UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles A 1éch Century Mamluk-Kipchak Military Treatise + Munyatu'l-Guzdt, A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures by Kurtulus Oztopeu 1986ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION A lath Century Mamluk-Kipchak Military Treatise: Munyatu'l by Kurtulus Oztopeu Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles, 1986 Professor A. J. E. Bodrogligeti, Chair ‘This is study and edition of Munyatu'l-Guadt 'wish of the warriors of the Faith,’ a fourteenth century Mamluk-K pehak treatise on various aspects of fui yya ‘ehivalric arts," such as horsemanship, lance maneuvers, sword, archery and polo. It consists of a detailed linguistic and content analysis of the text, a transcription in modified Latin characters, an English translation, a complete glossary, an English index, an appendix of the technical terms used in the text, and the facsimile of the text. Munyatu'l-Guzdt, one of a group of manuscripts called the Mamluk-Kipehak proper, represents the literary language of the Kipchak Turks, a part of the military elite that ruled the Mamluk Kingdom of Egypt and Syria between the 13-15 centuries.The study of this manuscript furthers our understanding of the Mamluk-Kipchak language in particular, provides Linguistic material for the Middle Turkic period, and expands our knowledge of the history of medieval military skills and practices in the Islamic world.CHAPTER ONE DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUSCRIPT AND CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT 1.1 Description of the manuscript: Munyatu'l-Guzdt Munyatu'l-Guzdt 'wish of the warriors of the Faith", henceforth MG, is a fourteenth century furdsiyya ‘chivalric arts" manual written in Mamluk-Kipchak. The only known copy of MG is in the collection of the library of the Topkapi Saray Mizesi in Istanbul. It is registered in the Ahmed III section with the mumber 34681. The manuscript was copied in Egypt in 850 A.H./1446-47. It has 116 folios and is written in an easily readable nash. Each page contains 9 lines, with the exception of 2r and 2v which contain 7 lines each. The, first two and one half pages and all the chapter titles are in Arabic. Ex libris is I al-Amirt al-Kabirt al-Saifi al-Muc@hidt al-MurabitT al-GazT Altun Buga. Neither the copyist nor the translator is know. It was translated from the masterly work of Mubammad Ibn Ya°qib Ibn AUT Hazedim (or Yim) al-YattalT (or Yatlt, or YatbT)®, entitled Kitab al-Furdsiyya va'l-Baytara. MG is the abridged translation of the third and last chapter of this work. The title of this chapter in the original Arabic is Bab Ibtida al-Rukib va Ta°allum al-Furlisiyya (Veliyiiddin Efendi copy, No. 3174, Folios: 136v-234r). The translation was undertaken at the request of a certain Teniir Beg, the conmander of Sultan's bodyguards (hagakTlar_ pasa) (3v), for the benefit of the Turkish A¥zis (Sr-Sv). MC is composed in sixskills (fann) (Sv). These are listed on 6r as follows: 1+ First skill: Mounting the horse (atqa minmikdi) (7r-19v) 2- Second skill: Holding the lance (siigii tutmagda) (19v-82v) 3+ Third skill: Acts related to the use of the sword (qilagqa ta®allug Samallarda) (82v-99r) 4- Fourth skill: Holding the shield (galgan tutmaqda) (missing) 5 Fifth skill: Archery (oq atmaqda) (99r-108r) 6- Sixth skill: Hitting the ball (polo) op urmaqda) (108r:116r) A closer examination of the text and a comparison of it with the Arabic original, however, reveals that the fourth skill is missing. It is also possible that some portion of the fifth skill is also missing’, There is an abrupt change on 99r from one topic to another, and the concluding sentence of the third chapter is written on the margin. There may be two reasons for this abrupt change, since the binding seems to be intact and it seems that there is no missing page, and the change of topic occurs in the middle of the page. The first reason is that the translator switehed from one topic to the other without giving any indication, and then left out the fourth skill. This is not likely, since the concluding remarks of the third skill are on the margin and were added to the text later and because in general topics are rarely changed without first indicating that a change is going to occur. Therefore the stronger possibility seems to be an error on the part of the copyist, who may have simply mixed the pages and then continued copying without realizing his error. The concluding sentence was added later, when the copying was finished, together with othercorrections by either the copyist himself or someone else who read and edited the manuscript. After the Arabic introduction, which continues to the middle of 3r, a Turkish introduction begins. In it the translator describes the purpose of his translation (3r-dr). This is followed by a short and rather simple poem in praise of Temiir Beg, at whose request the book was translated (4r-5r). Then he describes how he accepted Temiir Beg's request and translated MG. On 6r he lists the chapters of the book, and then enumerates the benefits of knowing these military skills. On 7r the first chapter begins. ‘The Mamluk-Kipchak language and literature The Mamluks were originally purchased as slaves mostly from the Kipchak Turkic tribes and the Circassians living on the southern steppes of Russia and the Caucasus and were brought to Cairo and other important military centers. After being given extensive military training there, they served as soldiers in the army and as bodyguards of the sultans and amirs in both Syria and Egypt. They began to exert their power over the sultans. When Aybek, commander of the Mamluks, overthrew the Ayyibid dynasty in 1250, they became the rulers of Egypt and Syria. They were overthrown only in 1517. The line of Mamluk sultans is generally divided into BahrT and Burji Mamluks. Bahri Mamluk sultans were mostly Kipchak Turks, the Burji sultans were mostly Circassians. The background of the majority of the Mamluks in the Bahri period was also Turkish, making the Turkish language second in importance to Arabic. This importance continued into the BurjZ period, when Turkish became thelanguage of the ruling military elite, despite the non~Turkic origins of the BurjT sultans. Indeed most of the Mamluk works written in Turkish come from the Burj period (1382-1517). Large numbers of Turcoman tribes, especially those living in Syria, together with the ever growing presence of the Ottoman Empire may also have contributed to this phenomenon. Mamluk Kipehak Turks played such an important role in society that the Arabs took interest in their language. Consequently during the Mamluk reign many Turkic~Arabic glossaries and Turkic gtamars in Arabic were written. Of these six have come down to us or have been located thus far, These granmars and glossaries ave an indication of how important the Turkish language had become vis a vis Arabic and demonstrates the demand for a knowledge of Turkish among the Arabic-speaking populace. In addition about thirty books were written in Turkic, almost all translations from Arabic or Persian. Most of these works, especially the earlier ones, deal with law and the military sciences. The Turkic grammars and glossaries written by the Arabic philologists give us very important information about the Kipchak and Tlirkmin dialects of the Mamluks and provide us with a very large vocabulary. Probably with the exception of Divan-i Lugati! t-rurk, they are the most important linguistic documents on the Middle Turkie dialects. All of these works have been studied, edited and published, sometimes more than once. 1+ Kit@b-i Macmi® TarcumZn-i TurkT va Sacami va Mugali: It was written in 743/1343. This anonymous vocabulary has about 2000 words.Most are given as Ripchak with occasional remarks to Tiirkmiin dialect. The unique copy, which contains 75 folios, is in Leiden. Tt bas been edited twice’. 2- Kit@bu'I-ldrak Li-Lisdni'i-Atrak: Lt was written in 712/1312 by the famous philologist Abu Hayy’n Muhammad Ibn YUsuf al-Garnatt. There are two known copies, both in Istanbul. One was copied in 13355 the other, less reliable copy was executed in 1402. The work has tuo section a-) Grammar of Turkish, b-) An Arabic-Turkic glossary. Overall it contains about 3000 words. Tt has been edited twice®, The glosses on the margin were also collected and published’. 3- At-Tuhfatu' z~Zakiyya fT Lugati't-Turkiyya: Tts author is not known, It was written before 1425. The unique copy is in Istanbul and has 91 folios. Several scholars have worked on it. It has been edited twice®, More than 3200 words are included. 4- Kitab Bulgati"I-Mustaq £T Lugatite-Turk va'l-Qufcdq: Tt was written by Cam@lu'd-din Aba Muhammad SAbdullahi't-TurkZ. It is probably from the early 15th century. The only known copy, which is in the Bibliothtque Nationale (Paris) and has 71 folios, was published by A. Zajaczkowski in two separate volumes’, It contains nore than 1200 words. S= Al-Qavanfnu'l-Kulliya 1i-Zabti"1-Lugaci't-Turkiyya: The author of this work is also unknown. The only known manuscript of the Qaviniin is in Istanbul and has 85 folios. Tt was probably written in the 15th century in Egypt. It is based on the Kipchak dialect and has occasional references to Tiirkmiin words. Tt was edited and its glossary has been published!. There are about 700