7.

(a) Propagation delay (Tprop) = 20 ms =20 x 10-3 s Data rate = 4 kbps = 4 x 103 bps Let, L = length of a frame Therefore, Time taken to transmit a frame (Ttrans) = L/(4 x 103) s Now, a = (Tprop/Ttrans) = (20 x 10-3)/ [L/(4 x 103)] = 80/L Now, 50% efficiency implies a utilization U = 50/100=0.5. For stop-and-wait: U=1/(1+2a) Therefore, 0.5=1/(1+2a) or, a=0.5 Therefore, 80/L=0.5 or, L=160 bits Therefore, as long as L 160 bits the efficiency is at least 50%. Ans. The frame size should be less than or equal to 160 bits to to get an efficiency of 50%. 7. (b) Page 328. Forouzan 7. (c) CRC cannot detect an error if the error polynomial e(x) is divisible by the generator polynomial g(x) 7. (d) With m bits of data and r bits of redundancy added to them, the length of the resulting code is m + r. If the total number of bits in a transmittable unit is m + r then r must be able to indicate at least m + r + 1 different

states. Of these, one state means no error, and m + r states indicate the location of an error in each of the m + r positions. So m + r + 1 states must be discoverable by r bits and r bits can indicate r 2 different states. Therefore 2r must be equal to or greater than m + r + 1: 2r >= m + r + 1