzadebuli dokumentiT gansazRvrulia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, romelic Semdeg sferoebs moicavs: adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri reforma; administraciul-teritoriuli reforma; uflebamosilebaTa decentralizacia da delegireba;

fiskaluri decentralizacia; adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis saqmianobis saxelmwifo zedamxedveloba; munici paluri sajaro samsaxuris reforma da adgilobriv sajaro mosamsaxureTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebis sistemis Camoyalibeba; adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis informatizacia; adgilobrivi infrastruqtura da munici paluri momsaxureba; TviTmmarTvel erTeulTa TanamSromloba; adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis popularizacia. rogorc CamonaTvalidan vxedavT, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis erTerT pirveli rigis mimrTulebas (sferos) warmoadgens adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyoba (reforma). adgilobrivi xelisufleba, rogorc wesi, warmodgenilia warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrulebeli organoebis erTobliobis saxiT (ix. sqema). misi instituciuri modeli gansazRvrulia `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT, romelic ZiriTadad Seesabameba `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis evropuli qartiis~ moTxovnebs. organuli kanonidan gamomidnare, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis sistemaSi centraluri adgili ukavia warmomadgenlobiT organos _ sakrebulos, romelic airCeva adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier. mxolod am organos prerogativaa is, rom miiRos adgilobrivi mravaljeradi gamoyenebis normatiul-samarTlebrivi aqtebi da am samarTlebrivi normebis dadgeniT gansazRvros TviTmmarTveli erTeulis ganviTarebis saerTo prioritetebi da mimarTulebebi.

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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

rac Seexeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis aRmasrulebel organos _ gamgeobas (merias), mis mTavar funqcias, organuli kanonis Tanaxmad, warmoadgens sakrebulos mier miRebuli dadgenilebebis Sesruleba. amasTan sakrebulos eniWeba gamgeobis (meriis) saqmianobaze mudmivi zedamxedvelobis uflebamosileba.

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis instituciuri modeli da funqciebi

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba

warmomadgenlobiTi organo (sakrebulo)

aRmasrulebeli organo (gamgeoba, meria)

mravaljeradi gamoyenebis adgilobrivi normatiul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis miReba da maT Sesrulebaze (gamgeobis saqmianobaze) sistematuri zedamxedveloba

sakrebulos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis sistemaSi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis warmomadgenlobiT da aRmasrulebel organoebs Soris dakanonebuli aseTi subordinacia uzrunvelyofs sakrebulos wamyvan rols adgilobriv saxelisusistemaSi. flebo sistemaSi Tumca, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom am saxelisuflebo vertikalSi (iseve rogorc zeda doneze) sakrebuloebs xSirad ar SeswevT unari, realurad itvirTon kanoniT miniWebuli TviTmmarTveli erTeulis wamyvani organos funqcia, ris gamoc xSirad, adgilobrivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi dominirebul rols asruleben aRmasrulebeli organoebi. xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca

sakrebuloebi da gamgeobebi (meriebi) moqmedeben ara erTiani mizanmimarTulebiT, aramed rogorc erTmaneTisagan ganStoebebi, damoukidebeli ganStoebebi rac xels uSlis adgilobrivi xelisuflebis efeqtian funqcionirebas. sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~ moqmedi organuli kanoniT aRmasrulebeli organos struqturis gansazRvra TviTmmarTveli erTeulis avtonomiuri uflebaa, Tumca, samwuxarod, es xdeba ara saTanado funqciuri analizis safuZvelze, aramed, ufro xSirad _ gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa subieqturi mosazrebebiT. amasTan erTad, Zalian dabalia mosaxleobis monawileobis xarisxi TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis procesSi. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyobis gaumjobesebis mizniT, `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saxelmwifo strategiiT mizanSewonilidaa miCneuli adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb moqmedi saqarTvelos kanonis `daxvewa~, vewa~ raSic moiazreba adgilobrivi warmomadgenlobiTi (sakrebulo) da aRmasrulebeli (gamgeoba) organoebis gaerTianeba _ Serwyma da am funqciebis matarebeli erTi umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piris _ meris institutis SemoReba SemoReba, romelic, TiTqosda Tavidan agvacilebs arajansaR dapirsi pirebas sakrebuloebsa da aRmasrulebel organoebs Soris da gazrdis sakrebulos rols adgilobrivi xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis procesSi~.1 vfiqrobT, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistemis srulyofisadmi aseTi `strategiuli midgoma~ erTob naCqarevi da mecnierul-praqtikuli TvalTaxedviT, saTanadod gauazrebeli qmedebaa anda, piriqiT, kargad gaTvlili da garkveul politikur miznebze dafuZnebuli strategiaa.

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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformasTan dakavSirebiT `reformis strategiis proeqtiT~ SemoTavazebuli TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyobis gaumjobesebis (mmarTvelobis orRonisZieba, ganoebis urTierTSerwymis) RonisZieba SesaZlebelia, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, mogvevlinos qveynis TviTmmarTvel erTeulebSi biurokratizmis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da diqstrategiad. tatoruli mmarTvelobis formis danergvis strategiad amas adasturebs TviT adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saxelmwifo strategiis proeqti, sadac erTmniSvnelovnadaa miniSnebuli xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebisadmi dauokebeli ltolva, is, rom `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrulebeli organoebi xSirad moqmedeben rogorc adgilobrivi xelisuflebis ori erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli ganStoeba~.1 erTi xelisuflebis ori organos erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebis mcdelobis da urTierTSoris winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebulebis mizezi da safuZveli aRmasrulebeli organos (gamgeobis) warmomadgenlobiTi organosadmi (sakrebulosadmi) garkveuli daqvemdebarebulobis da mis saqmianobaze zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis uflebamosilebisadmi Seurigeblobaa. ZiriTadad, swored amaSi vlindeba am or saxelisufleblo organos Soris garkveuli winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba, rac cxadia, negatiurad aisaxeba adgilobrivi xelisuflebis funqcionirebis efeqtianobaze. aseT viTarebaSi, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebis funqciebis `struqturuli Serwyma~ da proeqtiT SemoTavazebuli e.w. `warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrulewarmomadgenlobiTi
1

beli funqciebis matarebeli umaRlesi adgilob-rivi Tanamdebobis piris _ meris institutis SemoReba~ gamoiwvevs ara sakrebulos rolis gazrdas adgilobrivi xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis procesSi (sakrebulo, rogorc xelisuflebis organo, faqtobrivad aRar iarsebebs), aramed igi xels Seuwyobs mTeli adgilobrivi Zalauflebis erTi piris xelSi Cagdebas (uzurpacias) da marTvis diqtatoruli reJimis SemoRebisaTvis saWiro winapirobebis Seqmnas. Seqmnas sinamdvileSi, gamoricxuli ar iqneba, aseTi reformuli strategiiT miviRoT adgilobrivi diqtator-mmarTveli (xelisufali), romelic, xatovani gamoTqmiT, TviTon iqneba musikis damweric, simReris SemkveTic, momReralic da namReris Sedegis mimRebic. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT da misgan gamomdinare, ufro sworad da gamarTlebulad migvaCnia, kursi aviRoT ara erTmaneTTan garkveul winaaRmdegobriv urTierTobaSi myofi mmarTvelobiTi organoebis (sakrebulos, gamgeobis) gauqmebaze da daqvemdebarebaze uarismTqmeli (aRmasrulebeli) organos sasargeblod erTi Tanamdebobis piris (meris, gamgeblis) institutis SemoRebaze, aramed am organoebis mier TavianTi funqciebis xarisxobriv ganxorcielebaze pasuxismgeblobis amaRlebaze da dakisrebul movaleobaTa Seusruleblobis (anda arasaTanadod Sesrulebis) SemTxvevaSi maT mimarT kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis aucileblad, droulad da srulad gatarebaze. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom umaRlesi adgilobrivi Tanamdebobis piris _ meris institutis SemoRebis SemTxvevaSi, TavisTavad azrs kargavs reformis strategiiT SekvalifikacimoTavazebuli RonisZieba sakrebulos wevrTa kvalifikaci1

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saxelmwifo strategia (proeqti), gv. 2.

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis saxelmwifo strategia (proeqti), gv. 1.

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Sesaxeb, is amaRlebis Sesaxeb ramdenadac, proeqtis mixedviT, kanonmdeblurad gauqmebul (ararsebul) sakrebulos aRarc wevrebi eyoleba da arc maTi kvalifikaciis amaRlebis RonisZiebebi iqneba dasagegmi da gansaxorcielebeli. amasTanave, Seusabamod gveCveneba reformis strategiiT gaTvaliswinebuli winadadeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis struqturis regularuli funqciuri analizis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, radgan wina rekomendacia-winadadeba swored am organoebis gauqmebas da erTi umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piris (meris) institutis SemoRebas exeba. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan da saqveyno interesebidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, saWiroa, ufro siRrmiseulad gaviazroT (da gavaanalizoT) adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis da misi instituciuri mowyobis roli da adgili demokratiisa da mmarTvelobis sistemis efeqtianobis uzrun-velyofaSi, davsaxoT misi mudmivad srulyofis swori gzebi da meTodebi. ar unda daviviwyoT, mudam gvaxsovdes da vuerTguloT didi ilias brZnul Segonebas, rom `TviTmmarTveloba ... saca unda dargaT igi yvelgan TviTmmarTveloba xarobs....~ xarobs.. da swored amitom `yoveli saxelmwifo, rigian weszed cotaT Tu bevrad damdgari, nawil-nawil aris dayofili, rom movla da patronoba advili iyos~. qarTveli eris da sruliad saqarTvelos upirvelesi movaleobaa, WkuiT, guliT, gonebiTa da gonierebiT mivdioT am WeSmaritebas qveynis ukeTesi mermisis Sesaqmnelad.

oligopoliuri bazris zogierTi Tavisebureba

Tamar lazariaSvili lazariaSvili Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis mikroekonomiis kaTedris asistent-profesori
Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi oligopolia warmoadgens bazris erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul struqturas. oligopoliis yvelaze SesamCnevi niSania bazarze moqmedi firmebis mcirericxovnoba.Foligopoliis arsia is rom, rom bazarze aris erTgvarovani produqciis mwarmoebeli mxolod ramdenime firma, riTac isini axorcieleben srul kontrols miwodebis moculobaze da nawilobriv kontrols fasebze. oligopoliis mTavari niSania is, rom aq monawile ekonomikur subieqtebs erTmaneTTan formaluri Tu araformaluri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze SeuZliaT SeinarCunon bazarze monopolisturi fasi konkurentul doneze ufro maRla da miiRon mogeba.1 oligopoliis sxva formebia: ormxrivi monopolia, duopolia, lideroba fasebiT. ormxrivi monopoliisas erTaderTi gamyidveli upirispirdeba erTaderT myidvels am dros mTavari problemaa: ra donis fasiT da ra raodenobis saqonliT SeiZleba maqsimaluri mogebis miReba. sabolood, orive mxare iyofs erTobliv maqsimalur mogebas. formalurad oligopoliurs miakuTvneben im dargebs, sadac ramdenime msxvili firma mTliani produqciis naxevarze mets awarmoebs. Mmagram, Tu warmoebis koncentracia ufro dabalia, maSin mas monopolisturi konkurenciis pirobeb1 menqiu gregori. ekonomikis princi pebi, gamomcemloba, ,,diogene, 2008. gv. 331.

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Si myof dargad Tvlian. Mmonopolisturi konkurenciis bazris arasrulyofilebis ganmsazRvrelia produqtis diferenciacia. Ooligopoliis pirobebSi am faqtorsac aqvs mniSvneloba. Aarsebobs oligopoliri dargebi, romlebSic produqtis diferenciacia mniSvnelovania, Tumca,M arsebobs dargebic, sadac produqti standartizebulia (cementis, navTobis mrewveloba, metalurgiis qvedargebis umravlesoba).Aamgvarad, iseTi fasis SemTxvevaSi, romelic mosalodneli danaxarjebis mxolod minimums faravs, moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad sakmarisi iqneba ramdenime kompania. Tu saSualo mTliani danaxarjebi icvleba AATC mrudis Sesabamisad, xolo danaxarjebis minimumi ki miiRweva gayidvebis Q0 moculobisas, sakmarisi iqneba mxolod 2-3 kompania, raTa P0 faszeP dakmayofilebul iqnes sabazro moTxovna Q1. (nax. 1) oligopoliuri firma warmoebis maRali moculobis dros nax.1
fasi

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

ATC
P0

Q0

Q1

produqciis moculoba

oligopoliur bazarze monopoliuris msgavsad moTxovnis klasikur mrudTana aqvT saqme, magram monopolistisagan gansxvavebiT aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinon

konkurentis reaqcia warmoebis moculobaze da fasze. amasTanave, gasaTvalisinebelia, rom erTgvarovani produqciis SeTavazebisas Tu konkurenti fass dauwevs, SeiZleba man bazris wilic ki waarTvas. amitom iZulebuli iqneba am ukanasknelmac dauwios fasi. Aamgvar qmedebebs safaso omi mohyveba, rac mTavrdeba mogebis gaqrobiT da rasac SeiZleba gakotrebac ki mohyves. SeuZlebelia oligopoliis erT-erTi monawilis mier fasebis gazrdis Sedegebis gamocnoba. moTxovnis mrudis am ganusazRvrelobas mivyavarT oligopoliis pirobebSi konkurenciis axal saxeobamde. Mmsxvili firmebi, romlebic ar warmoadgens aRiarebul liderebs bazarze, cdiloben gaeqcnen safaso konkurencias da mis ukidures formas safaso oms.1 srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi firmisTvis azri ar aqvs ibrZolos bazris didi wilisaTvis, ramdenadac gayidvebis moculoba mcirea mocemuli saqonlis warmoebisa da gasaRebis saerTo moculobasTan SedarebiT. monopolias aseve ar aqvs mizezi ifiqros Tavis wilze, ramdenadac mas mTeli bazari ekuTvnis. Mmagram, oligopoliis pirobebSi brZola wilisaTvis bazarze-konkurentuli brZolis birTvia.Ooligopoliis monawileni cdiloben erTmaneTs ajobon axali strategiis SemuSavebiT, produqtis gaumjobesebiT, reklamiT, saukeTeso momsaxurebiT da a.S. oligopoliur bazarze konkurentis strategiis prognozirebis sirTulis gamo, TamaSTa Teoriasac ki moiSvelieben. (cnobili TamaSi ,,patimarTa dilema). oligopoliis Seqmnis saTaves warmoadgens sabazro konkurenciis meqanizmi, romelic Seuqcevadi ZaliT aviwrovebs bazarze sust moTamaSes (gakotrebis an maTi
1

. / . . . . . . -., . ., . 144, 2000.

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Caylapvisa da ufro Zlier konkurentebTan SeerTebis gziT). Bgakotreba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos rogorc sawarmos xelmZRvanelobis susti samewarmeo aqtiurobiT, aseve konkurentebis ZalisxmeviT. bazris sakuTari wilis gazrdis erT-erT mniSvnelovan meTods warmoadgens Serwyma da STanTqma. STanTqma xorcieldeba finansuri operaciebis safuZvelze, rac mimarTulia ama Tu im sawarmos srulad anda nawilobriv SeZenisaken, aqciebis sakontrolo paketis an kapitalis mniSvnelovani wilis SesyidviT. Ees aris urTierToba Zlier da sust konkurentebs Soris. Serwyma, rogorc wesi, nebayoflobiT xasiaTs atarebs. Tumca, kapitalisa da warmoebis msgavsi centralizacia SeiZleba ekonomikuri iZulebac iyos, rogorc mesamis arCevani ors Soris: an damoukideblobis sruli dakargva, anda damTrgunveli ekonomikuri omi.MmaT SeswevT unari mniSvnelovnad aamaRlon warmoebis koncentracia dargSi. Serwymisa da STanTqis raodenoba aSS-Si XX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi mkveTrad gaizarda da wina periodis Serwymebisa da STanTqmebis saerTo raodenobas didad gadaaWarba. STanTqmisa da Serwymis procesebi saSualebas iZleva arsebiTad gaizardos maTi wili arsebul bazarze. ramdenime korporaciis sabazro batonobis zrda uazros xdis safaso konkurencias, romelic SeiZleba safaso omSi gadaizardos da maTi yvela monawilis dauZlureba gamoiwvios. Bbazris oligopoliri struqturebis formirebis sxva arsebiT faqtors warmoadgens sawarmos swrafva warmoebis masStabis efeqtis realizebaze. teqnikis srulyofisa da axali teqnologiebis warmoSobis procesSi warmoebis optimalurma zomebma iseT masStabebs miaRwia, rom mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba Sexvda axal sawarmoebs dargSi SesaRwevad. es winaaRmde-

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

gobebi dakavSirebulia rogorc SezRudul finansur resursebTan, aseve nakleb danaxarjebTan, resursebis ufro racionalur gamoyenebasTan da a.S. kompania oligopolistisaTvis ganviTarebis ori gza arsebobs: moaxdinos Tavisi saqmianobis diversificireba, Seqmnas konglomeratuli ti pis kompania, an gadaitanos brZola bazris didi wilisaTvis erovnulidan saerTaSoriso doneze, ganixilavs ra mTels msoflios, rogorc Tavis potenciur bazars.1 SeTanxmeba sxva kompaniebTan fasebis donesa da warmoebis moculobasTan dakavSirebiT, bazris kontrolis zrdis faqtors warmoadgens. Ees strategia Cveulebriv xelsayrelia SeTanxmebis yvela monawilisaTvis, Tumca, SeTanxmebis miRweva Zalian Zneli amocanaa. Aarsebobs rigi faqtori, rac aiolebs pirdapir SeTanxmebas: maRali barierebi axali firmebisaTvis bazarze Sesasvlelad, firmebis mcire raodenoba bazarze, produqciis erTgvarovnebis maRali xarisxi, gazrdili moTxovna dargobriv produqciaze, kanonmdeblobis Taviseburebani. SeTanxmebis erTi saxeoba, romelic firmis qmedebis koordinirebis saSualebas iZleva, warmoadgens fasobrivi liderobis praqtika, rodesac msxvili kompania pirveli cvlis fass, yvela danarCeni ki mas mihyveba. barierebi axali firmebis mimarT mxars uWers sabazro koncentraciis mniSvnelovan dones da oligopoliis SenarCunebas. is iRebs sxvadasxva formas: ekonomia warmoebis masStabebsa da danaxarjebze, dagrovili gamocdilebis, sareklamo kampaniis, saqonlis sirTulis, saqonlis modelebis mravlobiTobis, da a.S. masStabis ekonomiuroba damyarebulia saqonlis cnobadobaze da warmoadgens mniSvnelovan bariers sxva
1

.. . , ., , 2000, . 816.

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firmebisaTvis, romelTac survili aqvT imuSaon mocemul bazarze. imdenad, ramdenadac axali firma cnobili ar aris, Mmas SeuZlia iyos mxolod umniSvnelo moTxovnis pretendenti (DH- gadaweulia marcxniv) da misi warmoebis moculoba iqneba ufro mcire, vidre oligopoliis monawile firmis (QH) (nax. 2). oligopoliur bazarze axali firmis Sesvla nax. 2.
P D0 oligopoliuri firmis moTxovna DH axali firmis moTxovna

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

is da warmoebis masStabebis xarjze aRwevs. realur cxovrebaSi sakmaod xSirad Zvel da axal firmas Soris TviT danaxarjebis mrudebi gansxvavdeba (nax. 3). Zveli da axali firmebis ATC mrudebi nax. 3.

PH P0 ATC ATC

QH

fasi ki piriqiT, ufro meti (PH). firma-oligopolistebma, ician ra, rom konkurentis gamoCena maTi bazris wils Seamcirebs, gamoiyeneben Tavis upiratesobebs. isini daadgenen fass PH-is qveviT, magram warmoebis masStabebis ekonomiis ZaliT isini am SemTxvevaSic (PH da PPo-s Soris) miiReben mogebas. Aaxali firma ki mniSvnelovan danakargs ganicdis da iZulebuli iqneba gavides bazridan (PH-s qveviT fasebis SemTxvevaSi, moTxovnis mrudi DH ATC-ze qveviT dgas da, Sesabamisad, axal firmas Tavisi danaxarjebis dafarva aRar SeuZlia). Cven vvaraudobdiT, rom danaxarjebis mrudebi oligopolists da axal firmas erTnairi aqvs da firma-oligopolisti ufro dabal danaxarjebs maRali moTxovneb-

axali firmis danaxarjebi SeiZleba ufro maRali iyos, radgan mas ara aqvs biznesis warmoebis gamocdileba: menejerebi ar floben firmis marTvis unar-Cvevebs; sakmarisi ar aris kvalificiuri samuSao Zala; sabanko kreditis aRebis pirobebi garTulebulia; kavSiri Sesustebulia da a,S. axal firmebs SeuZliaT garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi siZneleebis daZleva, magram ara yvela maTganis. ganusazRvreloba asustebs stimulebs bazarze Sesasvlelad da amcirebs potenciuri konkurentebis ricxvs. amasobaSi TviT konkurentebis gaCenis safrTxe cvlis firma oligopolistis moqmedebas. Tu Zveli firma bazarze Tavisi wilis dakargvis saSiSroebas igrZnobda, mas mogebis gazrdis mizniT, SeeZlo fasi daedgina Pois doneze da ewarmoebina Qo. Mmagram igi adgens fass araumetes P1-is doneze, ramdenadac aseTi fasis SemTxvevaSi potenciur konkurents ar SeeZleba dafaros Tavisi danaxarjebi da uars ityvis am dargSi Sesvlaze. Zveli firma ki aseTi fasis SemTxvevaSic miiRebs mogebas.

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PP1 fass xSirad uwodeben zRvrul fass. Ffirma-oligopolistis aseTi qmedeba dargis sabazro koncentraciis maRali donis SenarCunebis saSualebas iZleva. arsebobs sxva barierebic potenciuri konkurentebis gzaze: SezRudvebi, rac dgindeba saxelmwifos mier kompaniebis registraciis an saqmianobis ama Tu im saxeobis licenzirebis dros; maRali danaxarjebi reklamaze; saqonlis sirTule, romelic moiTxovs gasaRebis qselis gafarToebas da Semdgom momsaxurebas.E efeqtiani warmoebisaTvis xSirad saWiroa kapitalis mniSvnelovani odenoba. es warmoadgens mniSvnelovan bariers sabazro konkurenciaSi. oligopolia yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia praqtikaSi rogorc msoflioSi, aseve CvenTan. saqarTveloSi oligopoliur bazars miekuTvneba farmacevtuli bazari.1 rogorc cnobilia, sami msxvili kompania aversi, pe-espe, da ji-pi-si bazarze daaxloebiT 80%-s ikavebs , es ki arasrulyofili konkurenciis formis - oligopoliis naTeli magaliTia. am kompaniebma daiwyes farmacevtuli qarxnebis da kerZo klinikebis qselis Camoyalibeba-ganviTareba. maT Zalze mWidro kavSiri aqvT sadazRvevo kompaniebTan. e.i, qarxanas, romelic farmacevtul saqonels amzadebs, gaaCnia sakuTari samedicino klinika, sadac pacients wamals uniSnaven da romelic sadazRvevo kompaniis provaideria, da aseve gaaCnia saafTiaqo qseli, sadac unda moxdes aRniSnuli wamlis SeZena. es kompaniebi kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebia da sruli ufleba aqvT Seqmnan aRniSnuli sawarmoebi, magram ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT maT aqvT faruli garigebis SesaZlebloba,rac iwvevs fasebis xelovnur zrdas da warmoebis SezRudvas, rac sabolood azaralebs momxmarebels. monopolisturi
1

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba udavod xels SeuSlis Tavisufal da srulyofil konkurencias, Tavisufal faswarmoqmnas da bazarze axali ekonomikuri subieqtebis Sesvlas. navTobproduqtebis bazaric oligopoliuri bazris kargi magaliTia. dRes bazris 50%-ze mets kompania sokar petrolium jorjia flobs, romelsac navTobi azerbaijanidan Semoaqvs. viTomda, italiuri sawvaviT amaragebs bazris daaxloebiT 35%-s kompania visoli. Sesabamisad, ori msxvili kompaniisTvis, romelsac srulad 85%-i uWiravs, martivia bazars fasebic ukarnaxos. saqarTveloSi ti puri oligopoliuri bazaria fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis bazari, sadac mTeli sabazro koncentracia sami kompaniis xelSia, romlebic ar arian erTmaneTTan fasismier konkurenciaSi. tarifebi maT Soris SeTanxmebulia da, bunebrivia, mis dawevaze arc zrunaven, isini erTmaneTTan konkurireben mxolod promo-aqciebiT. qarTuli bazris 10%-s - kompania bilaini, 48%-s - magTikomi, xolo darCenil 42%-s jeoseli flobs. saqarTvelo mobilurze momsaxurebis siZviris mixedviT, msoflios 186 qveyanas Soris mesame adgils ikavebs, xolo yofil postsabWoTa sivrceSi pirvelobas aravis uTmobs. monopolisturi mdgomareobis ZiriTadi gamsazRvreli faqtorebia: kompaniebis wili bazarze, am bazarze SeRwevis saSualebebi da winaaRmdegobebi. Zalze mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos mxridan instituciurad, organizaciulad iseTi RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba, romelic xels Seuwyobs bazris demonopolizacias. demonopolizacia ar unda iyos erTjeradi xasiaTis, is mudmivi procesi unda iyos. saxelmwifos mTavari funqcia aris oqros Suale-

http://afba.ge

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dis dadgena mewarmis uflebis ar SezRudvasa da momxmareblis uflebis dacvas Soris. miuxedavad amisa, dReisTvis saqarTveloSi mTlianad monopolizebulia yvela mniSvnelovani sfero _ energetika, komunikaciebi, rkinigza, navTob-produqtebis bazari da rac friad damafiqrebelia, monopolizaciis procesi aqtiurad grZeldeba. oligopoliur bazarze TiToeuli firmis gadawyvetileba gavlenas axdens sabazro situaciaze da, amave dros, damokidebulia sxva firmebis gadawyvetilebebze, romlis miRebisas oligopolisti firma iZulebuli xdeba gaiTvaliswinos bazris sxva moTamaSis SesaZlo reaqciac.
Some Peculiarities of Oligopoly Market T. Lazariashvili Oligopoly Market peculiarities have been analyzed in the article. Through comparative analysis of perfect and oligopoly market structures has been performed the price formation mechanism. There have been revealed the barriers to entrance into oligopoly market that is connected with market concentration level. In the conditions of oligopoly are available the forms and methods of the personal share of firms in the market: elaboration of the new strategy, the products improvement, advertizing, personal level of service, merging and disappearance which are able to boost significantly production concentration in the field. Here are suggestions concerning ways of development of the oligopoly firm: The business diversification, creation of the company of the conglomerate type, opportunities to transfer combat to the international markets and etc. On the base of the materials definition are offered the ways to achieve efficient level of manufacturing for oligopoly firms.

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

meritokratiis Suq-Crdilebi

nana absava zugdidis saswavlo universitetis sruli profesori

meritokratiis rogorc axali mmarTveli klasis formireba, ukavSirdeba postindustriuli epoqis dadgomas da ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom am epoqaSi codna ara mxolod socialur faseulobas warmoadgens, aramed realurad gadaiqceva materialuri keTildReobis wyarod. es ki elitarulobaze pretenziis mqone socialuri fenis gaCenisaTvis niadags qmnis. meritokratia rogorc damsaxurebulTa da RirseulTa Zalaufleba, d. belis TqmiT, SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo Sromis axali sazogadoebrivi danawilebis pirobebSi, rodesac adamianebs Soris gansxvaveba dakavebul mdgomareobasa da SemosavlebSi ganpirobebulia gansxvavebiT codnasa da ganaTlebis doneSi1, rodesac adamianis Sefasebis kriteriumad ganixileba misi inteleqtualuri unari da codna, da ara Tandayolili memkvidreobiToba. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom jer kidev kacobriobis gariJraJze adamianis sazogadoebrivi ierarqiis ama Tu im safexurisadmi mikuTvnebis aRniSnul princi ps praqtikuli mniSvneloba hqonda. maSin, rodesac warmoebis miznad gvevlineba Temis fizikuri SenarCuneba, rac gaTanabrebiT ganawilebas gulisxmobs, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs Temis calkeuli wevris wvlils pirvelyofili sazogadoebis warmoebis wesis uSualo ekonomikuri miznis realizaciaSi, damsaxureba ganisazRvreba swored am wvliliT. pirvelyofili inteleqtu1 . . . . : Academia, 1999. . 548.

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alis arsobrivi Zalebi ixarjeba uSualod Temze, romelic aseve uSualod gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivi ierarqiis romel dones miakuTvnos Temis esa Tu is wevri. sxvagvarad, calkeulis Rirsebebi sayovelTaos uSualo gankargulebaSia da Temi ar uSvebs aranair gameSvevebas am Rirsebebis SefasebaSi. Amitom, pirvelyofil TemSi naWarbi produqtis gaCenamde, romelic mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis gansakuTrebul profesiad gadaqcevis materialur safuZvels warmoadgens, Zalauflebis memkvidreobiToba praqtikulad gamoricxulia. naWarbis gaCenamde gamoricxulia, agreTve, gansxvaveba pirvelyofil mmarTvelebsa da Temis rigiT wevrebs Soris materialuri keTildReobis TvalsazrisiTac. naWarbma produqtma, rogorc cnobilia, Temis qonebriv diferenciacias daudo saTave, magram aq sainteresoa masTan dakavSirebuli sxva momenti. ukanaskneli mowmobs naturaluri meurneobis TviTuaryofis xangrZlivi procesis dawyebaze, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli iyo saqmianobis ara erT romelime saxeobaze specializacia, aramed Sromis xSiri monacvleoba, rac Sromis sayovelTaobis gabatonebul princi pTan erTad uzrunvelyofda Temis yvela wevris Tanasworobas mmarTvelobiT saqmianobaSi maTi monawileobis uflebis TvalsazrisiT. naWarbi ki, romelic istoriulad zedmeti produqtis pirvel sazogadoebriv forma-gansazRvrulobas warmoadgens, gadaiqca Temis beladebisa da uxucesebis rogorc axali, ukve stabiluri socialuri fenis damkvidrebis saimedo materialur safuZvlad. am fenis mier privilegirebuli mmarTvelobiTi profesiis uzurpaciam, sabolood, ganviTareba hpova didgvarovanTa formirebasa da memkvidreobiTobis princi pis damkvidrebaSi. swored aq wyvets arsebobas meritokratiis pirvelSobili forma. Tumca, am epoqaSi meritokratiaze msjeloba pirobiTia, radgan meritokratia rogorc socialuri fena warmoiSoba mxolod iq, sadac arsebobs Tu antagonizmi ara, rogorc minimumi, sak-

maod mZafri winaaRmdegoba fizikur da gonebriv Sromas Soris (es winaaRmdegoba civilizaciis ufro maRal safexurebze sxvadasxva formiT gamovlindeba, maT Soris, rogorc winaaRmdegoba maRalkvalificiur da naklebadkvalificiur Sromas Soris, bunebriv aristokratiasa da e.w. zedmet adamianebs Soris), romelic fizikur Sromas umravlesobis xvedrad, xolo gonebrivs ki - sazogadoebis gansakuTrebuli nawilis privilegiad gadaaqcevs. Tuki pirvelyofili sazogadoebis TviTuaryofisas elitaruli klasis formirebas win uswrebda misi materialuri keTildReobis ekonomikuri wanamZRris Seqmna (nameti Tu naWarbi produqti, romelic kerZo sakuTrebad viTardeba), pirveli antagonisturi sazogadoebis Casaxvidan TviT Tavisufali konkurenciis epoqis damkvidrebamde, materialuri keTildReoba gadaiqceva Sedegad, romlis mizezicaa privilegirebuli socialuri fenisadmi kuTvnileba. sxvagvarad, aq mizezi da Sedegi TiTqos ucvlian erTmaneTs adgilebs. arsebiTi cvlilebebi socialuri statusisa da materialuri keTildReobis TanafardobaSi Seaqvs sayovelTao saqonlur warmoebas. axla ukve ara wodebrivi, aramed upiratesad qonebrivi memkvidreobiToba gansazRvravs adamianis adgils socialur ierarqiaSi. magram, maSin roca warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTreba Sexamebulia sacvleli Rirebulebis batonobasTan, yovelgvari memkvidreobiTobis safuZvlebi irRveva sakmaod swrafi tempebiT. kapitalizmis damsaxureba isaa, rom es warmoebis wesi bolos uRebs viTarebas, roca adamiani Tavisi socialuri mdgomareobis gamo valSi iyo mxoloddamxolod Tavisi dabadebis SemTxveviTobasTan. im momentidan, rodesac mwarmoeblur ZalTa done SesaZlebels qmnis sociumis qonebriv diferenciacias, nebismieri privilegirebulobis mTavari materialuri piroba xdeba

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sakuTreba im mwarmoeblur resurze, romelic mocemuli momentisTvis gadamwyvetia. aseTad, kacobriobis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze gvevlineboda xan mona (subieqti), xan miwa (obieqti), xan ki kapitalis saxiT warmodgenili warmoebis saSualebani. mecnierebis uSualo mwarmoeblur Zalad gadaqcevam codna gaxada e. w. inteleqtualur kapitalad, da amdenad, sakuTrebis obieqtad. magram codna - sakuTrebis gansakuTrebuli obieqtia da misi specifikaa is, rom igi ar arsebobs misi matareblisgan damoukideblad. Tuki sakuTrebis iseTi obieqtebi, rogoricaa mona (obieqtad qceuli subieqti), miwa da kapitalis saxiT warmodgenili warmoebis saSualebani mesakuTrisagan calke arseboben, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqti, romelic sinamdvileSi adamianis ganuyofeli Tviseba da kuTvnilebaa, Tavis Tavs sakuTrebad avlens mxolod gabatonebuli warmoebiTi urTierTobebis meSveobiT. amgvarad, codnis mflobeli gamodis rogorc sakuTrebis subieqti da misive obieqti erTdroulad (samuSao Zalis definiciidan gamomdinare, inteleqtualuri kapitalis cneba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rgorc samuSao Zalis kategoriis Semadgeneli elementi. maSasadame, inteleqtualuri unaris gamocalkaveba samuSao Zalisgan abstraqtuli azrovnebis mani pulaciaa mxolod. sxva saqmea, rom sityvaTSewyoba - samuSao Zala asocirdeba, upiratesad, am unaris matareblis xelebTan da martiv, rutinul SromasTan, inteleqtualuri kapitali ki - misi mflobelis TavTan da rTul, SemoqmedebiT SromasTan. amitomac, samuSao Zalisa da inteleqtualuri kapitalis rogorc Tvisebrivad araTanazomadi warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebis uflebis realizacia, asaxvas hpovebs maTi mesakuTreebis raodenobrivad aseve araTanazomad SemosavlebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, cnebebi samuSao Zala - saqoneli da inteleqtualuri kapitali, aRiqmeba rogorc zedmiwevniT adekvaturebi).

mecnierebis uSualo mwarmoeblur Zalad gadaqcevis epoqaSi maRali inteleqti ganapirobebs Sesabamisad maRal Semosavlebsa da solidur adgils socialur ierarqiaSi, magram mtkicebani, rom postindustriul sazogadoebaSi niWier adamianebs garantirebuli aqvT Tavis damkvidreba meritokratiis rigebSi mxolod sakuTar codnasa da unarebze dayrdnobiT, cota ar iyos, gadaWarbebulia. inarCunebs ra sabazro urTierTobebs, postindustriuli sazogadoeba mmarTveli elitis formirebisas gamoirCeva SerCeviTi midgomiT. ama Tu im codnis fasi da faseuloba ganisazRvreba swored rom bazris koiunqturiT. rac ar unda Rrma da fundamenturi iyos codna, is ar iqneba bazris mier aRiarebuli, Tuki am codnis realizaciiT mosalodneli ara aris maRali mogebis miReba. bazari ar aRiarebs arakapitalizebad codnasa da mis aseve arakapitalizebad produqts. aRniSnuli naklebad exeba gamoyenebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone teqnikur codnasa da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs, da metad - fundamentur da sazogadoebriv mecnierebebs, romelTa praqtikuli mniSvnelobis gamovlena xdeba, rogorc wesi, araimwuTierad. garda amisa, sazmcodneTa inteleqtualuri sakuTreba garkveuli doziT yovelTvis eqvemdebareba ideologizacias, amitomac mecnierebis am dargis bedismwerlad gvevlineba aramxolod sabazro, aramed politikuri koniunqturac. magram, bazari ekonomikuric da politikuric, sakmaod keTilganwyobilia im sazmecnierTa mimarT, romlebic ar zRudaven TavianT unarebs princi pebiTa da msoflmxedveluri mrwamsiT, da amdenad, midrekilni arian ideologiuri Tu politikuri prostituciisken. aseTi inteleqtis Sefasebisas upriania davesesxoT k. marqss: ,,...talanti mrwamsis gareSe qmnis aramzadebs1. mecnierebis uSualo mwarmoeblur Zalad gadaqcevam Secvala mwarmoeblur ZalTa elementebis Tanafardoba subieqturi mwarmoebluri resursis sasargeblod. Amitom,
1

., . ., 2- ., . 31, c. 367.

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sakuTrebas rogorc movlenas, Tavisi arCevani gadaaqvs erTi obieqtidan (warmoebis saSualebebSi gasagnebuli kapitali) meoreze (codna personificirebuli mis matarebelSi). aRniSnuli gvafiqrebinebs, rom, marTalia, modificirebuli formiT, magram subieqti kvlav xdeba kerZo sakuTrebis obieqti. uxeSad rom vTqvaT, Tanamedrove inteleqtuali, romelic TiTqos gadamwyveti mwarmoebluri resursis mesakuTrea, imavdroulad monad gvevlineba, rac mis bunebis gaorebaze migvaniSnebs. saqme isaa, rom aq iqmneba kerZo sakuTrebisa da Sromis Serwymis iluzia (aseTi Serwymis uperspeqtivoba TvalsaCino gaxda jer kidev kapitalis Tavdapirveli dagrovebis epoqaSi), miuxedavad imisa, rom inteleqtis sakuTrebis obieqtad gaxdoma sinamdvileSi aris gabatonebuli warmoebiTi urTierTobebis mier nakarnaxevi cda adamianisa da misi imanenturi Tvisebis xelovnuri gancalkavebisa. aseTi xelovnuri gancalkavebis Sedegia is, rom inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis realizacia, anu misi kapitalizacia xdeba ara uSualod misi matareblis mier, aramed maTi meSveobiT, vinc dafinansebis solidur wyaroebs flobs. aseTebad ki gvevlineba bazris moTxovnaze orientirebuli msxvili kerZo firmebi. maSasadame, inteleqtze sakuTrebis realizacia realurad xdeba ara misi matareblis mier, visic bunebrivi kuTvnilebac aris inteleqti, aramed garedan (kapitalis kategoriis gamoyeneba misi araTavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT ekonomikur mecnierebaSi Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. kapitalis substanciur arss ki warmoadgens Rirebuleba, amitom kapitalis namdvili Sinaarsis adekvaturi arsebobis wesi swored fuladi formaa. e.w. inteleqtualuri kapitali ver iqneba amosavali wertili moZraobisa, romelic ganapirobebs mis TviTzrdas. aseT moZraobaSi inteleqtualuri kapitali rogorc erT-erTi elementi piradi faqtorisa, erTveba mxolod fulad kapitalTan SeerTebiT, amitom inteleqtis matareblis aRqma mis mesakuTred mxoloddamxolod ilu-

ziaa). mecnieruli kvlevebis sagani ki, romelic sabolood bazris koniunqturasa, uSualod ki dafinansebis wyaroebzea damokidebuli, ver iqneba nebismieri, amitom SemoqmedebiTi muSakebi Tavis saqmianobaSi prioritetebis gansazRvrisas iZulebulni arian ixelmZRvanelon pragmatuli mosazrebebiT. samecniero Tanamegobrobis im nawils ki, romelic materialur keTildReobas amjobinebs SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas, saeWvoa eRirsos bunebrivi aristokratiis rigebis Sevseba. Tumca, yvela droSi sulieri sferos raindebi, romlebic SeZlebisdagvarad Sors dganan ambiciebisa da ekonomikuri moTxovnebisagan, arc arasodes miiswarafodnen socialuri aRiarebis raime formiT damowmebisken. mecnierebis uangaro msaxureba ganpirobebulia maTi siyvaruliT TviT WeSmaritebis da misi dadgenis procesisadmi. TviTsrulyofa ar warmoadgens mowodebiT mecnierTa mizans, is mxolod Tanmdevi Sedegia maTi Sromisa. meritokratiisaTvis ki TiTqos damaxasiaTebeli moTxovnileba - sakuTari Tavis Tvisebrivi zrda, TviTrealizacia - ufro sakuTari ego - s dakmayofilebisken swrafvaa. amaze metyvelebs is, rom meritokratiis warmomadgenelTa mecnieruli interesebis wre Semoifargleba sabazro moTxovnis Sesabamisi pragmatuli mosazrebebiT. codnasa da informaciaze sakuTrebis uflebis negatiuri mxarea ise, rom am uflebis dakanoneba winaRobad iqceva misi gavrcelebisaTvis. da es miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoebisaTvis gacemuli codnisa da informaciis Tvisebriobisa da raodenobrobis TvalsazrisiT inteleqtualuri kapitalis mesakuTre sulac ar ganicdis danakargs. piriqiT, codnis gavrcelebis procesSi is zrdis da amravalferovnebs Tavis inteleqtualur potencials. metic, inteleqtualuri kapitali sakuTrebis erTaderTi obieqtia, romelic xarjviTa da gacemiT izrdeba. garda amisa, axali codna ar warmoiSoba cariel adgilze, da rom ara misi sakuTre-

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bis obieqtad gadaqceva da sulieri sferos bazris kanonebisadmi daqvemdebareba, siaxlis Semotana Zvel codnaSi ar gamoiwvevda sulieri sferos axali e. w. varsklavebis Semosavlebis zrdas astronomiul cifrebamde. amasTan, Zveli da axali codnis sinTezis produqtSi maTi raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi wvlilis ganmsazRvrel arbitrad gamodis bazari. ukanaskneli ki, iTvaliswinebs maT ara realur damsaxurebas axali produqtis SeqmnaSi, aramed im faqts, rom misi Seqmna SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod axali codnis mierTebiT ukve arsebulisadmi. maSasadame, siaxlis anazRaureba gulisxmobs Zveli da axali codnis erToblivi produqtis Rirebulebis im wilis miTvisebasac, romelic Zveli codnis mier aris Seqmnili. amgvarad, bazris mikerZoebuloba aneitralebs Semosavlebis viTomda samarTliani ganawilebis princi ps, romelsac gulisxmobs meritokratiis arsebobis TviT idea. meritokratiuli sazogadoebis mier deklarirebuli adamianis unarebisa da damsaxurebisadmi Semosavlebisa da socialuri statusis Sesabamisobis principi bazris pirobebSi realizdeba Zalze paradoqsuli saxiT. amerikel sociologsa da ekonomists l. turous mohyavs magaliTi, romelic aRebulia ara sulieri sferodan, magram Zalze sagulisxmo da saxasiaToa. igi wers: arsebobs Zalze araswoxazovani Tanafardoba talantsa da anazRaurebas Soris, rac TvalsaCinod Cans sportsmenebis anazRaurebisas. maTTvis, visi monacemebic imaze dabalia, vidre es saWiroa profesional kalaTburTelad gaxdomisaTvis, Semosavali nulis tolia. talantis jerovani donis flobisas minimaluri xelfasi udris 150 000 dolars. Tuki gavzomavT rigiTi kalaTburTelebisa da varsklavebis unarebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas (siswrafe sirbilSi, simaRle xtomaSi, kalaTSi moxvedris procenti), aRmovaCenT, rom is Zalze mcirea, maSin, rodesac sxvaoba SemosavlebSi - uzarmazaria1. erTi Sexed-

viT, SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom Semosavlebis aseTi aSkarad arasamarTliani ganawileba aris, erTi mxriv, anazRaurebis meritokratiul princi psa da, meore mxriv, sabazro meurneobis kanonzomierebebs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobis Sedegi. magram, Tuki mxedvelobaSi viqoniebT, rom swored aseTi TvalSisacemi sxvaoba anazRaurebaSi, unarebSi umniSvnelo gansxvavebis miuxedavad, SesaZlebels xdis TviT meritokratiis arsebobas, unda vivaraudoT, rom am ukanasknels swored rom xels aZlevs aRniSnuli winaaRmdegoba. mtkicebani, TiTqos materialuri keTildReoba aris Sedegi, romelsac axali elitaruli klasis warmomadgenlebi aRweven am Sedegis mizandausaxavad1, metwilad farisevluria. gamdidrebis miznad dasaxvaze metyvelebs TviT faqti inteleqtisa da codnis kerZo sakuTrebis obieqtad gadaqcevis Sesaxeb, rac iuridiulad saavtoro uflebebiT aris damowmebuli. Tuki ekonomikuri keTildReoba meritokratTa saqmianobis ara mizani, aramed mxolod Tanamdevi Sedegia, maSin saavtoro uflebebis funqcia mxolod imiT unda Semoifarglebodes, rom daicvas inteleqtualebi plagiatisagan. es ki niSnavs sulieri sferos varsklavebis unarTa kapitalizaciis dauSveblobas, rac gamoricxavs inteleqtis mier erTxel miRebuli Sedegis mravaljerad anazRaurebas. sxvagvarad ki, inteleqti da misi produqti gvevlineba rogorc kapitali, xolo masze Semosavlebi - rogorc mogeba dabandebul kapitalze. adamian-kapitalis mwarmoebluri Zalebis gadamwyvet elementad gadaqceva, erTi mxriv, da am resursis deficitis problema, meore mxriv, qmnis swored safuZvels inteleqtisa da codnis kerZo sakuTrebis mTavar obieqtad gaxdomis, rac, saboloo angariSiT, xels uSlis e.w. bunebrivi aristokratiis gafarToebul kvlavwarmoebas. magram, Tuki am privilegirebul fenas surs aseTad darCes, maSin gulubryviloba iqne1

. . , . // http: //www.postindustrial.net/pdf/magazines/article58.pdf.

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makroekonomika

boda molodini maTi mxridan axali socialuri winaaRmdegobis Tundac Serbilebis mizniT garkveuli zomebis miRebis Sesaxeb sakiTxis inicirebisa. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom TeoriaSi socialuri da qonebrivi uTanasworobis gaRrmaveba fasdeba ara mxolod rogorc kanonzomieri, aramed rogorc samarTliani da dauZleveli movlena. amasTan, axali socialuri ufskrulis gaRrmavebis gamarTleba xdeba im argumentiT, rom warmoebul sazogadoebriv simdidreSi sul ufro izrdeba inteleqtualuri elitis wvlili. rac Seexeba arsebuli winaaRmdegobis dauZlevlobas, misi dasabuTeba xdeba argumentiT inteleqtualuri unarebis upiratesad memkvidreobiTi xasiaTis Sesaxeb, rasac TavisTavad faSizmis elferi dahkravs. ukanaskneli mosazreba gulisxmobs da amarTlebs kidec sxvadasxva socialuri fenis warmomadgenelTa Soris arsebuli uTanasworobis konservacias. sinamdvileSi ki, sayovelTaos TvalsazrisiT, adamianTa Soris uTanabro inteleqtualuri ganviTareba aris Sedegi da ara mizezi maT Soris arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri ufskrulisa. samwuxarod, sazogadoebaSi, romelsac marTavs e.w. RirseulTa klasi, ar kargavs aqtualurobas mosazreba: ,,... yovel adamians udavod aqvs ufleba srulad ganaviTaros Tavisi unarebi, da sazogadoeba ormagad Cadis danaSauls pirovnebis winaSe, rodesac umecrebas siRaribis gardauval Sedegad gadaaqcevs1.

venCuruli investicirebis marTvis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

ioseb masuraSvili iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori
qveynis konkurentunariani ekonomikuri potencialis ganviTarebis problema dakavSirebulia dRevandeli saqarTvelos mTel rig sxva problemasTan. am problemebis gadawyveta ki mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia ekonomikis maRalteqnologiur sferoSi arasabiujeto investiciebis dasabandeblad Tanamedrove safinanso saSualebebis da meqanizmebis gamoyenebis codnasa da SesaZleblobaze. maRalriskiani mecnierebatevadi inovaciuri proeqtebis ganxorcielebis erT-erT yvelaze perspeqtiul gzad gvevlineba venCuruli investireba, romlis efeqtianobac msoflio praqtikiT aris damtkicebuli. Tanamedrove pirobebSi, rodesac konkurentuli brZolis meTodebi kopirdeba da modificirdeba, biznesSi mTavaria inovaciuri garemo, axali ideebis swrafad gavrceleba da kooperireba, inovaciebis dargSi sawarmoebis TanamSromloba sxva regionebis biznesTan. saxelmwifo inovaciuri politika saqarTvelos sabazo dargebsa da sawarmoebSi mimarTuli unda iyos msoflio donis samecniero-teqnikuri da teqnologiuri miRwevebis daCqarebul aTvisebze, bunebrivi resursebis kvlavwarmoebaze (mineraluri wylebi da sxv.).

Light and shade of meritocracy

N. Absava Existence of meritocracy denies the principle of heredity when defining a persons place in social hierarchy and to gain economic welfare. Becoming one of the main objects of intellectual property means transforming its bearer into the object as well as the subject of intellectual property. This shows artificial contradistinction of a human with its immanent nature. The result of this is that, as a rule, intellectual property is realized not by its bearer, but from outer forces. Giving birth of so called natural aristocracy causes numerous new social contradictions and deepens them.
1

., . ., 2- . . 2, c. 543.

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Cveni azriT, saqarTveloSi bunebrivi resursebis efeqtiani gamoyenebis problemebis gadawyveta SesaZlebelia inovaciuri saqmianobis ganviTarebiT, romelic saSualebas iZleva dainergos axali, ufro efeqtiani teqnologiebi, ekonomikis yvela dargSi. venCuruli investireba warmoadgens katalizators inovaciuri saqmianobis ganviTarebisTvis. ganviTarebul qveynebSi venCuruli investireba samecniero kvlevebis da inovaciuri saqmianobis arasabiujeto dafinansebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa. riskuli (venCuruli) investirebis mTavari Tavisebureba, sabanko dakreditebisgan gansxvavebiT, aris is, rom investiciebi, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba inovaciuri mimarTulebis mcire, saSualo kerZo an privatizebul sawarmoebSi raime garantiiT uzrunvelyofis gareSe. venCuruli investori ar cdilobs kompaniis aqciebis sakontrolo paketis yidvas da varaudobs, rom kompaniis menejmenti mis fuls gamoiyenebs finansur berketad sakuTari biznesis ufro swrafi zrdisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. vixilavT ra venCurul investirebas, aucilebelia mkveTrad gavmijnoT venCuruli da pirdapiri investiciebi. venCuruli investirebis ganmasxvavebelad SeiZleba miviCnioT is, rom msoflios mraval qveyanaSi es meqanizmi gamoiyeneba mcire da saSualo biznesis inovaciuri sawarmoebis dasafinanseblad. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, aq ZiriTadad moqmedebs pirdapiri investiciebis fondebi. mTel msoflioSi venCuruli kapitalis ZiriTad wyaroebs (fondebis kapitalizaciis saerTo moculobis daaxloebiT 2/3-s) warmoadgens bankebi, sapensio fondebi da sadazRvevo kompaniebi.

makroekonomika

dReisTvis venCuruli dargi ganicdis aRmavlobis periods, rasac xels uwyobs globalizaciis procesebi, sazogadoebis informatizeba, codnisa da informaciis rolis zrda biznesSi. ukanaskneli wlebis liderad, Cveni azriT, gvevlineba mobiluri telefonebi da usadeno teqnologiebi, radios yvelanairi damatebebi, pirvel rigSi gigahercis diapazonSi. riskuli investiciebis obieqtebad SeiZleba iqces samrewvelo restruqturizacia, axali teqnologiebi da mcire biznesi1. saqarTvelos pirobebSi venCuruli kapitalis gamosayeneblad mniSvnelovani prioritetebia: satransporto infrastruqtura, energotevadoba, ekologiuri energoefeqtiani binebis aSeneba da sxv. zogadad, qveynis sawarmoebSi inovaciebis xelisSemSlelia sakuTari fuladi saxsrebis ukmarisoba, saxelmwifos mxridan susti finansuri mxardaWera, axal produqtebze dabali gadaxdisunariani moTxovna, inovaciebis maRali Rirebuleba, maRali ekonomikuri riski, siaxleTa amonagebis xangrZlivi vadebi, agreTve inovaciuri infrastruqturis ganuviTarebloba. Cveni azriT, inovaciuri saqmianobis venCuruli investirebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas saqarTvelosTvis aqtualuria rigi problema, rogoricaa: _ infrastruqturis ganuviTarebloba, romelsac samecniero-teqnikur sferoSi swrafad zrdadi teqnologiuri axali da arsebuli mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlia da Seswevs unari gaxdes mimzidveli obieqti pirdapiri (venCuruli) investirebisTvis;
1

Ginsberg A., Hasan I. New Venture Investment. Hardcover., 2003, p.47.

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_ saqarTvelos venCurul industriaSi qarTuli kapitalis ukmarisoba - sazRvargareTis investorebisTvis qveynis mimzidvelobis erT-erTi mTavari faqtori; _ venCuruli investiciebis dabali likviduroba, rac garkveulwilad ganpirobebulia safondo bazris arasakamarisi ganviTarebiT da warmoadgens investirebuli sawarmoebidan venCuruli fondebis Tavisufali gamosvlis mniSvnelovan saSualebas (instruments); _ maRalteqnologiuri seqtoris sawarmoebSi pirdapiri investiciebis mozidvisTvis im ekonomikuri stimulebis ar arseboba, romelic venCuruli investorebisTvis uzrunvelyofs dasaSveb risks; _ venCuruli industriis mxardaWeris arasakmarisi informacia; _ venCuruli fondebis kvalificiuri mmarTvelebis arasakmarisi raodenoba da mewarmeTa sainvesticio kulturis dabali done. venCuruli investorebis stimulirebis RonisZiebaTa kompleqsis daxmarebiT nebismier regions aqvs SesaZlebloba ganaxorcielos naxtomi inovaciuri saqmianobis ganviTarebaSi xarisxiani ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofis mizniT1. Cveni azriT, obieqtebis investireba, maT Soris teqnologiebis dargSic, adreul stadiebze - kapitalis Tesvis~ stadiebze SesaZlebelia mxolod saxelmwifos monawileobiT. Tumca, aseTi investiciebi rig SemTxvevaSia komerciulad momgebiani, magram riskebi imdenad didia, rom investorebi uars amboben investirebaze. amitomac vTvliT, rom venCuruli investirebis saxelmwifo regulireba

makroekonomika

saqarTveloSi unda ganxorcieldes ori ZiriTadi formiT: pirdapiri da iribi. pirdapiri investireba gulisxmobs pirdapiri saxelmwifo investiciebis ganxorcielebas inovaciuri firmebis wilobriv kapitalSi im specialuri fondebisTvis aqtivebis SeTavazebiT, romlebic venCuruli kapitalis bazris ganviTarebis mxardaWeras axorcieleben. iribi regulireba gulisxmobs im RonisZiebebs, romlebic mTlianobaSi mowodebulia qveyanasa da regionebSi Seqmnas sasurveli garemo (klimati) mewarmeobis ganviTarebisTvis. mas SeiZleba miekuTvnos iseTi RonisZebebi, rogoricaa: samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis da preferenciebis meqanizmis gamoyeneba, savaluto regulirebis da kontrolis procedurebis gamartiveba, mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba. venCuruli investirebis pirdapiri regulireba unda iTvaliswinebdes Semdeg ZiriTad elementebs: jer-erTi, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis prioritetul mimarTulebebze venCuruli investirebisa da adekvaturi asaxvisaTvis aucilebelia, upirveles yovlisa, saxelmwifo proioritetebis mkafiod SemuSavebuli sistema1. msoflio praqtika gviCvenebs, rom pirveladi unda iyos mecnierebis da teqnologiebis prioritetuli mimarTulebebis gansazRvra. konceptualurad prioritetuli mimarTulebebis gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes Semdegi kriteriumebi: konkurentunarianoba, cxovrebis xarisxi da gamrRvevi kapitali~. amasTan dakavSirebiT, aucilebelia prioritetuli mimarTulebebis da kritikuli teqnologiebis regionuli da dargobrivi CamonaTva-

1 1

David Gladstone Laura. Venture Capital Investing.2004,p.193.

Michael J Roberts, Howard H Stevenson. New Business Ventures and the

Entrepreneur. Harvard Business School Publishing. Hardbound. 2006,p.284.

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lis SemuSaveba; aseve venCuruli kapitalis bazris saxelmwifo mxardaWeris iseTi sistemis Seqmna, romelic, Tavis mxriv, iTvaliswinebs specialuri organoebis, kerZod, ki, saxelmwifo regionuli da dargobrivi fondebis Seqmnas, rac prioritetuli mimarTulebebis inovaciuri proeqtebis dafinansebis mizniT venCurul organizaciebs aZlevs garkveul garantiebs. inovaciuri sistemis ganviTarebis dargSi saxelmwifo politika unda ganxorcieldes Semdegi mimarTulebiT: inovaciur saqmianobasTan damokidebulebaSi xelsayreli ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi garemos Seqmna; inovaciuri sistemis infrastruqturis formireba; inteleqtualuri saqmianobis Sedegebis komercializebis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris sistemis Seqmna. saWiroa saxelmwifos mxridan garkveuli iniciativebis gamoCena: _ venCuruli fondebis saqmianobisTvis, agreTve, sapensio fondebiT da sadazRvevo kompaniebiT venCuruli investirebisTvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis Seqmna; _ inovaciebidan mosalodneli efeqtis prognozis misaRebi meTodebis SemuSaveba, agreTve, inovaciuri proeqtebis eqspertizis saxelmwifo mxardaWera da samecnieroteqnikuri sferos mcire sawarmoebis sakonsultacio momsaxurebis ganviTareba; _ gamWvirvaloba Semosavlebis dabegvrasTan da kapitalis matebasTan (zrdasTan) mimarTebiT ormxrivi gamWvirvalobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, agreTve, finansuri stimulebi im investorebisTvis, romlebic saxsrebs abandeben safondo birJaze arakotirebul sawarmoebSi (sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis da saxelmwifo garantiebis formiT

makroekonomika

progresul teqnologiebze dafuZnebuli mcire sawarmoebisTvis kreditebis da investiciebis sanacvlod); _ meoradi safondo bazris gaaqtiureba venCurul kapitalSi investiciebis likvidurobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT; _ saprocento tarifebis Semcireba imitom, rom investireba venCurul kapitalSi ufro mimzidvelia im dabali saprocento ganakveTebisas, romelic zrdis saaqcio kapitalis Rirebulebas; _ sainformacio garemos ganviTareba, venCuruli saqmianobis dargSi ganaTlebis donis amaRlebisTvis xelSewyoba, mewarmeTa Soris venCuruli kulturis swavleba (aRzrda); _ finansuri mxardaWera miznobrivi grantebis formiT, agreTve, sagadasaxdo SeRavaTebi kvlevebze, rasac proeqtebisTvis daxmarebis gaweva SeuZlia ideebis da sacdeli nimuSebis damzadebis etapebze, roca komerciuli kreditebis an venCuruli dafinansebis miRebis perspeqtivebi ar aris gansazRvruli; _ riskuli kapitalis aqtiurobis ufro Tanabari ganawilebis waxaliseba regionebis mixedviT. Cven viTvaliswinebT saerTaSoriso venCuruli sazogadoebis Tvalsazriss, romliTac ar aris saWiro venCuruli saqmianobis Sesaxeb specialuri kanonis miReba. saerTo korporatiul (samoqalaqo), sagadasaxado da savaluto kanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli problemebi, romlebic xels uSlis saqarTveloSi venCuruli industriis ganviTarebas, unda gadawydes Sesabamisi dargebis samarTlebrivi da ukve arsebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebis CarCoebSi. saxelmwifos amocana swored isaa, rom xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmnas mcire da saSualo biznesSi kapitalis (investiciebis)

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mozidvisTvis, gamoiyenebs ra venCurul kapitals rogorc investiciebis saSualebas. saqarTvelos venCurul industriaSi kerZo kapitalis mozidvis ZiriTad saSualebad (instrumentad) gvevlineba venCuruli fondis Seqmna saxelmwifos monawileobiT. saxelmwifo saxsrebiT unda moxdes kerZo investorebis riskebis Semcireba da qveynis venCurul industriaSi kerZo saxsrebis mozidvis TvalsazrisiT erTgvari katalizatoris da agitatoris rolic unda Seasrulos. Cveni azriT, venCurul industriaze orientirebuli specialistebis momzadeba, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi Sesabamisi specialobebis da personalis kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebis gaxsnas. kargi iqneba, Tu evropis analogiurad, CvenTanac gaixsneba qouCing-centrebi, rac orientirebuli iqneba venCuruli mewarmeobis sferoSi konsultaciebze, meTodur da saganmanaleblo mxardaWeraze. meore etapze, rodesac venCuruli investirebis regionuli sistemis elementebi TviTganviTarebis myar reJimze gadava, saxelmwifo unda gamovides mis mier adre Seqmnili fondebidan. amis Sedegad saxelmwifos mier miRebuli saxsrebi reinvestirebuli iqneba specializebul Tesvis~ sastarto fondebSi. Cveni azriT, SesaZlebelia, agreTve, komerciuli venCuruli inovaciuri fondebis Seqmnac, romelSic saxlemwifos wili 10%-ze meti ar unda iyos, 90% ki - kerZo investorebis saxsrebi iqneba. ramdenadac venCuruli investiciebisTvis likvidurobis uzrunvelyofa aucilebelia, mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia safondo bazris ufro metad ganviTareba, sadac aqciaTa paketis gayidvis gziT venCuruli fondebi SeZlebs Tavisuflad gamovides investirebuli sawarmoebidan da

makroekonomika

rodesac venCurul investorebs amis Sesaxeb winaswar ukve ecodinebaT, maTTvis inovacur kompaniebSi investiciebis dabandebasTan dakavSirebuli riskic met-naklebad garkveuli iqneba. momavlisTvis unda SemuSavdes da dainergos iseTi proeqti, romlis ZiriTadi mizanic perspeqtivaSi iqneba erTiani sainformacio sivrcis formireba saqarTvelos inovaciuri kompaniebis samecniero-teqniukuri potencialis konsolodirebisTvis, sazRvargareTis analogiur proeqtebTan integracia, inovaciuri struqturebis kompleqsuri sainformacio mxardaWera adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso teqnologiuri potencialis realizebis mizniT. venCuruli dafinansebis organizaciul-ekonomikuri meqanizmis amocanaa, venCuruli kapitalis xelsayreli funqcionirebisaTvis da maRalteqnlogiuri inovaciuri biznesis ganviTarebis mizniT, ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi garemos formirebisTvis xelSewyoba. venCuruli investirebis organizaciul-ekonomikuri meqanizmis Sesabamisi funqciaa maRalteqnologiuri inovaciuri biznesis, da mTlianobaSi, saqarTvelos ekonomikis zrdis uzrunvelyofa. SemoTavazebuli marTvis (organizaciul-ekonomikuri) meqanizmi sistemawarmomqmneli elementebis xuT ti ps moicavs: normatiuls, organizaciuls, mmarTvelobiTs, finansurs, sainformacios. inovaciuri saqmianobis venCuruli investirebis organizaciul-ekonomikuri meqanizmis normatiuli elementi inovaciuri saqmianobis venCuruli investirebis normatiuli regulirebis RonisZiebaTa kompleqsia, romlis safuZvelia saxelmwifo organoebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da normatiuli dokumetebi, agreTve, specializebuli samarT-

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lebrivi institutebis qseli da specialistTa didi jgufi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen normatiul-samarTlebrivi bazis praqtikul gamoyenebas. venCuruli investirebis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi meqanizmis organizaciul elementSi igulisxmeba kerZo da saxelmwifo seqtorebis organizaciuli procedurebis da struqturebis erToblioba, romlebic individualurad da erTmaneTTan urTierTkavSiriT ganapirobeben venCuruli investirebis normalur funqcionirebas da ganviTarebas. mcire mewarmeobaSi inovaciebis SemuSavebis, investirebisa da danergvisaTvis aucilebelia organizaciuli procedurebis ZiriTadi elementebis arseboba: biznes-skolebi, saagentoebi, mcire mewarmeobis mxardamWeri fondebi, samecniero-teqnikuri parkebi, inovaciur-teqnologiuri centrebi: sainformacio-analitikuri da sakonsultacio centrebi da a.S. mcire inovaciuri kompaniebis saqmianobis msgavsad unda moxdes infrastruqturis sawarmoTa saqmianobis stimulireba - sagadasaxdo SeRavaTebi infrastruqturis ganviTarebaze. inovaciuri saqmianobis venCuruli investirebis mmarTvelobiTi aspeqti Tavis aqtualurobas iZens inovaciuri menejerebisa da sainvesticio aqtivebis mmarTvelebis profesionalizmisadmi maRal momTxovnelobasTan dakavSirebiT. inovaciuri saqmianobis venCuruli investirebis organizacia da inovaciuri proeqtebis marTva obieqturad rTuli procesia. amitom, saWiroa gadalaxul iqnes ukve Seqmnili sistemebis inercia da cvlilebebTan maTi winaaRmdegobebi. ganviTarebul sabazro ekonomikaSi biznes-saqmianobis, maT Soris inovaciebis marTva, didi xania codnis specialur dargad aris miCneuli, romlis CarCoebSic muSavdeba meTodologiuri da Teoriuli baza, arsebobs

makroekonomika

samecniero skolebi, funqcionirebs menejerTa swavlebis da momzadebis sxvadasxva instituti, didi moTxovnaa kvalificiur mmarTvelebsa da marTvis konsultantebze da a.S. inovaciuri biznesis venCuruli investirebis finansuri infrastruqtura, saerTaSoriso gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, unda aewyos Tanamedrove bazris maRalganviTarebuli safinanso-sakredito meqanizmebis bazaze, rac uzrunvelyofs resursebiT samewarmeo ekonomikas. inovaciuri saqmianobis finansuri uzrunvelyofis elementaruli struqtura moicavs bankebs, sainvesticio organizaciebs (sadazRvevo kompaniebs, sapensio fondebs, sauniversiteto fondebs, saxelmwifo sainvesticio fondebs da sxv.), korporaciul (sainvesticio) fondebs, individualur investorebs, agreTve, sakuTriv venCurul fondebs. inovaciuri biznesis venCuruli dafinansebis sainformacio uzrunvelyofa es sacnobaro, sapatento, koniunqturuli, analitikuri, teqnikuri da sareklamo informaciaa, romelic mudmivad aris wamodgenili tradiciul da eleqtronul sainformacio sistemebSi, sacalo da periodul gamocemebSi, dagrovilia biblioTekebsa da fondebSi, regularulad ganaxlebadi da ganvrcobilia mravalricxovani sainformacio institutis mier, sxvadasxva arxiT mowodebulia momxmareblis mier. Cveni azriT, venCuruli investirebis Camoyalibebis da ganviTarebis SemoTavazebuli koncefcia da masSi warmodgenili organizaciul-ekonomikuri meqanizmebis danergva, SesaZlebels gaxdis Seiqmnas inovaciuri saqmianobis venCuruli investirebis sistema saqarTveloSi, rasac mniSvnelovani dadebiTi zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia venCuruli investirebis ganviTarebaze rogorc mikro, aseve makrodoneze.

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Management of major in venture investment I. Masurashvili The problem of a competitive, technological capabilities of the country is one of the key in the problems of todays Georgia. Much of the solution to this problem depends on the ability and skills to use modern financial instruments and mechanisms to attract high-tech sectors of economy budget investments.One of the most promising ways to implement the high-risk high-tech innovation projects is a venture investment, whose effectiveness is confirmed by the world practice. In modern conditions, when methods of competition quickly copied and modified in important business innovation environment, the rapid spread of new ideas and cooperation, cooperation in innovation of enterprises with businesses in other regions. In our view, venture investing is a catalyst for innovation. Institute of venture capital investment in developed countries represents a major source of extrabudgetary funding of scientific research, applied research and innovation. The challenge of organizational-economic mechanism of venture investment - foster economic and legal environment conducive to the functioning of venture capital and development of high-tech innovation business. Accordingly, the function of the organizational-economic mechanism for venture capital investment is to ensure the growth of innovative high-tech business and the economy of northern regions as a whole. Implementation of the proposed organizational and economic mechanism (normative, organizational, managerial, financial, informational) of formation and development of venture investment in the complex of other activities will create a system of venture investment in innovation activities in Georgia and will have a significant positive impact on the development of venture investment at both the micro and macro levels. In modern conditions, when methods of competition quickly copied and modified in important business innovation environment, the rapid spread of new ideas and cooperation, cooperation in innovation of enterprises with businesses in other regions.

makroekonomika

mobiluri angariSsworeba informaciul ekonomikaSi

Temur Caligava Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori

kacobriobis informaciuli ekonomikis epoqaSi Sesvlam gamoiwvia angariSsworebis iseTi sistemis Seqmnis aucilebloba, romelTa gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iqneba, rogorc Cveulebriv garemoSi, aseve eleqtronuli komerciis virtualur sivrceSi. praqtika gviCvenebs, rom angariSsworebis arsebuli formebi srulyofilad ver pasuxobs eleqtronuli komerciis Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, rac mkveTrad aferxebs am ukanasknelis ganviTarebis tempebs. amasTan, erTad gasaTvaliswinebelia fulis emisiaSi saxelmwifo monopoliis roli rogorc inflaciis winaaRmdeg efeqtian brZolaSi, aseve erTiani universaluri angariSsworebis formis SemuSavebaSi. radgan fuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi instrumentia, sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad xdeboda fulis daniSnulebis evolucia, izrdeboda misi informaciuli Sinaarsi, mcirdeboda naRdi fulis gamoyenebis aucilebloba. kavSirgabmulobis eleqtronuli saSualebebis da informaciis gadacemis Tanamedrove meTodebis danergvam nel-nela mini-

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mumamde daiyvana fulis banknotebisa da monetebis fizikuri gamoyenebis saWiroeba. materialuri fuli industriuli sazogadoebis angariSsworebis ZiriTadi formaa da misi Semdgomi gamoyeneba pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli informaciuli ekonomikisaTvis Seqmnil fulad sistemasTan, romlis safuZvelic unda gaxdes globalur telesakomunikacio qselebze agebuli eleqtronuli komercia. jerjerobiT aseTi erTiani fulis sistema Seqmnili ar aris da angariSworeba warmoebs sakmaod mravalferovani meTodebiT. amis ZiriTad mizezad SeiZleba miviCnioT internetkomerciis araTavsebadi standartebiT da meTodebiT warmoeba, ramac xeli SeuSala am sferos masobriobas. amasTan erTad, optikur-boWkovani kavSirebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda miliardobiT adamianebis urTierTdakavSireba. aqedan gamomdinare, mobiluri qselebi warmoadgens informaciuli momsaxurebis yvelaze moTxovnad sistemas. rogorc internetma Tavis droze gaaerTiana adamianebi da dRis wesrigidan moixsna manZilis problema, aseve, amJamad telekomunikaciis uaxlesma saSualebebma SesaZlebeli gaxada mobilurobis maRali donis Camoyalibeba iseT axal biznessivrceSi, rogoricaa mobiluri komercia. am sferos sruli da efeqtiani ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia im fulis erTeulebisa da gacvlis sistemebis SemuSaveba, romelic gamoyenebuli iqneba mobilur komerciasa da informaciul ekonomikaSi.

makroekonomika

miuxedavad imisa, rom internetis safuZvelze arsebobs yvela winapiroba ekonomikuri tranzaqciebis efeqtianad da martivad warmoebisTvis, fulis Tanamedrove formebs ar SeuZlia aramaterialuri saxiT saWiro funqciebis Sesruleba. angariSsworebis arsebuli sistemebi ZiriTadad ori saxeobisaa da igi damokidebulia imaze, Tu tranzaqciisaTvis fulis rogori forma gamoiyeneba: naRdi Tu unaRdo. pirvels miekuTvneba tranzaqciebi, romelic xdeba liTonis monetebiT, qaRaldis banknotebiT, sxvadasxva saxeobis CekebiT, inteleqtualuri smart-baraTebiT da cifruli naRdi fuliT (es ori ukanaskneli gamoiyeneba mxolod internetSi). unaRdo angariSsworebaSi igulisxmeba sabanko angariSis arseboba, romliTac sargebloba SesaZlebelia uSualod sabanko ganyofilebidan an distanciuri kavSiriT internetidan, qaRaldis Cekis an misi eleqtronuli analogis gamoweriT, aseve sakredito baraTebiT dabolos _ fiWuri telefonebiT, rac asrulebs mobiluri terminalebis funqcias. CamoTvlil fulad formebs gaaCnia sxvadasxva naklovaneba, rac ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom romelime maTgani aRiarebul iqnes angariSworebis universalur an masTan miaxloebul formad. kerZod, SeuZlebelia maTi gadacema satelekomunikacio qselebis gamoyenebiT, angariSsworeba rogorc materialuri, aseve virtualuri formiT, usafrTxoebis arasakmarisi garantiebi, arasakmarisi dafarvis sfero da a.S. amitom, Tanamedrove fuli, rogoricaa naR-

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di fulis cifruli teqnologia, Tavisi ganviTarebis didi potencialis gamo SeiZleba CaiTvalos informaciuli ekonomikis idealurTan miaxloebul fulis erTeulad. cifruli naRdi fuli warmoadgens fulis Rirebulebis erTgvar eleqtronul damagrovebels, ganTavsebuls teqnikur mowyobilobaze, romlis gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia angariSsworebisaTvis da ar saWiroebs tranzaqciisTvis sabanko angariSebis gamoyenebas. `teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT cifruli naRdi fuli warmoadgens fulis cifrul gamosaxulebas~1. igi aris orobiT formaSi Cawerili cifruli informacia da radgan `ase Cawerili ricxvebi Zalian didi moculobisaa, xdeba maTi ganTavseba failebis saxiT~2. aqedan gamomdinare, cifruli naRdi fuli warmoadgens Cveulebrivi qaRaldis fulis eleqtronul analogs. rogorc cnobilia, SesaZlebelia yovelgvari aramaterialuri dokumenti gadagzavnil iqnes nebismieri momxmareblisTvis telesakomunikacio qselebis gamoyenebiT. aseve SesaZlebelia cifruli naRdi fuli eleqtronuli qselebiT momentalurad gadaigzavnos dedamiwis nebismier wertilSi minimaluri satranzaqcio danaxarjebiT. yovelive zemoTaRniSnulidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom cifruli naRdi fuliT angariSsworeba aris uqaRaldo fulis brunva, rodesac monetebsa da banknotebSi asaxuli Rirebuleba Sordeba

makroekonomika

1 2

Grabble J. Orlin. Digital Cash and the Regulators.http://www.aci.net/kalliste/dcreg.htm . Digital money //.1997, .

maT fizikur matarebels da arsebobs aramaterialuri formiT. rogorc cnobilia, fulis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgens stabiluroba, uvadoba, cnobadoba, gayofadoba da sxv. radgan cifruli naRdi fuli fulis eleqtronuli eqvivalentia, mas damatebiT unda gaaCndes mTeli rigi Tavisebureba: gamoyenebis universaluroba, tranzaqciis ganxorcielebis procesis maqsimaluri usafrTxoeba da Rirebulebis erTeulis arCevis Tavisufleba. garda amisa cifruli naRdi fuli materialurs mniSvnelovnad aRemateba cveTis, portatulobis, daculobis da tranzaqciis xarjebis donis mixedviT. perspeqtivaSi cifruli naRdi fuli SeZlebs fulis yvela ZiriTadi funqciis Sesrulebas. is gaxdeba mimoqcevis, gadaxdis, dagrovebis universaluri erTeuli. is aseve iqneba msoflio fuladi erTeuli, Tu ra Tqma unda miiRweva SeTanxmeba erTiani cifruli naRdi fulis standartebis Sesaxeb, iqneba is sando da gamosayeneblad moxerxebuli. unda aRiniSnos, rom cifrul naRd fuls gaaCnia naklovanebebic, ramac SeiZleba mis masobriv danergvas SeuSalos xeli. kerZod: kompiuteris muSaobaSi Seferxeba, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios cifruli naRdi fulis nawilobrivi an mTliani dakargva; garkveuli albaTobiT, arasanqcirebuli miwvdomis SesaZlebloba; eleqtronuli matareblebis moparvis an dakargvis Sansi; arakompiuterul qselebs gareT angariSsworebis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba. zogierTi

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saxelmwifo, cifruli naRdi fulis danergvis winaaRmdegia, ramdenadac rTulia mis emitentebze kontrolis gaweva; surs arsebuli sagadsaxado sistemis SenarCuneba; Znelia fuladi brunvis SesaZlo zrdasa da fulis gaTeTrebaze kontroli; saWirod miiCneven qveyanaSi erTiani fuladi erTeulis SenarCunebas da a.S. miuxedavad amisa, cifruli naRdi fulis danergvis efeqtianoba pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli mis fizikur materebelTan. `pirveli aseTi sistemebi (DigiCash da MilliCent) Seiqmna personaluri kompiuterebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofili iyvnen maT Sesanaxad adekvaturi mexsierebis moculobiT da tranzaqciisaTvis saWiro daSifrvisaTvis saWiro gamoTvliTi simZlavriT~1. informaciuli teqnologiebis da inteleqtualuri mikroprocesuli baraTebis ganviTarebasTan erTad Seiqmna cifruli naRdi fulis matarebeli iseTi sistemebi (Mondex da smart-baraTebi VISACash), romlebic ufro kompaqturi iyo, vidre personaluri kompiuterebi. dabolos, ukanasknel periodSi optikur-boWkovani qselebis ganviTarebasTan erTad SesaZlebeli gaxda cifruli naRdi fulis matareblad mesame Taobis mobiluri telefonebis gamoyeneba. angariSsworebis yvelaze gavrcelebul da moxerxebul sistemad miCneulia internet-bankingebi, romlebic momsaxurebas awarmoeben pirdapiri (Online) reJimiT. aseTi sistemebi pirobiTad sami saxeobisaa:
1

makroekonomika

1.sistemebi, romlebsac momxmareblisTvis SeuZliaT mxolod informaciis miwodeba sabanko angariSebis Sesaxeb; 2. sistemebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT daSorebuli Siga da gare sabanko gadaricxvebis, komunaluri gadasaxadebis gadaxdis warmoeba, unaRdo angariSsworebiT saqonlis yidva-gayidva da sxv.; 3.sistemebi, romlebsac zeviT CamoTvlil momsaxurebasTan erTad SeuZliaT klientebisTvis pirdapiri (Online) reJimiT yvelanairi sabanko momsaxurebis (maT Soris kreditis aRebis) gaweva, fasian qaRaldebTan operaciebi da a.S. miuxedavad momsaxurebis aseTi maRalferovnebisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom aseT sistemebsac GgaaCnia rigi SezRudva. kerZod, saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis Casatareblad klients unda hqondes Sesabamisi savaluto angariSebi, Siga bazrisTvis angariSi erovnul valutaSi, kavSiri internetTan da a.S. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom momavali ekonomikis angariSsworebis sistema unda iyos universaluri, aucilebeli xdeba informaciuli ekonomikisaTvis fulis axali specialuri koncefciis SemuSaveba, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba satelekomunikacio qselebis Taviseburebebi da maTi saSualebiT nebismieri tranzaqciebis ganxorcieleba. aseTi koncefciis sfuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes cifruli naRdi fuli, romelic ganTavsebuli iqneba iseT portatul inteleqtualur mowyobilobebze, romlebic usadenod SeZle-

. . .,,2009.

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ben internetTan dakavSirebas. erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul aseT mowyobilobas warmoadgens fiWuri anu mobiluri telefoni. aqedan gamomdinare `SeiZleba SemoRebul iqnes e.w. fiWuri cifruli naRdi fulis termini~1. misi gamoyeneba erTnairi warmatebiT iqneba SeaZlebeli, rogorc fiWur telesakomunikacio sferoSi, aseve internetSi. radgan aseTi fuli warmodgenilia orobiTi informaciiT erT mowyobilobaSi, kerZod ki, mobilur telefonSi moxdeba daSifruli fulis ganTavsebac da nebismieri tranzaqciis Semdeg daTvlac. aqedan gamomdinare, fiWuri cifruli naRdi fulis danergvis dros angariSworebisTvis ar aris saWiro damatebiTi infrastruqturis Seqmna, radgan visac eqneba mobiluri telefoni is avtomaturad SeZlebs cifruli naRdi fulis gagzavnas da miRebas iseve martivad, rogorc magaliTad SMS-Setyobinebebisa, xolo TviT mobiluri telefonebi gaxdeba eleqtronuli safuleebi. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom mobiluri mowyobilobebi sakmaod warmatebulad Secvlis Cveulebriv fuls, radgan maT gaaCniaT eleqtronuli komerciis nebismier saqonelsa da momsa-xurebasTan miwvdomis SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, isini ise masobrivadaa gavrcelebuli da moxerxebulia, rom maTi gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba tranzaqciebis ganxorcieleba ara marto virtualur, aramed fizikur garemoSi. statistikis mixedviT, Sin darCenili mobiluri telefonebis raodenoba gacilebiT naklebia, vidre datovebuli sakredito baraTebis da safulee1

makroekonomika

bis raodenoba, kompaqturobis da simsubuqis gamo, is mudam momxmareblis xelSia. mobiluri telefonebis mesame Taoba iZleva momxmareblis adgilsamyofelos gansazRvris saSualebas, rac warmoadgens mobiluri angariSsworebis ganviTarebis erT-erT aucilebel pirobas, radgan biznesis warmatebuli warmoebisTvis aucilebelia imis codna, Tu sad imyofeba konkretul momentSi momxmarebeli, rom mas qondes operatiuli informacia saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesaxeb. cxadia, yvela saxeobis mobiluri telefoni ver gamodgeba fiWuri cifruli naRdi fulis matareblad. sistemis warmatebuli realizaciisaTvis aucilebelia iseTi fiWuri terminalebis Seqmna, romlebic SeZleben operaciebis Sesrulebas axali formis fulTan. aseTi SesaZleblobebi aqvs mesame Taobis mobilur telefonebs. axali qselebis gafarToebasTan erTad Seicvleba TviT mobiluri mowyobilobebis maxasiaTeblebi da dizaini, rac mogvcems imis SesaZleblobas, rom isini gamoyenebuli iqnes saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze angariSsworebis terminalebad rogorc qselSi, aseve fizikur garemoSi. mobilur terminalebs unda qondeT internetTan mudmivi kavSiris, Catarebuli angariSsworebis Sesaxeb informaciis daSifrvisa da dekodirebis SesaZlebloba, radgan cifruli naRdi fulis gamoyenebis dros informaciis dacvas eqceva yvelaze mTavari yuradReba. globalur qselebTan kavSiris garda, mobilur terminalebs unda qondeT usadeno kavSiris interfeisi Bluetooth, romliTac mom-

. . .,,2009.

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xmareblebs miecemaT patara da sagangebo mravalfunqcionaluri qselebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. aseTi mikroqselebis mobiluri teminalebi lokalur garemoSi moaxerxeben rogorc erTmaneTTan, aseve sxvadasxva eleqtronul mowyobilobasTan (savaWro avtomatebi, salaro aparatebi da sxv.) dakavSirebas, fiWuri qselebis gverdis avliT. mobiluri cifruli fulis gamoyenebisaTvis sasurvelia telefonebSi energodamoukidebeli mexsierebis Casma. amiT, faqtobrivad moixsneba Sesanaxi informaciis moculobis SezRudvis da fizikuri dacvis problema. msgavsad informaciis gacvlis nebismieri sistemisa, mobiluri cifruli naRdi fulis sistemaSi unda Caidos daSifrvis garkveuli princi pi. aseT sistemebSi mizanSewonilia gamoyenebul iqnes ormagi gasaRebis (RSA) algoriTmze agebuli daSifrvis sistema, rac uzrunvelyofs ori momxmareblis cifruli fulis gacvlas anonimurobis sruli dacviT. cifruli naRdi fulis potenciuri naklia mobiluri aparatis dakargva. aseTi situaciidan gamosavalia fiWuri sistemis operatoris angariSze garkveuli vadiT mobiluri fulis Caricxva avtomaturad an iZulebiT, riTac is usafrTxod iqneba Senaxuli momxmareblis moTxovnamde. mobiluri angariSsworebisFfinansuri sistemis mdgradi da efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia mobilur tranzaqciaSi monawileTa identifikanaRdi

makroekonomika

cia. yvelaze miRebul meTodad iTvleba cifruli sertifikatebis infrastruqtura (PKI). tranzaqciis procesSi mobiluri terminalebi ukavSirdeba PKI infrastruqturas angariSsworebis mimRebis Ria gasaRebebis dasadgenad, xolo SemdgomSi es ukanaskneli amave sistemiT axdens gadamxdelis identificirebas. mobiluri qselebiT komerciaSi Ria gasaRebebis erTdrouli da ormxrivi gamoyeneba warmoadgens biznesis warmoebis saimedo gzas. dasasruls, yovelive zemoTaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom mobiluri cifruli naRdi fuli Seasrulebs Cveulebrivi fulis yvela funqcias: SeiZleba gamosaxul iqnes raRac fizikurad ararsebuli an erovnuli valutiT, rac iZleva mis saTvlel erTeulad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas; is SeiZleba gaxdes mimoqcevisa da angariSsworebis erTiani saSualeba, radgan mobiluri telefonebis patronebi gamoiyeneben mas mTel msoflioSi; mobiluri cifruli naRdi fulis, rogorc dagrovebis saSualebis, Rirebuleba uzrunvelyofilia misi emitentiT, iseve rogorc Cveulebrivi qaRaldis fulis; misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iqneba gadavadebuli angariSsworebebisaTvis, radgan Senaxuli iqneba mobiluri terminalebis mexsierebaSi; fiWuri qselebis gavrcelebis arealis safuZvelze mobilur cifrul naRd fuls SeeZleba msoflio fulis funqciis Sesruleba.

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Mobile payment in the Information Economics

makroekonomika

erovnuli ekonomikuri wesrigis Camoyalibebis procesi da evrointegracia

T. Chaligava
The article focuses on the forms of payment on Shortcomings and on the Information Economics and adequate mobile digital payment system. According to the author Mobile Digital Cash Money will perform all the normal functions of money. Can be expressed physically, something missing or in national currency, Which allows the unit to use his counting possibility. It can become a circulation and common means of payment, Because mobile phone users will use them in the whole world. Mobile digital cash as a means of accumulating wealth, cost of is provided Provided by the Issuing , As well as conventional paper money. Its use can be delayed for the Payment. Because will be stored in the memory of the mobile terminals. Cellular networks based on the distribution area Mobile digital will be able to Performance the world cash money function

uCa gogiSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikis da biznesis fakultetis doqtoranti
saqarTvelom, damoukideblobis mopovebis pirveli dRidan, ekonomikuri sistemis sabWoTa ti pis mbrZaneblur-administraciul models, anu totalitarizms uari uTxra da kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobasa da Tavisufal konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli sabazro modelis, anu liberalizmis idea airCia. Tumca, TiTqmis ori aTeuli welia, saqarTvelo rogorc axalgazrda saxelmwifo, aramarto transformaciis, aramed erovnuli ekonomikuri wesrigis swori mimarTulebis Ziebis procesSia, rac sxva mizezebTan erTad, liberalizmis mravalsaxeobiTacaa ganpirobebuli. amdenad, mniSvnelovania swori, mizanmimarTuli ekonomikuri politikis SemuSaveba, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba saqarTvelos geostrategiuli mdebareoba da swrafva evropuli faseulobebisaken, vinaidan swored evrokavSirTan daaxloeba da Semdeg misi wevroba aris Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi umTavresi sagareo prioriteti. am mxriv

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garkveuli nabijebi gadadgmulia, kerZod, 1992 wels evrokavSirma saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da teritoriuli mTlianoba aRiara da dRemde am poziciazea. evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTobebis iuridiul safuZvels warmoadgens partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmeba (PCA), romelsac 1996 wels moewera xeli da ZalaSi 1999 wels Sevida. igi evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris TanamSromlobis samarTlebriv meqanizmebs qmnis iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa: vaWroba, investiciebi, kanonis uzenaesoba, adamianis uflebebis dacva da saimigracio politika. 2006 wlis 14 noembers, evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi (ENP), miiRebul iqna xuTwliani samoqmedo gegma, romlis mixedviT evrokavSiri adgens garkveul pirobebs, romelTa dakmayofilebac saqarTvelos moeTxoveba momavalSi politikuri, ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi TanamSromlobis Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebisaTvis. 2009 wlis 7 maiss ZalaSi Sevida evrokavSiris aRmosavleTis partniorobis iniciativa, romelic warmoadgens evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebisa da aRmosavleTi evropis eqvsi mezobeli qveynis, maT Soris saqarTvelos erTobliv mcdelobas, ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi TanamSromlobis farglebSi daaCqaron evrokavSirTan politikuri da da ekonomikuri daaxloebis procesi. 2010 wlis 17 ivniss, briuselSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebas evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi saqarTvelos mo-

makroekonomika

qalaqeebisaTvis vizebis gacemis gamartivebis Sesaxeb. amasTan, uaxloes momavalSi dagegmilia molaparakebebis dawyeba evrokavSirTan asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis gasaformeblad. aRniSnuli SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs savizo reJimis gauqmebas da Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb yovlismomcveli xelSekrulebebis dadebas, rac uTuod wingadadgmuli nabiji iqneba. amasTan, SeTanxmeba asocirebis Sesaxeb ar niSnavs imas, rom saqarTvelo evrokavSiris wevrobis kandidati qveyana gaxdeba. imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis sakiTxi daisvas, erovnuli ekonomikuri politikis (ar vexebiT sakiTxis politikur da iuridiul aspeqtebs) mizani unda gaxdes: 1. evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisaTvis dadgenili kriteriumebis Sesrulebaze zrunva. 2. saqarTveloSi evropuli qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ekonomikuri wesrigis Camoyalibeba. amasTan, aucilebelia ufro meti da ufro mWidro savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis damyareba evrokavSiris wevr calkeul qveyanasTan da saerTo evropul struqturebTan. evrokavSiris gafarToebis SesaZlebloba mis yvela damfuZnebel dokumentSia dafiqsirebuli. 1992 wels miRebul maastrixtis xelSekrulebaSi weria, rom wevrobaze ganacxadis Semotana nebismier evropul saxelmwifos SeuZlia. Tumca, wevrobis kandidati qveynebisadmi saTanado kriteriumebi mxolod 1993 wels, kopenhagenSi iqna miRebuli, roca dRis wesrigSi cen-

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traluri da aRmosavleTi evropis qveynebis gawevrianebis sakiTxi dadga. e.w. kopenhagenis kriteriumebis mixedviT aucilebelia evrokavSiris wevrobis kandidat saxelmwifos gaaCndes: - stabiluri saxelmwifo institutebi, romlebic warmoadgens demokratiis, kanonis uzenaesobis, adamianis da erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis garantias; - qmediTi sabazro ekonomika, romelsac Zala unda Seswevdes gauZlos evrokavSirSi arsebul konkurenciis da sabazro Zalebis wnexs; - im valdebulebebis aRebis unari, romlebic evrokavSiris wevrobidan gamomdinareobs da politikur, ekonomikur da savaluto kavSirebs iTvaliswinebs. amsterdamis 1997 wlis xelSekrulebiT gadawyda, rom kopenhagenis kriteriumebi evrokavSiris xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi princi pebi gaxdeboda. 2001 wels nicaSi miRebuli evrokavSiris xelSekrulebis me-6 muxlis 1-l abzacSi aRniSnulia, rom evrokavSiri efuZneba Tavisuflebis, demokratiis, adamianis uflebebis, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos (kanonis uzenaesobis) da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis (saqonlis Tavisufali moZraoba, adamianebis Tavisufali gadaadgileba, cxovrebisa da samuSao adgilis Tavisufali arCeva, servisisa da momsaxurebis Tavisufleba, kapitalis Tavisufali moZraoba) princi pebs. imave xelSekrulebis 49-e muxli ki gansazRvravs, rom nebismier evropul saxelmwifos, romelic aRiarebs me-6 mux-

makroekonomika

lis 1-li abzaciT gansazRvrul princi pebs, SeuZlia ganacxados evrokavSiris wevrobis survili. swored am princi pebis safuZvelze moxda 2004 wels aTi centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropis saxelmwifos (maT Soris sami baltiispireTis saxelmwifos), xolo mogvianebiT 2007 wels, damatebiT kidev oris bulgareTis da rumineTis - evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba. amave kriteriumebis gamo ver xerxdeba TurqeTis rogorc wevrobis mravalwliani kandidatis, ganacxadis dakmayofileba. kopenhagenis kriteriumebis me-2 punqtSi xazgasmulia qmediTi sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis aucilebloba, rac garkveuli ekonomikuri wesrigis formirebas gulisxmobs. ekonomikuri wesrigis cnebaSi igulisxmeba ekonomikis organizaciuli mowyobisa da ekonomikuri procesebis msvlelobis da marTvis arsebuli wesebis erToblioba. ekonomikuri wesrigis amocanebia: ekonomikis sicocxlisunarianobis uzrunvelyofa, ekonomikuri aqtivobebis mizanmimarTul koordinireba da sxva sazogadoebriv-politikur amocanebi. amisTvis, uwinaresad unda ganisazRvros rogori ti pis sabazro ekonomika gvinda, anu ra doneze unda ereodes saxelmwifo qveynis ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi. civilizebuli samyaro sabazro ekonomikis or ZiriTad models ganasxvavebs: Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika da socialuri sabazro ekonomika. Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika efuZneba klasikuri liberalizmis Teorias, romlis TvalsaCino warmomad-

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geneli aris adam smiTi. am TeoriiT saxelmwifo ayalibebs sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis zogad CarCoebs, maqsimalurad xels uwyobs konkurenciis ganviTarebas da TiTqmis ar ereva sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi. saxelmwifos umTavresi prioritetia mewarmeobis xelisSewyoba, xolo mosaxleobis socialuri dacva ar aris saxelmwifos prioritetul mimarTulebebs Soris. Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis arsebobis saukeTeso magaliTia aSS (Tu ar CavTvliT bolo drois finansuri krizisis Semdgom ganviTarebul movlenebs, kerZod, barak obamas ekonomikis stimulirebis pakets da misive inicirebuli jandacvis reformas). socialuri sabazro ekonomika efuZneba neoliberalizmis Teorias (Cikagos skola) da ordoliberalur Teorias (fraiburgis skola). am modeliT saxelmwifo ayalibebs sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis zogad CarCoebs, xels uwyobs mewarmeobas, konkurenciis ganviTarebas, aseve garkveulwilad aregulirebs sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebas, mosaxleobis socialuri dacva ki saxelmwifos erT-erTi prioritetuli mimarTulebaa. meore msoflio omis Semdeg msgavsi ekonomikuri wesrigi evropis mraval saxelmwifoSi Camoyalibda. socialuri sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis TvalsaCino magaliTia germania, romlis socialuri sabazro ekonomikis ganmsazRvreli Teza ase JRers: So wenig Staat wie mglich, so viel Staat wie ntig (imdenad cota saxelmwifo - rac SeiZleba, imdenad bevri sax-

makroekonomika

elmwifo - ramdenic saWiroa). am magaliTidan garkveviT Cans, rom saxelmwifo regulirebis moculobis raodenobis ganmsazRvreli universaluri formula ar arsebobs. socialur sabazro ekonomikaSi sasurvelia, rom saxelmwifos roli SeizRudos maqsimalurad, magram ara imdenad, rom saxelmwifom Tavisi socialuri funqciis Sesruleba ver SeZlos. ra viTarebaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi? 2009 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma parlamentSi gamosvlisas e.w. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis aqti waradgina, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelo msoflio liberaluri ekonomikis flagmani unda gaxdes. konstituciuri kanonproeqti ekonomikuri Tavisuflebebis, SesaZleblobebisa da Rirsebis Sesaxeb, moicavs rig axal iniciativas: kerZod, unda aikrZalos ukve dadgenili licenziebis da nebarTvebis raodenobis gazrda da axali saxelmwifo maregulirebeli organoebis Seqmna. aseve, saxelmwifos aekrZaleba komerciuli bankebis wilebis floba da nebismieri saxeobis produqciisa da momsaxurebaze fasis daweseba, riTac saqarTveloSi mudmivad iqneba uzrunvelyofili fasebis dadgenis Tavisufleba. aRniSnuli aqti aseve gulisxmobs valutis konvertaciis SezRudvis da investoris mier miRebuli Semosavlebis da kapitalis repatriaciis dauSveblobas. amasTan, prezidenti gamovida iniciativiT, rom momavalSi saxelmwifos mier nebismieri gadasaxadis SemoReba da gadasaxadis ganakveTis gazrda SesaZlebeli unda iyos gamonaklisis saxiT, saerTo-saxalxo referendumis gziT.

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amdenad, prezidentis inicirebulma winadadebaTa paketma konstituciurad unda SezRudos aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis SesaZleblobebi gaduxvios liberaluri ekonomikuri mmarTvelobidan, rogorc arsebuli, aseve momavali mTavrobebis pirobebSi. prezidentma ganacxada: Cveni gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom araferi kargi ar xdeba iq, sadac aris saxelmwifo. misive gancxadebiT, Tavisuflebis aqti SemdgomSi ganaviTarebs biujetis socialur nawils im princi pis mixedviT, rom sabiujeto saxsrebi mimarTuli unda iyos mxolod imaT daxmarebaze, vinc amas yvelaze metad saWiroebs. cxadia, aRniSnuli iniciativa xels Seuwyobs investiciebis mozidvas, gamoiwvevs biznesis gaaqtiurebas, rac garkveulwilad stimuls miscems qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebas. magram, aseve unda iTqvas, rom Tavisuflebis aqti warmodgenili saxiT ver uzrunvelyofs konkurenciis ganviTarebas da gazrdis mosaxleobis socialur uTanasworobas, rac faqtobrivad dagvaSorebs evropul idealebTan. zogadad, saxelmwifos rolis Seswavlis procesSi umTavresia pasuxi gaeces or kiTxvas: 1. rogoria konkurenciis saxelmwifo xelSewyobis politika? 2. rogoria saxelmwifos socialuri politika? konkurenciis saxelmwifo xelSewyobis politika gansakuTrebul rols unda aniWebdes antimonopoliur, antitrestul da antidempingur regulirebas, romlis mTavari mizania konkurenciuli garemos Camoyal-

makroekonomika

ibeba, konkurenciis dacva da stimulireba, rac saboloo angariSiT gulisxmobs momxmarebelTa interesebis dacvasac. samwuxarod, verc ,,monopoliuri saqmianobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos 1996 wlis kanoni da miT umetes, verc axali - ,,Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb~ kanoni, romelic ZalaSi 2005 wlis 3 ivniss Sevida, ver uzrunvelyofs saqarTveloSi realurad efeqtiani politikis ganxorcielebas am sferoSi. saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb luqsemburgSi 1996 wels gaformebuli xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos mier evrokavSiris winaSe aRebul iqna valdebuleba, rom qveynis kanonmdebloba, maT Soris, konkurenciis maregulirebeli normebi da momxmarebelTa dacvis sakiTxebi, etapobrivad harmonizaciaSi movidoda evrokavSiris Sesabamis kanonmdeblobasTan, xolo, meore mxriv, evrokavSiris mier gamoTqmul iqna mzadyofna am valdebulebebis Sesrulebis saqmeSi saqarTvelosaTvis gaewia teqnikuri daxmareba. aRsaniSnavia, rom SeTanxmebis es nawili gamomdinareobs 1957 wels romSi miRebuli evrogaerTanebis damfuZnebeli xelSekrulebis Sesabamisi muxlebidan. amasTan, qarTuli sakonkurencio samarTlis srulyofis procesSi, aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia evrokavSiris iseTi reglamentebi, rogoricaa _ evrokavSiris sakonkurencio samarTlis 1989 wlis reglamenti (masSi 1997 da 2004 wlebSi Setanili cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT).

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aRniSnuli reglamentiT ikrZaleba evrogaerTianebis sivrceSi konkurenciis SemzRudavi koncentraciebi. amas garda, evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb dadebul SeTanxmebaSi Cadebulia momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva, romelic konkurenciuli (antimonopoliuri) politikis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens. samwuxarod, evrokavSiris winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebi, rogorc antimonopoliuri regulirebis (maT Soris sareklamo saqmianobis), aseve momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT, dRemde araa Sesrulebuli. imis miuxedavad, rom evrokavSiris eqspertTa monawileobiT (,,tasisi~, ,,jeplaki~) saxelmwifo antimonopoliuri samsaxuris mier jer kidev 2003 wlis pirvel naxevarSi iqna momzadebuli da farTo sazogadoebis winaSe gansaxilvelad wardgenili evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan met-naklebad miaxloebuli axali antimonopoliuri kanonis proeqti. misi saboloo miReba, garkveuli subieqturi Tu obieqturi mizezebis gamo, dRemde ver moxerxda. aRniSnuli sakiTxi miT ufro aqtualuri gaxda mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos saxelmwifo antimonopoliuri samsaxuri gauqmda, romelsac, marTalia, pirdapir ar evaleboda ,,dacvis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb~ msoflio savaWro organizaciis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli meqanizmebis aRsruleba, magram qveyanaSi imdroisaTvis moqmedi antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad is axorcielebda arakeTilsindisieri konkurencis faqtebis gamovlenasa da aRkveTas qveynis

makroekonomika

konkretul sasaqonlo bazrebze, xolo misi likvidaciisa (2005 wlis 19 agvisto) da ,,monopoliuri saqmianobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis gauqmebis Semdeg am mimarTulebiT (arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis faqtebis gamovlenisa da aRkveTis kuTxiT) arc erTi saxelmwifo organo ar muSaobs, rac faqtobrivad realur safrTxes uqmnis adgilobrivi warmoebis dacvas moZalebuli importis fonze. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos erovnul socialur politikas, 1990-iani wlebidan, rodesac saqarTvelom aRidgina saxelmwifoebrioba, qveyanaSi ver gatarda metnaklebad dabalansebuli socialuri politika. wlebis manZilze centralur socialur problemad siRaribis daZleva saxeldeboda, xolo socialuri politikis seqtorul speqtrSi jandacvis, ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kultrurisa da sportis reformireba ganixileboda. 2008-2012 wlebSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis samoqmedo programis mixedviT, mTavrobis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe. mosaxleobis keTildReobis gasaumjobeseblad mTavrobis Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iqneba, erTi mxriv, swrafi da farTo efeqtis mqone ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofisaken da meore mxriv, siRaribis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli masStaburi socialuri programebis ganxorcielebisaken. xelisuflebis mier SemuSavebuli mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis koncefciis mTavari momentebia: kanoni adgens SemTxvevevbis garkveul raodenobas (sap-

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ensio asakis miRweva, ojaxis marCenalis dakargva da sxva), rodesac moqalaqes ufleba eZleva miiRos qveyanaSi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesabamisi daxmareba saxelmwifosgan. vfiqrobT, sakiTxis amgvarad dasma warmatebis miRwevis aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa. cxadia, ekonomikuri ganviTareba keTildReobis safuZvelia, amiT iqmneba materialuri dovlaTi da bunebrivia, rom mas udaod dadebiTi zegavlena gaaCnia socialur keTildReobaze, magram faqtia, rom qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba ar aris socialuri dacvis garanti. socialuri sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saxelmwifos mTavari mizania samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, rac miiRweva sainvesticio klimatis da konkurenciuli pirobebis gaumjobesebis, privatizebisa da deregulirebis, biurokratiis Semcirebis gziT. amasTan, saxelmwifo gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs adamianTa socialur dacvas, rac gamoixateba: dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacvaSi, samuSaos armqoneTa, anu droebiT umuSevarTa Semweobebis gacemaSi, maTTvis garantirebul janmrTelobis dazRvevaSi da daxmarebaSi Sesaferisi samuSaos moZebnaSi, invalidTa da SromisuunaroTa socialur reabilitaciaSi, pensionerTaTvis Rirseuli siberis uzrunvelyofaSi. Tanamedrove msoflios yvela civilizebuli saxelmwifos ekonomikuri wesrigi warmoadgens wminda liberaluri Sexedulebebisa da socialur problemebze orientirebuli midgomebis garkveul balanss.

makroekonomika

dabolos, kvlavac xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos is, rom arCevani dgas ultraliberaluri Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikasa da evropuli ti pis socialuri sabazro ekonomikas Soris. migvaCnia, rom swori arCevanis gakeTebaSi qveynis sagareo prioritetic unda gaviTvaliswinoT. aqedan gamomdinare unda SevecadoT, rom qveynis politikuri, samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri Tu socialuri sistema ise movawyoT, rom mizans mivuaxlovdeT da ara piriqiT. aRniSnulis dasturad, aqve moviyvan evrokavSiris gafarToebis sakiTxebSi evrokomisris Stefan fules 2010 wlis 12 maisis gancxadebas. man, erTi mxriv, dadebiTad Seafasa is miRwevebi, rac saqarTvelos gaaCnia evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi SemuSavebuli samoqmedo gegmis mixedviT, Tumca, iqve aRniSna, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli ultraliberalur ekonomikur garemosTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi idea, evrokavSir-saqarTvelos momavali partniorobis ZiriTad princi pebTan winaaRmdegobaSia.

The Process of Formation of National Economic Order and Euro Integration U. Gogishvili On transitional stage it is very important to work out purposeful economical policy, including geostrategic location of Georgia and striving for European values. As one of the principal foreign priorities of Georgia is to gain close relationship with European Union and its membership.

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For moving out the issue of membership of Georgia in European Union, the goal of national economical policy should be the following: 1. Formation of economical order in Georgia typical for European countries; 2. To follow the criteria established for the membership of the European Union. Thereby, it is necessary to establish more and more close tradeeconomical relations in various member-countries of the European Union and common European structures. Within social market economy, main goal of the state is to create working places, which is reached by improving investment climate and competition conditions, privatization and deregulation and decreasing of bureaucracy. Thereby, state pays special attention to social protection of people, which means: protecting of employees rights, financial aids for unemployed i.e. temporarily unemployed persons, guaranteed health insurance for them and assisting in finding proper jobs, social rehabilitation of disabled and incapable persons, guaranteeing adequate conditions for pensioners. So, in formation of National Economic Order the state role is determined as principal and correspondingly we must answer the following three questions: - How should the state support competition? - What kind of state social politics should be? - What is their correlation? And finally, the choice should be made and it should be made as soon as possible: ultra liberal free market economy or European type social market economy? While making the right choice we must consider foreign priority of the country. So, we should try to arrange countrys political, legal, economical and social system as to reach goal but not vice versa.

makroekonomika

Eekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis Taviseburebebi transformirebadi ekonomikis qveynebSi

ekaterine meyanwiSvili Tsu Aasistent-profesori

Tanamedrove periodSi ekonomikis tramsformacia gulisxmobs sabazro ekonomikisken swrafvas. saxelmwifos roli transformaciis procesSi, bazris Camoyalibebasa da regulirebaSi araerTgvarovania. ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikis regulireba xdeba saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri sistemis funqcionirebaSi Carevis gziT. amgvar Carevas, bunebrivia, gaaCnia Tavisi formebi da sazRvrebi. Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTareba moiTxovs ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi saxelmwifos Carevis iseTi instrumentaris gamoyenebas, rogoricaa efeqtiani fiskaluri da fulad-sakredito politika. saxelmwifo regulirebis efeqtianobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas transformirebadi ekonomikis qveynebSi (maT Soris saqarTveloSic), sadac ekonomikis sferoebis saxelmwifo regulireba mravalferovania Tavisi formebis, ganxorcielebis meTodebisa da maTi erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis ama Tu im periodTan misadagebis mixedviT. regulirebis procesTa amgvari saxesxvaoba iZleva erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul efeqtebs,

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romlebsac, bunebrivia, Tan axlavs adekvaturi socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi. cnobilia, rom transformirebadi ekonomikis qveynis saxelmwifo marTvis realuri Sedegi xSirad upirispirdeba savaraudos da warmoadgens mosalodnelisagan diametrulad gansxvavebuls. ase, magaliTad, ekonomikis mosalodneli stabilizaciis magivrad, SeiZleba adgili hqondes warmoebis ganmeorebadi dacemis faqtebs, realuri seqtoris waxalisebis magivrad _ misi funqcionirebis Seferxebas, samamulo mwarmoeblebis sabaJo RonisZiebebis daxmarebiT dacvis magier _ nedleulis uzomod gatanas sazRvargareT da a. S. aRniSnulidan cxadia, rom nebismieri transformirebadi ekonomikis qveynis saxelmwifo regulirebis efeqtianobis gansazRvrisas saWiroa: pirveli, Semowmdes miRebuli Sedegebis Sesabamisoba dasmul socialur-ekonomikur mizanTan da Sefasdes aseTi Sesabamisobis xarisxi; meore, moxdes dasaxuli miznix misaRwevad mosalodneli xarjebis minimizeba. mxolod am gziTaa SesaZlebeli ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis efeqtianobis amaRleba. msoflio gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom nebismieri qveynis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis instrumentebis umetesobis gamoyenebis procesi winaaRmdegobrivi bunebisaa. amitom, bunebrivia, rom transformirebad ekonomikaze saxelmwifo zemoqmedebis dros aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes arsebuli socialuri memkvidreoba.

ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis formebisa da meTodebis SerCevis process Tan axlavs sxvadasxva saxeobis SezRudva. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani. qveynis ekonomikis maregulirebelma organom efeqtiani ekonomikuri politikis SesamuSaveblad garkveviT unda Camoayalibos mizani, romlis miRwevasac iswrafvis. ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis mizanTa simravles Seesabameba miznis funqciaTa erToblioba. am ukanasknelis maTematikuri gansazRvra aris rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani procesi da dakavSirebulia politikuri strategiebis SemuSavebasTan. aseTi gansazRvris dros, mniSvnelovania imis garkvevac saxelmwifo unda eswrafodes Tu araSesabamis funqciebSi asaxul mizanTa erTdroul miRwevas. amasTan, isic unda gairkves yvela miznis miRwevisadmi erTdroulad swrafvas ajobebs Tu ara maTi prioritetuli ranJireba da mniSvnelobis xarisxis mixedviT ganxorcieleba. es sakiTxi namdvilad rTuli gadasawyvetia. miznis funqciis formireba warmoadgens Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecnierebis umniSvnelovanes problemas. ekonomikis sferos saxelmwifo regulirebis msoflio gamocdileba adasturebs, rom miznis funqciebis formireba yvelaze ufro gonivrulia upiratesobis gaTvaliswinebis, e.i. pirvelxarisxovani mniSvnelovnebis miznebis gamoyofis safuZvelze. sakiTxis amgvarad dasma gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens transformirebadi qveynis ekonomikis regulirebis pirobebSi. es umTavresad ganpirobebulia imiT, rom jer erTi, aseT qveynebSi miznis funqciaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens faq-

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torebi, romlebic ganpirobebulia Seqmnili viTarebiT da mimdinare procesebiT Camoyalibebuli faqtorebi. magaliTad, ekonomikuri politikis SemuSaveba am qveynebSi amJamad warmoebs Rrma sistemuri cvlilebebis pirobebSi, romlebic moicavs instrumentalur da struqturul gardaqmnebs, agreTve, ekonomikis liberalizaciis mcdelobebs. amitom, bunebrivia, rom aseTi qveynebis mTavrobebs, nacvlad efeqtiani xangrZlivvadiani strategiis SemuSavebisa, imaze zrunva uxdebaT, rom aramdgradi ekonomikis pirobebSi droulad moaswron reagireba uaxloesi problemebis simZafriT warmoqmnil mosalodnel Sedegebze. amasTan, roca problema bevria, xelisufleba iZulebuli xdeba ekonomikuri politika aagos rigiTobis princi pis gamoyenebis safuZvelze. meore, saxelmwifos maregulirebeli potenciali am qveynebSi mniSvnelovnad SezRudulia. amitom, ramdenime masStaburi miznis moTxovnebis erTdroulad realizaciisaTvis mTavrobas SeiZleba ar eyos saSualebebi da instrumentebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, gasaTvaliswinebelia cnobili ekonomistis i. timbergenis azri( imis Sesaxeb, rom ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebisas, miznebis raodenoba arasdros unda aRematebodes saxelmwifos xelSi arsebuli ekonomikuri politikis instrumentebis marags (es Teoria cnobilia, rogorc i. tinbergenis utoloba).1 aRsaniSnavia, rom msoflios qveynebis umravlesobaSi saxelmwifo regulirebis gamocdilebis dagroveTinbergen Jan. income Distribution: Analysis and Policies. Amsterdam, 1995, p 35-36.
1

bis Sedegad miznis funqciis ganzomileba TandaTan mcirdeboda. XX saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi, miznis funqcia rva elements moicavda: saxelmwifo xarjebis moculobas, realuri xelfasis cvlilebis temps, dasaqmebis dones, Semosavlebis ganawilebis indikators, investiciebs, erTobliv moTxovnas, warmoebis dones, sagadasaxdelo balansis saldos. XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis miznis funqcia moicavda mxolod oTx mizans: sruli dasaqmebis miRwevas, fasebis stabilurobas, saxadasaxdelo balansis umarTavi deficitis ararsebobas, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis myar dones. amJamad msoflios ganviTarebuli bevri saxelmwifo izRudeba ori iseTi strategiuli amocanis dasmiTa da gadawyvetiT, rogoricaa mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva da umarTav inflaciasTan brZola. miznis funqciaSi Semavali miznebis raodenobis SemcirebiT saxelmwifoebs gaezardaT qmediTobis unari da gauadvildaT ekonomikis regulireba. mesame, transformirebadi ekonomikis qveynebis, maT Soris saqarTvelos ekonomikuri politikis miznebis SezRudva da prioritetebis ranJireba dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi arsebuli regulatorebis umravlesoba winaaRmdegobriv zemoqmedebas axdens ekonomikaze. magaliTad, Znelia moiZebnos ekonomikuri instrumentebi da ganisazRvros maTi iseTi kombionacia, romelic saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier inflaciuri procesebis stabilizaciisaken mimarTuli zomebis Sedegad ar gamoiwvevs situaciis gauaresebas Sromis bazarze (gansakuTrebiT mokleva-

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dian periodSi). garda amisa, inflaciis damamuxruWebeli da adapturi molodinis Camqrobi (SemzRudavi) politika imavdroulad iwvevs procentuli ganakveTebis gadidebas (rac mTavrdeba warmoebis zrdis SenelebiT) da piriqiT, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnisa da socialuri daxmarebebisaTvis saWiro sabiujeto asignebebis gamoyofa, erTi mxriv, aadvilebs mdgomareobas samuSao Zalis bazarze, meore mxriv, igi iwvevs inflaciuri zewolis zrdas. aseT pirobebSi ki mizanSewonilia ganisazrvros upiratesoba da mis Sesabamisad arCeul iqnes erTi romelime problemuri sakiTxi (magaliTad, inflacia) da mTeli Zalisxmeva moxmardes mis gadawyvetas. amasTan, aucilebelia gatardes iseTi ekonomikuri da politikuri RonisZiebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs ekonomikuri stabilurobis SenarCunebas, raTa antiiinflaciuri regulirebis negatiuri Sedegebi rac SeiZleba sustad igrZnobodes Sromis bazarze. transformirebadi ekonomikis qveynebSi, kerZod saqarTveloSi efqtiani ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebisaTvis aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes sxvadasxva instrumentebis gamoyenebis aramarto miznebi da zemoqmedebis xarisxi, aramed misi siswrafec. praqtika cxadyofs, rom ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis instrumentebis gamoyeneba, rogorc wesi, pirdapir ar zemoqmedebs miznis miRwevaze. amgvar instrumentebs, maT gamoyenebas da miznis miRwevas Soris aris mTliani ekonomkiuri sistema, romelic funqcionirebs Tavisi kanonebis mixedviT. magaliTad, fasebi damokidebulia moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebaze, warmoebis xar-

jebze, konkurentul reJimsa da mraval iseT sxva faqtorze, romelTa Soris fulad politikas ar ekuTvnis mTavari roli. amsTan, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom ekonomikur sistemas, romelic warmoadgens saxelmwifo regulirebis obieqts, gaaCnia garkveuli inertuloba. cnobilia, rom nebismieri ekonomikuri procesis realizacia moiTxovs resursebis da drois danaxarjebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, saxelmwifoebirvi regulirebis sxvadasxva formisa da meTodebis gamoyenebisas warmoiqmneba e.w. ,,dayovnebis efeqti. magaliTad, ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis fulad-sakredito an fiskaluri politikis instrumentebi ganviTarebaze zemoqmedebas axdens ara myisierad, aramed drois garkveuli periodis anu Sualedis (e.w. lagis) gavlis Semdeg. amasTan, es Sualedi, misi xangrZlivobis mixedviT, SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli. am Sualedis xangrZlivobis sworad Sefaseba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis organizaciis dros. aucilebelia, rom ama Tu im saxelmwifoebrivi zemoqmedebis albaTuri da sasurveli Sedegi, aseve, mis misaRwevad saWiro dro, yovelTvis winaswar iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. magaliTad, antiinflaciuri programis SemuSavebisas saWiroa winaswar (jer kidev dagegmvis stadiaze) iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli aramarto is, Tu rogor ,,imuSavebs fulad-sakredito politikis instrumentebi, aramed isic, Tu Sedegis miReba rodis aris mosalodneli. ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi drois faqtoris Sefasebis

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sakiTxi ekonomikuri Teoriis yvelaze rTuli problemaa. laguri struqturis gaTvlisa da aRricxvis praqtikuli mniSvneloba ar SeiZleba Sefasdes gadaWarbebulad. saqarTveloSi Catarebuli fundamenturi da gamoyenebiTi xasiaTis ekonomikuri gamokvlevebis arasakmarisma gamoyenebam, xelisuflebis maRal eSelonebSi Tavisufali gadawyvetilebebis miRebisadmi gavrcelebulma midrekilebam, ideologiuri stereoti pebis gamodevnebam da a.S. gamoiwvia qveynis ekonomikis efeqtiani regulirebis problemis Semecnebis lagis xangrZlivobis arsebiTad gazrda da arasaxarbielo Sedegebi, rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve socialuri mimarTulebiT. qveynis makroekonomikuri politikis formirebis dros aucilebelia, e.w. multi plikatoris efeqtis gaTvaliswineba. am ukanasknelSi igulisxmeba ekonomikaSi iseTi gadamcemi meqanizmebis arseboba, romlis zemoqmedebiTac saboloo Sedegi mravaljeradad faravs romelime rgolis ganxorcielebul pirvelsawyis qmedebas (,,impuls) da, Tavisi arsiT, ganasaxierebs regulirebis obieqtis yvela struqturul elements Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSirisa da urTierTgavlenis xarisxs. ase, magaliTad, sameurneo sferoSi warmoqmnili calkeuli disproporcia, rac gamowveulia bazris negatiuri mxareebis an ekonomikuri politikis sferoSi miRebuli araswori gadawyvetilebebiT, multi plikatoris efeqtis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gadiddes. amasTan, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom

ekonomikur sistemaSi Tavdapirvelad dafiqsirebuli mcire da saSualo donis Seferxebebi da Secdomebi, multi plikatoris efeqtis zegavleniT, SeiZleba sagrZnoblad gaizardos. cxadia, rom aseTi efeqti garkveul pirobebSi SeiZleba gadaiqces destabilizaciis gamomwvev faqtorad. multi plikaciuri efeqtis Sefasebis sakiTxebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs drois faqtors. amJamad specialur literaturaSi gvxvdeba mravalricxovani gamokvleva1, romlebic eZRvneba drois faqtorebis multi plikatorTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Seswavlas. amgvari gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom ekonomikaSi SesaZlebelia multi plikatoris simZlavris droSi ganawilebis gansxvavebuli variantebis arseboba. ekonomikis sferos saxelmwifo regulirebis multi plikaciuri efeqti mokle da xangrZlivvadian periodebSi gansxvavebulia. ekonomikuri politikis instrumentebi, rogorc wesi, moqmedebas ganagrZobs miznis miRwevis Semdegac, Tumca, am qmedebas sawyisis qmedebis sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba gaaCnia. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom biujeturi eqspansiiT ekonomikuri ganviTarebis stimulireba grZlvadian periodSi negatiur inflaciur Sedegs iZleva da multi plikatoris efeqtis zemoqmedebiT iwvevs ekonomikuri zrdis damuxruWebas. amitom, garkveuli regulatoris gamoyenebis Semdeg miRebuli da droSi ganawilebuli dadebiTi efeq-

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ti aucileblad unda aWarbebdes uaryofiTi Sedegebis mTlian sidides. ekonomikis regulirebis dros, mTavrobis mier winaswar Camoyalibebuli miznebis miRwevam, SeiZleba moiTxovos fuladi da sabiujeto regulatorebis urTierTSenacvlebiTi gamoyeneba. am dros yvelafers gansazRvravs is, Tu rogori reluri situacia Seiqmneba da ramdenad gansxvavebuli iqneba erTmaneTisagan miznis mimdinare da sasurveli doneebi. aranakleb mniSvnelovania miznebis prioritetulobis sakiTxic. ekonomikis sferos saxelmwifo regulirebis didi gamocdileba gaaCnia msoflios rig ganviTarebul qveynas, romlebmac swored am gziT miaRwies saTanado warmatebebs. maTi gamocdilebis gacnoba ki cxadyofs, rom saxelmwifo regulirebis dros iseTi instrumentebiT mani pulireba, rogoricaa gadasaxadebi, saxelmwifo xarjebi da sxva, unda CaiTvalos SedarebiT uxeS meTodebad. amitom, am instrumentebis xSirad gamoyeneba transformirebadi ekonomikis qveynebis, maT Soris saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi, sadac dinamikurad ganviTarebad garemoSi erTdroulad warmoiqmneba erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli lokaluri problemebi, ar iqneba efeqtiani. aucilebelia iseTi gansakuTrebuli meqanizmebis SemuSaveba da gamoyeneba, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneba efeqtiani reagireba ekonomikaSi amJamad mimdinare Siga da gare cvlilebebze da romlebic adapturi an prevenciuli zomebis miRebisaTvis saWiro drois mogebis saSualebas miscemes xelisuflebas.

zemoT ganxiluli analizidan gamomdinareobs, rom qveynis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulireba unda ganvixiloT sistemis saxiT, romlis Semadgeneli elementebia miznebi, meTodebi, instrumentebi, multi plikatorebi da a.S. amasTan, rac ufro warmatebiT xorcieldeba sistemis aRniSnuli elementebis SeerTebis procesi da rac ufro metad Seesabameba misi struqtura Camoyalibebis procesSi myof ekonomikur garemos, miT ufro efeqtianad wydeba bazrisaTvis miuwvdomeli socialekonomikuri problemebi. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos aqtiur Carevas gaaCnia Tanamdevi negatiuri efeqtebic. kerZod, amgvari Carevis Sedegad warmoiqmneba e.w. ,,saxelmwifo wuni (,,saxelmwifo defeqti). saxelmwifo wunis cnebaSi ekonomikur literaturaSi1 gulisxmoben mis uunarobas uzrunvelyos resursebis efeqtiani ganawileba da socialurekonomikuri politikis Sesabamisoba samarTlianobis Sesaxeb sazogadoebaSi arsebul warmodgenebTan. ekonomikis regulirebis mizniT, xSirad dgeba samTavrobo programebi, romlebic ara Tu asworebs bazris ,,defeqtebs, aramed ganapirobebs resursebis araefeqtian ganawilebas da Semosavlebis uTanabrobis donis amaRlebas. es ki saxelmwifo wunis negatiur Sedegebze mianiSnebs. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom saxelmwifo wunis arseboba TavisTavad ar varaudobs calsaxa arCevans sabazro urTierTobebis SeuzRudavi moqmedebis sasargeblod. sabazro urTierTobebis garkveuli

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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

zomiT SezRudva da xelovnuri daregulireba aucilebelia, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, arsebobs, e. w. ,,bazris defeqtebi.

saxelmwifo sawarmoTa marTvis srulyofisaTvis

THE PARTICULARITIES OF STATE REGULATION OF ECONOMY IN THE COUNTRIES OF TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY E. Mekantsishvili Regulation of any countries (including transitional economy countries) economy occurs by means ot state intarvation has its own forms and limits. The countries in transitional economy area (including Georgia) in the process of working out the economic policy it is necessary to define clearly desirable results of political decision and expected joint effects. It is also necessary to estimate the justification of expences to achieve such results and the possibility of their decrease. At the same time,the basis for state regulation of economic sphere in a transitional economy countries should be the system consisting of such elements, as goals, methods, mechamizms, multiplicators. Such approach to state regulation of the economy would create a teoretical platform and conception of efficient economic policy formation in the country, would adequately define real possibilities to avoid negative results of market defects and state flaws.

solomon pavliaSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori
saxelmwifo sawarmoTa marTva xasiaTdeba rogorc mTlianad qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze (makroekonomikuri done), aseve zogadad sawarmoTa efeqtian funqcionirebaze (mikroekonomikuri done) zemoqmedi problemebiT. makroekonomikurs miekuTvneba: investiciebis ganxorcielebis dabali done; sabanko kreditebis maRali ganakveTi; sagadasaxado sistemis arasakmarisi efeqtianoba; biurokratia da proteqcionizmi; samTavrobo aparatis saqmianobis dabali efeqtianoba; energoresursebis fasebis maRali done; gamokvlevebisa da damuSavebis dabali done; materialuri resursebis deficiti da sxva. mikroekonomikur mizezebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos: moZvelebuli sawarmoebi da mowyobiloba; menejmentisa da marketingis dabali done; orientacia mimdinare miznebze; progresuli teqnologiebisa da organizaciis ugulvebelyofa; arasakmarisi yuradReba xarisxisadmi; personalis momzadebis dabali done; Sromis susti stimulireba da sxva. am CamonaTvalSi Sedis rogorc subieqturi, aseve obieqturi mizezebi. rogorc saqarTvelos, aseve sxva postsocialisturi qveynebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, sawarmos zaralianoba xSirad menejmentis mier xelovnurad inicirdeba pasiurobiT, efeqtianobisadmi uyuradRebobiT da a.S. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sawarmoTa 2002 wlis (privatizebis axali etapis dawyebamde) angariSebis analizi Semdeg suraTs iZleva: es weli mogebiT daamTavra 121 sawarmom. wminda mogebis mTlianma Tanxam 72, 8 mln lari Seadgina, zaraliT daamTavra 137 sawarmom, zaralis mTlianma Tanxam ki 25, 4 mln lari Seadgina. 8 sawarmos balansiT naCvenebi hqonda neitraluri Sedegi, xolo 36

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sawarmo ver funqcionirebda sxvadasxva mizezis gamo. maSasadame, zaraliani da umoqmedo sa-warmoebis ricxvma 57% Seadgina, rac Zalian maRali maCvenebelia da gamouyenebel rezervebsa da sawarmoebis restruqturizaciis aucileblobaze miuTiTebs. amJamindeli mdgomareoba TiTqmis identuria, anu 1400 sawarmodan mxolod 317 aris momgebiani, 163 _ zaraliani. am mimarTulebiT mkveTri gaumjobeseba ar igrZnoba da zog SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mdgomareoba gauaresebulic aris1. 2002 wels, uwyebrivi saministroebidan saxelmwifo sawarmoebis marTvis funqciis dabruneba qonebis marTvis saministrosTvis, Zalze winaaRmdegobrivi procesi iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom qonebis marTvis saministros kanoniT uSualod evaleboda saxelmwifo qonebis marTva, floba da gankargva. uwyebrivi interesebi imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom am sakiTxs ori - samis garda arcerTi saministro ar uWerda mxars. sawarmoTa marTvis TvalsazrisiT, saministroebi uSualod ereodnen am sawarmoebis sameurneo saqmianobaSi, niSnavdnen sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebs da direqtorebs, romelTac xSirad sawarmoebis efeqtianad funqcionirebis araviTari iniciativa da interesi ar gaaCndaT sawarmoebis efeqtianad funqcionirebisaTvis. isini Tavs Tvlidnen am sawarmoebis batonpatronad da maTi Tanamdeboba aRqmuli iyo, rogorc mxolod Tbili adgili~. yovelive aRniSuli xels uSlida ekonomikis gajansaRebis procesebis dawyebas, sawarmoTa restruqturizacias, privatizaciis procesis daCqarebas, gakotrebis meqanizmebis amuSavebas, investiciebis mozidvas da sxva. dasamali ar aris, rom es ganpirobebuli iyo qveyanaSi arsebuli qaosiT, klanuri mmarTvelobiTa da imdroindeli xelisuflebis ususurobiT. es problema garkveulwilad dResac arsebobs. xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebad iniSnebian sruliad araprofesionali adamianebi. damkvidrda mankieri praqtika, rom sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebi xdebian saqarTvelos parlamentis yofili wevrebi, romelTac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, araviTari samewarmeo saqmianobis gamocdileba ar gaaCniaT. sameTvalyureo sabWos wevri unda iyos sawarmoSi saxelmwifo politikis gamtarebeli. amitom, dauSvebelia misi uSualod aRmasrulebeli direqciis funqciebSi Careva an pasiuroba da direqciis
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zegavlenaSi moqceva. orive ukiduresoba miuRebelia. sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebi valdebulebi arian kargad erkveodnen aramarto moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi, aramed agreTve sawarmoebisa da dargis problemebSi, saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis strategiasa da saerTod qveynis ekonomikur da finansur problemebSi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac gakeTda saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, es iyo is reformebi, romelic ganxorcielda saxelmwifo energetikuli sawarmoebis marTvis sferoSi jer kidev 2000-2003 wlebSi. am reformebma xeli Seuwyo privatizaciis procesis daCqarebas da aRniSnuli obieqtebiT ucxoeli investorebis dainteresebas. aRniSnuli reformebiT gamsxvilda energetikuli obieqtebi da samarTavad gadaeca ucxoel investorebs. kerZod, jer kidev 2000 wels, saqarTvelos energetikuli bazari 5 wliani marTvis uflebiT espanur kompania iber drola-s gadaeca. mogvianebiT, saxelmwifo kompaniebis Sps eleqtrodispetCerizacia 2000"-is da ss eleqtrogadacemis gaerTianebis Sedegad Seiqmna Sps saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtrosistema. 2003 wlis martidan, es kompania saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministrom samarTavad 5 wliani vadiT irlandiur kompania ,,ESBI-s gadasca. irlandiuri kompania intensiurad TanamSromlobda donor organizaciebTan _ msoflio bankTan da germanul bank ,,KFW-sTan. kompaniaSi msoflio bankis dafinansebiT mowveulni iyvnen kompania ,,SIENS-is specialistebi, ramac xeli Suwyo axali teqnologiebis danergvas, energo sistemis marTvis srulyofas. sayuradReboa, rom danakargebis pikuri maCvenebeli 2007 wlisTvis ukve 4%-ze naklebi iyo. aseve Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo raionuli da regionuli energosadistribucio kompaniebis gaerTianeba 2001-2002 wlebSi. maTi gaerTianeba im droisTvis sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivi iyo, vinaidan adgilobrivi distribuciebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, warmoadgenda adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis, merebisa da gubernatorebis gavlenis sferoebs. moSlili iyo aRricxvianoba, menejmenti _ Zalian susti, Sesabamisad, dabali iyo gadasaxadebis amoReba, energomomxmarebeli ar iyo uzrunvelyofili sabiTumo, komunaluri da individualuri mricxvelebiT. didi iyo urC gadamxdelTa wili, maRali iyo danakargebi, masobrivi xasiaTi hqonda datacebis SemTxvevas. aRniSnuli garemo awyobda rogorc mimwodebels, aseve momx-

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros. statistikuri masalebi.

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marebels, vinaidan xSir SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadebis gadaxda xdeboda urTierTmolaparakebis safuZvelze, korufciuli garigebis gziT. sadistribucio kompaniebs uzarmazari valebi daugrovda, rac imdroindeli potenciuri investorebisaTvis (myidvelebisaTvis) yovlad aramimzidveli, ararentabeluri iyo. sabolood, 2002 wels xelisuflebam SeZlo imereTis, qvemo qarTlis, guriis, samegrelozemo svaneTis, samcxe-javaxeTis, mcxeTa-mTianeTisa da Sida qarTlis sadistribucio kompaniebis gaerTianebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli sadistribucio energokompaniis Seqmna. aRniSnuli kompaniis mZime finansuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba TavisTavad xels uSlida da aramimzidvels xdida saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebul hidroeleqtrosadgurebs, romlebic ZiriTadad imereTis regionSi iyo ganTavsebuli (,,lajanurhesi, ,,rionhesi, ,,awi, ,,gumaThesi, ,,Saori, ,,Zevlura). miuxedavad imisa, rom 2002-2003 wlebSi bevri ucxoeli Tu adgilobrivi investori dainteresebuli iyo mxolod aRniSnuli eleqtrosadgurebis SesyidviT sadistribucio kompaniis gareSe, saxelmwifom donor organizaciebTan erTad, Tavi Seikava maT privatizebaze (rogorc SemdgomSi gamoCnda, es gadawyvetileba qveynisTvis Zalze momgebiani iyo). am sferoSi marTvisa da privatizebis ZirTadi strategia 2001-2003 wlebSi Semdegi iyo: * jer unda gaumjobesebuliyo sadistribucio kompaniis menejmenti; * mogvarebuliyo eleqtroenergiis uwyveti miwodeba momxmarebelze; * gazrdiliyo moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis safasuris amoRebis maCvenebeli; * mowesrigebuliyo aRricxvianoba; * momxdariyo valebis restruqturizacia da nawilobrivi dafarva da a.S.1 yovelive es ki gulisxmobda hidroeleqtrosadgurebis mier miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis safasuris droulad amoRebas da eleqtrosadgurebis sruli datvirTviT amuSavebas. es sagrZnoblad gazrdida maT saprivatizacio Rirebulebas, risi gakeTebac adgilobriv menejments Zalze gauWirdeboda. swored am mizniT saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministrom, energetikis saminispavliaSvili s. privatizaciis fenomeni da problemebi saqarTveloSi, gamomc teqnikuri universiteti; Tb; 2009w, gv-117.
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trosTan erTad, miiRo gadawyvetileba da saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli sadistribucio energokompania 2003 wlis maisSi, ,,USAID-is dafinansebiT, amerikul kompania ,,PA CONSULTING GROUP-s 18 Tviani vadiT gadasca. 2004 wlis noemberSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam ori wliT gaagrZela aRniSnuli kontraqti. ,,PA CONSULTING GROUP-is muSaobis Sedegad, drois mcire monakveTSi, eleqtroenergiaze amoRebuli gadasaxadebi sagrZnoblad gaizarda, kerZod, 2004 wlis bolos - 20%-dan, 2006 wlis dekembrisTvis - 85%-mde. yovelive aman ki, Semdgom periodSi qveynis axal xelisuflebas sami sadistribucio energokompaniis da eqvsi hidroeleqtrosadguris maRali fas privatizebis saSualeba misca (300 mln-mde dolaris gansaxorcielebeli investiciebis CaTvliT). sawarmoTa davalianebis warmoSobis mizezi, xSirad, sawarmoTa susti menejmenti, qaosi da xelisuflebis ususuroba iyo. bevrjer saxelmwifo sawarmoSi daqiravebuli direqtorebis da sameTvalyureo sabWos Tavmjdomareebis azri aRiqmeboda rogorc SromiTi koleqtivis azri, rac yovelTvis am xelmZRvanelebis piradi interesebidan gamomdinareobda da araviTari saxelmwifoebrivi xedva aq ar igrZnoboda. xdeboda am koleqtivebis gamoyeneba piradi miznebisTvis. magaliTad, rusTavis metalurgiul kombinats 123 mln dolaris sakredito davalianeba hqonda, maT Soris 60 mln _ saxelmwifo biujetis. aseT situaciaSi, 2001-2003 wlebSi metalurgiuli kombinatis adgilobrivi menejmentis gaugebari winaamdegobis gamo, xelisuflebam ver moaxerxa msoflioSi udides Turqul kompania Cuqurova holdingTan 100 milioniani sainvesticio kontraqtis gaformeba (rasac Tan erTvoda populisturi, marTvadi gamosvlebi Turquli investiciebis winaaRmdeg), roca qarTuli mxare aRniSnul sakiTxze TurqeTis saxelmwifosTan marTavda molaparakebas da SeTanxmeba TiTqmis miRweuli iyo, maSin sawarmos xelmZRvanelobam saeWvo reputaciis mqone italiur kompaniasTan - ares interneiSeneli daiwyo TanamSromloba, romelsac saerTod Sexeba ar hqonda metalurgiul warmoebasTan da mxolod jarTis eqsportiT iyo dakavebuli saqarTveloSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom mas 2004 wels rusTavis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT aekrZala rusTavis metalurgiul kombinatSi saqmianoba. aseve xelisuflebis ususurobis Sedegi iyo is, rom zogierTi kerZo satelekomunikacio saSualebis mepatroneebis intrigeb-

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is, maT mier qarTul mediaSi gakeTebuli tendenciuri, dakveTili siuJetebis gamo ver moxerxda saqarTvelos eleqtrokavSiris privatizeba. rodesac 2002 wels msxvili norvegiuli kompania telenori apirebda eleqtrokavSirSi menejmentis ganxor-cielebas da saprivatizaciod mis momzadebas, am seriozuli kompaniis Semoyvanas xeli SeuSales imaT, visi kerZo interesebic uSualod iyo mibmuli eleqtrokavSiris saqmianobasTan. analogiuri mdgomareoba iyo, rodesac TbilgazSi israelis kompania tahali Semodioda. xSir SemTxvevaSi, dainteresebuli mcire jgufebis azri aRiqmeboda rogorc sazogadoebrivi, romelic sabolood xels uSlida qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebas. Cveni azriT, sawarmoTa marTvis gaumjobesebisTvis mizanSewonilia maTi or jgufad klasifikacia: pirvel jgufSi saWiroa im sawarmoebis Tavmoyra, romelTa privatizeba SezRuduli an akrZalulia moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT da sawarmoebi, romlebic gansakuTrebuli funqciiT da saqmianobiT ga-moirCeva, xolo meore jgufSi moxvdeba is sawarmoebi, romelTa privatizeba SezRuduli ar aris da aqedan gamomdinare, droebiTaa saxelmwifo marTvaSi. cnobili ungreli ekonomistis i. kornais azriT, mizanSewonili ar aris nebismier fasad SevinarCunoT qronikulad wamgebiani saxelmwifo sawarmoebi. saxelmwifos mkacri sabiujeto safinanso politikis ganxorcielebis pirobebSi, konkurenciis safuZvelze, am sawarmoebs Soris bunebrivi SerCeva mimdinareobs. amitom aucilebelia aseT sawarmoebSi amuSavdes restruqturizaciis, gakotrebisa da likvidaciis meqanizmebi, rogorc sakuTrebis formis Secvlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi formebi.1 udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba sawarmoebSi saxelmwifos warmomadgenlis institutis muSaobis srulyofas. sameTvalyureo sabWos wevri ar aris sameurneo muSaki. igi sawarmoSi saxelmwifos politikis gamtarebelia. amitom dauSvebelia misi uSualod aRmasrulebeli direqciis funqciebSi Careva an umoqmedoba da direqciis zegavlenaSi moqceva. aucilebelia sawarmoTa biznes - gegmebis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba, maT mier marketinguli, teqnologiuri, konkurentuli, sagareo-ekonomikuri, finansuri strategiis realizacia, antikriz . : , . , 12, 2000, .27.
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isuli marTvis daufleba, radgan sxvanairad warmatebis miRweva globalizaciis da riskebis zrdis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia. Zalian seriozuli sakiTxi iyo da aseTad rCeba sawarmoTa kreditoruli davalianebis gamo, kreditorebis mxridan maTi qonebis dayadaRebis, auqcionis wesiT am qonebis realizaciisa da miRebuli SemosavlebiT kreditorebis gastumrebis arsebuli wesi. aseTma qmedebebma saxelmwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT moqmedi sawarmoebis mimarT, sagadasaxado samsaxurebis mimarT, masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo. erTi SexedviT, aq yvelaferi TiTqos misaRebia, saxelmwifo nawilobriv ikmayofilebs fiskalur interesebs. magram ar SeiZleba angariSi ar gaewios imasac, rom es faqtobrivad xdeba saxelmwifo qonebis ganiavebis xarjze, radganac saxelmwifo qoneba iyideba Zalian dabali fasebiT. aseTi qmedebiT xSirad xdeba winaswar SemuSavebuli sqemebis realizacia, saxelmwifo qonebis faruli privatizeba, maSin rodesac qveynis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier SesaZlebelia gamoinaxos saxelmwifo qonebis didad ufro efeqtiani gamoyenebis mimarTulebebi. bevr sawarmos biujetis mimarT gaaCnia mniSvnelovani vadagadacilebuli davalianeba, magram es ar unda gaxdes maTi qonebis masobrivad dayadaRebisa da ukiduresad dabali fasiT gayidvis safuZveli. saWiroa yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, sawarmoTa finansuri mdgomareobis mizezebis da SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba da amis safuZvelze saboloo gadawyvetilebis miReba, saxelmwifo strategiuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sawarmoTa mier warmodgenil balansebze TandarTuli auditoruli daskvnebi xSirad arafrismTqmelia da balansSi asaxuli cifrebis dadasturebas warmoadgens. aSkarad Cans xolme, rom auditoruli kompaniebi moqceulia sawarmoTa kompaniebis zegavlenaSi da Tavisi daskvnebiT obieqturi informaciis miwodebas ki ara, sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelobis qmedebis kanonierebis dasabuTebas emsaxureba. amitom, auditoriuli kompaniebis SerCeva unda moxdes tenderebis meSveobiT ucxouri da qarTuli kompaniebis monawileobiT. amgvarad, saxelmwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnil sawarmoebSi marTvis efeqtianobis amaRlebisaTvis, aucilebelia rogorc instituciuri faqtorebis maqsimalurad gamoyeneba, aseve menejmentis xarisxis da piradi pasuxismgeblobis gazrda. kerZod, prioriteti unda mieniWos:

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sawarmoTa marTvis saagentos saqmianobis racionalizacias; saxelmwifo sawarmoebis igive samarTlebriv sivrceSi moqcevas, rogorSic kerZo sawarmoebi moqmedebs; sameTvalyureo sabWoebis qmediTunarianobis gaZlierebas; menejerebisa da direqtorebis kvalifikaciisa da pasuxismgeblobis amaRlebas. unda amaRldes sawarmoTa marTvis saagentos kontrolis xarisxi sawarmoTa finansur mdgomareobaze, angariSgebaze. vgulisxmobT ara marto finansuri angariSgebis regularulad wardgenas saagentoSi, aramed imasac, rom xSirad bevri sawarmos balansebi Sedgenilia arakvalificiurad, buRaltruli aRricxvis saer-TaSoriso standartebis darRveviT. unda davaCqaroT sawarmoTa restruqturizaciis, likvidaciis da SemdgomSi privatizebis procesebi. wamgebiani sawarmoebis privatizeba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes gakotrebis Semdeg aqtivebis saxiT an pirdapir movaxdinoT maTi privatizeba simbolur fasad, insvesticiebis Semdgomi ganxorcielebisa da profilis SenarCunebis mizniT, Tu es profili aucilebelia qveynisTvis. rac SeiZleba male unda ganTavisufldes saxelmwifo aRniSnuli sawarmoebisgan, vinaidan saxelmwifo biujetidan warmoudgenelia aseTi sawarmoebis dafinanseba, maTi investireba, radganac isini kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebia. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifom unda daitovos iseTi sawarmoebi, romelTac ama Tu im formiT socialuri daniSnuleba aqvs. The major problems of the management in the state owned factories S.Pavliashvili The article covers the main problems,tsendences and dynamics in the state managemant.It speaks about the characteristic drawbacks which hinder to defend and carry out the interests of the country as a partner.The article also shows a considerable improvement in the directions of a factory management process.According to the auther,the restruction of privatisation and liquidation of the non profitable factories should be carried out immediately.The article also underlines the importance of choosing the memebers of the watch board in the correct way.

menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

Tanamedrove menejmenti da qarTuli realoba

soso vardiSvili ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, profesori

biznes-menejmenti asrulebs kapitalis marTvis funqcias, qveynis simdidris Seqmnis procesis wammarTvelia, amave dros, TviT socialuri garemos gardamqmneli da ganmaviTarebelia. XX saukunis bolodan dasavleTSi intensiurad mimdinareobs menejmentis nacionaluri Taviseburebebis kvleva. ukanasknel wlebSi, dasavleTSi Camoyalibda axali kvleviTi da saswavlo disci plina `SedarebiTi menejmenti~ (Comporative Management), romelic swavlobs menejmentis funqciebis realizaciis specifikas sxvadasxva biznes - kulturaSi, mowinave Teoriuli koncefciebisa da praqtikuli gamocdilebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas nacionalur garemoSi. SedarebiTi konteqstiT ganixileba menejmentis sxvadasxva modeli, vlindeba `sxvisi~ da `sakuTari~ modelebis susti da Zlieri mxareebi. Sesabamisad ikveTeba srulyofis mimarTulebebi, msoflioSi arsebuli gamocdilebis transformirebis da gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi. f. teilori werda, rom mecnieruli marTvis xelovneba aris evolucia da ara gamogonebao. istoriuli movlenebis gamo, saqarTvelo praqtikulad CamoSorebuli aRmoCnda biznesis marTvis ganviTarebis evoluciur process, romelic dasavleTSi mimdinareobda XX saukuneSi. saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikis ganviTareba obieqturad moiTxovs menejmentis dasavluri Teoriisa da gamocdilebis SemoqmedebiT gaazrebas da amis safuZvelze biznesis marTvis sistemis Camoyalibebas, biznesis marTvis problemebisadmi Teoriuli da meTodologiuri poziciebis SemuSavebas. statiaSi ZiriTadad vexebiT biznesis menejments, amitom mokled ganvixilavT Tu ras warmoadgens dRes struqturulad qarTuli biznes-seqtori. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT, im sawarmoTa raodenoba, romlebic realurad funqcionirebs da iyenebs daqiravebul Sromas, daaxloebiT 33 aTasia.

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maTgan msxvili sawarmoa (100 kacze meti dasaqmebuli 1,5 mln larze meti wliuri brunva) 6%, saSualo (100 kacze naklebi dasaqmebuli da 1,5 mln larze naklebi wliuri brunva) _ 11%, mcire sawarmo (20 kacamde dasaqmebuli da 0,5 mln larze naklebi wliuri brunva) 83%. msxvil sawarmoebSi warmoebuli produqciis wili Seadgens daaxloebiT 85%-s, dasaqmebulTa wili 62%-s sawarmoTa mTlian raodenobaSi yvelaze didi wili ukavia vaWrobis, avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo nawarmis da piradi moxmarebis sagnebis remontis sawarmoebs - daaxloebiT 47%, gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobas - 12%, transportis da kavSirgabmulobis sawarmoebs - 6%, sastumroebs da restornebs - 4%, mSeneblobis sawarmoebs - 5%1 da a.S. specialistebs Soris ar arsebobs erTiani midgoma biznesmenejmentis wamyvani figuris, sazogadoebis yvelaze dinamikuri elementis2 menejeris Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin iTvleba menejerad, rogoria maTi Semadgenloba da struqtura. CvenTvis yvelaze misaRebia cnobili amerikeli mecnieris T. parsonsis Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviT TviToeul sawarmoSi marTvis funqciebs axorcielebs personali, romelic iyofa Semdeg kategoriebad3 : 1. menejerebi _ xelmZRvaneloben daqvemdebarebul muSakebs, iReben gadawyvetilebebs, pasuxs ageben resursebis gamoyenebaze; 2. funqcionaluri specialistebi _ marTvis sxvadasxva funqciaze daspecializebuli di plomirebuli muSakebi _ buRaltrebi, finansistebi, marketologebi, sociologebi, komersantebi da sxv; 3. infrastruqturuli personali _ axorcielebs menejerebis saqmianobis teqnikur, informaciul da sameurneo uzrunvelyofas; 4. institucionaluri personali _ eqspertebi da konsultantebi. menejerTa kategoriac erTferovani ar aris. Sesrulebuli funqciebis xasiaTisa da mniSvnelobis mixedviT, piter druqeri gamoyofs menejerTa sam kategorias: _ qveda donis menejerebi (supervisors), romelTa ZiriTadi funqciebia sawarmos muSebis da specialistebis saqmianobis kontroli informaciis uwyveti gadacema marTvis zemdgomi rgolisaTvis. ti puri Tanamdebobebia _ ostati, biuros ufrosi; _ saSualo rgolis menejerebi, romlebic axorcieleben sawarmos struqturuli qvedanayofis marTvas _ saamqros umfrosi, kadrebis, marketingis da sxva ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelebi;
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. specialuri gamokvleva - mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi, 2009 w. 2 . . I . . , 2002. 3 . . .,2002, . 91.
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

_ top-menejerebi _ kompaniis prezidenti, direqtorTa sabWos Tavmjdomare, aRmasrulebeli direqtori. moqmed sawarmoTa raodenobisa da mosaxleobis 2002 wlis aRweris monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi menejerTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 50-60 aTasi kacia. aqedan msxvil biznesSi dasaqmebulia 10 aTasamde, mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa 85% menejeri TviT mesakuTreebi, biznesis damfuZneblebi arian, e.i. Serwymulia kapitalis flobisa da marTvis, Sesabamisad, mewarmeebisa da menejeris funqciebi. am pirobebSi xelmZRvanelis saqmianoba gacilebiT rTuli da mravalferovania. mewarmeoba dakavSirebulia sakuTari kapitalis dabandebasTan, inovaciasTan, riskTan. menejerisa ki _ profesiul codnasTan, Tanamdebobrivi movaleobebis zustad SesrulebasTan, adamianebTan muSaobasTan. Sesabamisad gazrdilia menejeris Teoriuli da praqtikuli momzadebisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi. 2009 wels saqarTvelos statistikis erovnulma samsaxurma biznes - seqtorSi ganaxorciela sociologiuri kvleva1, romlis Sedegebis analizi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelebi ver floben samewarmeo da sagadasaxado samarTlis elementarul sakiTxebsac ki. xelmZRvanelTa mxolod 20% icnobs srulyofilad qveyanaSi moqmed sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobas, mxolod 22% sargeblobs kreditiT da auxloesi erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi biznesis gafarToebas ar apirebs 75%. menejerebi aramobilurni arian, ara aqvT ucxo kulturul garemosTan urTierTobis codna da gamocdileba. maTgan mxolod 2,3%-s aqvs uSualo urTierToba sagareo bazarTan. TviT Sps - is arsi Sps -s menejerebidan daaxloebiT 70%-ma swored ver ganmarta. menejerTa umetesi nawili mijaWvulia garkveul bizness, garkveul teqnologias, ris gamoc sxva biznesis an ufro Tanamedrove teqnologiur pirobebSi biznesis marTva ar SeuZliaT, xolo maTgan mxolod 5%-mde miiCnevs, rom maT mier gamoyenebuli teqnologiebi Seesabameba saerTaSoriso standartebs. saqarTvelos biznesSi menejerTa didi nawili diletantia, ar gaaCniaT menejmentis specialuri codna, ar icnoben finansebis, marketingis, xarisxis marTvis Tanamedrove instrumentebs. bazarze winmswreb moqmedebebs ki ar axdenen, aramed, mxolod reagireben bazris gamowvevebze. Seqmnil situacias arTulebs isic, rom sawarmoTa didi nawili mcire da saSualo bizness miekuTvneba. zustad 1 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. specialuri gamokvleva - mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi, 2009 w.

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aseTi sawarmoebebia yvelaze maRali riskis Semcveli. menejmentis cnobili specialistebi miuTiTeben, rom efeqtiani menejmenti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania SedarebiT mcire sawarmoSi, vidre msxvilSi. mcire sawarmoSi menejers koleqtivis wevrebTan aqvs pirdapiri da uSualo kavSiri, misi avtoriteti damokidebulia mis profesionalizmze, piradad is, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi erT-or muSakTan erTad marTavs finansebs, marketings, momaragebas. is kargad unda erkvevodes sagadasaxado da samewarmeo kanonmdeblobaSi, normaluri SromiTi atmosfero unda Seqmnas da Camoayalibos efeqtian muSakTa jgufi. menejerTa saerTo korpusis mxolod 10-12%-ia specialuri ganaTlebis mqone profesionali menejeri, romlebmac momzadeba gaiares rogorc dasavleTis, aseve saqarTvelos universitetebsa da biznes-skolebSi. menejerTa es jgufi dasaqmebulia ZiriTadad msxvil biznes-struqturebSi. darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli ekonomikis inovaciuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani problemaa maRalkvalificiuri menejerebis deficiti, romelTac unari eqnebaT axal ideebze da proeqtebze aagon mdgradi biznesi. biznesze arsebiTi gavlena ar mouxdenia im faqts, rom menejeruli kadrebis momzadeba saqarTveloSi, TiTqmis 20 weliwadia mimdinareobs. Cveni azriT, Seqmnili mdgomareoba gamowveulia imiT, rom saqarTveloSi ar aris Camoyalibebuli `menejerTa kapitalizmi~. profesiul menejerebze naklebi moTxovnaa, radgan mesakuTreebis didma nawilma ise ver gaafarTova Tavisi biznesi, rom menejerebi daiqiravos. amasTan, saqarTvelos universitetebis did nawilSi am mxriv swavlebis dabali donea, xolo SedarebiT mcire nawilSi, romelTac pretenzia aqvT, rom dasavleTis universitetebis adekvatur ganaTlebas aZleven, swavleba xdeba dasavluri programebiT da popularuli saxelmZRvaneloebiT yovelgvari adaptirebis gareSe. konkretuli biznes-situaciebic ganviTarebuli qveynebis wamyvani kompaniebis praqtikidanaa aRebuli, radgan TviT leqtorebis Zalian mcire nawils aqvs menejeris an biznesis praqtika, studentebs ki faqtobrivad ar gaaCniad empiriuli gamocdileba, romelic aucilebelia Teoriis Segnebulad gaazrebisa da menejeris Cvevebis SesaZenad. Sedegad amisa, saqarTveloSi menejeruli kadrebis Teoriuli momzadeba da praqtikuli garemo erTmaneTisagan mowyvetilia. aseTi ganaTlebis mqone menejmentis Tanamedrove Teoriis koncefciebis da instrumentebis mcodne, kursdamTavrebulsac ki, Sei-

menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

Zleba didi dro dasWirdes saqarTvelos biznesis realur garemoSi garkvevisaTvis. cxadia, mejerebis momzadebaSi da praqtikul saqmianobaSi farTod unda iqnes gamoyenebuli menejmentis mecnierebis msoflio miRwevebi, magram es ar gulisxmobs brma kopirebas, misi koncefciebi da modulebi ganxiluli da adaptirebuli unda iqnes saqarTvelos sinamdvilesTan, radgan, rogorc m. veberi werda, dasavluri ti pis kapitalizmi SesaZlebelia mxolod dasavlur civilizaciaSi. menejmentis dasavluri Teoriebic mravalferovania, romlebic mkveTrad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan da maTSi asaxulia Sesabamis sazogadoebaSi ekonomikis funqcionirebis pirobebi, damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi, sazogadoebis mentaloba, saqmiani kultura da a.S. menejerTa mcire nawils ganaTleba dasavleTis biznes-skolebSi aqvs miRebuli, rac xels uwyobs profesiuli da adamianuri Tvalsawieris gafarToebas, saqmiani kontaqtebis damyarebas. magram, dasavleTis biznes-skolebSi ganaTlebis miRebisas studenti mowyvetilia Tavisi qveynis sinamdviles, misi codna fokusirebulia sruliad gansxvavebuli qveynis ekonomikur problemebze.. zogjer did energias axmaren iseTi sagnebis swavlas, romelic samSobloSi ar gamoadgebaT. magaliTad, pensilvaniis universitetis uortonis (Wharton) biznes-skolis qarTveli kursdamTavrebuli, romelic ori welia, rac dabrunda TbilisSi, aRniSnavs, rom is kmayofilia, rom iswavla strategiuli menejmentis da marketingis zogadi Teoria, finansuri modelireba, magram didi dro da energia daxarja biznes-samarTlis Seswavlaze, rac mas aq ar gamoadga. saerTod, bolo periodSi, dasavleTSic didi davaa biznes ganaTlebis, gansakuTrebiT praqtikasTan misi kavSiris problemebis Sesaxeb. ganviTarebuli krizisis fonze, aseve mwvave kritikis obieqti gaxda menejerTa ganaTlebis mwvervalad miCneuli MBA-s programa, romlis Sinaarsi TiTqmis standartizebulia dasavleTis biznes - skolebSi. MBA-s arsebuli sistemis mkveTri mowinaaRmdegea menejmentis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili specialisti, profesori henri mincbergi (Henry Mintzrberg). man gamoaqveyna naSromi saTauriT `gvWirdeba menejerebi da ara MBA-s kursdamTavrebulebi~ (Managers not MBAs), sadac amtkicebs, rom biznes-skolebis kursdamTavrebulni potenciur saSiSroebas warmoadgenen TviT biznesisaTvis, radgan maT marTvis Teoria aswavles jer kide maSin, sanam isini praqtikul gamocdilebas SeiZendnen. mxolod

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gamocdilebiT aris SesaZlebeli Secnobil iqnes marTvis procesis mravali niuansi. Hh. mincbergis cnobili postulatia _ `ar arsebobs auditoria, sadac SeiZleba menejeris Seqmna~. praqtikasTan kavSiris naklebobaze miuTiTebs oqsfordis universitetis biznesskolis (Said Business school) dekani entoni hopvudi (Anthony Hopwood), niu-iorkis universitetis biznes_skolis dekani g. uaiti (G.Whyte). sTanfordis universitetis biznes-skolis cnobilma profesorma jefri pfeferma (Jeffrey Pfeffer) gamoikvlia MBA-s xarisxis mqone da am xarisxis ar mqone menejerTa miRwevebi da daaskvna, rom MBA-s programis swavlas azri ara aqvs, radgan is warmatebis xelisSemwyobi ar aris. londonis biznes_skolis profesori sumatra goSali (Sumatra Ghoshal) wers, rom ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi menejmentis araefeqtiani meTodebisa da koncefciebis umetesoba damuSavebeli iyo msoflios cnobili biznes-skolebis profesorebis mier. biznes-skolebi studentebs ar uyalibeben moralur pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas, ris gamoc MBA -s di plomis mqone top-menejerebi xSirad finansur afiorebSi arian gareuli. oqsfordis universitetis dekani profesori entoni hopvudi (Antony Hopwood) akritikebs MBA-s programebs, da specialuri gamokvlevebis safuZvelze askvnis, rom kompaniebSi rac ufro meti menejeria MBA-s di plomiT, miT ufro metia darRvevebi.1 igi xazs usvams, praqtikasTan kavSiris naklebobaze, Tumca, miuTiTebs, rom dasavlur biznes-skolebs aqvT wamyvan kompaniebTan mWidro kavSiris awyobili sistema, kompaniebs warmomadgenlebi hyavs biznes-skolebSi da mzad arian leqtorebisa da studentebis perspeqtiuli ideebi dauyonebliv daafinanson; didi praqtikuli gamocdilebis mqone leqtorebi paralelurad muSaoben cnobili kompaniebis konsultantebad; biznes-skolebi sistematurad eZeben saintereso biznesgamocdilebas swavlis procesSi gamoyenebisaTvis. magram, rogorc Cans, yovelive es sakmarisi araa praqtikuli codnis gaRrmavebisaTvis. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos universitetebs, maTi praqtikasTan kavSiri amoiwureba imiT, rom TviTon studentebma unda moZebnon kompaniebi, sadac praqtikas gaivlian da rogorc wesi, isic formalur xasiaTs atarebs. oficialuri statistika ar arsebobs, magram Cveni monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi sazRvargareTeli kompaniebis warmomadgenlebad an adgilobriv msxvil kompaniebSi dasaqmebulia 1500-mde eqs1

menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

pati (expat inglisuri sityvidan expatriate _ menejeri, romelic specialurad aris mowveuli sxva qveynidan). saerTod, eqspatebs aqvT specialuri ganaTleba, floben menejmentis mowinave Teorias da praqtikas, biznesis gaZRolis meTodologias, calkeul situaciaSi ar sWirdebaT `velosi pedis gamogoneba~, isini civiluri bizneskulturis matareblebi arian. maTi yvelaze Zlieri mxareebia proeqtmenejmenti, strategiuli menejmenti, dargis ganviTarebis tendenciebis Rrma codna. uaryofiTia is, rom maTi momsaxureba mniSvnelovan xarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli. maRal xelfasTan erTad unazRaurdebaT binis, avtomibilis, Tavis qveyanaSi gamgzavrebis da sxva xarjebi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom arc Tu iSviaTad, am specialistebis momzadebis done imdenad dabalia, rom maTze moTxovna TviT maT mSobliur qveyanaSi ar aris. mTavari mainc is aris, rom akliaT saqarTvelos biznesis specifikis codna, anu ama Tu im problemasadmi realuri midgomis codna. biznesis kvlevis saerTaSoriso kompaniis (romelsac 90 qveyanaSi 9000 meti klienti emsaxureba) generaluri menejeri a. nilseni (A. Nielsen) wers: `ar arsebobs globaluri myidveli, TviToeuli qveyana da TviToeul qveyanaSi myidveli avlens gansxvavebul qcevas da gansxvavebul damokidebulebas fulis xarjvisadmi.~1 magaliTad, kompania `silqnetis~ (yofili `gaerTianebuli telekomi~) menejmentma, strategiad daisaxa usadeno satelefono kavSiris gavrceleba. SeZenil iqna 150 aTas abonentze gaTvaliswinebuli ZviradRirebuli teqnikuri saSualebebi. magram, tarifis dadgenisas ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli mosaxleobis cxovrebis dabali done, ar iqna SeTavazebuli SeRavaTiani gadaxdis sistema, riTac kargad isargebla konkurentma kompaniam, romelmac dagvianebiT, magram ufro SeRavaTiani tarifiT SesTavaza mosaxleobas igive momsaxureba. Sedegad amisa `silqneti~ momsaxurebiT sargeblobs mxolod 20-22 aTasi abonenti, umoqmdoTdaa didZali teqnika, araefeqtiani aRmoCnda gaweuli investiciebi. realoba gviCvenebs, rom eqspatebi saqarTvelos, sul sxva specifikiT arian dainteresebulni, razec miuTiTebs internetSi ganTavsebuli maTi monaTxrobebi, magaliTad, yazaxi qali - eqspati wers: `TbilisSi oqros birJaze SeZenili briliantis beWedSi gadavixade 430 dolari, romlis fasic CvenTan, sul mcire 800 dolaria~. avstrieli eqspati ki siamovnebiT ixsenebs, rom `megobar gogonas TveSi 500 evros vaZlevdi da is Zalian kmayofili iyo, CvenTan venaSi ki 500 evro qalis erTi RamiT gamoZaxeba Rirs~.2 eqspatebTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTveloSic SeiniSneba erTi
1 2

www.evidence-based/management.com.

I . ., 2002. www.continent.kz/2008/18.8htm.

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movlena, romlis Sesaxebac wers menejmentis cnobili specialisti s. CoudCari (S. Chowdhury): globalizaciam Seqmna inglisurenovan biznesmenTa elita, romlebic qveynebsa da nacionalur bazrebze maRla dadga da saWirod ar miiCnevs maT TaviseburebaTa Secnobas.1 saqarTvelos msxvil biznesSi Semosuli ucxouri kompaniebis filosofia da interesebi, zogjer, ewinaaRmdegeba Cveni mosaxleobis keTildReobis interesebs, ufro metic, xdeba maTi abuCad agdeba da Seuracxyofa. aseTi damokidebulebis magaliTi bevria: `energoprojorjias~ mier SemoRebuli komunaluri mricxvelebi, zestafonis feroSenadnobsa da kaspis cementis qarxnebSi Sesuli kompaniebis menejerTa udieri damokidebuleba garemosadmi, `yaztransgazTbilisi~-is TanamSromlebTan ori kviris xangrZlivobiT dadebuli SromiTi xelSekruleba da a.S. dasavleTis wamyvan universitetebSi iqmneba mkvlevar-mecnierTa jgufebi, romlebic qveynis kulturul-instituciuri Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare gansazRvraven menejerTa Teoriuli da praqtikuli momzadebis prioritetebs da Taviseburebebs. SedarebiTi menejmentis meTodologiis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamoiyos saqarTveloSi menejerTa momzadebis da praqtikuli saqmianobis specifikis ramdenime mniSvnelovani aspeqti: _ menejmentis dasavluri skolebi orientirebulia ufro praqtikuli Cvevebis Camoyalibebaze, vidre Teoriul codnaze. menejers unari unda Seswevdes arastandartuli, swarfad cvalebadi situaciebi gaaanalizos da swrafad miiRos gadawyvetileba. CvenTan ki, menejerebis ganaTleba ZiriTadad agebulia Teoriul codnaze, praqtika meore planze dgas. apriori igulisxmeba, rom Teoriulad momzadebuli menejeri nebismier situaciaSi i povis swor gamosavals; _ teqnikur codnasTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba eniWeba menjeris unars - marTos adamianebi da resursebi. maSinac ki, Tu is xelmZRvanelobs teqnikur an sawarmoo qvedanayofs, iTvleba, rom menejers piradi avtoritetis Selaxvis gareSe SeuZlia teqnikur sakiTxebze konsultaciebis da daxmarebebis miReba. mis magier sxva ver miiRebs aseT gadawyvetilebas; _ menejeris erT-erT mniSvnelovan Tvisebad iTvleba prezentaciis unari. mis ganviTarebas didi yuradReba eqceva aramarto biznes-skolebSi, aramed kompaniebSic. rogorc wesi, mniSvneloba ara aqvs risi prezentireba xdeba _ qvedanayofis miRwevebis, biujetis, axali saqonlis Tu sakuTari miRwevebis. auditoriasTan urT1

menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

ierTobis unari ufro fasobs, vidre molaparakebebis warmarTvis unari.; _ dasavlur kompaniebSi didi moTxovnaa praqtikos admianebze, romelTac didi ambiciebi aqvT. samsaxurSi miRebisas, rogorc wesi, usvamen SekiTxvas: rogor xedavT Tqvens momavals 3-5 wlis Semdeg _ kargi momavlis rwmena proaqtiuri poziciis niSnad aris miCneuli. dasavlur kompaniebSi adamianis ambiciurobas aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli dadebiTi Sinaarsi. CvenTan ki xSirad ismis _ `merwmuneT, me ambiciuri ara var~. ambiciis qona miCneulia uaryofiT Tvisebad, yoyloCinobad, mokled aqvs mkveTrad uaryofiTi Sefaseba. gansxvavebulia xelmZRvanelsa da mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof pirebs Soris damokidebuleba. dasavlur kompaniebSi yovelnairad xazi esmeba maT partniorul urTierTobas da siaxloves. xelmZRvanels SeiZleba ar qondes calke kabineti da saqmianobdes daqvemdebarebul pirebis Tvalwin, isargeblon erTi manqaniT, erTi sasadiloTi da a.S. zogierTi kompania Tavis struqturas sqematurad gamosaxavs gadmotrialebuli piramidis saxiT. ucxouri kompaniebi did yuradRebas uTmoben gundurobas, koleqtivSi muSaobis unaris ganviTarebas, imas, rasac dasavleTSi `Team building~-s an `Team spirit~-s uwodeben. tardeba koleqtiuri TamaSebi, erToblivi saRamoebi, RonisZiebebi. dasavlur kompaniebSi yvela TanamSromlisaTvis naTelia, rom maTi Sroma fasdeba saboloo SedegiT. Sedegis misaRwevad ki yvela iCens Seupovrobas da qreaTiulobas. CvenTan ki, sayovelTaod gavrcelebulia absurduli warmodgena, rom saqmianoba fasdeba ara saboloo SedegiT, aramed intensiuri SromiT. menejerisaTvis davalebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb angariSis wardgenisas, xelqveiTebi yuradRebas amaxvileben TviT Sesrulebis procesSi warmoSobil problemebze, maTi gadalaxvis mcdelobaze da miuxedavad imisa, rom saboloo Sedegs ver miaRwies, Tvlian, rom kargad imuSaves, radgan Zalian daiRalnen, e.i. maTTvis saqmianobis Sedegianobis Semfasebeli kriteriumi aris daRliloba. vimeorebT, rom es ganwyoba farTodaa gavrcelebuli, rasac mosdevs moCvenebiToba da cru facifuci. dasavleTis demokratiis pirobebSi cxovrebis Sedegad sazogadoebis wevrs miaCnia, rom is irCevs da inaxavs mTavrobas, Cinovnikebi sazogadoebis mier arian daqiravebulebi da valdebuli arian izrunon maT keTildReobaze. amitom, mas sruliad misaRebad da Rirseulad miaCnia sazogadoebaSi mis mier SemCneul

I . ., 2002.

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naklovanebebze miawodos informacia Sesabamis organoebs, es cudadac rom exebodes nacnobs, mezobels da a.S. kompaniebSi muSaki Tavs grZnobs saerTo saqmis monawiled, partniorad da mzad aris menejers miawodos informacia arsebul naklovanebebze, TanamSromlis mier daSvebul Secdomebze. Cven sazogadoebaSi ki aseTi qceva miCneulia `CaSvebad~, ufro metic, aqtiuroba da iniciativa SeiZleba CaiTvalos cud `tonad~, ufosisadmi Tavis mowonebis mcdelobad. amitom, menejerisTvis xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCes koleqtivis romelime wevris kompaniisaTvis zianis momtani qceva. an kidev - calkeul muSaks SeiZleba gaaCndes efeqtianobis amaRlebis realuri winadadeba, magram araferi gaakeTos mis praqtikul realizaciaze; _ dasavleTSi Seicvala menejerTa warmodgenebi biznesis gaZRolis formebis da meTodebis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove menejmentis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba maxvildeba operaciul procesebze. menejerebs Soris formirebulia azri, rom efeqtianobis amaRlebis mTavari rezervia biznes- procesebis optimizacia. procesuli midgoma saSualebas iZleva amaRldes kompaniis moqniloba, princi pulad gaumjobesdes produqciis da momsaxurebis xarisxi. procesuli midgomis danergva ki moiTxovs specialuri instrumentaris gamoyenebas, romliTac moxdeba biznesprocesebis aRwera da analizi. magram, saqarTvelos kompaniebSi procesebis dokumentireba ar xdeba, werilobiT ar aris dafiqsirebuli calkeuli qvedanayofis funqciebi, Sedegebis Sefasebis maCveneblebi, sxva qvedanayofebTan urTierTobis xerxebi. e.i. qarTuli menejmentisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia `maxsovrobiTi marTva~. rodesac Tanamdebobaze modis axali menejeri, zepir instruqcias Rebulobs zemdgomi Tanamdebobis pirisagan, Semdeg daqvemdebarebaSi myofi muSakebisagan da qvedanayofs marTvas iwyebs ise, rogorc miiCnevs saWirod. procesebis da maTi Sesrulebis dokumentirebis ararsebobis gamo, ver xdeba biznes-procesebis optimizacia, SeuZlebelia funqciebis delegireba, radgan ver fiqsirdeba delegirebiT miniWebuli uflebebisa da movaleobebis sazRvrebi. TanamSromeli, vinc flobs zepir informacias Sesasrulebeli procesebis Sesaxeb, xdeba Seucvleli, radgan misi wasvlis SemTxvevaSi kompaniaSi ikargeba es informacia da xSirad am informaciis mflobeli xdeba konkurenti firma (Tu es piri iq dasaqmda). Camoyalibebuli Taviseburebebis, marTvis kulturisa da konkurenciis pirobebis TiTqmis ar arsebobis gamo SeuZlebelia saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi realurad danergili da efeqtis mo-

menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

mtani iyos Tanamedrove menejmentis iseTi cnobili koncefciebi,. romlebic dasavleTis kompaniebSi farTod gamoiyeneba da saqarTvelos universitetebSi intensiurad iswavleba, rogoricaa: a) m. porteris koncepcia SCM (Supply Chain Managmenet), romelic miwodebis jaWvis operaciebis dagegmvis, danergvis marTvis procesebze orientirebuli strategiaa. saqarTvelos kompaniebis praqtikaSi SCM-is gamoyeneba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, radgan kompaniebs Soris ndobis dabali donea, sabaJo kanonmdebloba da sabaJo struqturebis muSaobis xasiaTi, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebels xdis miwodebis efeqtian organizacias; b)saqarTvelos kompaniebSi ormagi buRalteriis, iZulebiTi `qvelmoqmedebis~ da sxva gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebis arseboba gamouyenebels xdis nortonisa da kaplanis BBSC (Balansed scorecard) koncefcias, romelic dasavleTSi efeqtian instrumentad aris aRiarebuli da gulisxmobs resursebis ganawilebas strategiis Sesabamisad; g) Toyota-s sawarmo sistemis (Toyota Production System), JIT (just in Time) , kanbanis sistemebis, agreTve xarisxis marTvis Tanamedrove teqnologiebis (ISO-9000, TQM, `eqvsi sigma~) praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis, aucilebelia, Sesabamisi garemos arseboba, kerZod, saimedo partniorebis SerCevis SesaZlebloba, e.i. konkurentuli garemo, ganviTarebuli sabazro urTierToba, kompaniebs Soris ndobis maRali done, kompaniebSi dasaqmebulTa aqtiuroba da SemoqmedebiTi damokidebuleba da rac mTavaria, marTvis procesuli midgoma, romelic biznes-procesebis optimizaciis saSualebas iZleva. saqarTvelos kompaniebSi marTvis stili TiTqmis yovelTvis mkacri da avtoritarulia, maSin roca dasavleTSi menejmentis ganviTarebis strategiuli perspeqtivaa - ufro rbili da moqnili da SinaarsiT ufro efeqtiani formebisken moZraoba. rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos universitetebSi momaval menejerebs aswavlian msoflios wamyvani biznes-skolebis profesorTa Sexedulebebs, koncefciebs, sistemebs, meTodebs, ganixilaven dasavluri kompaniebis magaliTze agebul qeisebs, magram es xdeba qarTul biznesSi mimdinare procesebisgan mowyvetilad. qarTuli sinamdvile, sadac saboloo angariSiT, unda dasaqmdes momavali menejeri, Seucnobel, virtualur samyarod rCeba. imisaTvis, rom saqmianobis dawyebisTanave, menejers Camoyalibebuli pozicia qondes, Tavidanve auRos alRo, ar moixiblos, ar Seeguos `gruzinuli menejmentis~ (qarTul praqtikos menejerTa

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soso vardiSvili
Soris gavrcelebuli terminia, romelic asaxavs qarTul-rusuli menejmentis da mentalitetis nazavs) mravalferovan kombinacias, universitetebSi Teoriuli ganaTleba unda ganxorcieldes realuri konteqstiT, qeisebis ideebi gadatanil unda iqnes realur praqtikaSi, ganxiluli da gaanalizebul unda iqnes ara marto dadebiTi praqtika, is uaryofiTic, rac ase mravladaa qarTuli menejmentis realobaSi da rac aucileblad unda gamoswordes, raTa warmatebuli da efeqtiani gaxdes menejmenti. saboloo angariSiT dagrovdeba Tanamedrove menejerTa is `kritikuli masa~, romelic Secvlis saerTo situacias menejmentSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, studentebis mier Seswavlili menejmentis dasavluri Teoriebi, koncefciebi, sistemebi ise moZveldeba da Seicvleba axliT, rom saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi maTi arc Zvelis da arc axlis gamoyenebis mzadyofna da SesaZlebloba ar iqneba. miTumetes, TviT dasavleTSi, specialistebs Soris Camoyalibebulia azri, rom im menejmentma, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara XX saukunis dasawyisSi, miaRwia ganviTarebis zRvars da saWiroa misi axladSeqmna sruliad axal princi pebsa da koncefciebze.

menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

biznesis dafinansebis apeqtebi dinamikuri WriliT

SoTa SaburiSvili, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu asocirebuli profesori

Tanamedrove biznesSi miRebulia kopmaniis zrdisa da ganviTarebis procesis dayofa etapebad. ganviTarebis stadiebis gamoyofisas gadamwyvets riskis done da misi xasiaTi warmoadgens. magaliTad, moiazreba, rom Tesvis stadiis dasruleba xsnis axal teqnologiasTan, saqonelsa an momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebul risks. sTarT-af (Start up) stadiis dasruleba ki uzrunvelyofs princi puli arakomerciulobis (saqonlis bazarze gasvlis SeuZlebloba) riskis moxsnas (ix. cxrili 1). biznesis ganviTarebis etapebis klasifikacia qveynebisa da konkretuli investorebis mixedviTac ki gansxvavebulia. zogjer erT kategoriaSi aerTianeben Tesvisa da sTarT-af proeqtebs, an piriqiT damatebiT gamoyofen ideis Tavdapirveli damuSavebis stadias (Pre-Seed). aRniSnulis miuxedavad, proeqtis ganviTarebis etapebis gamoyofa did mniSvnelobas iZens Tanamedrove biznesSi. mas aqvs mkafio praqtikuli datvirTva, radgan sxvadasxva etapze proeqti gansxvavebuli wyarodan finansdeba. am movlenas sainvesticio jaWvi~ ewodeba (ix. nax. 1).

Modern Management and Georgian Reality S. Vardishvili The article is dedicated to peculiarities of Georgian Management, modern theoretical conceptions and practical experience use ability in the management functions realization of Georgian socio-cultural surroundings. In the article on the ground of statistical data and sociological researches was made a decision that most part of managers is dilettante, only 10-12% are managers with special professional education. In Georgia, training of managers takes place for nearly 20 years, but at the universities education is lead by western programs and text-books all without adaptation, they discuss the cases made by examples of western companies. Few lectors have managerial or business practice. As a result, theoretical training of managerial stuff and practical surroundings are separated from each other, Georgian reality where the future manager has to be employed by the final account stays a virtual reality. The graduates need long time to get acquainted with real Georgian business surroundings. It is obvious that in preparing of managers and practical activities there has to be widely used the world achievements of science, but it cannot be blindly copied without adaptation with Georgian reality.

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sawarmos ganviTarebis stadiebi1 cxrili 1

dasaxeleba inglisuri Seed sawyisi, Tesva 1000000 dolaramde qarTuli saWiro investiciebis moculoba Mmokle aRwera sawarmos formireba, proeqtisa da biznes-ideis arseboba, mmarTveli gundis Seqmna da marketinguli kvlevebis Catareba.

SoTa SaburiSvili

Start up

sTarT-af

1000000-dan 5 000000 dolaramde

sawarmo funcionirebs, arsebobs biznes-gegma, sacdeli nimuSebi, mimdinareobs seriuli warmoebis organizeba, tardeba samuSaoebi produqtis bazarze gasatanad. mimdinareobs mza produqciis gamoSveba da komerciuli realizacia. sawarmos jer ar gaaCnia myari mogeba. am stadiaze xdeba uzaralobis wertilis miRweva.

150
Early stage, Early growth adreuli zrda 5000000-dan 10000000 dolaramde Axspantion gafarToeba Later stage
1

sawarmo ikavebs myar pozicias bazarze, iRebs 10000000 stabilur mogebas, farTovdeba warmoeba da dolarze meti realizacia, izrdeba ZiriTadi fondebi.

mtkice poziciebia sxvadasxva miznobriv bazarze, gviani stadia, damokidebulia mdgradia mogeba da dividendebis gadaxda. mdgradi sawarmos yovelwliuri zrdis tempi mcirea, sawarmos aqciebi ganviTareba saWiroebebze ukve iyideba safondo birJaze.

., ., -, ., , 2008, c 67.

mogeba

1 2

zarali

3 4

1 _ Tesvis stadia; 2 _ sTarT-afi; 3 _ adreuli zrda; 4 _ gafarToeba; 5 _ mdgradi ganviTareba. sawarmos finansuri Cavardna, romelic gamosaxulia naxaz 1-ze, gamocdili kerZo investorebis wreSi `sikvdilis velis~ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. misi piki sTarTafidan adreuli zrdis fazisaken gardamaval etapze mdebareobs. es dakavSirebulia warmoebis moculobis zrdasTan, rodesac firma cdilobs mzard sabazro moTxovnas Sesabamisi miwodebiT upasuxos. amisaTvis, bunebrivia, saWiroa damatebiTi dafinanseba, raTa daifaros gasawevi xarjebi mowyobilobebze, nedleulze, masalebze, samuSao Zalaze, energiaze da a.S. aranakleb rTulia Tesvis stadiac, rodesac proeqti mxolod ideis an inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis paketis donezea, xolo sawarmo jer isev formirebis stadiazea. rogorc wesi, am etapze mkveTrad ar aris gamokveTili biznesis modeli, ZiriTadi gundis Semadgenloba, mizno-

K. , . ., , 2008, c. 53.

sawarmos finansuri mdgomareoba dinamikaSi1

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5 T

nax. 1.

SoTa SaburiSvili
brivi bazari da misi aTvisebis strategia, xolo finansuri maCveneblebi ki sawarmos damfuZneblebis optimisturi varaudebi ufroa, vidre obieqtur gaTvlebze dafuZnebuli prognozebi. Tumca, sikvdilis velis~ fazisagan gansxvavebiT, saWiro finansebis moculoba arc ise didia. amis saWiroeba gaCndeba mogvianebiT, rodesac saqoneli warmatebiT gaivlis sabazro gamocdas, warmoebis teqnologiisa da xarisxis mixedviT SeiZens saboloo, standartul formas da daiwyeba misi masobrivi warmoeba. firmis Rirebuleba arawrfiv damokidebulebaSi imyofeba misi ganviTarebis etapebTan, rac, bunebrivia, TviT sawarmos Taviseburebebidan da misi ganviTarebis stadiebis gansxvavebuli, rTuli bunebidan gamomdinareobs. biznesis warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, mkveTri zrda `gasvlamde~ bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi miiRweva. am movlenis amsaxvel grafiks, investorebis JargoniT, `xokeis joxs~ uwodeben (nax. 2.). sawarmos kapitalizaciis zrda misi ganviTarebis stadiasTan mimarTebiT (`xokeis joxi~) 1 nax. 2.
Tesva sTarT-afi adreuli zrda gafarToeba mdgradi ganviTareba asobiT mln dolari

menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

is doniTa da saWiro finansebis moculobiT gansxvavdeba. amasTan, TiToeul etapze dafinansebis sxvadasxva wyaroa prioritetuli (cxrili 2). dafinansebis wyaro sawarmos ganviTarebis fazis mixedviT (mdgradi ganviTarebis miRwevamde) cxrili 2
ganviT ar ebis st a d ia T esva d af inansebis wyar o

biz nes angel o z ebi, 3F 1 saT esl e f o nd ebi, sa xel mwif o f o nd ebi venCur u l i f o nd ebi ba nkebi, sainvest ic io f o nd ebi, saf o nd o ba z ar z e gasvl a

sT ar T -af i a d r eul i zrda da gaf ar T oeba

aTobiT mln dolari

mln dolari

aTobiT da asobiT aTasi dolari

amgvarad, sawarmos dafinansebis erTiani procesi SeiZleba davyoT fazebad, romlebic erTmaneTisagan risk1

. , . . -, ., , 2008, .24.

1 3F _ friends, family, founders (fools) (megobrebi, ojaxi, damfuZneblebi (gulubryviloebi).

Cevn mier gansaxilveli sakiTxis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gavmijnoT Tesvis da sTarT-af stadiebi. sTarT-afi _ ukve arsebuli sawarmoa, romelic saqmianobas anviTarebs maSin, rodesac Tesvis proeqti Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi myofi biznesia. am ori stadiis ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi mocemulia cxrilSi (ix. cxrili 3). saWiroa kargad gaviazroT, rom Tesvis da sTarT-af stadiaze riskebs gansxvavebuli buneba gaaCnia. Tu pirvelisaTvis ZiriTadi riski dakavSirebulia proeqtis perspeqtivis gaurkvevlobasTan, meore SemTxvevaSi esaa sabrunavi saSualebebis ukmarisobasa da warmoebis gafarToebis xarjebTan dakavSirebuli riski. amitomac, sTarT-afSi dabandebuli kapitali mniSvnelovnad aRemateba Tesvis stadiis sawarmoSi ganxorcielebul investiciebs.

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SoTa SaburiSvili
cxrili 3
sTarT-afi eqvemdebareba arsebiTi sizustiT prognozirebas Fformirebulia arsebobs Camoyalibebuli biznesgegma Fformirebulia SeuZliaT damoukideblad gadaWran problemebi bazari Seswavlilia, gansazRvrulia miznobrivi segmenti, mimdinareobs marketinguli strategiis SemuSaveba arasrulyofili saxe gaaCnia, pirveladi paketi Camoyalibebuli xSird ar aris daregistrirebuli da registrirebulia xdeba sacdeli warmoebis awyoba sacdeli warmoeba awyobilia, mimdinareobs masobriv warmoebaze gadasvla mln dolaramde 1-dan 5 mln dolaramde sawarmos registraciis xarjebi, TanamSromlebis Statis gazrda, gundis wevrebis xelfasi, Senobis masobriv warmoebaze gadasvlis arenda, inteleqtualuri samuSaoebi, marketinguli sakuTrebis gaformeba, kvlevebi, nedleulis da masalebis Sesyidva, reklama, sawarmos imijis bazris Seswavlis da saqonlis formireba, sabrunavi saSualebebi winsvlis samuSaoebi araformaluri piradi Sexvedrebi formaluri Sexvedrebi dadgenili grafikiT

menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

gansxvaveba sawarmoTa miznebSi, ganapirobebs arsebiT gansxvavebas maTi marTvis stilSi. starT-afis dros mimdinare da strategiuli amocanebis Sesrulebis safuZvels biznesgegma warmoadgens, romelic gadaxedvas iSviaTad eqvemdebareba. sawarmoSi Tesvis stadiis strategia da mmarTvelobiTi procedurebi formirebis procesSia, biznesi ki zogadi WriliT gansazRvruli da xSirad koreqtirebadi miznebis pirobebSi xorcieldeba. swored amitom, strategiis formireba Tesvis stadiis sawarmos erT-erTi urTulesi amocanaa, romelic proeqtis monawileebisagan didi droisa da energiis xarjvas iTxovs. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom Tesvisa da sTarT-af satadiis sawarmoebs bevri saerTo niSanic gaaCnia, rac maT anaTesavebs da mniSvnelovnad ganasxvavebs ganviTarebis ufro gvian stadiaze myofi sawarmoebisagan. Tesvis stadiaze myofi proeqti da sTarT-afi _ esaa martivi marTvis struqtura, araformaluri urTierTobebi sawarmos koleqtivSi, mdgradi mogebis uqonloba, axal bazrebze muSaoba, msxvili da likviduri aqtivebis arqona. amitom, adreuli stadiis sawarmoebze msjelobisas xSirad orives (Tesva da sTarT-afi) erTad moiazreben. Business Funding Aspects in Dynamics Sh. Shaburishvili Business development and growth process are divided into stages. Risk level and its feature has paramount role in the moment of picking out firm development stages. Diversifing of the project develompent stages are gaining great significance in the contemporary business. It has distinct practical meaning as the project is financing from the various sources. This phenomenon is called as an Investment chain. Firm value has no rectilinear dependence with its development stages, which is caused because of particular feature of the firm and different and complicated nature of its development stages. As usual, in case of business success, firm achives superior growth during several last years. According to the Investors slang the diagram that describes above mentioned phenomenon is called Hockey Stick.

Tesvis da sTarT-af stadiis Sedareba

Tesva prognozirebas TiTqmis ar eqvemdebareba formirebis procesSia arsebobs biznesis zogadi xedva da gegmis calkeuli elementi formirdeba mwiri, saWiroeben investoris daxmarebas mimdinareobs Seswavla, arsebobs zogadi xedva da mosazrebebi produqtis winsvlis Taobaze

inteleqtualuri sakuTreba

danaxarjebis struqturaSi gamokveTilia

gundi damfuZneblebis samewarmeo gamocdileba

154

investorisa da mewarmis Sexvedrebi

momavali fulis nakadi

sawarmos formireba

saWiro investiciebi

biznes-gegma

parametrebi

warmoeba

Bbazari

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marine RuduSauri

menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

turizmis ganviTarebis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi

marine RuduSauri ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

turizmi bolo wlebSi msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze momgebiani biznesi gaxda. msoflio eqsportSi turizmidan miRebul Semosavlebs mesame adgili uWiravs navTobisa da avtomobilebis eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavlebis Semdeg. eqspertebis prognoziT, saerTaSoriso turizmis ganviTareba SemdgomSic gagrZeldeba. saqarTvelos Tavisi bunebrivi, geografiuli, rekreaciuli SesaZlebelobebis da istoriul-kulturuli memkvidreobiT turizmisa da sakurorto saqmianobis didi potenciali gaaCnia. am mniSvenlovani resursebis meoxebiT saqarTvelo turizmis ganviTarebisTvis gamorCeuli qveyanaa. kerZod, ganviTarebis didi perspeqtivebi gaaCnia turizmis Semdeg saxeobebs: 1. sakurorto da rekreaciuli turizmi; 2. kulturuli turizmi (arqeologia, istoria, eTnografia); 3. saTavgadasavlo turizmi (laSqroba, wyaljomardoba, cxenebiT jiriTi, TxilamurebiT sriali); 4. eko-turizmi (dakvirveba florasa da faunaze); 5. agro-turizmi; 6. specialuri dainteresebis turizmi (meRvineobis moyvarulebisTvis, gurmanebisTvis, fotomoyvarulTa da kinodokumentalistebisTvis); 7. saqmiani turebi (Tematuri Sekrebebi, festivalebi, kongresebi da konferenciebi). damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi Seqmnilma politikurma da socialur-ekonomikurma krizisma qveyana mZime mdgomareobaSi Caayena. krizisi mwvaved

Seexo ekonomikis umniSvnelovanes dargsac _ turizmsac. moiSala da gaCanagda turistuli infrastruqtura, sastumroebis, dasasvenebeli saxlebis, sanatoriumebis da pansionatebis didi umravlesoba devnili mosaxleobis TavSesafrad iqca. 1 9 9 3 wels, mas Semdeg rac saqarTvelos mier aRiarebul iqna `turizmis qartia da turistis kodeqsi~, saqarTvelo gawevrianda msoflio turistul organizaciaSi. 1997 wlis 6 marts miiRes saqarTvelos kanoni `turizmisa da kurortebis Sesaxeb~. kanonSi ramdenjerme Sevida cvlilebebi da damatebebi, rac dargis ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovan momentebs iTvaliswinebda, SemuSavda aseve sxva sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli aqtebic. aqedan iwyeba turizmis TandaTan aRorZinebis procesi. turizmis meSveobiT drois mokle monakveTSi SesaZlebelia infrastruqturaSi investiciebis mozidva, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna da Semosavlebis miReba, soflis ganviTareba. mTavrobam, gaiTvaliswina ra turizmis potenciali, igi gamoyo, rogorc mTavari ekonomikuri prioriteti. bolo ramdenime weli saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli reformebis Sedegad am mxriv daiwyo gamococxleba. infrastruqturis mowesrigebaze zrunvisa da sakanonmdeblo sistemis daxvewis Sedegad turizmis sferoSi aSkara winsvla fiqsirdeba, Tumca turizmsa da sakurorto biznesSi arsebuli sakanonmdeblo vakuumi mainc arsebobs. zogadi kanonebis paralelurad aucilebelia, rom sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi sastumroebis, dasasvenebeli saxlebis, sanatoriumebis da a.S. funqcionirebis da momsaxurebis normativebi detalurad regulirdebodes garkveuli standartebis mixedviT. kerZod, aucilebelia, rom turproduqtis momxmareblis uflebebi da interesebi daculi iyos sayovelTaod miRebuli standartebisa da norme-

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bis Sesabamisad. turizmi, rogorc momsaxurebis sferos dargi, Sedgeba saerTaSoriso turizmisa da Siga turizmisagan. saerTaSoris turizmi, Tavis mxriv, moicavs Semomyvan da gamyvan turizms. saqarTveloSi am etapze aqcenti keTdeba Semomyvan turizmze. es martivad aixsneba, radgan am seqtorSi SedarebiT ioli mosagvarebelia Semosavlebis miReba ucxoeli rezidentebis mxridan, gadasaxadebis akrefa da sxva, vidre gamyvani turizmis seqtorSi, romelic jer-jerobiT sruliad gaukontrolebeli sferoa. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom saqarTvelos kanoniT `turizmisa da kurortebis Sesaxeb~, ucxoeli turistebis miReba da momsaxureba saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganixileba, rogorc turistuli momsaxurebis eqsporti, amitom saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT turoperatorebis mier saqarTvelos teritoriaze ucxoeli turistebis organizebuli Semoyvana da maTTvis turistuli momsaxurebis paketis miwodeba ibegreba dRg-s nulovani ganakveTiT. Semomyvani turizmis ganviTarebis kvaldakval saWiroa saqarTveloSi ganviTardes sastumro meurneobis iseTi industria, romelic saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisi iqneba. amisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa qveyanaSi turizmis ganviTarebis erTiani saxelmwifo programis, erovnuli strategiuli gegmis SemuSaveba, romelsac koordinacias gauwevs saqarTvelos mTavroba da romelSic gansazRvruli iqneba am sferos ganviTarebis miznebi, prioritetebi, strategia, samoqmedo gegma da is saxelmwifo uwyebebi, romlebic monawileobas miiReben samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresia TurqeTis respublikis gamocdileba, sadac turistuli industriis erTiani saxelmwifo programis safuZvelze mokle droSi SesaZlebeli gaxda xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze aSenebuliyo sastumroebis Tanamedrove qseli Sesabamisi infras-

truqturiT. amJamad dawyebulia turizmis strategiis SemuSavebis procesi mTeli saqarTvelosaTvis. aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos mcire da saSualo biznesis mxardaWeris proeqtis sagranto programis farglebSi sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevisa da marketingis institutma Caatara turizmis samomxmareblo potencialis kvleva, romlis mizani iyo saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi turistuli potencialis Seswavla, romelSic kaxeTi gamoiyo, rogorc prioritetuli regioni. ZiriTadi aqcenti am regionze im mizniT gakeTda, rom kaxeTSi da kerZod, qalaq siRnaRSi ganesazRvraT Rvinis turizmis ganviTarebis saukeTeso strategia. bazris aRniSnuli kvleva wingadadgmuli praqtikuli nabijia, romlis Sedegebsac gaecno yvela dainteresebuli mxare. momxmareblisTvis saboloo produqtis SeTavazebis mizniT, maT saSualeba miecaT zustad gansazRvron sastumroebTan, kvebasTan, turistul marSrutebTan da sxva turizmTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi. mimdinare wels, 23-25 aprils, sagamofeno centr `eqspo-jorjiam umaspinZla XII saerTaSoriso turistul gamofenas _ CTF 2010-s, sadac warmodgenili iyo 90 sxvadasxva organizacia, kerZod, turistuli kompaniebi, dasasvenebeli kompleqsebi, sastumroebi, muzeumebi, turistuli profilis saswavleblebi da sxva. am gamofenaze damTvalierebeli gaecno saqarTvelos turistul potencials da saSualeba mieca saqmiani kontaqtebi daemyarebina sxvadasxva kompaniis warmomadgenlebTan, aqve arsebobda sazafxulo dasvenebis (rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve sazRvargareT) winaswari dagegmvis SesaZleblobac. gamofenaSi, garda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionisa, monawileobdnen turizmis sferos warmomadgenlebi somxeTidan da azerbaijanidan. es imiTac aris mniSvnelo-

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vani, rom yovelwliuri gamofenis meSveobiT Tbilisma SeiZina kavkasiuri turizmis platformis erTgvari imiji. unda aRiniSnos, rom gamofena wels naklebad masStaburi iyo, rac globalur finansur kriziss ukavSirdeba. msoflio ekonomikuri forumi (Jeneva, Sveicaria) yovelwliurad 1 marts aqveynebs mogzaurobisa da turizmis konkurentunarianobis angariSs. qveynebis gradacia efuZneba mogzaurobisa da turizmis konkurentunarianobis indeqss (Travel &Tourizm Cometitiviness Index - TTCI), romelic moicavs msoflios 130-mde qveyanas. indeqsi afasebs im faqtorebsa da politikas, romelic mimzidvels xdis mogzaurobisa da turizmis seqtoris ganviTarebas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. Sefasebisas gamoiyeneba Semdegi faqtorebi: 1. politikis ganmsazRvreli kanonebi da regulireba; 2. garemos regulirebis wesebi; 3. daculoba da usafrTxoeba; 4. jandacvisa da higienis mdgomareoba; 5. mogzaurobisa da turizmis prioritetuloba; 6. sahaero transportis infrastruqtura; 7. saxmeleTo transportis infrastruqtura; 8. turistuli infrastruqtura; 9. sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis infrastruqtura; 10. fasebis konkurentunarianoba; 11. adamian-kapitali; 12. turizmisadmi erovnuli damokidebuleba; 13. bunebrivi da kulturuli resursebi. aRniSnuli gradaciis mixedviT saqarTvelo 2007 w. 124 qveyanas Soris 66-e, 2008 w. 130 qveyanas Soris _ 72-e, 2009 w. ki 133 qveyanas Soris _ 73 adgilze imyofeboda. 1 saqarTveloSi turistuli infrastruqturis ganviTarebis miuxedavad, TTC-s indeqsis mixedviT winsvla ar fiqsirdeba, es ki ZiriTadad arastabiluri politikuri viTarebisa da fasebis dabali konkurentunarianobiT aris ganpirobebuli. saqarTvelos turproduqti arasakmarisad konkuren1

World Economic Forum _ The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2009.

tunariania. turistul industriaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania turproduqtis fasisa da xarisxis iseTi Sefardeba, romelic konkurentunariani iqneba rogorc lokalur (adgilobriv), aseve uaxloesi mezobeli qveynebis bazrebzec. turizmis winsvlisa da ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad mizanSewonili iqneba moxdes saqarTvelosa da konkurenti qveynebis turistuli kompaniebis saSualo dRiuri Rirebulebebis Sedareba. am TvalsazrisiT Turquli da ruminuli turproduqtis upiratesoba aSkaraa. aseve, yuradReba unda mieqces imasac, rom es aviabileTebis SedarebiT dabali fasebiTacaa miRweuli, rac zrdis am qveynebis turproduqtebis konkurentunarianobas qarTulTan SedarebiT. saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebis didi xelisSemSleli faqtoria is, rom Tbilisis saerTaSoriso aeroportis momsaxureba analogiuri moculobis evropis aerportebTan SedarebiT 5-jer da xSirad metjer Zviri jdeba. Tbilisis saerTaSoriso aeroportis operatori kompania `tav urban jorjias momsaxurebis maRali tarifebi mniSvnelovnad aZvirebs aviabileTebs. es faqtori saqarTveloSi evropeli turistebis raodenobas Zlier amcirebs. magaliTad, baltiispirelma turistma saqarTveloSi Camosvlisas marto aviabileTSi 500-600 dolari unda gadaixados, maSin, roca am fasad avstriaSi gaemgzavreba da sastumros Rirebulebasac dafaravs. turizmis departamentis cnobiT, saqarTveloSi Camosuli vizitoris xarjebis 40-50%-s mxolod aviabileTis fasi Seadgens, rac turizmisaTvis damRupvelia. garda amisa, qveyanaSi arsebobs sastumroebis dajavSnis problemac. internet-gverdi ,,TOP.GE gvTavazobs internetis qarTveli momxmareblebis statistikas, romlis mixedviTac saqarTveloSi moqmedi turistuli firmebis did umetesobas internetSi gaaCnia sakuTari veb-gverdi

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da monacemebs met-naklebad anaxlebs. miuxedavad amisa, sastumroebisa da saintereso turebis onlain dajavSna mainc didi problemaa. internetis gamoyeneba qarTuli turistuli produqtis mimarT xSirad mxolod daTvalierebiTa da eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT dakavSirebiT amoiwureba. turizmis ganviTarebis RonisZiebaTa realizaciisTvis, aucilebelia kadrebis momzadebis Tanamedrove sistemis Seqmna, kerZod, saWiroa komunikabeluri da kvalificiuri kadrebis momzadeba. rogorc eqspertebi varaudoben, axlo momavalSi wina planze wamoiwevs e.w. `axali turisti, rac niSnavs, rom turizmis tradiciuli saxe _ yovelwliurad zRvaze, an mTaSi dasveneba, TandaTan garkveul adgils dauTmobs axal saxeobebs, magaliTad, saqmian turizms, ekoturizms, saTavgadasavlo, SemecnebiT turizms da a.S. samwuxarod, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mmarTvelobiTi gamocdilebis uqonlobisa da finansuri SezRudvebis gamo ganTavsebis adgilebSi momsaxurebis donis amaRleba rTuldeba. es faqtori xarisxiani turproduqtis miwodebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovan bariers qmnis da Semomyvan turoperatorebs xels uSlis saerTaSoriso turistuli programebis SemuSavebaSi. turizmis dargis ganviTarebisa da misi efeqtiani marTvisaTvis aseve udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs momsaxure personalisaTvis aucilebeli saganmanaTleblo programebis SemuSavebas. amJamad saqarTvelos maRalmTiani regionebis mosaxleobisTvis moqmedebs programa, romlis farglebSic adgilobriv mosaxleobas eZleva saSualeba, rom Seiswavlos inglisuri ena, aseve sxvadasxva regionSi tardeba treiningebi turistTa kvalificiuri momsaxurebisaTvis. aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi usaTuod dadebiTad aisaxeba
1

World Economic Forum _ The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2009.

turizmis ganviTarebaze. qveynis da dargis ekonomikuri krizisidan gamosvlis mTavari pirobaa sainvesticio politikis gaaqtiureba. sainvesticio aqtiuroba, rogorc cnobilia, didad aris damokidebuli faqtorTa mTel rigze (magaliTad, stabiluri politikuri viTareba, mowesrigebuli infrastruqtura, sabaJo-sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba), romelic qmnis gansazRvrul sainvesticio klimats. saqarTvelos turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis monacemebiT, 2004-2008 wlebSi (omamde) mniSvnelovnad gaizarda investiciebi turizmSi da 2007 wels 1 mrd. aSS dolars gadaaWarba, ramac xeli Seuwyo turistebis nakadebis zrdas saqarTveloSi. amJamad investorebis interesebis sferoSia saqarTvelos zRvis sanapiro. aseve dRis wesrigSi dgas kurort wyaltubos reabilitaciis da kurortebis _ ujarmisa da baxmaros perspeqtiuli ganviTarebis sakiTxebi. turizmis ganviTarebisTvis sasurvelia mTavrobis xelSewyobiT moewyos gacnobiTi turebi masmediis da ZiriTadi bazris warmomadgenlebisTvis, saerTaSoriso turoperatorebisTvis _ turizmis yvela seqtoris monaxulebiT. kargi iqneba turizmis saxelmwifo departamentis saqmianoba pirdapir ukavSirdebodes da orientirdebodes turizmis biznesidan saxelmwifo biujetis zrdaze. turizmis sferoSi arsebuli iuridiuli da kerZo pirebis Semosavlebis zrda unda xdebodes sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebis safuZvelze, xolo turizmis departamentis muSakebis (romlebic pasuxismgeblebi arian dargis warmatebiT funqcionirebaze) Sromis anazRaureba dakavSirebuli unda iyos turizmis dargidan miRebuli saxelmwifo Semosavlebis zrdis procentul maCvenebelTan. Sedegad, mmarTveli organos muSakebi metad motivirebulni iqnebian efeqtianad marTon turistuli industria. msoflio turistuli organizaciis monacemebiT, 2010

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wlisTvis saerTaSoriso turistuli Semosvlebi gaizrdeba 937 mln kacamde, xolo msoflio turizmis yovelwliuri zrdis tempi 3,5% gaxdeba. ramdenad aisaxeba saqarTvelos turizmis sferoze es dadebiTi tendenciebi, amas wlevandeli turistuli sezoni aCvenebs. Trends of Tourism Development in Georgia

vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis `dohas raundi~

M. Ghudushauri
This article aims to discuss general problems and basic tendencies of tourism development in Georgia. Lately tourism became one of the most profitable businesses in the world and according to the experts prognosis, development of the international tourism will continue in the future. Georgia is one of the most distinguished countries according to its natural resources. Due to the reforms realized in Georgia, tourism started reviving. It aims to maintain high standerds of castomer care. Also it is necessary to work aut unifed plan of the government program for developing tourism in our country. It is necessary to make mational strategical plan, which will be coordinated by the Georgian government and in which, there will be defined aims for developing this field , its priorities and strategies. Besides, it is important to withdraw country and this sphere of business from crisis , increase the investing environment and become more active. At present a process of the government tourisnm strategy has started all over the country. Acoording to the data presented by tourist organization (UNWTO) , number of visitors increased to 937 million in 2010. The yearly rate of the world tourism will increase by 3.5% How all these positive basic tendencies reflect on Georgian tourism will show tourist season this year.

giorgi doRonaZe, paata koRuaSvili, iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu profesorebi, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa Ddoqtorebi
vaWrobis msoflio organizacia (vmo), romelic aRiarebulia msoflio Tanamegobrobis mier, adgens msoflio vaWrobis wesebs da aregulirebs am wesebTan dakavSirebul sadavo sakiTxebs. vmos ZiriTadi mizania msoflio vaWrobaSi yvela xelisSemSleli pirobebis aRmofxvra an Semcireba. dReisaTvis vmo -Si gaerTianebulia 153 qveyana. samrewvelo saqonlis bazrebTan SedarebiT soflis meurneobis produqciis bazrebis liberalizaciam nakleb warmatebas miaRwia. ramdenadac tradiciulad soflis meurneba erovnuli ekonomikis yvelaze regulirebad seqtors warmoadgens, sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi GATT-is CarCoebSi is mravalmxrivi molaparakebebis Temas saerTod ar warmoadgenda. soflis meurneobis produqtiulobis amaRlebis, soflis mosaxleobis Sesabamisi cxovrebis donisa da misaRebi fasebiT mosaxleobis sasursaTo produqciiT uzrunvelyofis mizniT, TiToeuli qveyana Tu gaerTianeba sakuTari ,,TamaSis wesebs Tavad adgens. ase magaliTad, evrokavSirma (ek) ganvlil periodSi saerTo agraruli politikis farglebSi metad daculi Siga bazari Seqmna. Arasac adas-

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turebs isic, rom evrokavSirSi soflis meurneobis produqciaze sabaJo mosakreblebi saSualod 62%-s Seadgens. M ek-ma ukanasknel wlebSi eqsportis subsidirebaze gamoyofili Tanxebis moculoba mniSvnelovanad Seamcira. 2000 wlisTvis igi daxloebiT 5 mlrd aSS dolars Seadgenda. saxelmwifos mier eqsportis finansuri mxardaWera, xelovnurad zrdida erovnuli mwarmoeblebis konkurentunarianobas sagareo bazarze, mniSvnelovnad amaxinjebda saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da gavlenas axdenda soflis meurneobis produqciis fasebze.1 A ek-is saerTo agraruli politikis mniSvnelovan instruments fasebis Siga mxardaWera warmoadgens. igi vmo-s mier aRiarebuli ,,sami yuTis sistemiT aris formirebuli. maT Soris, daxmarebebi, dakavSirebuli warmoebis moculobasa da fasebis subsidirebaze, `qarvis yuTis~ RonisZiebebs miekuTvneba da sagareo vaWrobis SemzRudveli RonisZiebebia. `lurji yuTis~ RonisZiebebs saxelmwifo pirdapiri daxmarebebi miekuTvneba. isini an saerTod ar abrkoleben vaWrobas an es dabrkoleba umniSvneloa (magaliTad daxmarebebi pirutyvis suladobis an miwis farTobis mixedviT). ,,mwvane yuTis RonisZiebebs is saxelmwifo daxmarebebi miekuTvneba, romlebic warmoebis moculobis cvlilebas ar ukavSirdeba da sagareo vaWrobas ar aferxebs (magaliTad, struqturuli adaptaciis mxardaWeris programebi, agraruli ekonomikuri programebi, regionuli mxardaWeris programebi, sasursaTo daxmareba). ek-is qveynebis Siga mxardaWeris RonisZiebebis daxloebiT 53% ,,qarvis yuTze modis, xolo danarCeni _ ,,mwvane da ,,lurj yuTebs Soris daaxloebiT Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli. Eek-is aseTi agraruli politika mZime tvir1 samaxsovro saerTaSoriso-savaWro reJimebze. saqarTvelos savaWro politikisa da samarTlis saerTaSoriso centri, Tb., 2004.

Tad awveba biujets. Aase magaliTad, 2003 wels misi biujetis 45% saerTo agraruli politikis ganxorcielebaze daixarja. pirveli nabijebi soflis meurneobis produqciis bazrebis liberalizaciisTvis `urugvais raundis~ maraTonul molaparakebaze (1986-1994w) gadaidga, sadac soflis meurneobis Sesaxeb pirvel mravalmxriv SeTanxmebas miaRwies. SeTanxmebaSi gansazRvruli iyo valdebuleba saeqsporto subsidiebis Semcirebisa da soflis meurneobis produqtis bazrebze Sesvlis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb. Ees SeTanxmeba Sefasda rogorc warmateba, radgan pirvelad gaxda SesaZlebeli agraruli seqtoris CarTva msoflio vaWrobis sistemaSi. miuxedavad amisa, SeTanxmebis Sedegad jer kidev SezRudulia konkurenciuli bazris Camoyalibebis pirobebi, xolo barierebi soflis meurneobis produqciiT vaWrobaSi Zalze maRalia. soflis meurneobaSi proteqcionizmis gansazRvrisTvis gamoiyeneba mewarmeTa mxardaWeris Sefasebis maCvenebeli PSE, romelic absoluturi gamoxatulebiT soflis meurneobis produqciis mwarmoeblebisTvis momxmareblebisa da gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis mier gadaxdil Tanxebs gviCvenebs (qvemoT naCveneb diagramaSi mocemulia sxvadasxva qveynis PSE-s monacemebi procentobiT). PSE rogorc indikatori moicavs yvela politikur RonisZiebas, miuxedavad misi miznebisa da gavlenisa soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoebis moculobasa da Semosavlebze. proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebiT, yvela saxeobis produqciis mixedviT, ek-is (PSE=43%), Sveicariisa da iaponis Semdeg, wamyvani adgili ukavia. Aamave dros, aRsaniSnavia, rom produqciis arc Tu ise didi asortimenti Zlierad aris daculi, xolo sxva produqtebze proteqcionistuli

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RonisZiebebi TiTqmis ar vrceldeba. Aase, magaliTad, ek-Si 2001 wels pirutyvis xorcis mixedviT PSE Seadgenda 73%-s, Saqarze 44%-s, marcvleulze _ 46%-s, rZeze _ 41%-s. es maCvenebeli Roris xorcze ki mxolod 20% iyo. swored calkeul produqciaze mxardaWeris doneebs Soris gansxvaveba rogorc ek-is SigniT, aseve sxvadasxva qveynis mixedviT, sasaqonlo nakadebis damaxinjebis ZiriTad mizezs warmodgens. urugvais raundze miRweuli mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebiT PSE umniSvnelod Semcirda. ek-ma daiwyo saeqsporto subsidiebis Semcireba (vaWrobis SezRudvis aRmofxvris winaaRmdeg), aRiniSna Semosavlebis dacvisTvis maRali fasebis mxardaWeris politikaze uaris Tqmis tendenciac. mewarmeTa mxardaWeris Sefasebis maCvenebeli (PSE) %%
evrokavSiri

iaponia

aSS

axali zelandia Sveicaria

CexeTi

ungreTi

poloneTi

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vmo-s wevrma qveynebma 2000 wels aiRes valdebuleba daewyoT molaparakebebi soflis meurneobis Semdgomi liberalizacis Sesaxeb. marTlac 2001 wels dohas raundi daiwyo (yatari, doha, 9-14 noemberi, 2001). Ddohas raundis deklaracis mixedviT mis grZelvadian mizans soflis meurneobis produqciis bazarze samarTliani da sabazro urTierTobaze damyarebuli savaWro sistemis Camoyalibeba warmoadgenda. amisaTvis aucilebeli iyo bazrebze Sesvlis Tavisuflebis xarisxis amaRleba, yvela saeqsporto produqciis subsidiebis TandaTanobiT Semcireba an sruliad gauqmeba da vaWrobis Siga mxardaWeris RonisZiebebis Semcirebis gagrZeleba1. ek-i rogorc soflis meurneobis produqciis meore msxvili eqspertiori msoflioSi, Zalian dainteresebulia sazRvargareTis bazrebze Sesvlis TavisuflebiTa da soflis meurneobis produqciiT msoflio vaWrobaSi Tavisi xvedriTi wonis SenarCunebiT. ek-is TvalsazrisiT sasurveli iqneboda aSS-is rZis bazari an Roris xorcis bazari iaponiaSi gaxsniliyo (msoflioSi sabaJo mosakrebli soflis meurneobis produqciaze saSualod daxlobiT 40%-s Seadgens). bazarze Sesvlis gaumjobesebis mizniT ek-is moiTxovda sabaJo mosakreblebi 36%-iT, xolo TviTeuli satarifo xazis mixedviT ara nakleb 15%-iT SeemcirebinaT. Ees migvaniSnebs, rom ek-is survili aqvs, sabaJo mosakreblebis SemcirebasTan erTad, sxvadasxva saxeobis produqciaze gansxvavebuli reagireba moaxdinos. saqme isaa, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi sabaJo tarifebi mosakreblebis ganakveTebis progresuli struqturiT xasiaTdeba, Ee.i sabaJo mosakreblebis ganakveTebi izrdeba sawarmoo ciklis mixedviT, gad-

1986-88 2001
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vmo ministrTa meoTxe konferencia, doha 2001 wlis 9-14 noemberi. seqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros biuletini, 2005.

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amuSavebis xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT. ek-is, Sveicariis, norvegiisa da iaponiis moTxovna sabaJo ganakveTebis Semcirebisas ubralo saSualo ariTmetikuli yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, sabaJo mosakreblebis arsebuli struqturis SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. ek-is maRali sabaJo mosakreblebi, pirvel rigSi, zRudavs, Saqris, ucximo rZis, xilis, bostneulisa da pirutyvis xorcis imports. sabaJo mosakreblebis efeqtiani Semcirebis misaRwevad aSS da bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana Sveicariuli formulis gamoyenebas moiTxovda, romlis mixedviTac mosakreblis maRali ganakveTebi ufro met Semcirebas unda daeqvemdebaros. ganviTarebuli qveynebis sabaJo mosakreblebis progresiuli ganakveTebiT dabegvris praqtika, upirveles yoflisa, am qveynebs eqsportze orientirebuli kvebis mrewvelobis dargebis ganaviTarebis SesaZleblobas ar aZlevs. maRali ganakveTebis ufro metad Semcireba ki ek-is proteqcionistul bazrebze mTel rig problemas gamoiwvevda (magaliTad rZisa da Saqris bazarze). molaparakebebze ek-i aseve did yuradRebas arasatarifo problemebis ganxilvas uTmobda. sanitarul da fitosanitarul sakiTxebTan erTad, mas momxmareblebis dacvis iseTi aspeqtebic miekuTvneba (magaliTad, sakvebi produqtebis usafrTxoebis, gansakuTrebiT evropaSi msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis encefalitis daavadebis krizisis Semdeg), rogoricaa produqtebis markireba da mwarmoebeli qveynis aRniSvna, rac vmo-s mier naklebad regulirdeba. `dohas raundze~ sakamaTo sakiTxs genetikurad saxecvlili sakvebi produqtebis eqsporti warmoadgenda. am kuTxiT, pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia aSS-s msxvili koncernebi: ,,monsanto da ,,novarcosi, romlebic saTesle masalad simindis, xorblisa da soios genetikurad modificirebul

Tesls iyeneben. amitom, aSS-s mTavroba genuri inJineriis patentebis urTierTaRiarebas ara marto mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs, aramed Tvlis, rom transgenuri sakvebi produqtebiT vaWroba ar unda SeizRudos. ek-i, iaponia da meqsika sul ufro xSirad gamoTqvamen SeSfoTebas am sakiTxis mimarT, ris gamoc did politikur mniSvnelobas momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis sakiTxi iZens. yovelive es ki miuTiTebs imaze, rom genetikurad modificirebul sakveb produqtebTan dakavSirebiT evrokavSiri Tavis poziciebs daicavs. didi mniSvneloba aqvs saeqsporto subsidiebis sakiTxs. msoflioSi soflis meurneobis produqciaze gacemuli subsidiebis 90% ek-ze modis. amitom, soflis meurneobis produqtebis iseTi didi eqsportiorebi, rogoricaa aSS, `kernis jgufis~ qveynebi _ avstralia da axali zelandia, aseve zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyna, magaliTad, indoeTi da brazilia ek-sgan uaxloes wlebSi saeqsporto subsidiebis srul gauqmebas moiTxovdnen. ek-i mzad aris mxolod misi etapobrivi SemcirebisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom dohaSi miRweulia SeTanxmeba saeqsporto subsidiebis gacemis Sewyvetaze, ek-i dRemde mainc ikavebs ukompromiso pozicias da miRebul gadawyvetilebas srulyofilad ar asrulebs. bazrebze Sesvlis gaumjobesebis da saeqsporto subsidiebis gauqmebis diskusiebTan erTad dohas raundze aseve Siga mxardaWeris Semcirebis sakiTxi ganixileboda. aSS da `kernis jgufis~ qveynebi aseve zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana vaWrobis SemzRudvel saxelmwifo subsidiebis radikalur Semcirebas moiTxovda. Aamis sapirispirod, ek-i mzad aris Seamciros saeqsporto subsidiebi 35%-iT AMSTan SedarebiT. ek-is gafarToebam aRmosavleTiT, vmo-Si molaparakebebis dros mis agropolitikur poziciaze moaxdina gavlena.

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saqme isaa, rom axal wevr _ qveyanebs (yvela aris vmo-s wevri) aqvT mosakreblebis bmuli ganakveTebis ufro dabali done, vidre ek-s. 2001 wlis martSi gamoqveynebul vmo-s monacemebiT, 2000 wels saSualo agraruli mosakreblebi ek-Si Seadgenda 62%, maSin roca is poloneTSi iyo 41%, ungreTSi - 45%, CexeTis respublikaSi -54%, slovakeTSi -27% da latviaSi 25%. axalma wevrma qveynebma ek-Si gaerTianebis Semdeg ufro maRali sabaJo mosakreblebi miiRes. vmo-Si arsebuli princi pebidan gamomdinare sabaJo da savaWro barierebis axali valdebulebebis miRebis Sedegad vmo-s sxva wevri qveynebisaTvis igi unda iyos _ mTlianobaSi dabali an ufro SemzRudveli, vidre sabaJo kavSirSi integraciamde. vmo-is debulebiT, mis wevr qveynebs maTi savaWro interesebis darRvevis pirobebSi ufleba aqvT moiTxovon kompensacia savaWro-politikuri daTmobebis formiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi ek-i valdebulia Sesabamis qveynebs gansazRvrul saqonelze arsebul sabaJo mosakrebelze da importis moculobaze SeRavaTebi misces. ek-is gafarToeba ar gamoiwvevs subsidirebuli eqsportis zrdas, radgan centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropis qveynebs vmo-s CarCoSi TiTqmis an saerTod ara aqvT valdebuleba saeqsporto subsidiebis Taobaze. ek-is gafarToebam Siga mxardaWeris moculobaze mniSvnelovani gavlena aseve ar moaxdina, radgan am qveynebs GATT-is farglebSi gansazRvruli subsidirebis Zalian mcire Tanxebi aqvT. magaliTad, vmo-s monacemebiT, 2000 wels poloneTSi mTeli Siga mxardaWeris 28,4% ,,qarvis yuTis, xolo 71,6% _ ,,mwvane yuTis, RonisZiebebze modioda. RonisZiebebi romlebic miekuTvneba ,,lurj yuTs, saerTod ar subsirdeboda. sloveniaSi subsidiebi nawildeboda Semde-

gnairad: ,,qarvis yuTi_ 9%, ,,lurji yuTi~ _14%, ,,mwvane yuTi_77% ; latviaSi: ,,qarvis yuTi_ 24%, ,,lurji yuTi_0%, ,,mwvane yuTi _76%. 2002 wlidan dohas raundis molaparakebebi CixSi Sevida. Mministrebis me-5 konferenciaze (kankuni, 10-14 seqtemberi, 2003 weli) dasawyisSive aRiniSna agraruli sakiTxebis SeTanxmebis mniSvneloba mTlianad molaparakebis warmatebiT dasrulebaSi, magram konferenciis mimdinareobis xuT dReSi ver moxerxda poziciebis daaxloeba. monawileebma isic ki ver SeZles, rom pirobebze anu molaparakebebis safuZvelze SeTanxmebuliyvnen. amis ZiriTad mizezs ganviTarebadi qveynebis rolis gaZliereba warmoadgenda, romlebic molaparakebebis dawyebis win G_21 jgufSi gaerTiandnen. Aam process xelmZRvanelobdnen brazilia, indoeTi da CineTi. maT industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebs moTxoves erTmniSvnelovnad gaexsnaT TavianTi bazrebi da amavdroulad ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli uflebebi miecaT. ek-ma G_21 is winadadeba daaxasiaTa rogorc ,,aradamakmayofilebeli da dausabuTebeli.1 aseve gamovlinda winaaRmdegobebi sxva Temebis mixedviT (e. w. singapuris Temebi: investiciebi, konkurencia, saxelmwifo SekveTebis gamWvirvaloba da vaWrobis liberalizacia), ris Sedegad CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis poziciebis raime mniSvnelovani daaxloeba ver moxerxda. soflis meurneobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT me-5 konferencia uSedegod Sewyda. ministrebis konferenciis moulodneli SewyvetiT xelidan iqna gaSvebuli msoflio vaWrobis sistemis Semdgomi ganviTarebis didi SesaZlebloba. ek-i moiTxovs molaparakebebis saswrafod ganaxlebas da agrarul sakiTxebSi kompromisebze mzadyofnas acxa1

saqarTvelo da msoflio savaWro organizacia. saqarTvelos biznesmenTa federacia. Tb., 2006.

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debs. Mmsoflio SeTanxmebis moqmedebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg (2003wlis bolos) Seiqmna saSiSroeba, rom ek-s mouwevs mravalricxovan qveyanasTan grZeli molaparakebebis warmoeba, raTa aRmoifxvras arsebuli uTanxmoebebi. Aamitom, ek msoflio SeTanxmebis gagrZelebiTaa Zalian dainteresebuli. amasTan, igi moiTxovs ,,yuTebis sistemis SenarCunebas da ewinaaRmdegeba ,,lurji yuTis gauqmebis moTxovnas (politikuri SexedulebiT es iTvleba aucileblad soflis meurneobis multifunqcionaluri rolidan gamomdinare.). ,,lurji yuTis RonisZiebebis gauqmeba ek-s soflis meurneobis mxardaWeris SesaZleblobebis radikalur Semcirebamde miiyvans. Eek-Si soflis meurneobis Zlieri lobis arsebobis pirobebSi aseTi agropolitikuri gadawyvetilebis miReba Zalian Znelia. reformebis gagrZeleba gardauvalia ara marto imitom, rom miiRweul iqnes daTmobebi molaparakebebis sxva monawileebTan (upirveles yovlisa, ganviTarebad qveynebTan), aramed imitomac, rom ek-is qveynebis soflis meurneobis produqciis mwarmoeblebi uzrunvelyofili iyvnen gamarTuli moqmedebis wesebiTa da samarTliani politikuri CarCo pirobebiT. molaparakebebis gagrZeleba da misi SesaZlo warmateba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad gamoavlenen monawileebi SemdgomSi mravalmxrivi procesebis gagrZelebaze mniSvnelovan Zalisxmevas an miscemen upiratesobas ormxriv savaWro SeTanxmebebs. soflis meurneba sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi GATTis CarCoebSi mravalmxrivi molaparakebebis Temas saerTod ar warmoadgenda. pirveli nabijebi soflis meurneobis produqciis bazrebis liberalizaciisTvis `urugvais raundis~ maraTonul molaparakebaze (1986-1994w) gadaidga, sa1 g. doRonaZe _ vmo da saqaeTvelos agraruli politika. `socialuri ekonomika~, #6, 2006.

dac soflis meurneobis Sesaxeb pirvel mravalmxriv SeTanxmebas miaRwies. SeTanxmebaSi gansazRvruli iyo valdebuleba saeqsporto subsidiebis Semcirebisa da soflis meurneobis produqcis bazrebze Sesvlis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb. vmo-s wevrma qveynebma aiRes valdebuleba daewyoT molaparakebebi soflis meurneobis Semdgomi liberalizacis Sesaxeb. marTlac 2001 wels dohas raundi daiwyo.Ddohas raundis deklaraciis mixedviT grZelvadian mizans soflis meurneobis produqciis bazarze samarTliani da sabazro urTierTobaze damyarebuli savaWro sistemis Camoyalibeba warmoadgenda. bazrebze Sesvlis gaumjobesebis da saeqsporto subsidiebis gauqmebis diskusiebTan erTad dohas raundze aseve Siga mxardaWeris Semcirebis sakiTxi ganixileboda. aSS da `kernis jgufis~ qveynebi aseve zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana vaWrobis SemzRudvel saxelmwifo subsidiebis radikalur Semcirebas moiTxovda. Aamis sapirispirod, ek-i mzad aris Seamciros saeqsporto subsidiebi 35%-iT AMS-Tan SedarebiT. 2002 wlidan dohas raundis molaparakebebi CixSi Sevida. Mministrebis me-5 konferenciaze (kankuni, 10-14 seqtemberi, 2003 weli) dasawyisSive aRiniSna agraruli sakiTxebis SeTanxmebis mniSvneloba mTlianad molaparakebis warmatebiT dasrulebaSi, magram konferenciaze ver moxerxda poziciebis daaxloeba. monawileebma isic ki ver SeZles, rom pirobebze anu molaparakebebis safuZvelze SeTanxmebuliyvnen. molaparakebebis gagrZeleba da misi SesaZlo warmateba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad gamoavlenen monawileebi SemdgomSi mravalmxrivi procesebis gagrZelebaze mniSvnelovan Zalisxmevas an miscemen upiratesobas ormxriv savaWro SeTanxmebebs.

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World Trade Organization Doha Round G. Doghonadze, P. Koguashvili In 2000 World Trade Organization member countries undertook an engagement to start negotiations about subsequent liberalization of agriculture. Indeed, Doha round started in 2001 (Qatar, Doha, November 9-4, 2001). According to Doha round declaration its long-term object was defined as the fear distribution of agriculture product on the market and the formation of trade system that would be based on market relations. On Doha round there were reviewed discussions about market entering improvement and canceling export subsidies, also the question of shortening internal support. The USA, KERN Group countries and also some developing countries were demanding the radical decrease of state subsidies as the restrictive of trade. In contrast of this, EK is ready to decrease exporting subsidies by 35% in comparison with AMS. From 2002 Doha round negotiation went in trouble. At the start of the fifth ministerial conference (Cancun, September 10-14, 2003) there was mentioned about the importance of agreement about agrarian issues as the end of successful negotiation, but during five days positions did not met. The continuation of these negotiations and its possible success depends on the courage of the members of the negotiation of multilateral processes or prefer of bilateral trade agreement.

saqarTvelo evrokavSirs Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis barierebi

eTer sarjvelaZe, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu asistent-profesori. dali wulaia teqnikur mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori
saqarTvelosaTvis evropuli samezoblo politika, sxva mniSvnelovan aspeqtebTan erTad, gulisxmobs evrokavSirTan ufro mWidro savaWro urTierTobebis ganviTarebas, vidre es partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. evrokomisiis 1 internet-gverdze aRniSnulia, rom evrokavSiri saqarTvelos ganixilavs e.w. gardamavali ekonomikis qveynad, romelic evrokavSiris mxridan sargeblobs droebiTi (AD-HOC) sabazro ekonomikuri midgomiT (Market economy treatment). saerTaSoriso gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom qveynis integracia evropul savaWro urTierTobebSi dadebiT zegavlenas axdens adgilobriv bazarze, xels uwyobs meti konkurentunariani kompaniis warmoqmnasa da ganviTarebas, pozitiurad aisaxeba momxmareblis janmrTelobisa da uflebebis dacvaze, Semosavlebis donesa da cxovrebis xarisxze.
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www.europa.eu.int.

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saqarTvelos xelisuflebac da evrokavSiris warmomadgenlebic aRiareben, rom evrokavSiris samezoblo politikidan saqarTvelo yvelaze metad dainteresebulia evropasTan Tavisufali vaWrobis ganviTarebiT, Tumca, am miznis miRwevis aucilebeli winapirobaa qveyanam evropis standartebTan srul SesabamisobaSi moiyvanos Siga bazarTan dakavSirebuli regulaciebi1. evrokavSiris savaWro sistemaSi monawileobisaTvis saqarTvelos Seqmnili aqvs xelsayreli pirobebi. igi aris vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis (vmo) wevri, qveyana sargeblobs evrokavSiris SeRavaTebis ganzogadebuli sistemiT (GSP) gaTvaliswinebuli satarifo SeRavaTebiT. GSP rogorc politikuri CarCo, asocirebuli SeTanxmebis farglebsac ki scdeba da qveyanas erTian ekonomikur sivrceSi gaerTianebas Tavazobs, rac ekonomikuri zrdisa da, Sesabamisad, siRaribis efeqtianad daZlevis axal SesaZleblobebs iZleva. evropuli integracia saqarTvelosaTvis erT-erT mTavar prioritetad rCeba. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan integraciis kursis SesanarCuneblad, ekonomikuri integracia uaRresad mniSvnelovania, magram gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom evrokavSiri moiTxovs partniori qveynis zogierT sferoSi, Zalze mkacri wesebis danergvas, es aris: momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva; sursaTis uvneblobis, sanitaruli da fitosanitaruli wesebis danergva;
evrokavSiris samezoblo politika da saqarTvelo. damoukidebel eqspertTa analizi -publikacia momzadda da gamoica fridrix ebertis fondis (FES), Copyright , 2007, fondis Ria sazogadoeba saqarTvelo (OSGF) da fondisqordeidi (CORDAID) mxardaWeriT.
1

produqciis usafrTxoebis standartebisa da reglamentebis SemoReba. es politika evrokavSiris erTiani bazris regulirebis Semadgeneli nawilia da pirvel rigSi evrokavSiris moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da usafrTxoebis dacvas uzrunvelyofs. evrokavSiris qveynebi, romelTac aRniSnul sferoebSi regulaciuri kontrolis maRali done aqvT, ar dauSveben uvneblobisa da usafrTxoebis dabali standartebis mqone qveynis produqciis imports TavianT bazarze. globalizaciis pirobebSi vaWrobam aCvena, rom mesame qveynebi1 metnaklebi warmatebiT axerxeben e.w. satarifo, anu administraciuli barierebis, magaliTad, sabaJo da sxva administraciuli procedurebis gadalaxvas, magram mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegobebi eqmnebaT swored arasatarifo barierebis daZlevis procesSi.2 evrokavSiris arasatarifo barierebi evrokavSiris institutebis mier damtkicebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebisa da wevri qveynebis erovnuli kanonmdeblobebis harmonizaciis Sedegia. sagulisxmoa isic, rom am gziT miRebuli sakanonmdeblo baza mudmivad ganaxlebis procesSia da, Sesabamisad, Tu mewarmes surs evropul

1 mesame qveynebad iwodeba is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic ar arian evrokavSiris wevri qveynebi, im qveynebis CaTvliT, romlebic evrokavSirTan specialuri politikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebiT sargebloben (evrokavSiris asocirebuli wevri qveynebi, evrokavSirTan stabilurobisa da asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebiT dakavSirebuli qveynebi, a.S.). 2 arasatarifo barierSi igulisxmeba is teqnikuri (maT Soris, sanitaruli Tu fitosanitaruli) standartebi, rasac produqcia unda akmayofilebdes evrokavSiris bazarze SesaRwevad.

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bazarze moxvedra, is mudmivad unda iyos mimdinare cvlilebebis saqmis kursSi. mesame qveynebis mewarmeebma produqciis eqsportirebisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, es barierebi unda gadalaxon da daakmayofilon samizne bazrebis moTxovnebi sasursaTo produqtebis uvneblobasTan dakavSirebiT, agreTve, uzrunvelyon safrTxis mikvlevadoba warmoebis mTeli jaWvis procesSi. zrdis zogadi tendenciis miuxedavad, evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris savaWro brunva mcire da arasakmarisad diversificirebulia, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac saqme saqarTvelodan evrokavSirSi eqsports Seexeba. evropel eqspertTa azriT, arsebobs imis Sansi, rom evrokavSiri, rig sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, obieqturi mizezebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelosTan kompromisze wavides, magram Siga bazris daregulireba is Temaa, romelzec evrokavSiris pozicia ukompromiso iqneba. eqsportis ganviTarebis perspeqtivis mixedviT, sursaTis biznesi warmoadgens saqarTvelos ekonomikis umniSvnelovanes segments, magram erovnuli produqciis evrokavSiris bazarze realizaciisaTvis aucilebelia man daakmayofilos vmo-s, Codex Alimentariusis komisiis, msoflio jandacvis organizaciis (WHO) da evrokavSiris moTxovnebi. amJamad evrokavSiris sasursaTo produqtebis politikis ZiriTadi mizania sasursaTo usafrTxoebis maRali donis uzrunvelyofa, mosaxleobis janmrTelobisa da momxmarebelTa interesebis dacvis mizniT da amasTan erTad (kulturuli gansxvavebebis, maT Soris tradici-

uli produqtebis warmoebis ganviTarebiT) saqonlis erTiani bazris efeqtiani funqcionirebis xelSewyoba. uvneblobisa da xarisxis TvalsazrisiT evropis bazars esaWiroeba stabiluri xarisxis sursaTi, romlis miwodeba moxdeba xelSekrulebiT dadgenil droSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi savaWro partnioroba ar Sedgeba. saqonlis erTiani bazris efeqtiani funqcionirebis safuZvels warmoadgens evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoTa survili evrokavSiris Siga bazarze Seqmnan samarTliani konkurenciis pirobebi, anu ar dauSvan iseTi produqciis Semosvla bazarze, romelic ar Seesabameba evrokavSiris standartebs, aqvs dabali TviTRirebuleba, da Sesabamisad garkveuli upiratesoba. evrokavSiris bazris damcavi meqanizmebis SemuSavebisa da efeqtiani kontrolis gawevis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli roli evrokomisias ekisreba. evrokomisiis janmrTelobisa da momxmarebelTa dacvis generaluri direqtorati ayalibebs sasursaTo produqciis usafrTxoebis saerTo-evropul standartebs da sxva qveynebidan importirebuli sasursaTo produqtebis monitoringis wesebs. evrokavSiris erTiani bazari, saxelwodebis miuxedavad, ar emorCileba kanonmdeblobis erTian sistemas da erToblivad regulirdeba, rogorc evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobis, aseve evrokavSiris wevr qveyanaTa erovnuli kanonmdeblobebis mier. amitom, evropis TiToeuli saxelmwifo importirebuli produqciisaTvis SeimuSavebs damatebiT moTxovnebs.

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Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos kompaniebs evrokavSiris bazarze produqciis sarealizaciod am moTxovnaTa dakmayofileba mouwevT. kerZod, qveyanam, vidre mas miecema ufleba awarmoos kvebis produqtebis eqsporti, unda daakmayofilos ramdenime moTxovna qveynis doneze. 1. cxovelTa janmrTelobis mdgomareoba unda Seesabamebodes evrokavSiris qveynebis moTxovnebs; 2. evrokavSiris arawevri qveynebis mTavrobebma unda uzrunvelyon swrafi da regularuli informireba maT teritoriaze konkretuli infeqciebisa da gadamdebi daavadebebis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb; 3. qveyanas unda hqondes efeqturi kanonmdebloba sxvadasxva nivTierebis (magaliTad, hormonaluri, Tireostatikuri, veterinaluri preparatebis) gamoyenebisa, kerZod, nivTierebis akrZalvasa da sanqcirebasTan, maT gavrcelebasa da realizaciasTan dakavSirebiT. aseve kanonebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs maT administrirebasa da inspeqtirebas; 4. qveyanaSi unda moqmedebdes programa, romelic ganaxorcielebs konkretuli/calkeuli nivTierebis gamoyenebis (magaliTad, veterinaluri preparatebis) monitorings da Seamcirebs maT Semcvelobas im cxovelebsa da xorcproduqtebSi, romlebic eqsportisTvis aris gankuTvnili; 5. qveyanaSi unda arsebobdes kvalificiuri veterinaruli samsaxuri, romelic ganaxorcielebs saWiro kontrols;

6.qveyanaSi unda tardebodes efeqtiani RonisZiebebi konkretul cxovelTa infeqciuri Tu gadamdebi daavadebebis Tavidan asacileblad (prevenciisaTvis). Tu es moTxovnebi1 dakmayofilebulia, qveyana Seva im saxelmwifoTa siaSi, romelTac SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon produqtebis eqsporti evrokavSiris qveynebSi. amasTan, ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebma garantia unda gascen, rom sakvebad gankuTvnili saeqsporto produqtebi warmoebulia evrokavSiris standartebis Sesabamisad. xeli unda Seuwyon, rom dawesebulebebi, sadac xdeba am produqtebis warmoeba pasuxobdes evrokavSiris qveynebis msgavsi sawarmoebis standartebs. Tu mwarmoebels survili aqvs ganaxorcielos sakuTari produqciis eqsporti evrokavSirSi, man unda mimarTos Tavis mTavrobas da miiRos misgan Sesabamisi Tanxmoba (sanqcia). am siZneleebis daZlevisaTvis aucilebelia saqarTvelos kanonebis evrokavSiris kanonebTan harmonizacia. arsebul etapze mniSvnelovani da aucilebelia iseTi cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba, romelic mas daaxloebs evropis parlamentis da sabWos regulacia (EC) # 178/2002-Tan, romelic sursaTis Sesaxeb evrokavSiris kanonis saxeliTaa cnobili. regulaciaSi aRniSnulia: `evrokavSirSi bazarze ganTavsebis mizniT importirebuli sursaTi da cxovelis sakvebi unda Seesatyvisebodes sursaTis kanonis Sesabamis moTxovnebs an, sul mcire, iyos evrokavSiris mier miRebuli pirobe1

http://www.parliament.ge/prs/ip/sursati_xarisxi.pdf.

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bis ekvivalenturi, an evrokavSirsa da eqsportior qveyanas Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi, Seesabamebodes am xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul pirobebs~ (regulacia 178/2002, muxli 11.)1 msoflios masStabiT mravlismomcveli harmonizebuli sistemebis Seqmnas da am kanonebis praqtikaSi danergvas udidesi sargeblis motana SeuZlia saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ganviTarebisaTvis. warsulSi saerTaSoriso samarTali aRiqmeboda rogorc mxolod saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis regulirebis iaraRi. igi adgenda saxelmwifos moqmedebis wesebs msoflios sxva qveynebTan. amJamad mdgomareoba mkveTrad Seicvala, saerTaSoriso da regionaluri samarTlis normebi sul ufro did wils ikavebs Siga samarTalSi. is uSualod miuTiTebs saxelmwifos _ risi gakeTeba SeiZleba da risi ar SeiZleba, ara marto saerTaSoriso asparezze, aramed nacionalur donezec. am pirobebSi, yvela qveynisaTvis, nacionaluri da saerTaSoriso normebis harmonizacia xdeba kanonSemoqmedebiTi procesis ganuyofeli nawili. am mizniT 2005 wlis 27 dekembers miRebul iqna saqarTvelos kanoni sursaTis uvneblobisa da xarisxis Sesaxeb. kanoni ar iyo dazRveuli xarvezebisagan, magram igi Sefasebul iqna rogorc sursaTis uvneblobis sferoSi saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sivrcis daaxloeba evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan. am kanonis miRebiT saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi Semovida sursaTis uvneblobisadmi axleburi midgoma e.w fer1

evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos biznes sabWos veb-gverdi: www.eugbc.net Legislation, EU Regulations.

midan suframde, Tumca, kanonSi 2006-2007 wlebSi Setanil iqna cvlilebebi da damatebebi1, ris Sedegadac saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sivrce daSorda evrokavSiris 178/2002 regulaciis moTxovnaTa ZiriTad princi pebs da amasTanave Semcirda saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba mosaxleobis janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis xarjze. Sedegad mosaxleoba aRmoCnda samomxmareblo bazris pirispir yovelgvari dacviTi meqanizmebis gareSe. rogorc saqarTvelos xelisufleba Tvlis, cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba gamowveuli iyo im mizeziT, rom am etapze Siga bazarTan mimarTebiT evrokavSiris moTxovnebis srulad Sesruleba, rac saxelmwifo regulaciis gazrdasTan aris dakavSirebuli, Seaferxebs qveyanaSi ekonomikur aqtivobas. dReisaTvis, xelisuflebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategia damyarebulia saxelmwifo regulirebis maqsimalur SezRudvaze, rac ori mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli: mTavrobas amJamad ar Seswevs imis unari, rom efeqtiani kontroli ganaxorcielos Siga bazarze; xelisufleba korufciis SezRudvisa da biznesgaremos gaumjobesebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan berketad miiCnevs Siga bazarze saxelmwifos rolis maqsimalurad Semcirebas. saxelmwifos umTavresi pasuxismgebloba da strategiuli amocanaa qveyanaSi sursaTis uvneblobis minimaluri donis uzrunvelyofa da mis aRsrulebaze swored man unda izrunos, magram misi moqmedeba araefeqtiani iqneba, Tu mis ganxorcielebaSi monawileobas ar miiRebs yvela dainteresebuli mxare (saxelmwifo, biznesi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, momxmarebeli).
1

prezidentis brZanebuleba 29.12.2006 #4328; 29.06.2007 #3120.

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`GEPLAK~ -is proeqtis farglebSi Cvens mier kavSir `21-e saukune~-sTan erTad Catarebulma kvlevis Sedegebma1 aCvena, rom: 1.evrokavSirisa da dsT-s yvela ganxilul qveyanaSi (CexeTi, litva, estoneTi, ukraina, moldaveTi, yazaxeTi) mikvlevadobis sistema harmonizebulia evroregulacia 178/2002-is moTxovnebTan da danergilia praqtikaSi; 2. sursaTis uvneblobisa da xarisxis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonisa da `sursaTis warmoebis sferoSi mikvlevadobis, safrTxis analizisa da sakontrolo kritikuli wertilebis dadgenis wesi mikvlevadobasTan dakavSirebuli normebi da koncefciebi ar aris kalkirebuli evroregulacia 178/2002-is moTxovnebTan. is harmonizebulia da adaptirebulia saqarTvelos realobis gaTvaliswinebiT. magram, amJamad SeCerebulia kanonis ZiriTadi muxlebis da teqnikuri reglamentis moTxovnebis Sesruleba, rac ewinaaRmdegeba evrokavSirTan samezoblo politikis moTxovnebs; 3.fokus-jgufebis gamokiTxvis Sedegebis analizis Tanaxmad dRevandel etapze mosaxleobis janmrTeloba samomxmareblo bazarze daucvelia. ar arsebobs aranairi saxelmwifo dacviTi meqanizmi da momxmarebeli damokidebulia mxolod mewarmeebis keTil nebaze. kvlevis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania sakanonmdeblo doneze iseTi cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba, romelic mas daaxloebs evropis parlamentis da sabWos regulacia (EC) # 178/2002-Tan.

`jeplak~-is proeqti - saqarTvelos kanonis `sursaTis uvneblobis da xarisxis Sesaxeb~ - Sesabamisobis dadgena 178/2002 evroregulaciasTan.

mikvlevadobis da HACCP-is sistemebis danergva sursaTis biznesSi xels Seuwyobs: partnioruli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas biznessa da saxelmwifos Soris, gazrdis momxmarebelTa dacvis xarisxs, stimuls miscems qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebas; Tavis wvlils Seitans adgilobrivi produqciis xarisxis amaRlebaSi; daexmareba konkurentunariani saqonlis warmoebis ganviTarebas, rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve saeqsporto bazrebisaTvis; aamaRlebs qarTuli sasursaTo produqciisadmi ndobas, xels Seuwyobs sasursaTo sferoSi evrokavSir saqarTvelos Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis amoqmedebas; daexmareba saqarTvelos mTavrobas dasaxuli reformebis realizaciaSi, evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebebis ganxorcielebaSi, romlis mixedviTac soflis meurneobisa da kvebis mrewvelobis produqciis eqsporti prioritetad aris miCneuli. evropuli integracia saqarTvelosaTvis erT-erT mTavar prioritetad rCeba, magram gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom evrokavSiri moiTxovs partniori qveynisagan zogierT sferoSi, Zalze mkacri wesebis danergvas, es aris: momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva, sursaTis uvneblobis, produqciis usafrTxoebis standartebisa da reglamentebis SemoReba.

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uvneblobisa da xarisxis TvalsazrisiT evropis bazars esaWiroeba stabiluri xarisxis sursaTi, romlis miwodeba moxdeba xelSekrulebiT dadgenil droSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi savaWro pertnioroba ar Sedgeba. arsebul etapze, mniSvnelovania iseTi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba, romelic mas daaxloebs evropis parlamentis da sabWos regulacia (EC) # 178/2002 moTxovnebTan. kanonis SeCerebuli muxlebidan mikvlevadobis da HACCP-is sistemebis danergva sursaTis biznesSi xels Seuwyobs: partnioruli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas biznessa da saxelmwifos Soris, gazrdis momxmarebelTa dacvis xarisxs, pozitiurad aisaxeba momxmareblis janmrTelobaze, xels Seuwyobs meti konkurentunariani kompaniis warmoqmnas. stimuls miscems qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. Tavis wvlils Seitans adgilobrivi produqciis xarisxis amaRlebaSi; xels Seuwyobs konkurentunariani saqonlis warmoebis ganviTarebas, rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve saeqsporto bazrebisaTvis; aamaRlebs qarTuli sasursaTo produqciisadmi ndobas, xels Seuwyobs sasursaTo sferoSi evrokavSir_saqarTvelos Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis amoqmedebas.

The barriers in the free trade between Georgia and European Union E. Sardjveladze D. Tsulaia European integration still remains one of the top priorities for Georgia. However, European Union requires the implementation of the strict rules and regulations regarding the consumer rights, food safety and establishing the standards for product quality assurance. Food products on European market must meet the certain standards by their quality and safety. If these food products are not supplied in the amount of time provided by the agreement, the trade partnership will not be formed. At this point, it is very important for us to make the necessary legislative amendments to resemble and approximate the regulation (EC) # 178/2002 of European Parliament and Council. Introducing and establishing traceability clause of the law and HACCP systems in food product business: Will facilitate the development of partnership between the State and the business private sectors; improve the consumer safety and have a positive impact on consumer health; it will also help to create more competitive companies and will stimulate the economic development of the country; Will improve the quality of the local produce; Help with the production of the competitive goods for not only the local market, but for the export as well; Will enhance the reputation of Georgian made food products; expedite the activation of the food product free trade agreement between European Union and Georgia.

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axali wignebi: rogoria profesional-rezenzentTa azri?

damwyeb buRalterTa gzamkvlevi*

sarecenzio wigni Sedgeba eqvsi ganyofilebisgan. pirvel ganyofilebSi avtori uwinaresad istoriul wiaRsvlebs akeTebs da Cerdeba aRricxvasTan dakavSirebul standartebze. ganyofileba meore eZRvneba sagadasaxado kodeqss sabuRaltro saqmianobaSi. aqve naTlad da srulad warmogvidgens gadasaxadebis nairsaxeobas, akeTebs sagulisxmo daskvnebs. mesame gamyofilebaSi dakvirvebiTaa gadmocemuli sabuRaltro aRricxvis angariSTa gegma, ZiriTadi wesebi, buRalterTa uflebebi, movaleobani, pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebi. ganyofileba meoTxeSi saqmis codniTaa gaSuqebuli ormagi Caweris wesi, cnobilma italielma, mravalmxrivi ganaTlebis luka paColim rom daamkvidra da dResac aRricxvis xerxemlad iTvleba. aqvea srulyofilad axsnili buRaltruli balansis, brunviTi uwyisis, buRaltruli gatarebis, dokumentaciis arsi. wignis mexuTe ganyofileba eTmoba mza produqciis kalkulacias. avtori aqac sakiTxis codnas avlens. sarecenzio naSromis meeqvse ganyofilebaSi damajerebeli msjelobaa sabuRaltro programa `orisze~.
*

mocemuli wignis dasasruls SemoTavazebulia buRalteriis qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, romelic, migvaCnia, erTgvar daxmarebas gauwevs sabuRaltro aRricxvis problemebiT dainteresebul specialistebs. wignis mimarT SeiZleba gamoiTqvas SeniSvnebic: me-4 ganyofileba, romelic dawerilia sabuRaltro aRricxvis erT-erT umTavres kategoriaze - balansze, pirdapir iwyeba balansis maketiT da amasTan dakavSirebiT mosazrebebi avtors gamoTqmuli aqvs Semdeg. vfiqrobT, es araa Txrobis marTebuli forma. wignis dasasruls miTiTebulia gamoyenebuli literaturuli wyaroebi, magram maTSi araa dasaxelebuli Teoriuli naSromebi aRricxvis problemebze. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, migvaCnia, rom am 246-gverdiani wignis dastambviT sabuRaltro saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo centrma didad sasargeblo saqme gaakeTa. wigni sargeblobas moutans ara marto damwyeb buRaltrebs, Teoretikos, praqtikos buRaltrebs, is gansjisTvis ganawyobs ekonomist mecnier-muSakebs da, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, jerovan daxmarebas gauwevs aseve finansistebsac. migvaCnia, rom sarecenzio wigni SeiZleba samagido iyos damwyebi buRaltrebisTvis da ara marto maTTvis. es ki, udavod misasalmebelia.

vaxtang doborjginiZe, aRricxvisa da praqtikis safuZvlebi damwyebi buRaltrebisaTvis. red. prof. nino burkaZe. Tb., 2010, 246 gv.

murman turava ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

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axali wignebi: rogoria profesional-rezenzentTa azri?

inglisurenovani damxmare saxelmZRvanelo ekonomikasa da biznesSi*

Tanamedrove globalizebad msoflioSi eWvs ar iwvevs inglisuri enis rogorc ZiriTadi sakomunikacio enis, dominanturi roli. gansakuTrebiT es exeba im bizness, romlis masStabebi scildeba erovnul sazRvrebs da saerTaSoriso, anda globalur saxes iZens. biznes-komunikacia arainglisurenovan qveynebTanac umetesad inglisur enaze myardeba. aqedan gamomdinare, biznes-inglisuris swavleba praqtikuli aucileblobiTaa ganpirobebuli. biznes-inglisuris Seswavla qarTul saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi ZiriTadad ucxouri saxelmZRvaneloebiT (Pearson, Longman-is gamocemebiT) mimdinareobs. am wignebSi ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanilia mimdinare biznes-procesebsa da yoveldRiur biznes-operaciebSi inglisuri enis gamoyenebaze. enis swavlebis Tanamedrove meTodikis TvalsazrisiT am wignebs bevri dadebiTi mxare aqvs, magram isini ZiriTadad gankuTvnilia enis Seswavlis nebismieri msurvelisaTvis, misi mSobliuri enis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. inglisuri enis swavlebis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, ucxour saxelmZRvaneloebTan erTad, saWiroa iseTi orenovani saxelmZRvanelos gamoyeneba, romelSic qarTuli enis, rogorc mSobliuri enis, Taviseburebebi gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba Sesabamisi ekonomikuri terminebis Seswavlas, saerTaSoriso biznesis dinamikur sferoSi warmoqmnili axali inglisuri terminebisaTvis adegiorgi yufaraZe, inglisuri ena saerTaSoriso biznesisa da ekonomikisaTvis, redaqtori Tsu asocirebuli profesori irina gogoriSvili, Tb., 2010, 177 gverdi.
*

kvaturi qarTuli Sesatyvisebis moZebnas. am mimarTulebiT arsebobs qarTvel avtorTa ramdenime saxelmZRvanelo, magram maTSi ZiriTadad yuradReba gadatanilia an mxolod ekonomikur terminebze, an im biznes- terminebze, romlebic, ase vTqvaT, biznesis yoveldRiur yofaSi gamoiyeneba. CvenTvis metad mniSvnelovania daveufloT iseT sakiTxebs, romlebic uSualod saerTaSoriso biznesisa da saerTaSoriso ekonomikis sferos ganekuTvneba. saqarTvelos ratificirebuli aqvs aTeulobiT saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri xelSekruleba, romelTa avTentikuri teqsti umravles SemTxvevaSi inglisuri enaa; aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa maTi qarTul enaze saTanadod gadmocema dedanTan maqsimaluri SesabamisobiT, qarTuli enis normativebis dacviT (mag: Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebebi, kapitalsa da Semosavlebze ormagi dabegvris Tavidan acilebisa da sxva SeTanxmebebi). zemoaRniSnul moTxovnebs akmayofilebs mimdinare wlis maisSi gamomcemloba ,,raizis~ mier dabeWdili saxelmZRvanelo _ ,,inglisuri ena saerTaSoriso biznesisa da ekonomikisaTvis~. igi gankuTvnilia biznes-inglisuris kursebis msmenelTaTvis; aseve, im pirTaTvis, romlebic Cabmulni arian saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobebSi da aqvT saqmiani urTierTobebi inglisurenovan qveynebTan; saxelmZRvanelo saerTaSoriso biznesis yvela ZiriTad Temas moicavs. damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia leqsikuri savarjiSoebi da saTargmni davalebebi, rac Seswavlili terminebisa da enobrivi formebis ganmtkicebisTvisaa gankuTvnili. saxelmZRvanelos erTvis: inglisur-qarTuli da qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobebSi gavrcelebul SemoklebaTa sia, msoflios qveynebis erovnuli valutebis saxelwodebebi da maTi Semoklebuli aRniSvnebi.

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lia garkveva saerTaSoriso komerciuli samarTlis, sakontraqto samarTlis ZiriTad debulebebSi. aqve Sesabamisi qarTuli SesatyvisebiT ganxilulia kontraqtis ti piuri formebis elementebi, ofertis pirobebi, misi Tanxmobisa da uaryofis samarTlebrivi safuZveli. saxelmZRvanelos erTvis inglisur-qarTuli da qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, saerTaSoriso biznesSi gavrcelebul SemoklebaTa sia, ucxouri valutebis saxelwodebebi qveynebis mixedviT da maTi miRebuli aRniSvnebi savaluto bazrebze. vfiqrobT, g. yufaraZis wigni sasargeblo SenaZeni iqneba saerTaSoriso ekonomikisa da biznesiT dainteresebuli pirebisaTvis.

pirvel TavebSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia sabazo ekonomikuri da biznes-teminologiaze. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa sarecenzio wignis me-4, me-6, me-10, me-11 Temebi. me-4 TemaSi ganxilulia biznesis samarTlebrivi formebi, saqarTveloSi kanonieri warmomadgenlobis daarsebis sakiTxebi, TiToeuli samarTlebrivi formis Taviseburebebi, upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi; aseve ganxilulia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Taviseburebebi; moyvanilia Sesaswavlad aucilebeli samarTlebrivi terminebi (inglisur-qarTuli Sesatyvisebi) rogorc Cveni qveynis, aseve ucxoeTis samewarmeo kanonmdeblobaze dayrdnobiT; ganxilulia biznes- gegmis Sedgenis Taviseburebebi. aRniSnuli Temis Seswavlis Semdeg studenti Tavisuflad SeZlebs Camoayalibos biznes-gegma inglisur enaze, ganmartos da partniors warudginos biznesis samarTlebrivi formebis arCevani saqarTvelosa da sxva qveynebSi. me-6 TemaSi ganxilulia eqsport-importis operaciebis Taviseburebebi, ganxilulia miwodebis sabaziso pirobebi _ Incoterms-2000; ZiriTadi sakontraqto pirobebi Sepirispirebulia Sesabamis qarTul terminebTan (E, F, C,D,jgufebi). Tavs erTvis Sesabamisi saTargmni davalebebi, rac inglisur enaze dadebul ti pur kontraqtSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes. me-10 TemaSi mocemulia saerTaSoriso dabegvra, yuradRebas iqcevs saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado terminebis ganxilva. ganxilulia saerTaSoriso ormagi dabegvris da saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis Taviseburebebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli xelSekrulebebi (ormagi dabegvris YTavidan acilebis Sesaxeb) saqarTvelos gaformebuli aqvs 20-ze met qveyanasTan; avTentikur teqstad ki inglisuri teqsti iTvleba. amdenad, es Tavi ormagi dabegvris problemebze momuSave sajaro moxeleebisaTvisac sasargeblo iqneba. me-11 TemaSi ganxilulia gayidvis kontaqtebi, aqceptisa da ofertis saxeebi. am Tavis SeswavliT SesaZlebe-

nino papaCaSvili ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu asocirebuli profesori

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saxelovan adamianTa galerea

tia Sromis ekonomikisa da adamianuri resursebis marTvis (personalis marTvis) problemebi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 100mde samecniero naSromi, maT Soris 3 monografia da 5 saxelmZRvanelo. profesori n. paiWaZe arCeulia saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiisa da saqarTvelos biznesis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrad. n. paiWaZe universitetSi muSaobis periodSi samecniero-pedagogiur saqmianobas aqtiurad uTavsebda administraciul muSaobas. 1974-1979 wlebSi iyo Tsu sainJinroekonomiuri fakultetis dekanis moadgile, xolo 1979-2005 wlebSi _ amave fakultetis (Semdgom menejmentis fakultetis) dekani. 1999 wlidan 2006 wlis seqtembramde muSaobda menejmentis kaTedris gamged. rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnul wlebSi mimdinareobda umaRlesi ganaTlebis reforma, romlis ganxorcielebaSi igi rogorc dekani da kaTedris gamge, aqtiurad monawileobda. misi xelmZRvanelobiT Camoyalibda fakultetze biznesisa da marTvis mimarTuleba, Seiqmna sabakalavro da samagistro programebi iseT specialobebSi, rogoricaa: menejmenti, adamianuri resursebis menejmenti (personalis marTva), ganaTlebis ekonomika da a.S. n. paiWaZe yovelTvis gamoirCeoda aqtiuri sazogadebrivi saqmianobiT: 1979-2004 wlebSi iyo Tsu didi samecniero sabWos wevri, orjer (1980-1984ww; 1998-2006ww.) iyo Tsu reqtoratTan arsebuli ekonomikuri fakultetebis sakoordinacio sabWos Tavjdomaris moadgile, wlebis ganmavlobaSi iyo saqarTvelos swavlul eqspertTa sabWosa da misi ekonomikuri seqciis wevri, amave seqciasTan arsebuli sakoordinacio sabWos Tavjdomaris moadgile da sxva; 19942006 wlebSi n. paiWaZe Tavjdomareobda Tsu-Tan arsebul sadisertacio sabWos, sadac samecniero xarisxebis dacva

profesori nugzar paiWaZe _ 70

nugzar nikolozis Ze paiWaZe daibada 1940 wlis 22 ivniss, dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erT ulamazes da kopwia sofel gamoCinebulSi, sadac didi qarTuli tradiciebis ojaxSi gaatara mTeli bavSvoba. iqve 1956 wels warCinebiT daamTavra arasruli saSualo skola, xolo 1958 wels _ saWamiaseris saSualo skolis sruli kursi. 1959-1962 wlebSi sabWoTa armiis rigebSi gaiara savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuri. 1964 wels Cairicxa da 1969 wels warCinebiT daamTavra ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikuri fakulteti. jer kidev studentobis periodSi eweoda aqtiur sazogadoebriv muSaobas. 1965-1969 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobda fakultetis axalgazrdul orga-nizacias. amave wlebSi aqtiurad monawileobda studentTa samSeneblo razmebis muSaobaSi, rogorc fakultetis (1966w.) da universitetis (1970w.) saamSeneblo razmebis meTauri. 1972 wels warmatebiT daamTavra Tsu aspirantura da 1973wels aseve warmatebiT daicva disertacia ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad (mecnier-xelmZRvanelebi: akademikosi irakli miqelaZe da profesori pavle garuCava). 1972 wlidan 2009 wlis seqtembramde Tsu-Si eweva aqtiur samecniero-pedagogiur saqmianobas, sadac gaiara yvela samecniero-pedagogiuri Tanamdeboba _ dawyebuli asistentidan, damTavrebuli profesoriT. ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtoria 1988, xolo profesori 1989 wlidan. misi samecniero kvlevis ZiriTadi obieq-

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saxelovan adamianTa galerea

xdeboda iseT specialobebSi, rogoricaa: menejmenti, Sromis ekonomika, seqtoruli ekonomika, mikroekonomika da sxva. n. paiWaZe aqtiurad monawileobs ekonomikuri profilis Jurnalebis muSaobaSi. igi aris Semdegi Jurnalebis redkolegiis wevri: `ekonomika da biznesi~, `socialuri ekonomika~ (2008 wlamde); saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnali `macne~ (ekonomikis seria); `ekonomika~ (makro da mikro ekonomika). n. paiWaZe aris araerTi monografiis, saxelmZRvanelos, samecniero Sromebis krebulis, leqsikonis redaqtori, redkolegiis wevri an recenzenti. n. paiWaZe xangrZlivi da nayofieri samecniero-pedagogiuri, administraciuli da sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisaTvis dajildoebulia sxvadasxva ordeniTa da medliT, maT Sorisaa: medali `yamiri miwebis aTvisebisaTvis~ (1966w.); ordeni `SromiTi mamacobisaTvis~ (1970w.); `Rirsebis ordeni~ (1998w.); `ivane javaxiSvilis medali~ (2000w.). n. paiWaZe aRiarebulia rogorc erT-erTi saukeTeso sauniversiteto leqtori, romlis leqciebic gamoirCeva mecnieruli siRrmiTa da imavdroulad sisadaviT, masalebis studentTaTvis gasagebi formiT miwodebiT. misi seminarebi Taviseburi sadiskusio klubia, sadac studentebi Tamamad ayeneben mwvave sakiTxebs da leqtorisagan iReben amomwurav da savsebiT damajerebel informacias maTTvis saintereso yvela problemaze. yvelasaTvis misabaZi da sanimuSo iyo misi mRvaweoba fakultetis dekanis, Tu kaTedris gamgis Tanamdebobaze. mas rogorc fakultetis profesor-maswavleblebTan, aseve studentobasTan hqonda harmoniuli, megobruli, magram mkacrad saqmiani urTierToba. igi dajildoebulia ama Tu im saswavlo Tu sxva organizaciuli problemis swrafad da efeqtianad gadawyvetis, TanamSromelTa Tu studentTa saqmianobis miukerZoebeli, obieqturi Sefasebis unariT. nugzar paiWaZe Cinebuli meojaxea, misi meuRle q-ni marine brwyinvale meojaxe da meurnea, aseve samSoblos bedsa da momavalze mofiqrali. yavs sami Svili _ erTimeoreze ukeTesebi _ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis aRzrdilebi da amJamad SesaniSnavi specialistebi. batoni nugzari mdidaria SviliSvilebiTac (jer-jerobiT _ 5). da erTic igi megobrobaSi gamorCeuli pirovnebaa, sityvisa da saqmis erTianobis kacia. am princi pidan ar gadauxvevia da arc sxvas apatiebs amas. 70 wlis nugzari mxned gamoiyureba, mtkicedaa darwmunebuli, rom saqarTvelo male gabrwyindeba da mzadaa Tavisi wvlili kvlavac Seitanos am procesSi.

elene xarabaZe Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis dekani, sruli profesori, vladimer papava avTandil silagaZe leo Ciqava saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondentebi, elguja meqvabiSvili Tsu sruli profesori\, revaz gogoxia Jurnal `ekonomika da biznesis~ mTavari redaqtori, profesori, grigol Todua ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, mirian tuxaSvili Tsu sruli profesori

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gadaeca asawyobad - 10.07.2010 xelmowerilia dasabeWdad - 20.07.2010 saaRricxvo-sagamomcemlo Tabaxi - 12, tiraJi - 150

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 0128, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri 14 0128, Tbilisi, 14, I. Chavchavadze Av. www.press.tsu.ge (25-14-32)

daibeWda stambaSi - ,,georgika~ Tbilisi, jiqias 10.

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa manana jixviSvili

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