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F ~ c l d S c r v i c o Regulations) i
" T R T J I ' I ~ N F ~ ~ U h e G ' ' , important manual o f t h e Geman Army, t ~ ~ most i s t h e German F i e l d S e r v i c e Regulations. The p r e s e n t e d i t i o n was p u b l i s h e d on October 17, 1933. This document was " s e c r e t " u n t i l iVovem.ber 1, 1935, when P a r t I ras r e l e a s e d , Part 1 , containing t h e detailed' 1 t a b l e s of .o r g a.n-i-z a t i o n and r o a d spaces, i s s t i l l ,a ~".., e c r e t " , . document. s ~. . . ~ .- . . . . . . .. Pa11-t.1 i s now o f f e r e d i n tKe b e l i e f t h a t it 1611be found i n s t r u c t i v e and of t i m e l y i n t e r e s t .
/
By D i r e c t i o n o f t h e A s s i s t m t Commandant:
- XI11 - 15 16 - 26
724 (inclusive)
Introduction
I
............................. Par.
........................... "
I '
incl.
11
vrar Organization
I1
I'
111 Roconnaissancc
"
IV
.................................
- 267
"
VI
Attaclc
...................................
V II Pursuit
VIII
1X X
Defonso
- 409 .................................. 410 - 426 " .................................. " 427 - 502 "
"
"
314
"
;
- 538
649
"
"
XI
:I I :
XI11
................
Quartering
...................
" "
fit
- 698
- 724
I'
Army Cavalry
.............................
"
Introduction
1 The c0nduc.t of T a r i s an a r t , depending upon free, creative a c t i v i t y , . s c i w t i f i c a l l y grounded. I t makes t h e highest demands on t h e personality.
New means of 2 . The conduct of war i s ba sod on cont inuous development warfare c a l l f o r t h ever changing employment. Their use must be anticipated, t h e i r influence must be c o r r e c t l y estimated and quickly u t i l i z e d .
3. Situations i n mar a r e of unlimited variety. They change often and Incalculable elemcnts suddenly and only r a r e l y a r e from the f i r s t discernible. The independent w i l l of t h e enemy i s p i t t e d a r e often of g r e a t i&luence. against ours, W i c t i o n and mistakes a r e of every day occui-rence,
4 . T ~ Bteaching of the cbhduct of war cannot be concentrated exhausti~rel y i n regulationsb Tho p r i n c i p l e s so enunciated must be employed dependent upon t h e s i t u a t i o n &
Simplicity of oonduct, l a g i c a l l y carried through, w i l l most surely a t t a i n the objective. 5. War i s the severest t e s t of s p i r i t u a l and bodily strength. I n war, character outweighs i n t e l l e c t * Many stand f o r t h on the f i e l d of b a t t l e who i n peace would ranain unnoticed. Armies a s well a s l e s s e r u n i t s dm-and leaders of good judgment, c l e a r thinking and f a r seeing, leaders with independence and decisive resolution, leaders with perseverance and energy, leaders n o t emotionally moved by the varying fortunes of war, leaders w i t h a high sense of r e d p o n s i b i l i t y r
6.
7. The o f f i o e r i s a leader and a teaoherr Besides h i s knowledge of men end h i s sense of j u s t i c e he must be distinguished by h i s supericr .knowledge and experienoe, his earmstness, his self-control and high courage.
8. The example and personal con%uot of p f f i e e r s and n o n - c n ~ i s s i o n o d o f f i c e r s a r e of decisive influence on the troops. The o f f i c e r who i n the face of t h e enany i s cold-blooded, decisive and courageous inspire8 h i s troops onward. The o f f i c e r must likewise find the way t o the hearts of h i s subordinates end gain t h e i r t r u s t through a n understanding of t h e i r f e e l i n g s and thoughts and through never ceasing care of t h e i r needs.
9. I n a l l s i t u a t i o n s every leader must e x e r t , without evasion of responsibility, h i s wholo p3rsonality. Willing and joyful acceptMce of res p o n s i b i l i t y i s the distinguishing c h a r a o t e r i s t i c o f leadership. This does not man t l a t t h e subordinate should seek an a r b i t r a r y decision without proper consideration of the whole o r t h a t he s h o d $ n o t obey orders p r e c i s e l y or t h a t he should l e t h i s f e e l i n g of g r e a t e r knowledge t a l e precedence over obedience. Inde~endenceof a c t i o n should never be based upon oontrariness. Independence of action, properly used, i s o f t e n tho b a s i s of great suoceas,
I n s p i t e of technique, the worth of man i s t h e decisive factor. 1 s i g n i f i c m c e i s increased i n group combat. Its
The emptiness of the b a t t l e f i e l d demands independently thinking and aating fighters, vho, congidering sach s i t i n t i o n , a r e dominated by the convfct i o n , boldly and dcoisivcly t o aot, and dotomined t o a r r i v e a t success.
Being accustcmd i;o physical ~ccomplishments, laok c f consideration of s e l f , w i l l power, s e l f confidence, a d courage qualify a man t o master the most d i f f h u l t situdtions. Report No. 14,507.
-1.-
Superior b a t t l e worth can equalize numerical i n f e r i o r i t y . The higher t h e b a t t l e worth, the more vigorous and v e r s a t i l e can war be executed. Superior leadership and superior troop b a t t l e readiness a r e r e l i a b l e
portents of victory.
12. The leaders must l i v e with t h e i r troops, p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e i r dangers, t h e i r wants, t h e i r joys, t h e i r sorrows. Only i n t h i s way can they estimate the b a t t l e worth and the requirements of the troops,
hlan i s not responsible f o r himself alone, but also f o r h i s comrades.
X &o can do more, who has g r e a t e r capacity of accomplishment must i n s t r u c t
e the inexperienced and weaker.
Frem suah conduct the feeling of r e a l comradeship develops, which i s j u s t a s important between the leaders and t h e men as between t h e men tliemselves. 13. Tmops only superficially, and ience, welded together, more e a s i l y f a i l unexpected crises. Therefore before the maintenance of steadiness and d i s c i p l i n e .ing, i s of decisive importance. not through long t r a i n i n g and experunder severe conditions and under outbreak of war the development and i n the troops, a s well a s t h e i r t r a i n ?
fit
to
14. The strength of the t r o o p s must be able to meet the highest demands
i n decisive moments. H who unnecessarily f a t i g u e s the troops jeopardizes
e
SUCCCSB.
..
I.
War Organization
-- Troop D i s t r i b ~ t t i o n r
16. The o r g a n i z a t i o n of war e s t a b l i s h e s tho r c g u l a r command and ndminIt i s ordered b y t h e IIigh i s t r a t i v e r e l a t i o n s of t h e army i n t h o i l c l d . Command (War ~ c p a r t m o n t )and b y it only can be cbaged. 17. T h e F i e l d h and army troops. y c o n s i s t s of armies, u n i t s of army cavalry, a i r u n i t s
18, An Amp c o n s i s t s o f I n f a n t r y d i v i s i o n s ( a l l r e g u l a t i o n s enunciated f o r I n f a n t r y d i v i s i o n s a p p l y f o r t h e other arms, i n so f a r a s t h e y a r e conducted a s Idant&, &d o t h e r r e g u l a t i o n s t h e r e f o r a r e not e x p r e s s l y p b l i s h ed), which a s a r u l e a r e grouped .under corps commanders a s Army Corps. Corps have corps troops, armies, army troops. Several armies m q be formed i n t o an Amy Group. 19. The u n i t s of Field Army Cavalry a r e g e n e r a l l y Cavalry d i v i s i o n s . as
Several Cavalry d i v i s i o n s may be grouped under a Corps commander a Cuvalry Corps, t o which a r e added corps troops.
The a t t a c h m n t of Field Army Cavalry u n i t s i n general i s l i m i t e d t o Army Groups m d armies. Units of t h e a i r arm a r e t h e a i r u n i t s (reconnaissance echelons, 20. a t t a c k ( p r s u i t ) squadrons nnd bomb% squadrons) and t h o a i r defonse troops. Units of t h e a i r arm can b e a t t a c h e d t o army groups, armies, army or Cavnlry corps, arvl oxceptionnlly t o I n f a n t r y and Cavalry clivisicns. 21. The following belong t o t h e F i e l d Army t r o o p s : s t a f f f o r s p e c i a l q l o y m e n t , bicycle-, motorcycle-, machine gun-, minenlvcrfer-, nnd t a n k defense u n i t s , motorized recopnaissance b a t t a l i o n s , a r t i l l e r y , including observation b a t t a l i o n o and b a l l o o n platoons, t a n k u n i t s , chemical troops, onginecr m d s i g n a l units, s p e c i a l t r o o p s end u n i t s of t h e s e r v i c e s of supply. 22. The I n f a n t r y and Cavalry d i v i s i o n s a r e t h e s m a l l e s t u n i t s which organi c a l l y a r e capable of independent operations. They have a t t h e i r d i s p o s a l t h e m a n s f a r independent cambat missions and sustenanoe.
23. Amy and Corps t r o o p s a r a organized s i m i l a r l y t o F i e l d Army troops. The supply s e r v i c e s of Corps troops a r e o n l y so l a r g e a s a c t u a l l y n e c e s s a r y t o supply t h e Corps troops.
24. The troops a r e distributed i n nccord,mce with t h c needs for s t r a t e g i c a l and t o c t i c a l emploporit (advance gucrd, r e a r guard, f l a n k guard, march columns, b a t t l e groups). The u n i t s a s organized a r c m a i n t l i n e d i n t h e i r i n t e g r i t y a s f a r a s possible.
25. Laadors a r e senior end subordinate. T h e higher 1es.dership ombraces commaIulers of a1 1 u n i t s dolnn to i n c l u d e I n f a n t r y 'and C a v n l r j d i v i s i o n s , t h o l a v e r a l l s?nr,ller c o m d s . 26. ( ~ r u ~ ~ o r i l " u h r eThe t r o o p comr~wder i s one pcrmmently o r tcmporcrily r) indopendently i n oomand of e. u n i t of a l l ttrms (combined arms).
11
--
11.
-----Leadership. ---27. Great. successes presume boldness juQmnent.
darin~ preceded by
;ocd
28. !'le never have a t our d i s p o s a l a l l t h e d e s i r e d f o r c e s f o r tlie d e c i s i v e a c t i 0 3 . Be :'rho w i l l b e s c c w e everyi~hereor vho f i x e s f o r c e s i n secondary t a s k s a c t s c o n t r a r y t o tile i"uidm.cntal+
Thm wczitcr f o r c e , t h r o u ~ hspeed, !nobility, & r e a t march accomplishmnents, utilization of d a r h s s and t h e t e r r a i n t o t h e A r l l e s t , s u r p r i s e and d e c e p t i o n , can b e t h e s t r o n c n r a t t h e d e c i s i v e a r e a ,
29. Time ar:3 space must be c o r r e c t i y e s t i m a t e d , f a v o r a b l e s i t u a .-. t i o n s q u i c l r l : ~recor,nized acd d e c i s i v e l y e x s l o i t c d . hvery advantagi- over the eneiny i n e l e a s e s OLW oi-m ficcdom o Y a o t i o n .
30. RZpidi t:r of a c l i o n i n t h e diSplacs!x?i?nt of troops ca be a s s i s t e d g r e a t l y o r retardi:d t y t h e roeds a d s t r e e t n e t s alld by t h e t e r r a i n conditions. The season, t h e n e a t h e r , t h e c o n d i t i o n of t h e t r o o p s , a r e a l s o of irlfluence.
3 . The d u r a t i o n of s 4 ~ r a t e f ; i c a l nd t a c t i c a l o p e r a t i o n s cannot a always be foreseen. Successful engagements of t e n proceed slovlly. Often a t h e s u c c e s s of t o d a y ' s b a s t l e is f i r s t r e c o ~ l j z d -tomorror;.
S u r p r i s e of t h e a ~ e ~ i z i a d e c i :live i'actcr iii a success. is Actions based on su:?rise a r e only of isreat succes~? .:ihe:i we do not permit t h e enemy t o t a k e adequate countcr izea:ura-s.
2 .
Our
5 . The kno:?led;;e of the h o s t i l e l e a d e r s h i p and Tire;- p r i n c i p h s can i n f l u e n c e t h e d e c i s i o n arid a i d our h a t t l e condv-ct, bu-? i t m o t n e v e r load t o preconceptions.
34. Those condi:i.ons :;hich f a c i l i t a t e t h e conduct of -;Jar i n our l a n d , make i t more difi'ic:llt i n f o m i ~ n land.?, r e q l l i r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
up.
35. I n s t r e n u o u s col?lbat,troopa are soonx!orn out and a u i c k l y u s e d The f o r c e s m u s t r e c e i v e t i m e l y r e i n f c r cu51e1:t s i n l e i d e r s , men, nnimale , b a t t l e ;leecis and vrnr m a t c r h l f i of a l l lcinds.
36.
The mission desi(y-att.s t k c objt c t i v e t o be at1;ained. The l e a d e r m u s t never ;"or;et h i s micsion. A :nission 7:bi.ch iridicatos s e v e ~ a l -tcnk,s e a s i l y divi:riz from ttic . x i n objcctivo. Obscurity of t h a s i t u a t i o n i s t h a r u l e . Seldon c i l l one have exact i n f o r m t i o n of t h e a a ~ y . Clarif'ication of the h o a t i l e s i t u a t i o n Is a self-evirtent; demand. :icv;ever, t o wait. i n t e n s e s i t c a t i o n s for inf a r m t i o n , is seldom a token of s t r o n s lcadersb.%p, cfbm of weakness.
37. The clecisior, a r i s e s froin t h e mission and .tile s i t c a t i o n . Should t h e mi@s io n no l o n g e r o?.rffi ce a s t h e 2.1ndamental o' conduct o r f I s it changed by event.9, t h e d e c i s i o n -t t a k e t h e s e ccnisiderations i n t o account. Ire 7.7bo chm,es h j s m i s s i o n o r iice s not execute t'ie one g i v e n !iiust r e p o r t h i s a c t i o n s a t or~ceand assulEs a l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e consequences. Re mst al.rq.rs ke q~ i n mind -the whole s i t u e t i o n .
' : r i M o r ~ t -$er;; ~ o o d r:;asons a d e c i s i o n occe ziade should not be abandoned. I f x s v c r , i n t h2 vicissi.';udcs of liar an irif!.exi b l e mainte.;ar:ce o? tilo ori:,inal. d c c i s i o ~ :map l e a d t o p e s t raint5Kes. Timely reco:;nition o-r L i cor:di tici::; h and the t i m 3 i c h c a l l f o r ' a :le*;/ d e c i s i o n ; h i s a11 a a . $ t r i h u t r . of .iflie a r t o leafi*.r-.hip. r
%a c ,~~ma::.?cr t p e r n i t freedoxx of a c tio:l t o h i s s . o r d i ~ . a t e s !!?us 1k : w i n s o t a r % h a t t h i s 6% s not e!n$ail;;er -tl::e ~ d01s .sche;~~e Iie m t n o t suz?.cnder t o tl-im t'losc d o c i s i o n s f o r irhich ic alone in ~,nsponsi.bl.c.
Z?. Tho combs-t ( d m ~ e f e c h)t by lm$;e arr0.y v n ' i t s t h e b a t t l e ( d i e Rchlac:-~t) - is the armed c o n f l i c t v h i c h e n s u e s -idlcn t:.ro opponoxts come taf;otknr.
39. Thh- attack; is launchod i n ordor t o d o f c a t t h o oneniy. Tho a t t a c k e r h a s t h e i n i t i a t i v e . S u p e r i o r i t y of l c a d c r s h i p and of t r o o p s sl!o:-I t o t h e b e s t a 3 v a n t a ~ ei n t h o a t t a c k . Success does not il?.;ays c01!1e y t o s u g e r i o r i t oi' nm;te?s.
I n s y c i a l i n s t a n c e s t k e o b j e c t i v e o f an a t t a c k may he
l i m i b ed.
' .
the enemy, x h i c h
Tho dcl'cnder s e e k s t o
The d e f e n s e is chostzl when our o m i ; l f e r i o r i t y p e r n i t s r,o o t h e r choice, o r i f :'or o-the r r e a s o n s it ap2ears adv&tajeous. The d n f s i held t o t h e l a s t . The comrm-der ( l e a d e r s h i p ) m y lini-i; the t i n e of t h e d e f e w e .
A d e c i siv e v i c i;oly ca
SF:
be aclliuved only by an o i i a l s i Y e r e t u r n .
The d e l a y i ~ l t :a c t i o n h a s t h e m i s s i o n of i n f l i c t i q ; h i c h l o s s e s on t h e enemy w i t h o u t p e c l i t t i n : ~ a decisi-ie a c t i o n t o r e s u - l t . Fm t h i s t pur?,ooe .;re m u s t .;iitildri?-:! in ti!= f ~ o r n h o hoati2.c a t t a c k a&d @ v e t e r r a i n f o r timc.
42. the b a t t l e en~;+;;.ai:unt ing a c t i o n
RreaLin, W f .in en(;ageiI:.ent has t h e pur20so o f t e m i n a t i n z . o r ,jvi?;i UP tP.e .former p o s i t i o n i n order t o c o n t i i l l s t h e a t a moro fa-;o:-able p o s i t i o n . 1x1 t h e l a t t e r i n s t a n c e d e l a y i s oTton e??gloyc?d.
lliust
43. Tho r e t r e a t i n t e n d s t o avoid t ~t h e r combat. The engage-wnt r for t h i s purpo;.e b:, tcn:xinated and tho oithd~.arral of' the t r o o p s be
.protected.
44. The chacgir?: f o r t u w s of b a t t l e du.;.:mh o f t e n t h e p a s s i n g ihrn one t y p e of a~&a&clzion.to another. t
!:?port bmb
No. 14,556.
It \-rill g a i n t i m c , keep
I n unc:.rxified s i t u c . t i o n c , or;;nniz?.tion i n de;?th p r e s e r v e s freedoin of c c t i o n f o r t h e com:i,".mler. & p i n s t -.more r.-.pidlg moving eneiny or one ;:rith p o n t e r m o b i l i t y i s such o r ~ m i z n t i o nr.l:i?.y^.y:; proper i n i t i C n . l l p . in At t h e d e c i s i - e ? r e ? t h e r e ir, norm".lly t h e dcr?;..~id f o r or;;:niz.?tion depth. The c m t " . n d e r must d i o t r i b u t e h i s f o r c e s i n d e p t h ?nd breq.dth b e f o r e c o n t z c t ?.nd during, t h e b ? t t l c , -.ccordin{, t o t h e n i t u l t i o n . 47. Durin:.: t?e course of the b , - t t l e t h e c o m ? n d e r i n f l u e n c e s t h e b -.ction t ~ o s t r o n ~ l y y t h e concentr.?.tion ?ad i n c r e c s e of f i r e ?ad tkrou,h ~ t t h e a n p l o p ~ ~ e no r h i s r e s e r v e s . t Ammunition o u p p l i c s hcld ::lobile, m - b l c him t o i n c r e c s o t h e i'ire e f f e c t i v c n e a s r.t tho d c c i s i v o r.rc,:. z t t h e d e c i c i v c t i m e ,".11d t o inf l u e n c e t h e en~?gcmcnt cvcn ? . f t e r h i s roscrvLs hcvc becrl coimiit ted.
U n i t s uf conbincd ?.r.r,.x".re p ? r t i c u l o . r l y ' s u i t z b l o .-.s r o s o r v c s t t s+i?$?n l l c s ~-20 c.-.p?blc of indcpondcnt c c t i o n . The d i e n l p t l o n of s u c h .mits " ;.rill n s t h o f r i t t w i r i a :??a: of r o s u r v c s i s t o b c ?Void~d. a
InmC
; d m
it $8 fl?n!;
Tho l o a n t i o r . of t h o r c s c r v o dcponds upon its p r o b ~ , h b ploytho tor,Yr.i]l. I t o t b i o l y c?mployacnt must bc caaurod. Wnomlly t o b c o c h o l o 1 ~ 3hohind t+tc f l n r k . ~ i s t - = c ox d iatcrvp.1 from t h c iricrczsos i r i t h t h o s i z o af t h o ?csc?vc.
it;
Col.L-:unications, I n f o r ? . a t i o n , ROpOStS. $laps. " . - .- -" ..S+ u a t i o n--.*+ -.+-.------ .--i t ~-48. Tho re:ior-ts and iili'or!:iaticn of t h e e n m y f o r n one of t n e
r.1ost i n p o r t a n t fot~.ildations ?a-t h e e s t j r l a t e of t h e s i t u a t i o n , t h e de-
c i s i o n a c d i t s exocuti on.
m e I'irst deciu.cti.;'ils concern?.!l;' t k e enei:ly a r e i>nuall:r d e r i v e d froii t h o :;ener&l im~x~ls&::eel" h i s r~ethccia 01- a r e pi.@cuved from s p e c i a l sources cf i n ;or:!ation. A i r and. c r o ~ ' a droconr.ai ssar.ce , he s e a r c h i n g f o r of' ~ mid c c n t i n u a l o b s o ~ - ~ o t i o n thc: a:cr;y, and i i i i . ~ l . ~ ; : t i o rs e c w e d t!lrou;;h : ' s ~ ~ c i r?eans prot'i;ii? a uo;-c d o f i n i t e p i c t u r u 0 tho hosti2.e r w c c . , i l o n ~ a l ;?ith a c c u r a t e i n f c r l i ~ t i o nw.d r e p o r t s .;IO i.m.st roclton on inco1:i~lote%id inaccurate i n f m i a t i c n . >YC,:,I t h e ~ i i l o l tho cm.i~mcicrj.s able to d r m ~ c c r r c c t co!?cli?si.,ns . i p p o r ~ n t l 7 mir.ipm t m t d e t a i l s n a y , i n connection ,;.ith othc r r c p o r t s , hni-c c a-mid crcblr: ;lor th.
Zvcry r c ] ~ o r - tad Yio hc:;"si:li'~r~:iatioil oro of l i t t l c o 110 r volur! ;ihf;n t h e y r n a c h t c n l c t c : t:ic corilia.n!: f r - : h i c h thcy nrn j.ntzn$od. i
49. 7 i t h i n h i s a r e a oT o p e r a t i o n s , e v e r y co.manfier is respoiisible f o r t h e contir;u.al recoi:naiissan.ce of t h e h o s t i l e s i t u a t i o n and % r t e r r a i n Imot:iledi,e both da:? and ni;,ht. Contact once zained u i t h t h e enemy n l ~ l s . i ; be rflaint ained.
A l l conlulmders arc: en joincci, a s e a r l y arid t o t h e ,&reatesT o t e x t e n t p o s s i b l e , t in.:orc~ tt)lt: hj-h+- 7 comncns?e r of -the s i i , ~ ~ aoni and t o t r a m m i t a l l importar t inforlna t i o n .
50. I n hi:;iier co:~mmds, if' n e c e s s a r y a l s o by l o r - I C ~ commands, an o r f i c e r i s char::ed ?d.th t h e e'valua'bion of reconnzissarice r e s u l t s s p e c i a l reports. I n f m i a t i o n a d raporbs i~iustb e d i s c ~ i n ~ i n a t e ley a l u a t e d , v is Any a t t m p t t o deeuce ~~1ia.t d e s i r e d by us or is-810s t f a v o r a b l e t o u s , ;nus t be avoided,
5 . The one ;.!al:ix a r e p o ~ t nust e q r e s s hirilse7.f clear-ly end 1 r p ~ ~ i t i ~ e l He . ms-i; d L f f e r e n t i a t e bewe,-n ,,>:!at he lias s e e n , v ~ h a tar.o'iher y !:as n o t e d o r s t a t e d , arid :-t>at is preswied. he s o u r c e of the i n f orrmtion lmst b e s t a t e d . 5;u?picions must have bases.
52. mom in::
I t i s o f t e n of g . r e c t v s l u e t o l o a m . I-here t h e enemy hos n o t i been rne t ~ r i t h , ,?he ~ o n f j ~ r m a tn oof' previous inf'onnnt ion a d t h e proof of unchanged condi.tion; i n a s p e c i f i e d t,imo W e also of g e o t v a l u e ,
n c p o r t No. 14,556.
F i r s t c o n t a c t nit:? t h e cllc:~ny is aL\'~a:is t o he r c p o r t c d , w l c s s o t h c r c ~ i s oordered. I n o t h e r ciFcu.m<tancos each observed hos t i l e a c t must h c ?x;i;horl a,? t o n!lithc;r 5 i shoulA he rcgci? tnd a t onco ar. nut at a l l . U s e l c s s r o p o r t s TIC~?:C!I tile o f f c c t i v c n c s s of t h c rc:>ortin; agoncy, l o a d thc c n r m l i c a L i o 11s sys texi wid r,al:t: more d i l f i c u l t tile corm,iailder's conaim t. I~lportan';:i n f o m a t i o n of tile ene;ny inay demand v e r i f i c a t i o n .
54. B a t t l e i t s e l f m a - i d e s t h e o!ost r o l i c . b l e meam of e s t i l ; a t i n & t h e memy.
56. Mcid;l?ori dctnchmcrts muo t comunicatc imnpmtmt okseruat i o n s concornitv; thc ci-my ail& cb,anfps i n t h e i r o-m s i t l ~ n t i o n .
57. Tho l!lo:rc dcb?j. li? rcpori; f r c q u c n t l y r ounds out tlm p i c t u r e Tt~cs h o r t iness,?.;,os sorli imi'1cdi?.telq' a f t c r tho p-.intec? by t h e :nesszLcs. b a t t l e do not e l i ~ i i i n ? . t ct3.c n c c c s s i t y f u r b?.ttle re;:% ls. T l ~ c s ca r c t o b i m?.;?o ,-.s soon 2 s ;.cssiblo M t ~ t ho b n t t l c . r Tkcreforc d u r i n ~ ;thc b,?.ttl.o i t i s nccr;ss?ry t o i-71 t c dw;!n tcmpor?.?:ilg- ?.i~d t o orr:>nza c:?il?.t is l a t o r t o kc r ~ p c r t c d .
Orders and nessa;;es 1-hich have been issuet? dirrily; aud have 1 i n f u e n c ed %lie er?;a;;er,~en.c , .,ri 1 be inclu-ied i n t h e report or added a s inclosures.
58. I?Ie v e r y hi.:;he r :leadquarters, silxla t ion ]raps o r e t o be k e g t and the s i t u a t i o n thereon posted. Ace ~ r f i i n - ;to t h e needs thoy must o d e p i c t t h e h o s t i l e e i ' ; ~ ~ a t in , our 01-m si'uatio n and inforrna t i o n Of n e i g h b o r i r ~u n i t s . T i a s e f a c i l i t a ' t e <;he task of t h e c a m d e r and aake e a d e r h i s d e c i s i o n . La-rer comnanders may a c t oorrespol:dinCLy.
Es iimate of s- t u a i j --. i oI ; . Decision. --59. iin e s t i i . B t e of t h e s i t c a t i o n precedes each d e c i s i o n . It demands r a ~ i dthou.,i.t, s iniple , ly;i c a l coiisidnration of t h e e s s e n t i a l d e t a i l~ , 0111 y.
60. Our mission i s tlie b a s i s . 7 e proceed from i t and d e t e r n i n e :rhat it p r e s c r i b e s and h m ~ -;re car, b e s t accomplish i t .
Itn@:?len;-;e ana c o r r e c t a s t i l m t i o n of tile t e r r a i n i n f l u e n c e t o a [;reat e x t e n t the t a c t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s an6 tile meaouren ; h i c h a r e t o be employed. 6li c o n s i d e r a t i o n of our ovm s i t u a t i o n detertninec :-rhere i m n e d i a t e l y , Or l a t e r m i - t s ef t h e a t t a c h e d f o r c e s a r e , :;.ich a v a i l a b l e $r thi. ercccution of t h e ,nission, if aldi. t i 0 n a l f o r c e s o ' be e x p e c t e d , and T r h u t h c we sl-1aU. be supported by a d j a c e n t u n i t 8 ~ :jhether t h c s c unj.';o a r e i n need of our support. The previous a c t i v i t i e s and t h e c o n d i t i o n of
veil a s t h o a n x ~ u n i t i o no i t u a t i o n ~ u s be considered. t
6 The h o s t i l e s i k a t i o n riiust be estinrited s i m i l a r l y . Based on t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a t ! ~ ~ Z l d , ' ~ must consit: o r to v ~ h a textent t h e eneniy can 6 h i n d e r our i n t e n t i o n s ad n ho;~:le i ~ t ~ a c t , ,vere v e t h e h o s t i l e , l d f c r c c . Such c o n z i d e r a f i o n s m u s t n o t l e a d to b i a s e d preconceptions. 'ye must corisid e r tine e;:em.;.'s conduct to be t h a t rfior t disadvar, t a ~ e o u st o '1 -s u n l e s s .ire have a'i hand s.u' ent in;'ormc-tio:! t o t h e c o n t r a r y , which isf "i formation i n d i c h i e s a moat probkhle enemy a c t i v i t y .
the t r o o p a s
Ordinarily ~ t e !imi~1t c o n s i d e r i n d e t a i l l-rhicil a r e a o r ~hic1-1 i n e l t h e enemy can have ;-eathe&, \:hat evidences of h i s s t r m g ti: and 0 r ; m i z a t i o n ne have, an6 rihetl-icr 1.e can contifiuc h i s movement. I n l a r c e r . conx~~artds mu? t tonsid e r the h o s t i l e s t r e e t and :-x? r a i l n e t s , t h e a c t i : i t y of h l s air f o r c e , h i s A.L. z r t i l l e r y a,ld h i s comr!iimic a t ions t r o o p s
The c h a r a c t e r of t h e h o s t i l e l e a d e r and the hos ti l e t r o o p may be 11sei1 i n estirra ti:-:< the co~:.d.t~cof t h e enemy, especial.1. y if 1-~e t have bad previous b a t t l e e;:perience lrith the se.
63. A r?i:tcrrcincd d o c i s i o n must be t h o l o [ ; i c a l r e s u l t of c a r s f u l consid e r a t i o n of a l l f a c t o r s .
Tile d o c i s i o i i s i~iade: k l l riot a k ~ a y scorrcsportd t o t h e a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s prcsonted. -;l:en t h e s i t u a t i o n devolops o t l i e r than t h e dec i s i o n coritea~plated, ho bas tl:c G r e a t e s t p r o s p e c t o-E succc.ss y; o q u i c $ l y :h and :;!:illfully e r , q l o i t s f w t h e r reconnaissance but does not diange the c'ocisi on except -iri-bli ~ o r a r e l l i n ; r easons. ~ Orders. -.--64.
Tho O r d ~ rp u t s t b e d e c i s i o n i 2 t o e f f e c t .
66. For t?ie h..i;,ller c m a d . e r , t h e n r i t t e n o r d e r p r c v i d e s %he foundat i o n f o r the l e a d e r s h i p . I t is co;mui~icated t o the l & e r u l i t s , p r i n t e d , a s a carbon copy, typi:~.:rl.t t e n or *:=it e n by hairi or by t e c h n i c a l i!onmmicat 'tions m a a s . Frequeiltly i t i s d i c t a t e d a - e r t h e telephone. I n e v e r y i n staxice t h e most FUIC & s u i t a b l e m e t h a of t r a n s n i s s i o n is to be chosen.
bmb
nmnicated.
67. O r d i n a r i l y , l w e r cca!maiidel.s u s e t h e o r a l o r d e r . T h e i r
o r d e r s a r e v r i t . l e n i f .the wal. o r t h e t e l e p h o n i c o r d e r is not pos:?ible
o r i f t k e o r a l o r d e r is i n s u f f i c i e n t or t h e r a e x i s t s t h e d a n c ~ r0;" i t s
i l ~ t e r c p t i on.
e
68. The mcre prossin. t h e s i t u a t i o l ' , t h e s h o r t e r the ordsr. .h e r e cir.cuinstances p e r n i t , o r a l o r d e r s a1.e :i ven i n accordance r;ii ti1 t h e
. d terrai!], not tlie map. I n t h e f r o n t l i n e s a ~ i i t i nt h e 1m1er command::rs
i e t h i s p a r t i c u l a r l y so.
i3
71. 3'00 o r d e r s , cs?cciall:i i n S d t t l c , c'urini; vih,icil t h e conmunicatio n moans c a y m i s c a r r y , -prod.uccs the ?.anger of causin;; i n J u r y t o ind~pendc:icc of a c t i o n of la.!c;r co.~iian?,c-:s. 72. ;Lccordi!i:, t o s;;ccial r c ( ; u l a t i o n s (::I ;:T) ( s c c r o t ) o r d e r s cornmflcnicatcd b y r a d i o , v i t h t h e oxccpLi on o tlloso ca1~lir.f;for t h e i.m;~e?iato f cooacratio n oi' t l ~ c mar, a r c t o be cncodc2; a l s o thos c sent by t clep!lmc di' t h r o is Gian:;cr of h.ostilc i n t c r c c p t i on.
74. T:le 1an:;~ra;e of o r d e r s must be sir;iple and unders-tandable C l a r i % rill icli elininat0n,,?P3. ..doubts, is more il;?portar.t than c o r r e c t t technique. C l a r i t y :vi~;s n c t be s a c r i :iced for h r e v i t y .
75. Orders !;my b i n d oiily i n s o i'sr a s t'e:. correspond t o t h e s i t u a t i o n and i t s c n ~ d i t i o n s . S t i U . i t i s o f t e r :leccssar:i t o i s s u e orders i n uncertai? situations.
76. If c;lan.gs i n t h e s i t ~ s t i o l ;a r e t o b e c;;pected b e f o r e t h e o r d e r is put i n t o e x & c u t i o n , t h e m d e r should ?lot ~o i n t o d e t a i l s . In T r e a t stra'te(;ical o;erations, e s p e c i a l l y when o r d e r s m u s t be i s s u e d f o r several. dxvs i n a d r a ~ c c ,t h i s a b s e n t i o n from d e t a i l s is t o Fe s p c i a l l y observed. The g a i e r a l i n t e ; l t i o n is e x p r e s s e d , t h e end to be achieved. i s eegeci a l l y s t r e s s e d . I n t h e e x e c u t i o n of t h e impending a c t i o n , t h e main icsia-uc t i ons are g i \ m ~ ,tlie jmnedi a t e conduc t of t h e en;,a&um;~t is l e f t Iii such a vy i s ti:c o r d c r f u l l y executed. a t o subordiriate cox..w,ders.
-10-
77. E'or t h e :mint enailce of s e c r e c y , t o r-!hat e x t e n t and to rrborn h the i n t e n t i o n s ma:? be ~ a d e a m cleii~zllds c a r e f l ? l c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
I11 s i ~ c i a 1 oi:era Lio :iii coX~~nu~.rl a r e occasi or all:: e er:j iastructed by means of s~ ciall:? ?n-i'i te-!! i n s t r u c t i o n s or bj- o f f i c e r s e q e c i a l l y s e n t t o t)r, v a r i o u s comr,!ali;iers.
For b a t t l e on a 1m;e s c a l e , h m e r e r , the r e map be no vitil5.alili 1; of t?~.oro?&:h i r i i c i r 1 : a t i o n aud adequate a s s i;:p.mer;c or m i s s i o m i n 1 o r d e r t o s e c u r e t h e coopergtion of a l l for the attain!ileni of tile coinnon z e a l . *is t h e t t r o i p e n t e r b a t t l e t h e r e must be no doubt i n any cu~~zriarirler's !!iind a s t o t h e i i ~mti 011 of tlle hi;;li cornmmtl. t
I n so f a r as t h e c o n d i t i o n s p e r m i t , i t j of Len b e s t f o r t h e a :r: comimd. e r t o c l a r i f y hi:: i n t e n t i o n s t o h i s sirbardilia t e s by :o< ol: mouth and dj.scu:;ski n. ::st he mus t n o t m& :iirw ell' dependeiit on h i s .mbor,dl n a t e s . Tile d e c i s i o n ald o r d e r s tilei-efor e a r e s o l e l y !?-is.
'
I t is recor;~.ienJ.edt h a t t:?e r i t ton o r d e r ~ i h i li d i r e c t s t h e c a c t i v i t i e s of dii'f a r o n t elercionts to a coin-?on ~ , o &h e para:-ral~hod a n d thc Darucraphs numbarcd.
7F.
l'lial; ~ I n i c hj s iniportant s:-auld be pl.occG fir s t ; m t t c r gcrt a i n i n i ; t o each c:la-.cnt ox unit :;hould be !:laccC iil a s c p c r a t s p a r f i p a p h , under a sc;iarato nuiilbir.
79. O>i:roti5nr: orcic;rc jovcrn t!~c n c t i - i @ of t h e - I r o o p and i n c l u d e Tor con1ba.t 213~si:r;i.cc tr??iil:: t ! ! ~ instrnctioi::; ';!hicli t h e t r 0 0 ~ ~s t :? nu Imor-J; TLC o r d e r s nro fits ii;n;:.tcd o c c o r ; i i x t o t h c lssuln; connlond (mzr":y, c o r p s , d i v i s i o n , ro:;jrent, o r d e r c t c . ) o r , if ~uii;~-.l;l;: according t o t h o t r o o p d i s t r i b u t i o n c?.?v,cnco gucrd, outp0s.t o r d o r ) or ?.ccOrdiW; t o t h e scp~rctc ,?.rm ( n r t i l l a r y m 3 o r ) .
SO.
T:lc
unit:: i n so f a r a s
Orders for the Li(:h~l motor; i zed colu!mns, t h e f i e i d trailis and t r a i i i s , t h e b a t t l e i?cl;.e.ion aryJ t h e r e p i n i n ; ; 17esn:srd nlrment s, i n s o far ar: Pi i c ic of ir;ipor,taice f o r the t r o o p . Cc.nmr~rcr:d
!IOR
order
x a c ? ~sit!!atlon d i e - t a t e s
,i . n*.
chould. be incliiaed i n t h e
81. I t i s of ts%? s?zita'~olet isi;:ie :'ar?!ini a r d e r s . Tl!e mrnin;: o o r d e r ir!farm; a t!ie l a t - s t develo~?men+sof the si'ua tf.011; i t is llsed t o t ' e f f e c t the moct L P ; ; ~ ~ ; > r e p r a t i o i i s ; l i l ~ b r i s ei-l i ; : used t o peJr?it +i d e *,ern t o r e r t Lonf;or. t r o o p to conk t o rsfbt e a r l i e r ard also t o p-e-r:~t
"ramin; orrli;rs (Vorhofeille ) a r c e c ~ j e c i all y ?lor tl~-;hil.e .;11-ien they can 'de t r a r ~ s k i t t e d o r a l l y , b y t e l e p h o n e or ratlio.
82. O Z t m tilo u ~ g e n c yof Mle s i t u s t i o n den?n?ands,f r e q u e n t l y in i t simp:.er to isste, i n d i b i d u a l orders. These a r e e x t r a c t s o f t t e ??hole o r d e r & nlvs -: o n t a i n everg-Uiing t h a t t l ~e c e i v i r i ; comr:aiidnr 1i;;ls t ltnosi d c r i n w e e r t o e x e c u t e pro:;:erly h i s mission.
a-ir:!! t k i n c i v i d u a l o r d e r s a l l the t r o o p a r e not g i v e n t n e g e n e r a l p i c t u r e . In l a r & : r opc,-at$J n s , t h e r::-.ols o r d e r ( o p r a - t i o n s o r d e r ) must ;;e?Lerall:.~ o l l e ~ , ;i n ntlicr i n c t m c c s it is ~ o c o i ~ ~ e l tlh a t d t h e ini~ r divi6.xc 1 eomm.? cr:; be i i l s t r u c t e d c o n c c r n i w tho most impor-lant f a c t o r s of tile I-tiole s i t u a t i o n . "
n. ... 1.n
I n t i c " t r o oi, d i s tribl1,tion" ~;;!iich {.;me a l l y i ;iv on s c ; ~ r a t o r : 83. fl-om ttiu .;ordin,:, of i i l ~o r d e r , t h o t r o o w n r o s!yccificd n c c o r d i r s t o arm i n tllc follo*riiw ocqiri.,ncc: ?;ifantry, cavallr;~ ho~nso and motor. i-;connaissance , batta!.io-.s, l o , tan::?, chs::uca~..troop, cn;;iilee;.n, 8 a ;?iot01. o r - n i c s ridi~ c a l and scturi.;iar,i troops, o t l ~ o rt r o o p s ( a i f o r co and a n t i - a i r c r a f t ) .
I f t h c iiarc'.~. scqu-cnce i? a l r e a d y n r i t t o n i n t i ~ co r d e r , t h o t r o o p s a r c s o dcsi;;r~atcd i n tho "t2oo;i d i s i r r o - d t i o n W ;t h e corrospolld-g t r o o p 0r;anization (main bod:;, advanco ;;uard, r o a r ~ u a r d ) o n t a i n s t h e c Liii~x-rio i n a r c t i r anent t 5 c s adai t i o n ttaccordin;: t o ma~c!l soq!ionccv. i;rUo]??: r:> sir: cii'io d is1 i;mrc!l n oqui~nco. a
84. A t tile mid sf t h e order t h e r e i s noted h: and by '<horn it i s o; i.ssued and h: i t vil.1 be 6 - i n t r i b ~ ~ t e d . o!
0. :
tl-e hour of t r a n s m i s s i o n
87. B a t t l e o r d e r s i!~i.si:not be s t e r e o t ~ e d . Under c e r t a i i : condit i on6 a t'tro op d i r t r j . briti on r' r e y be 1;i.o r r ; h a-love-, t.1.e com,la?der upon e e n t r y i n t o b a t t l e , should ~ ~ i n t i l midf p o s s i b l e t h e s e u n i t s nornlal.ly wider h i s conm~&!d a c c m d i z y t o the " t a b l e s oi' o r ~ ; a ! . z a t i o n ~ ~ .
k_ethi?r. I.he h a t t l o m d n r be w - j t ten o r o r a l , 1rl:et1e r it be i n t h e f o r m o i i n . i i - v i h l o r d e r s or a s a f i e l d crdi?r, the c o r ~ d i t i o n s& m . t d e t e i r n i i ~ ~ .Tile order nrdst ::uarartcc t k c i?.eeir3~d. o o ~ ~ u r a t i oof a11 c l e c n xen t s
3-
8 . S m c i n l o r d c r s (a~u!.exes complete t h e onera-tions o r d s r ;:itli ) 1-i:c;ard t o t h o s e cletclih ~:ri?ici; a r e iiot of i r ~ p o r t m c cto t h c vllolc cc~.nand.
They d e a l , a s f a r a s ilccessaq?, with tile conduc t aacbivity of' i n d i v i d u a l FrinIC:, t h e ronlacc-:~or,tof x m n i t i o n s , fiotcr vc;hiclr: c a r e mil s ~ ~ l l p l : i , ; ~ o d i c a land veterir1ar.y s c r v i c c , tho food supply, th: sugply oC arins !iraterial urld cqui~~cic?nt n d som. timcs \-nththo concluc t oT tine fi.216. a; a :d baggcge trsitls. C a i s i d c r a t i c n s of spccd and b r c v i t y ir: t h c ordor u i s t r i b u t i o n niay makrc it a d v i s a b l e to i n c l u i l : stlcli n i a t t c r s i n t h e o p c ~ a t i o a s ordir.
90. Orders ant1 :repor. ts, accoi-dii;: t o 2 is-Lance and condi tioiis,
a r e t r a n s m i t t e d by nnans of' t e c h n i c a l means, i n t l i v i d u a l s , d i s p a t c h
r i d e r s , p i ~ ; e o n so r inesselqor 60;:;~.
9 Con~t?~ui?ic::tion 'orit:;i?cn ?vi,-.tors and ; ; r o u ~ d t r o o p s i s accomplished by Li&;l!t and si:;nnl r i e a ~ s ,dropped ;iiessaL:es, pick-up s t a i i ons , and by radio.
93. On t hi: slafi' 0 1;ii:her commneers a r e personnel r e q n i r e d f o r : t h e tTa;isWissio?l 9f ordcrs. I n a d d i t i o n i t ;lay be s u i t a b l e t o a t t a c h , !>ermanmtlg or t m q ? o r a r i l y , t o t h e hi;!ier co~:m.ar:ds o r t o s t a f f s of mixed units ( d i v i s i o n , e t c . ) intiivifivals fro111lo\-:er commands as "order receivers".
95. -:Tier;: ;;cod and aaecluatoly secilro i7cats and s t r c c t s a r e a v a i l 0 r :.b 1 , automobile s , n ~ o t oc:rc l e s ard bicycl. t;s ars c!n~loycd. On o i , n roacls, on t e r r a l . n sfi.t!;cuA6 ~ o a i and abovc all. on t h e ~ , l > n t t l o f i o l d , horscr.lcn and m.nncrs a r c t be I-sod. o
-l i t h 1.nr::cr
L C u f f o c t i v o i y usod
forbidden.
9'7. 'men m. o r d e r or r e p o r t is t r a c s i : i i t t e d o r a l l y , tk.e one b e a r i n g t h e m d e r or re;>or-: rfii.~tr e 2 e a t i t t o tk ismlln; person. , pnrsoll t r a n s i rzittin;:: a r i r i t t e ~ r e l p r t should be i n s t r u c t e d as t o i t s c o n t e n t s , i n s o f a r . a s c o n d i t i o n s pelmit. O f f i c e r * t r a n s r r i t ' b i i ~ordero s h o u l d , a o a m k , b e i n s t r u c t e d as t o the t a c t i c a l s i t u a t i o n .
is
a questioil of a s s m e d a r r i v a l , t r a n s n i s s i o n by .various r o u t e s i s acv i s a h l e . IJndel- suck c o n d i t i o n s , o r if tl-e r o u t e is very lone;, i t way be aclvisaole to send o f f i c e r s ~ r o t e c t e dby e s c o r t , nlounted t r o o z s o r armored vehicles.
99. T:?C cocr2m.d e r mt c 0 P ~ i d r \-?here h i s comunicatjon c a n r e a c h c t h e receiver, and. he ialst i n s t r u c t t h e b e a r e r a s t o ~:llom the m s s a ( e is t o be d e l i v e r e d m d t h e r o u t e he should follovi. If n e c e s s a r y , a s l z t c h or i h t , r o u t e should be g i c en. A t t e n t i o n should be c a l l e d t o e s r e c i a l l y d a n ~ e r o u s areas. So:::etinez it is n e c e s s a r y t o s::ecify u11en t h e x1essa:;e 'lust r e a c h t h e r e c e i v e r , a t t!le l a t e s t . The b e a r o r ixust bo iiist;?uc&?das t o Tihat he s h a l l do upon d c l i v e r i l ? ~ .of the comxunicatlon.
100. Ul'on meotir!g s a i o r s r.la:nted. ~ i e s s e n ~ , keep t h e i r g a i t ; xs to h i ~ > . c ro f f i c o r s :;boy r c l o r t tb.e d e s t i i l a t i o n of t h e i r mssa;s. As thny ~ i d r ; a r~iarchcolunil tl?ey l i k a - r i a o report to t h e c m m a ~ d e ra 3 riel1 as by t o the advanco ( - r o a r ) C:uiai.d conl.mmdor; a,? thr::! pass s c c u r j t y f a r c c s -t?.cy r e p o r t to tile i l e a r e s t col-~!r:wd e r . I:i s e r i o u s or tllreatenin:; sitzl.at ions t h e y c a l l o u t t h o contelits of '&LC inessai;e t o t h e coimardcrs and t h e They rnmt be inst_*ucted t o a;;!? f o r t h e l o c a t i o n of the corilr~alder tloo:!s. t o 7:ihon t3.e ordeer or m e s s q e is direc-bed. B i c y c l i s t s conduc t t h e n s e l v e s s i n i l a r l y t o nooiu?tedr;essw.;;ers. >'roc. ~ i o t a r c y c l eriessengers t h e c o n t e n t s of i.lessai;es cannot of ten. 3e denailded. Hj.&her corma;ders and cormmders of r e c o n n a i s s a n c e b a t t a l i o i l s a r e a u t h o r i z e d t o reod riessa.;es yassi11;; -then, b i ~ t +,i~:i t unduly imst n o d e l a y i t s t r a n s n i s s i o n . They r l w t n o t e on t h e i z s s a g e t h a t they have l e a r n e d of i t s contellts.
A l l colxm~~d s a r e er: joined L ~ o i i l to?it -the ?lily t o cr o t Every element i-.us r.lesscilge rs , a l l t r o olx t o nalco i-lay f ol> r2Bssengors. a s s i s t i n getti!lL t h e m s s a z e i,hroq;h, if n e c e s s a r y b:r ~ r o v i d i : q trans;;ortation facilities.
101. ;is a r u l e one o r more c r c s s e s pJLaceci 011 t h e nessage o r i t s c o n t a i n e r i n d i c a t e s tile speed bo be xaiiitaiiled by counted ,mssen;ers:
x = one k i l o n e t e r i n 7 t o xx = one k i l o n e t e r i n 5 t o
8 rlinutes.
ninutes.
0 If n e c e s s a r y , t h e q e e d of b i c y c l e and 110torcycle i;lessen:;ers i s indj.cated i n !:ilo!lecers per bour. 103. -:llxer. tile t r a n s n i s s i o i ; of messages and o r d e r s nust b e i:iade over long d i s t a n c e aild t r a r i s r i i s s i o n b'r si&aal -,leans cannot be a s s u r e d , i t m y b e c o r ~n e c e s s a r y t o e s t a b l i s h d i s p a t c h r i d e r p o s t s . "Dispatch r i d e r s ' ! :?ay be ruumers, r.iounted nesselli;ers, b i c s and mwntod c l i s t s or m t a r c y c l i s t s . i s o r i s t i . RUILI?~TS riesser.{;eTs a r e t o be used oriiy if b i c y c l i s t s and n o t o r c y c l i s t s a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e or if t h e t e r r a i n does n o t p e n l i t t h e i r u s c .
1 The d i s t a n c e bet\-men "dj. s p a t & r i d e r " p o s t s depeads upon t h e lenfitll of t!r? ilistance to be t r a v e r s e c , t h e purpose of t h e ' f d l s p t c h l i n e w , and t!?e c o n d i t i o n of t h e roads aad t h e termain. The s t r e q t h of t h e post,s is deton.linod bg t h e i r d u r a t i o n , t h o m o u n t of c o ~ ~ w . i c a t i o r . t r a f f i c , and t h e n e c e s s a r y l o c a l s e c u r i t y .
105. C a r r i e r pifieons and riessenger do<;s a r e used f o r connection ritl-. t h e n o s t advanced u n i t s , sihen o t h e r r,lears f a i l .
106. Tlie l?i:.>he:: cor.Tand is res::onsible for c o r r m - ~ j c a t i o n *lie -to lower, f o r t h e c o n s t r u c i i o n and r.i:~ntenance +hereor.
1 :
lick-reen t h e arr!-.sis t r e a t e d i r ? S e c t i o l VI
rea at
!~U9.
110. Th.e choice of locatio:? i'or the cor2s c~?.~:;i?des ~ : o he l d ~ ~ based upon t h e r e q i i r e i - ~ i i tof t h e osta!,lis?!nent of rai>id aid. c o n t i n u o u s corn:iixicatio ri to tlie d i v i s i o n s and t h e r e a r . Iie cannot r e l y alone on tocl'inical corv:~unica'tior;s. Great clj.strn ce, i n s p i t e of adeovaie c o r ~ v ~ ~ i c a t f o c i l i t i e s , n ia lengthens t h e cormand anti r s p o r t l i n c , endanLcrs t h e s y s t m : ~an6. r.xiy l e a d t o l a t e r e p o r t s ad o r d e r s o r even t o f a i l u r o of a r r i v a l . Lioreovl?r d o a t n d i s t a l c e nalms d i f f i o l l t ;orcoilal I of the ;jm ~ ; r c 3 oof tho ': a t t l e
On the o t l u r ?,arxI, bocouse of tho < ; r e a t alount of concnnicat!ic Cor'p~ t i o n to alri i r o i i d i v i s i o n s m i i o t h e r submclinate coi:~xi;u~ris Cor~iznd P o s t should bc col>.s.:.antly ir: o p c r a t i o it. I t s cliar!.;;~ of l o c a t i on is uade quicX:ly, cvcii oqcr l o n g disto:;ccs. Bcfarc c rlovo is nadc f r o x one l m n t i o n t o a n o t t ~ c r , t h e c o m u n i c a t i o ~ lsjfiutm i h e r e t o :wst be establis?!ed. 'or t h e Cavalry Corps co.mlander, co:;r~u~-,ication o !]is d i v i t A8 a r u l e , i' he d w s not accorllpaii:r o n e i s i o n s is O f 63 c i a l il:ipriance. of h i s d i v i s i o n s , he n u s t fo1lol-i c l o s e behind.
lll.
T i e d i v i s i oil comrmd c r adv-m ceo by bounds Tilero is almqrs a l ! :;orse o r noto]? vd~ih;clea t h i s dis;!os a. Tile rer.?air:di?r of the s taf f fo1lff;is i n t h e march. colimm untl.1 it i s ordered f'srvlard. Reports m i i t b e a b l e t o roach t h e d i v i s i o ~ lcommander quickl:r and a-t 62.1 t i m s .
113. Sho11l.d co:.ltact :ritil ti:^: enen:r be i-mminent, tile d i v i s j o n cornnand e r r m a i n s t h e arlva ced (;ua?d. I t i s t h e r e t h e s i t ~ l a t i o n f i r s t brealrs and tiiere c a r lie e x e r t more u c r i in?!.uczce.
\ i l r e
ils contac-t i s <;ainsd i-rit.?~ h e eneiiy i t i s bt?:-ter t h a t tile t G i v i s i o n comrrianter b e vrhei-e he can observe. Thex'efore he b e l o x s ear1:i at t h e ciecisive area. h i s l o c a t i o n mlmt be on tlie fic;ld of b a t t l e ~asily found, e a s i l y reacked.
114. I n a t t a c k tilo d i v i s i o n cormand :lost s:-lonld be l c c a t e d a s f a r
fom-:ard as p o s s i b l e , ye-t s o selected. t h a t t h o coA~mmuiications t t o thu
ne s i d o ar,d r e a r is cflectively- s h i o l d e d f2om h o s t i l e f i r e . To bo d o s i r c d a r c : o i s g ~ v a t i o nof tlic b a t t l e f i o l . d , e i t h e r from tlie c a r m n d post g r a ucarbg o b s e r v a t i o n p o s t , a d thc. p o s s i b i l i t y of c s t a b l i s h i n ~ lcn.dii:.i: a ylnce nenrbf. ~ e c a u s o037 t h o ; , r e a t o r b r c a d t h o f r o n t t h c cornand 3 o s t i n
f t h e dofenso is gonoroily fmt!:cr i n t h e r c s r .
Tlio divi:;i crl comnmc1~rmust coilsidur %l!c sigr!ai o f f i c e r l s r c c ~ ~ r m o n d o t i o nfoi. t h e l.oc?,tion, tho t i r r c of ost,?t!.ic:lmcnt, aiid tilo tiKc s li:riq~:ont c l ~ r r n g ~of tli c d i v i s i o n com:nd s o f mwemcn.t of Cl1c coi~i:imd20s t T ~ LI-!~ui.;ci s mado o n l y 7;;i-c.n t h e r c v C.P. i s s o t c ijoi;t should bo rvoidci.. uli, cont~,iimi.c-,iii~;; tli::i~ctc> osJ6.-J>2ish,u?'. ZLIl i?iti;ildid c!>J-.~;c: nust i.c i n of timc.
Pro?~j.sionl a i s t bc iii?.uu f o r diccm.todto t17.o ~i~;i:~?..l f i c e r i n ?.n;>!c: tho for;:;rdin;: t o t l : ~ r s r , of o r d c r s 2nd r c p o r t s rcccivcd a t tki: uld
c or~mi?.rrd]?osi
115. I n t h e p i r s u i t t h o cornn?m~<r inm t b e f?u'tk:er i'or1:ard. ; : Isis alipearailce ar-.on; t h e nioc t advanced air- .?ents srurs the troops t o the p e a - t e st e x e r t i o n s . 116. Slio1iZ.d na-! oon~'cmt impend a f t e r t1i.c e a r l i e r cor;ibat has been broken o f f , tlie d i v i s - i o n com;lander b e t a k e s himself L -the a r e a s of t h e ner: o l i n e of r e s i r , tance, a f t e r h e has c w i n c e d hinisoU t h a t h i s o r d e r s f o r -the f i r t l i e r conr,uct of the t r o o p a r e beink c a r r i e d t1rou;;h. In difficul-t s i t u a t i o n s he remains x i i t h t h e t r o o p . , Unless ordered otker7:risc, lo~?:m c:>r~x~i& r s always raisin v i t h the troops. e . . 117. The command p o s t of t h e hi;;& r corrimm~derand -tkc m y t i l e r e t o m u s t a l v a y s be r e c o t p i z a b l e b y day and by ni:$~t. The C P fla: f a c i l i t a .. t ~ ls c a t i n g i t , b-dr it n1.s t be concealed from t b e cnec~y. o P l v t o c t i o n ar:ain:;t w ; > r i s e a i r o r ;,rmnC a t t a c k s fro?^ a i l , d i r e c t i o n s must be ;:reparc&. C o n s i d e r a t i o n s of s e c m i t g Gay f o r c e t h e l o c a t i q ; of tilo C P v i t l l i n t h o p r o t e c t i o n oi' ib.c fi*g:tin& t r o o p s . .. I . Tkr? c o r r e c t c o n i i i n a t i o c of tho s t a f f and t h o suitable d i s t r i b u t i o n of t a s k s a r c @ c%,:ccial impo;.taricc. Tb.e hii!icl. g t a f f s i n ~ ~ . f u n c t i c n st . t h e prc:scrib cd stl-2n:;th.
A t t h e c@i~maad o s t ,-recaut5.ons n.us t bo takmi and s t r i c t p . t r c i ; u l a t i o n or' the ::i>rl:: r!iust he cxercificd i n oriir:r to ~ ~ 1 a r a n t c ao ~ u i c arid s u r c l c a d c r n t i p a n d t.) a v o i d p i a c i n g the bur dell^ o' d e t a i l s on t h e camlander. i
-17-
1 120. ?c!conn&. ssarice ~?-.a1 a:: quLo!tly, c onpie t e l y and r e l i a b l y a s j?ossihle , provi:?e a pic i:.xe of the h o s t i l e s i t u a t i o n . The resul';s 0:f r e c o n n a s :;ante f o r % t k jnos t important b a c i s f o r the ?.ecision and t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of t1-e f o r c e .
121. The Secmiialssance i s de:;ifpaiea a s t a c t i c a l and s-trate:;ical reCCllnais:;a~ce, ground and a i r . It i s aii~pli?iied by s ~ e c i a riea:?s a s l i r i ~ i c a - t e d n oars. LC4 LO 189. i
2 S : r a t e g i c a l rcconnaissa:ice p r o v i d e s the h a s i s f o r tl?e ctra-tngi r a i d e c i s i on.
The t a c t i c a l recor.naj.ssm.ce pr w i 5 e s t a c t i c a l lniiders??ip an.?. coildiic t of t h e t r o o w . i c a l recunnaisaar.ce 1)o~:n -::iLh c o n t a c t . I t forms of thc cni;ac;cmc;nt. I t i.s p n r t j . c i p t c ! d by a l l
The rcconnais sxce f m c e c o r e e a r l y c onccn i i a l e d i r l t h e nics t i m p o r t m t d i r e c t i o n , e s p e c i 2 l l - j if IN: !mst rocicon v i t h s u p r i o r l l ~ ~ ~ i l t : rccon:lcissn:lcl:. I n oill,:.~ d i r e c t i o n s only i h c most oflflcntial a r c c::lploy~d.
,"m 2ndcr.vrr c,l-ould he 1;:iidc to h.:.vc r c s c r r c . rcconn?.issnnce ~1.cmcrit ;:.hich c -11 hc c~;ployed t o r c j n i c r CC? oc i;id cn t l ; c: ri;c!c!nr!-.?c s?ncu s ;r i n o f f o c t , o?, i c s s r t o h c s m t i n 2 ? c a i r ~ c t i u n .
1.24. 313c?ri rit:; iil: a r e c o n n a i s s a n c e a r e a lig!! Lens ozr t a s k , o makes more &rficr,li t h a t of t h e er:w,j.
T E .:linninf; of reconnair; oance s u p e r i o r i t y 011 t h e yround i s I m a t e r i a l l y ai6ed by a ~ f : r e s s i v econd.us:t a;;ainst t h e hcsti.!.e r e c o n n a i s 2kcoi.dil;~ t o tk,is, a l l recon;ialnsaxce units dffm t o t h e : ; a c e mi;:;. p a t r o l s so con61.lc t t?.eh!selveo, i n s o far as t h e r:~:ll.ssionand s i i u a t i o f i permit.
If reconnais aance batta!.icn.s a r e f o r c e d , i n o r d e r t o e f f e c t t h a i r m i s s i o n s , t o broak throuy;l~, t h c 1imtil.c reco::naissance o r s e m r i t y f o r c e s , they q u i c k l y c o n c e n t r a t e t h e i r for cos and d r i v e through. Should t h e enemy be s u o e r i r ) r , our mission c a n ofte;! he:;t be f uli'i l l e d by d e l a y i n g a c t i o n b e f o r e tlie m.eny and e n c i r c l i n g him.
:,my cauairy mj- bo eirployed e f f c c t l v e l y for ti1 i.s e~.cir.clei Inen 1. Should a iiiido~ser:der:i moLorizeil r.eci)ni:?ii.s nal.ce b a t t a l i o n he eid., ployed f o r t h i s I ir; m o t h a t i ~ n e l yxi~!?'cr cod by o t h o r rwtorizcd elel-,ent s
Accalls o r,f l;h G j P r spesd, motorized r of i n p c r tar.t t e r r a i n poini;s . ah].<? f o r t h i s l>~~r;lr,r,c. f o r c e s a r c mi% t ,mi2(, i?oconnaiesanco aa,sulros s i i , ? ~ ~ l t a n c t ) u sa y c e r t a i n l 125. Goo6 ~ ~ o u ! i d s o c m i t y . On t h e :;thur !land, t h e nt:Li';ity of a counter recomlaissoncc bo t t a l i c n providos a c c r t z i n m,?unt of rc:connoiss;mcc. RcconnoiosancQ anc? c c u n . t c r - r c i c o 1 l r ~ a i 3 ~cli ~t ~ o CXOUIIC! c o n p l c i e n t or:c anOSI':Cr orld :~ h~ cmincvt nlnaxp bc s h ~ - ~ p s epnm2;od. licconnais n mco bottc.lions E r o c t ly thcrnscl~ros?.gains t t h e cr,cn.y and morc f r o c l y o-alXtlic: t o r r c j n. C o m t e r r e c a n n a i s s a n c e (securit,::) :'brces a r e t i e d t o riefinjLe a r e a s .
by e a r l y s u r p r i s c oc-
Should it be r\ecessar:y Y assim t o a z e c s r ~ n a i s c a n c eb a t t a l i o n 'o sin:ulta?~olisl:~rt h e !-aissicn of a i:econnais s a m e and c s u n t e r rrc.il;na>~ssancn ( s e c u r i t y ) , tile:^ t h a r d e r should c!rpli.citly s t a t e .i?lich. ] ; a s prece:lence. In for ccs of sufi'icien4t s i z e , a ;~?r+,i~on2 a y ~ he a ~ s i m e d each t a s k .
1 2 . The reco?!n.aisnance of $.he CCn& t i o n d tl~!e roads, r a i l y o a d s ;ir:d :)'i:sei.vai;io : p a i n t s a d c w e r , ao 1- ell I t i e n o.se f r c q u e n l l y a s s i , T e d a s tasks
-.!ith;>ut :;,recia1 o r d e r s , and iil s o f a r nc: t h e ::ituatj.on c:ld , r?issb:! porn%.;;, a l l rocc>maissanco aser.cios a r c c i ~ n : c ~,:fit11 t:~;.rai.i? . ~d rcCo:llalssC.'~11C~
A
LL.~
;'cr,c,nncis:-jr::co.
t h o s r c cd si' t:!r 1 ~ 1 - ~ i c s , o't~s t,?.clr;s -:nd pc!c:itj.ctns, ?.nd I . t o ?7u r.;1li: t o s c c ~ r r or: fcq.rror.ci!ir,~vi:?:-: of tho l l o s l i l u s it u r t i : n : f,JorcL> , pl?;?:,e n r c i n C;LCI.I ::r?.l r.1;l.c t o dir;rc~F.rd cround forms :i r:
; The f l . i c r , under fa:-ra'nla CailditiZ~lr.,earl secure w.d ;ep!)rt ~ n i c k l yan rxi;ensiv c! p i c tlr e f % t h e e:lemg.
? : c!ir p,'l, ili .!-T, t . a . y i-v<,r !IOSi l a S C C L ~ -@. :forCOS, > , , t ~
P.r.2
Thc i . W ; c ?:?a.tilc m ~ ~ i . i e : ? . larc? n a i c a t niglkt and t h e g r e a t e r ,s . . d.ofcnsc r:ma;:ur st: tr:c ~:~or,cy a k c s corlz~-, t t!:~ d: a : tPjc n;.Tc r,ose nsary bi:ciirs1is 1:it:li; air :cccc~r.nais sanc c , i$i~?,.t~ c , ? i ~ : l asi sa c is viu21i*l ror :) coniiaissaccc o t 1: cl.ovati?ns, as:;istcd by v a r i o u s i-:loas dr' i l l u n ~ i n a t i o n . I t ccmnat c:m!pr:!sa?'o f?r dayli~:!>t rcconnaiscancc. I t i s l i m i t e d t c , !-!ell dcf iilod a 1 i>cloily roco.3-:i.zod lanSnn:;-l:s , ol:c h nc oti:oo-to, r a i l x ~ o a d sC~ld 16 n a t c r ci!zirsct; ,%:d i-!rrofc:ri: i s r c s t r i c t c d t o l i i n i t c d t m l t s .
Recon;ai:;oance S l i c h t c made i i t h e ea::l.r morninr; o r l a t e ! evening l ~ z y i3entij':., t h e co!a.ple t i o n or 3 eginnii-.c of a iliglit mov =tent. '
.r IZO. .i phot o j r a p h s c u,iplm.e.ont and coilfirm t h e v i s u a l roconnaissacce. The hi:;her the p l a n e must f l y , t h e more n e c e s s a r y i s t h e photo:;ragh. T h e a i r p h o t o ~ ~ a p h o v i f i e s i n f a r n a t i c n i f Ee ere?,ly, o r our ai:,n pr ; ': 0' ~ z r e f f e c t a?d ? ~cm.od:?i.ace. T'ie photograph i s of l i t t l e i1:lportauce e f ','her, 'the nee2 i s im:;ediais and t h e b a t t l e o b j e c t i v e photogral,h i s of tenlpora1.y inpor t m c e .
1314 ;LS a m l e , g r a n d reconilaissanco cannot s c c u r c a pic t i r e deep i n t h e hcs t i l e a r e a , Tlie a r recoim.aissaRce often d i r e c t s ttL'e ground i Only jiro-md Teconnaissalz e t o tile n o s t d e c i s i v e a r e a for i t s a c t i v i t y reconnais s a m e can d e t e n l i n s if a g i v e n t e r r a i n a r e a i s a l ? s o l u t e l y zmoccupind by t h e ent?r.ly. Groulld reconnaissance f o r c e s can, by ,pisonern a13 d s a d , by o t h e r id6nti.f i c a t i o n s , deterinine t h e t a k e n , throw:h v?o~;~id.ed h o s t i l e t r o o p c o ~ l p o s i t i o n . Only grcund for ccs can ;'laintoin continu.ous c o a t a c t , detelrxine the d e t a i l e of tim hostile activit:,, l e a r n t h e s t r e n g t h and corlpositioo ard perl;a,ps t h e b a t t l e vror t h of t!lc er:cng, and e a r l y l c a r n of gassed arcc.s. Likevnse ground f o r c s s caa opc:ratc mdcr rrcaiher c o n d i t i o n s v!hich ;a&c i r q ~ o s s i b l i . o r v e r y i l i f f j c l i l t Wc o y ~ r a t i o n sof c i r rcconnaissancc.
3.32. ?dfo.torizod rcconnoissiu-.cc brittz.?.:i.ionsp m c u r o q u i c k l y c::d a t % l ~ e y s ? i lnot be a b l e alv~ays l &rcr.t i l i s t ? n c c s , rccon:1,".ir,s?.ncc results. 'GO i d e n t i f q d e t a i l s . Tlieir a c t i v i t y is norr.~all:; l i r l i t e d t o d a y l i g h t hours; advanccs can be r%laadoat n i g h t . Th.e use of s t r e e t s t a k e s advantage of' t h e i r si2ee8. Tlley shoulCL be ;lade independent of m r e s l m ? l y r.larc!ling reconna-issan ce fur ceii
The accor.plisl.r;ent s of noi:erized reconilaissance b a t t a i i o n s a r e depencent upon t h e ca;!abilitie s of t h e vei-.ides, upon t h e r e p l e n i s h ment o IUc 1, ugon z t r c e t and road conCitions, t e r r a i n , .leather, d a y l i g h t ! ' and esne c i a l l y uyon t h e y o s s i b i l i t y of u.tili:iia:,i: t h e i r o.m and e x i s tiw; ?:]ear,s of co!:r.~uni ca-tioils.
133. 1 ieun t e a reconnaissance b a t t a l i o n s Lave tho advan tq;e of @ e a t e r n o b i l i t y a c r o s s t c r r a i n and t h e a b i l i t y of t r a v e l l i n ( : i n a l l d - i r c c t i e ns and t o considerable di., t w c c s . They a r c l o s s de;-endcnt on '-!cathcr, t e r r a i i i and sup11ly tkar. not o r i z e d u n i t o . T h e i r speed am? i~larc:? capacity a r c linitcd. They a r c Oblc; t o oLservo t!lc eller.ly f roc1 covered p o s i t i o n s , t o L'orci a c l o s o r.?esiicd reconnaissct7.cc n e t acd wl,a i: is of g r e a t e r v a l u e , t o d c t c n ~ i n cd e t a i l s to n g r c a t c r e x t e n t .
134. The :;reatest d e r i n d s a r e placed sn t h e leaS.ers of all e f i q l q e d r e c o n n a i s s a n c e a:jeEcies, dmrn t o i n c l u d e ],at??o:i. l e a d e r s . The p e r s o n a l i t y 0 t h e l e a d e r is u d e c i s i v e i r q o r taxce. C r a f t i n e s s , B e x t e r i t y , under" ! ? s t a n d i n g of t h e s i t u a t i o n , deterilined m a - m n t i n e v e r y t e r r a i n , t e r r a i n resourcefulrioss by day and n i z h t , cold blooded;leso, q ~ i c l sand independent conduct mlst be doi:~anded.
A l l co;.ria?ders a r e r e s p o n s i b l e t h a t c o x t a c t once g a i n e d i s n o t l o s t , i n s o f a r as t h e n i s s i o n does not otherl-rise p e s c r i b e . Contact i-lhich is l c s t should be r e g a i n e d i r ~ l e d i a t e l y . 135. The di::positio~? of t h o recollnaissance iyoacie s is de$:tdmt upon t h e s i h m t i u n , t h e coI.uPiander's i n t e n t i o l l , t h e killd and nur.&er of a g c n c i c s , and t h e l ~ c s t i l cc o u n t e r reconnaissance ':nth v h i c h n c r u t ruclron, u.pon t h e t e r r a i n , upon t h e road and s t r u e t n e t , upon t h e td.10 o f t h e y u a r and of t h c d a y as : / e l l a s upon t h o I-ioathur. So r.m:y p o s i i b i l i t i c s cxis t f o r c x c c ~ ~ t i oof reconnaissance r?As oions t a t no p r e s c r i b e d n : conduct c m bo l a i d d0v.m.
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If t i ~ c r eis no a i r comma~ider on t h e s t a x , t h e cor!uamication be b:e en t h e hhighe r comiiiXqd c r and tho a i r reconiiaisnance i s secured tlrou,ch an a i r l i a i s o n c-i'f'icer. -Such l i a i s o n is e s p e c i a l l y important -:~ben, because of t h e c ~ e a d i s t a r ? c e oi' t l i e a i r p o r t , a lar~clingplace n e a r t t h e C.P. r n u s t be e s t k b l i s h e d . Such a landin;; placr: n ~ bet s u p p l i e d w i t h t h e necessary personnel and means.
To t h e conlillander of t h e a i r reconnaissa.nce u n i t must be given: (1) i l e probable r o u t e s or t h e :;ro?~ndr e c o n a a i s s a n c e b a t t a l i o r n s t o r w i t s , ( 2 ) tho mutt: 03: march of thc main fo-CCF,(0)and j)lanni?il landirdi: p l a c e s , s o t h a t hc may inform the indivj.dual f l i e r s vihere our o;m t--00.p~a y be found. 7 l i o r s and t r o o p s a r o bc instructed t o r e c q n i z e zach o t h o r . Occasioriallgr h i g h e r co.mandors may hold i n d i v i d u c l p l a n c s a t t h u r inu;~cdiati.d i s p o s a i . 139. F l i e r s and r e c o n n a i s s a n c e b a t t a l i o n s s e c u r e communication t h o u g h l i g h t s ailti s i g n a l s , b:~ means or drop.pd message and p i c k up s t a t i o n s . Radio n a y be used ii' it i s a t hanri a n d the r a i l i o s have the s a m sending and r e c e i v i n g gossj b i l i t i c s .
As a m l e f l i e r s cannot i n s t - u c t reconnaissarice b a t t a l i o n s i concernin:: t!ie for e m s t ene:ly element s l:,hicl~ from t h e a r a r e d i f f i c u l t or' d e t e r m i n a t i o n .
1 0 . l'he h i g h e r conmlander deter:-nines the kind of co~niiluriications t o be w e d b e t m e n r1otoi.ized and rrounted reconnaissancc battal.ions. Moreover, connections ore t o b e e s t a b l i s h e d i ~ d e p e n 6 e n t l . y n 2 a t every a o p p o r t u n i t y ; in i;he foyemoct l i n e by r a d i o . Upon meeting a l l rocoxmaissance a g e n c i e s should exchange 1 : i c r t h v~hilc:, i n f o r n a t i o n . A s t o i n s p e c t i o n of r e p o r t s , s e e p a r . 100. 141. The quick and s u r e t r a n s m i s s i o n of roconnaissanco r e s u l t s up t o t h e h k h e r c o m a i d e r r u q u i r e s tilorotgh r o p l a t i o n . Report No. 14,578 ' kr~b
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Reports or f l i e r s n 0 r m a l . l ~a r e sltbmittod a f t e r t h e r c t u r n t o tlic a i ~ d r o m cor iandinf; pla co. Ths:? a r c trar!sri&t26cd by phonc ~,iotoriicd rcssm::crs, or c x c q t i o n a l l y by r a d i o . Undcr s p c i a 1 cirnlrnIm?oratcnt olm.c:i-ts o t h o f s t a i c o n tilo ohacrvo? milk3e a pcruonnl v i p o r t . r c c o n ~ o i s s ? a l c cs:io?lld be rcpor tod q u i c k l y ox3 bofor c: the o n t i r o rol:or C is rcbAmittcd4 .is f o r t h c r o p o r t , it should h c writ t m i n c l e a r , concisc, but compli:-to .i'omii Eo$)or.ts from thr: 131:lnc z?c> ncdo by r a d i o or droppcd r,lesiicgos.
c R e c o ~ n a i s ance b a t t a l i o n s , lack in^: an e x i s t i n ~ ; o m u n i c a t ion l i n e , employ t h e r a t i o o r m t o r i z e d r e s s e n g e r s . 1Iounted b a t t a l i o n s , i n llo~lntedpatro1.s r e ? o r t , a s a c a s e 4i' n e c e s s i t y , use mowted messengers. ." .?ule, Sy sea.= of mounted rc~essengers. iiotor or L i c y c l i s t s may 50 attached o a . r ~ i s t i n g .cornmunication f a c i 1 i t i . e ~shou1.d be u t i l i z e d . Zspe cia1.ly Lmpor'tant mounted p a t r o l s may have r a d i o o r "Blinl;erl' equipmen t a s s icgned.
1'5. Rccause? of t h e danger of i r ~ t e r c a p i ~ i otho unlimitei", o r very n extensive enp1o:mont d tile r a d i o i n t k e reconnaissancu a r e a m.lst be ' ;:ovcrncd S y t h e hi:;,ier command. Should " r a d i o s i l e n c o " be orrlured, o Lhcr ;:leans of corm;ll.mication m a t 5e maintained t o g u a r a i t c c tile t r a ~ s m i s s i o n of i ~ orina ti m f .
3 Tho s t - a t c f ; i c a l rcconnaissanco crhibraccs t?13 olisorvation of t k e h o s t i l c c o n c o n t r a t i o n , p r t i c u l a r l p h i s c o n c e n t r a t i o i ~by r a i l , h i s ad~rancoo r roan-lard march, t h o l a d i n g or m l c c d i n @ of army c1cii:ont s , t h o c o n s t r u c t i o n of f i c l d or pormmlcnt f o r t i f i c e t i o r i s and t h c h o s t i l c a i r u n i t c o n c c n t r a t i o n. 'Tho carl:! i d o n t i f ' i c a t i o n of l c r g o hoa t i l e mot o r i zcd c l c ~ ~ s i t cs:~oc i c l l y t h o s c on an open :'lank, i s impor-Lnnt. i,
Generally, t h e s t r a t e g i c a i a i r r e c o r n a i s s a n c e i s one of The depth photographs talcen a t a l t i t u c l e s betveen 5,000 and 8,000 mators. o f t h i s r e c onnaissanco may exter.d t o t h e l i m i t of the fli2:k.t range. Slloilld !re n o t ex$ect an earl;. meeting rriTi-ih t h e eneiry o n t h e ErOlmd, it n$y be s u i t a b l e t o draw upon t h e 3 z l y r e c o n n a i s s a n c e echelons ( a i r ) f o r s t r a t e g i c a l reconnaissance, t h e s e i n a d d i t i o n t o the s p e c i a l a i r f o r c e echeloas. 'Tile a m > - ecke1c)ns have p l a n e s of l e s t range, l e s s speed, l e s s r a p i d asccn t c a p a b i l i t y .
145. Independent mcto*.izeri r e c o r ~ l a i s s a n c eb a t , t a l i o n s and arrny c a v a l r y a x employod for s t - a t e g i c a l ground j?ecm~nsissance. h q v c a v a l r y i s w e d p r e f e r a b l y f o i open f l a n k 3 and i n d i r e c t i o n s 1-1hel.e i t s l a t e r b a t t l e employment is probable.
iil
general
Since? t h e missio rs ass ifpiid s t r a t e ~ i c a l i r recomtlissallce a a r e g e n e r a l l y l i c l i t o d t o t b e obaervation of important r o a d s and r a i l r o a d s , the. assi,pment of r o c o r a a i s s a n c o a r e a 6 s c l d o m . comes i n t o qucstj.011.
Rcp0i-t brnb
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A a r u l e , independent motorizei: t . l ~ c t a l i o i l oand army c a ~ i a l r u ~ s If neceosar;, the!. :naga r e a s s i g g e d o n l y a diyec-tion and an o b j e c t i v e . he assic.ned b m n d a - i e s on one o r b o t h flanlcs.
147. he t a c t i c a l reconnaissance er,l.braces t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n or f i x i n g of the a c c e z b l y of t h e ~eneuyo r h i s ad-;axe as i t approaches neare r u s , h i s or;;anizatio~i, e i s t r i b u t i o n , e x t e n s i o n i n b-tadth and de:.th, liio s u p p l y , h i s p o s o j b i l i t y of r c i n f o r c c m c n t , hi.n a i r s i t x i a t i o n , os.pcciaLiy as t o n(il:: aoi.rdrorncs, an6 hj.s nix dcfi:nse. irnpor t a n t
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Roport
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14,578
11. The o r d , . : ~ i v c n tlio c o m , ~ ~ ~ iofo ~ - rcco:maissance a i r , z i a cchelon 1;.1:? c o n t ~ i ni~ ildditio n to thc r!i.c;sic\rl: I n s t r u ~ c t i o n sa s t o : (1) c o r n m ~ ~ i c a - ni o t an& iri'or:mtio n t r a n s n ~ i s s i o n t o t h o P:i@ii r casiia::der r;na t o rccor!ilnissailcc b c t t o l i o n s , ( 2 ) s p a c i a l i-,:.;ssn~ed e l i v e r i e s , ( 3 ) t!u rout ? ( s ) of t h e naii-I. f o r c e and r o c o n ~ i o i s s a i ~ cb a t t - l i o n s e titics of a r r i ~ a l r d 6 ; ~ m t u r c of t l l e s e e l e ~ c n t s ,cind ( 4 ) 1.ondi.l~pl.2cssi 'l'hc o ooijoion coammiai- o s s i ~ 3 st2si:s t6 Lhe v::rioiii: ,I':.ici-s : x d exlrl:$ns tkn situation, ctc. s p c i f i o s tllc fl i i r s ) c : - l i a l z r &tii:s, dcciclcB ux!or- tilo p1c;nc.s t o b~ cr:p:Loyci'~ 2nd t h o tlinos of i'li[,i!t. icorr!l.lly, t h e riio-!- c'looscs t h e r o u t c r
1 5 . The r n c o n n a i a s a r c a i':Liers aa a r u l e are ai;>l~:~nflj5ili',iii~li,l:r .:hie!: tho n3n: favo;.able i . e s u ? ~ t sa r e t o ;:o and a t t h o s e t i n e s d ~ ~ r i r i c ; expected. T:?e-, a.;oid a i r c o i n ~ ~ a t .;:e!co!inals :;ante arid a l laclr ( p u r s u i t ) i p l a n e s r;ay b e des !%tclicd s i r ~ u l t a n c o u s l q . 153. C e ~ e r a l i y ,reco:;i~.aissance f l i e r s :::!oul.d be a s s i c l e d on17 one l o n g , s t r e n u o u s ;'li:i;t ? o r r?ag-. A pl anc nag h e a!:lyloyed on a h w t ti-ips a nuriber of ti;:les <all:-, i f %.ereb:r <:;?eater r e s t i s provided for o-Lker ; p an crevis. Lecausc o 2 . e l i m i t e d nimber. of ~ e c o ~ l i a i s s ~ lc e e s and Lecause o t their manifolj iifi'icillt tas!:s, it is e s s e n t i a l t o enploy thsm 1 o n l y i n t h e r m n t iri:portant 6.irectio 1s , e!:lployin;, other a g e n c i e s ir. o t h e r air ec t i o rs
154. ?or gi-ouilc! reconnaissar;ce, ::u:let: o i e s p o n s i b i l i t : . a r e : n o r n a l l j . a s s i ~ q e dtlie r:?conuaissmc o ):a t t a l i oils. I n or6 e r t o n&;e t,l!:le;:l indcperidont o r t o T a c i l i t a t e t b i i r c:!ai~[;e of d i ~ c c t i o n ,the:: i . ~ g e a s b ins.i;ances l i n e s of s i f W d l:lereljr a :ca~:orriaissance o b j e c t i v e . I n s:~::?? s e p a r a t i o n nag- be [;iven betyiseil a d j a c e n t recoil: a:.ssmce u n i t s .
T h e b::eaCi,h of a 1-econnaissance zol'e is d e t c r r u n e d b y -the
i iua .'. '
..ion, tl;e kiad and strc11stfi of the batta!.io:i, 1:3 t h e road n e t and
i:i>.~st aftei?
11-e
Si;:ests :.:ay not be used a r "di- isi ion l i r - e s '' o r ao boun?ary l i i l c s . iiizil! s t r e ~ t 3 r roads :;hou.ld l i e i n tlic c c n t c r of a roconnaiso eance zonc,. 155. Cor~.bat vhic:? i s not n e c e s s a r y t o d r i v i r off of i i o s t i l e reconnaiosance o r t h c gainir,.j of i n f o r i . ~ a t i o n , ~ i l o u l db e avoidca. Should reconn?iusat;ce battall.o;is b c cr.~ployccl,cxca1:-bicnally, oil sccurit:. r 15::s i o m , t11c:. silo:;ld b e , 9f n e c e s s a r y , adcquato:i:: and t i r ~ e l g o i n f o r c e d . A l l co1;-~.landi!rsa i c ~ e ! ; p 0 1 1 s i b l ~ h a t Che reco:l.-!uissaic n i s s i o n s do n o t t s u f f s r a s a ;.i.mlt of the? s i c u r i t > - n i s s i o n s .
1.56,
w:r?
urith
S i n i l a r l : ~c r 6 c r s a r c is slied t o patx,ols.
157. When c o n t a c t with t h e enemy i s t o be expected, motorized reconn a i s s a n c e b a t t a l i o r i s advance nWmally by bounds. The l e n g t h of bounds i s influenced by t h e form and cover of t h e t e r r a i n a s w e l l a s by t h e road n e t . A s t h e d i s t a n c e t o t h e enemy d e c r e a s e s , t h e bounds a r e shortened. I f and how t h e advance by bounds i s t o be p r o t e c t e d , depends on t h e s i t u a t i o n .
A l l elements of a motorized reconnaissance b a t t a l i o n u t i l i ~ e o a d s r and s t r e e t s a s l o n g a s possible. I n a h o s t i l e l a n d t h e r e t u r n must o f t e n be made o v e r d i f f e r e n t s t r e e t s . P o i n t s a l o r g t h e r o a d s and towns which a r e imp o r t a n t f o r t h e movement must, i n c a s e of n e c e s s i t y , be secured.
I n o r d e r t o s e c u r e r e s t d u r i ~ i et h e ni;:hts, patrol:; may be s e n t o u t a s s e c u r i t y f o r c e s . V i l l a g e s o r t o - m s on main highways a r e n o t recommerlded a s riormally s u i t a b l e f o r b i l l e t s o r bivouac. 158. I n g e n e r a l t h e b r e a d t h of zone f o r a lnotorized reconnaissance b a t t a l i o n shoilld not exceed 5 k i l o m e t e r s (about 30 m i l e s ) . 0 The depth t o which t h e b a t t a l i o n i s employed must t a k e i n t o cons i d e r a t i o n t h e adequute supply of g a s o l i n e and o i l . I n o r d e r t o provide f o r u n f o r e s e e n c i r c u m t a n c e s , a s u r p l u s of g a s and o i l should be reckoned. The t o t a l c r u i s i n g range of armored motor v e h i c l e s i s between 200 and 260 k i l o m e t e r s (125 t o 150 m i l e s ) , without resupply.. 159. P a t r o l s f o r t h e e x e c u t i o n o f reconnaissance a r e , according t o the mission, t h e conduct of t h e enemy and the. a i v i l i a n p o p u l a t i o n , t h e roads and t h e grobable message r e t u r n , c o n s t i t u t e d of armored c a r s , machine &wn motor v e h i c l e s , and according t o negd, u o t o r c y c l e s . S t r o u g e r p a t r o l s a r e employed a l o n g t h e more important r o a d s and a g a i n s t more important a r e a s . The commander of t h e b a t t a l i o n normally sends o u t t h e p a t r o l s .
160. Routes and o b j e c t i v e s a r e g i v e n t h e p a t r o l s i n o r d e r s . Norinally they cannot be u t i l i z e d f o r t h e c l o s e - i n s e c u r i t y o f t h e b a t t a l i o n o r t h e .. u n i t from which s e n t . They advance by bounds from O.P. t o O P . Their d i s t a n c e i n Pront of t h e b a t t a l i o n i s determined by t h 6 s i t u a t i o n , the t e r r a i n , and the range of t h e s i g n a l means. A s a ruln, t h e y precede by not more than an h o u r ' s t r a v e l i n g d i s t a n c e .
161. The motorized r e c o n n a i s s a n c e b a t t a l i o n s e r v e s a s a reconnaissance r e s e r v e f o r t!ie > a t r o l s , a message assen15ly group and a s t h e g e n e r a l r e s e r v e o f t h e reconnaissance element. When t h e g a t r o l s a r e a t a g r e a t d i s t a n c e i n f r o n t of t h e b a t t a l i o n , t h e i r commnication t o t h e r e a r must be a s s u r e d , under c o n d i t i o n s through t h e advancing o f elements between t h e p a t r o l s and the battalion. Contact once gained r & t h t h e enemy i s maintained, i f necessary, by t h e f u r t h e r emplojment of reconnaissance v e h i c l e s . hfotorcycles lnay mil b e employed t o thicken the reconnaissanee n e t . 162. When t h e n e a r approach of t h e enemy does not p e n n i t t h e f u r t h e r p r o f i t a b l e employment of t h e motorized b a t t a l i o n it i s oiithdrann,and t h e c l o s e r r e c o n n a i s s a n c e i s t a k e n o v e r by t h e mounted reconnaissance b a t t a l i o n . The commander s o g o v e r n s t h i s t h a t t h e reconnaissaLce i s not i n t e r r u p t e d and t h e h o s t i l e c o n t a c t i s not l o s t . Elements of t h e m t o r i z e d b a t t a l ' i o n may be t e m p o r a r i l y a t t a c h e d t o t h e mounted b a t t a l i o n t o a s s i s t i t s a c t i v i t y . Motorized r e c o n n a i s s ~ i n c eb c t t a l i o n s w i t h d r a w froni t h e f r o n t s h o u l t be emJloyed t o r e c o n n o i t e r t h e f l a n k s and r e a r of t h e enemy o r t o s c r e e n a ga) betwee>n elements of *he army o r h o l d behind t h e Pront a s a r e s e r v e .
169. The d i s p o s i t i o n of t h e reconnaissance b a t t a l i o n of t h e i n f a n t r y d i v i s i o n depends upon t h e mission, t h e s i t u a t i o n , t h e commander's i n t e n t i o n , a a m l L au upon t h e b r e a d t h and depth of t h e r e c o n n a i s s a n c e area. The d i v i s i o n noinmander a s s i g n s , i n g e n e r a l based on t h e Corps o r d e r , t h e m i s s i o n s and d i r e c t i o n s Tor t h e r e c o n n a i s s a n c e . He determines i t s d i s t a n c e i n f r o n t O f t h e d i v i s i o n , which i n g e n e r a l can he l e s s t h a n t h a t Of t h e mounted reeonna.issance b a t t a l i o n of t h e c a v a l r y d i v i s i o n . (An inf a n t r y d i v i s i o n reconnaissance b a t t a l i o n i s composed o f : a squadron of c a v a l r y , a b i c y c l e Company, a heavy machine gun p l a t o o n , and perhkps A
p l a t o o n of tank defense guns) and p r e s c r i b e s any s p e c i a l t a s k . Should the reconnaissance b a t t a l i o n of a d i v i s i o n marching i n one column be - a t t a c h e d t o t h e advanced guard (which i s e x c e p t i o n a l ) t h e advance guard commander a s s i g n s t a s k s and p r e s c r i b e s t h e d i s t a n c e i n f r o n t of t h e advance-guard. These t a s k s a r e based upon t h e i n t e n t i o n s of t h e d i v i s i o n commander. The s u b d i v i d i o n o f t h e d i v i s i o n reconnaissance bat"ta1ion and a l l o t m e n t thereof t o v a r i o u s march columns i s t o be avoided. The fant t h a t ' o t h e r reconnaissance a g e n c i e s may be o p e r a t i n g i n f r o n t of t h e d i v i s i o n does n o t r e l e a s e t h e d i v i s i o n connuandor f r o m r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r h i s own reconnaissance. Should t h e r e be no reconnaissance agency ( f o r example, motorized .reconnaissanFe b a t t a l i o n ) i n f r o n t . of t h e d i v i s i o n b a t t a l i o n , t h e o b j e c t i v e of t h e l a t t e r may b i p l a c e d f a r t h e r forward. Yet, t h e connection w i t h t h e d i v i s i o n and t h e message and o r d e r t r a h s m i s s i o n must be fissured. Should t h e march b e execute4 on a broad f r o n t , p r e c a u t i o n s must
be taken t o a s s u r e the t i m e l y r e c e i p t of i n f o r m a t i o n by a l l column com-
manders.
Should t h e d i v i s i o n be i n c l o s e proximity t o t h e enemy it may be r e c o w n d e d t o hold t h e reconnaissance b a t t a l i o n back and t o send out p a t r o l s only. 170. The commander of t h e d i v i s i o n reconnaissanee b a t t a l i o n d i r e c t s
t h e execution of t h e reconnaissance and sends out t h e p a t r o l s . Should t h e
d i v i s i o n commander send o u t p a t r o l s , h e must inform th,e reconnaissanee
b a t t a l i o n commander of these' p a t r o l s and t h e i r missions.
Should t h e reconnaissance b a t t a l i o n commander r e c e i v e no in-
s t r u c t i o n s o r should he f i n d himself i n an unexpectedly changed s i t u a t i o n ,
he must execute t h e reconnaissance i n t h e manner he b e l i e v e s t h e d i v i s i o n
commander would d e s i r e .
171. The commanders o f mounted reconnaissance b a t t a l i o n s must have
t h e i r p a t r o l s w e l l i n hand; Close O b j e c t i v e s (10 t o 1 6 k i l o m e t e r s ) , well
d e f i n e d and l i m i t e d missioGs, and r a p i d advances from a r e a t o a r e a a r e
p r e s u p p o s i t i o n s f o r s u c c e s s f u l p g t r o l m r k . Through p a t r o l s a l r e a d y i n
c o n t a c t , as w e l l a s through t h e t i m e l y employment of new p a t r o l s , c o n t a c t
gained w i t h t h e enemy must be maintained.
I n o r d e r t o conserve t h e s t r e n g t h of p a t r o l s , it may sometimes be
a p p r o p r i a z e t o t r a n s p o r t them on t r u c k s while t h e y remain a p a r t of t h e
b a t t a l i o n and b e f o r e t h e i r employment as p a t r o l s .
7 The s t r e n g t h o f p a t r o l s i s determined by t h e i r m i s s i o n , t h e
conduct on t h e p a r t of t h e enemy.and t h e c i v i l p o p u l a t i o n . The number of
messages probably t o be s e n t back must a l s o be c o n s i d e r e d . W must always
e remember t h a t t h e l a r g e r t h e p a t r o l , t h e l e s s e a s i l y c a n ~ i t p e r a t e
o unobserved by t h e enemy. A second i n command should normally be desig-
nated.
The p a t r o l s may be u t i l i z e d t o s e c u r e t h e b a t t a l i o n . P a t r o l s u s e a s l o n g a s p o s s i b l e t h e e x i s t i n g r o a d s and advance by bounds from O.P. t o O.P. 1 7 3 . Under t h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e mounted reconnaissanae b a t t a l i o n t h e i n d i v i d u a l arms send forward such reconnaissance elements a s may be n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e l a t e r and t i m e l y employment of t h e s e arms. The commander o f t h e reconnaissance b a t t a l i o n should be g i v e n i n s t r u c t i o n s concerning t h e s e reconnaissance p a r t i e s , which may be t e m p o r a r i l y a t t a c h e d t o the battalion.
1 7 5 . With t h e beginning of t h e b a t t l e reconnaissance t h e mounted reconn a i s s a n c e b a t t a l i o n s which a r e i n f r o n t must be i n s t r u c t e d whether they s h a l l evacuate t h e f r o n t and r e c o n n o i t e r the h o s t i l e f l a n k s o z whet'ner they s h a l l c o n t i n u e i n t h e i r zone, occupy important t e r r a i n p o i n t s and be absorbed by t h e main f o r c e o r whether they s h a l l withdraw on t h i s f o r c e . Should t h e reconnaissance b a t t a l i o n r e c e i v e no o r d e r s it remains b e f o r e t h e f r o n t , f u r t h e r executes r e c o n n a i s s a n c e , s c r e e n s t h e advancing main f o r c e and r e t i r e s only when f o r c e d by t h e enemy. Mounted reconnaissance b a t t a l i o n s z a t u r n normally t o t h e u n i t s from which t h e y were s e n t . D i v i s i o n reconnaissance b a t t a l i o n s of i n t e r i o r d i v i s i o n s a r e wi-thdrawn behind t h e f r o n t a f t e P t h e i r t a s k s a r e f i i l f i l l e d .
179. B a t t l e reconnaissance r e q u i r e s time. Therefore f o r e s i g h t i s e s s e h t i a l i n o r d e r t o s e c u r e t h e advantage of e a r l y employment. and informaThorough c o n s i d e r a t i o n must be given t h i s need of time f o r b a t t l e tion. r e c o m a i s sance. 180. The b j t t l e reconnaissance of t h e i n d i v i d u a l neapons m r v e s t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r needs. Often it can b e executed during t h o t a c t i c a l rcconnaissnnc The r a p i d exchange of informution and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n botween clements and w i t h neighboring u n i t s , a c c e l e r a t e d r o p o r t s o f important i n f o r mation s e n t t o t h c h i g h e r commanders who f o r t h e i r p a r t must provide f o r t h e d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n f u r n i s h e d them, m c u r c s ' a r a p i d e v a l u a t i o n o f t h o reconnaissance r c s u l t s and u s a b i l i t y f o r a l l arms. The b a t t l e reconnaissance oxtonded by t h e i n d i v i d u a l a r o a i s of g r e a t e r meaning i f t h e a i r reconnaissance i s i n s u f f i c i e n t o r i s not p o s s i b l e and t h o s p e c i a l reconnaissance means f o r ground reconnaissance a r c exhausted. 781. The b a t t l c rcconnaissancc must of(;cn simultaneously scrvc as c l o s e s o o u r i t y and t o r e c o n n o i t o r t h o t e r r a i n ( f o r oxampLo: approach avonuos and possibilities, a r c a s covorcd' a g a i n s t cnemy o b s c r v a t i o n and f i r c , o b s c r v a t i o n If possiblo, o t h c r f o r c e s should bo omployed p o i n t s and f i r i n g ' p o s i t i o n s ) . f o r t h e s o purposcs. B a t t l o r e c o n n a i s s m c o can a l s o i d o n t i f y our ovm f r o n t l i n o s . 182. ~bs*cr&ion of t h c b a t t l c f i o l d b y commmdcrs of a l l grades o r by o s p o c i a l l y designated o f f i c c r s i s an c s s o n t i a l cloment of b a t t l o rcconnaissanco. 183. O f g r o a t valub 'is t h e 'observation of t h o b a t t l o f i o l d by t h o o b s c r v a t i o n b a t t a l i o n (F.A. ). I t s obscrvors a r c o f t o n i n p o s i t i o n t o givo o a r l y important information t o t h o oommander. Likowiso during t h c course o f t h o b a t t l c a r o t h c y a b l o t o securo important i n f o r m a t i o n through t h e a c t i v i t y of t h c f l a s h ranging battory. ~ntc e -l l ~ g e n ct h r o u g h s p e c i a l 1,feans 184. The a i r r c p c r t s e r v i c c obscrvcs t h e h o s t i l e a i r a c t i v i t y and t h e r c b y s c c u r e s important information f o r t h e estimation o f t h e a i r s i t u a t i o n It can d c l i v o r worthwhile observations vrhich sorvc a s an i n d i c a t i o n of h o s t i l c i n t e n t i o n s , cvcn bcforc hostilities a r o bogun on t h o ground. 185. Tho i n t c l l i g o n c c reconnaissanco of t h o s i g n a l t r o o p s i s a s s u r c d by o b s ' o r m t i o n o f t h e h o s t i l o s i g n a 1 , t r a f f i o b o t h i n t h e a i r and on t h o ground. For. t h i s purposo listening posts, t r o o p s t o sock out' h o s t i l c "BJillkcr len~p"use, and t h e t a p p i n g o f h o s t i l c ifsircs a r c uscd. This -work r c q u i r c s u n i f i e d l c a d c r s h i p , c s p o c i a l l y t r a i n e d o p e r a t o r s and secrccy. 186. I n our o m l a n d r-m c a o q o n sc.cure vmrth~vfiilei n f o m t i o n by my of tolcphonc o f f i o c s l o c a t o d i n t h o d i r o c t i o n of t h c cnomy, oven though i n a rouhd about m y . T h i s may o f t e n s a ~ ch o omploymcnt of roconnaissancc t agoncio s.
138. ITnif'ir?il re&,xlai,+c~;?s r e requ3,rod f o r t h o Exnmi:..mation of priaonern a and t h e ovriluation. of cq7turcd ytipnrs ( o r d e r s , n:aps, pay and mcncrnnclm bon:;s, l e t t e r s , newspa:ors, yic-!;ur<!s, r o l l s of f i l x l s e t c . , - # ~ h i c h r o found a docs, i n villages, i n on p r i s o n e r s , on woundod, on pi;;eo::r., on nie;;sci~~;er 7osi:t;iorm , i n c ~ y t u r e d s h i o l e s , plaxds, hal.lcons, c b c , u11d these rxnst h e v protected z p i n s t d c s t r u c t i s n ) . Sp':ciall.y $t?locted c i ' f i c c r s must bu prca c n t f o r -the cxami.imtion elf prisonor;;. BE-tcr n s k o r t cxam?n:~+:io!z,'rhich l i m i t s i t : : o l f t o t h o friu,!odia-La co;nbu.t s i t u a t i o n , and c a n t u r ~ dpapcrs a f t e r a b r i e f i n s p o e t i o n a r c t o . bo d a l i v c r c d v i a t h e s k o r t c s - t r o u t e t o tile licaclqur~rtars:of t h c coiil~~iu~tdcr. Capablc and quiolc i n d i v i d u a l oxninination of prisoners i.u o f gro:lt W&uo. This cxaminc.tion cndc a v o r s t o i d r n t i.f y 'thcir orcan j.eatic.n, neighboring t r o o p s , whzit t h c y lm-cnq of l a r g e r u ? l i t s , <;ha :lam> of L l ~ c i r concundc:, +hc l a s t b i v o ~ a i c , t h marcil o r mcans of t r r ~ n . i p o r t , h e c o n d i t ~ a i o n oi' t h e i r u n i t s , t l l c i r !20rale, t h e i r ~ a i s s i o n s ~ v c l l .a s any s p c c i n l ivcapn; or m:nni; Y:xlc:y E~ail. 'The cq1o:m.on.t of f o r c e is nY:t i c ~ ; n l l . y pormi.ttcd. P ~ p i ? r s , rii;h t h o r:::co;,tion % of t l i O s ~c o n t n i n i n g ~:~$xttr:r:: mi1:itnyj of o r , % r e r c t u r n c d t o t h e :>ri::on-rs a f t o r t h n y iz:ivc b w n scruti.i:ii.zod, Thc uanics of k.illi:;ij ::.s w c l l an tllo nr?n>cr of t h a uui.L and Lhc i n s i g r d a -::urn uru t o ?lo i c l ~ n t i f l c d . 109. Thc u t t c r u n c e s of i : t a n t nrovidc ~ v o r t l v ~ h i li!lf c ormction. i n c sc::.rc:x of r!:ilrocd st,.tion:i, p s t ofr'icc;~ ?ifid si$?.:~r o;'ficcs 3n:iy produco .tcl..;gr.a;ns w i t h m.ilit2.ry coi-xt:ii:ts, codo::, 2nd c!:all. sif:::i::ls c t c . O f f i c i c l co:miunl.cai;iens rn-21 t;ivi; i i : l r ~ o r t ~ ~n f o r x . t i c n . P:.:r+i~e~xl~:rly i lt in G p~~.r:i!:it cnzi w3rthwhij~c i.nf or-n:~ti.i ;m bc sr!cu~,sd.ns inc!icr.tod iii t h i s p:~~lj;rc.ph.
r. ,
190. T'nc enemy w i . l l -LC;< t o ~ . ~ jnfori:izti.on i n : rr::,ni:cr oimi.l.r t o i)i .ti-3r.t cinploycd 527 us. Tho s t r i c t c s i ; sup!?ri.i-iicndrncc i s ncccss:.~ry b o t h i:l t h c hoincl~ild;?n,! n t tho frc>zi;. 7;-TcIDUS?; ?Ll,?oc?.~-~A?~lj.y vr:~.tci~. t;hc .v:~r?o~xs inc:'.as of hosti.l<; prop:!.~,;l?.?. :?..nd t h e c~xl;.lirric,c.iri.;:nl i i t ' i l f i b ? pcqx,l,l:%.';,in~~ of 'Lhc hostile- l z n d i n % cr~dc:,~ror o inf'j.!~r.nc(:n7.w t r o o p s !: t
h cr.rcft~::lj plcnncd dcf;;~:sr; :1s:rinst csu'.ut~::,yc ;?u3.f: iic in.6titi1tod by t h e h i g h cco;i."?c.nd. For t h i n purpose t h e sc::!:<;t, fic1.d p o l j c c arc! ct Lhc Idor .os-or it %s the d u t y of t h o -I;roopS Lo proL;:ct cormiiimdcr's disposr.1. i b ivouac o r h i l . l c i ' , 57 t h o ccntin~~.ou:: h s w v a t i o f i o t,hornsclvcs, ~ ~ p c : c i : . l l ? i ; ~ of susplc-ioz6 pi,rsonk;, bg 0-ut'ion i n cor~r~0r~::ti:;rl J ' and tolc:s*loi?c communj.cat:.nd u r i t t c i : nritt,::r Ln t k ~ r > ~ , ? ~ r i c , x : ion, by sccuri-by of tho rcij3ilc>.tions " c c d q u t r t c r s e t c . i i l l 01,sc;:rvi:;klons nirdc shoul.6 b i r c p o r t c d imoBi:.;i;cly t o a . " coc,rct p o i i c c -nd, r , l ? p!:rso:is surr;cctcd 0.f cspio:?::gi: soi.zod nr,d I;:~kc!n t o t h e policc.
troops.
1.92. Disdro-tioh i o iriili:;ponsi%lo o;x 'th: p n r t of b o t h cc:aumndcrs ~.n& I n thiic rcs;oct urn.%iguQgs i g n c l com:mnicx'iions roq..z!.r:: ~ugcr.~?iioi.ori
Unilor c u r t c i r , conditlc-ns loti;t:rS r.7j.lst 'k cirns0r~:8. h ? ; t o r s mriay cor.ta4n no aht.konionta :is t o t h o situ-.tion, t r o q d i . . ; t r i b u t i c i l c r c,i13f s p o c i a l thi; p a i n t s of vnl:a- t~ tiic o,qoiay. Rcgulatinns g o ~ o r n i ~ g f i c l d nont o f f i c e s~rvice ;)rsv!.d~ f.ir ~ u p c i v i ; i o r ~ thr: l c t t c r tr:.f Sic. of
193. P o s t s r n and d:r,i::iVL*"io:1s: n r c b ~ s t i:Af:ted rroin k i i l l c t s , s11oul.d o .they bc uscd, t h c y ::hould bcr.ccmovcti b s f o r c d c p u r t u r c thcrcfrcm. n l ~ r k c r s on vchj.clcs :ir.d t r a h ~ s :>.ro n l s o t r o a c h c r o u s . Th-csc mcrkor:; n c y bc tcmporc r i l g covcrc:d.
Tiriti~gs which a r c no moro of usc should hc: burnod. 1!!fhcn t h o b i l l e t i s .cv:~cu::tcd. cvcrytlling, cvcn clocumcnts o f t h c ~ L i g n t c s t.~r.luc, khi~v:ld bc tukcn. Supcrvisior, of th'is work i s nccpssary.
194. Rocenrlaiscancc and s c c u r i t y f o r c c c u n d ' t h c advanccd clcmcnts i n conbat s h a l l h ~ ~ n o kiiid of c r d c r , w r i t i n g o r r c g u l n t i c n which >nay bc of rc -..luc t o t h c cncny. I n s o f a r a s it i s :tbsclutcly ncccss::~ry For r c c o n n a i s suncc agcncico t o 5.avc w r i t t c n a r d o r s o r mzps w5.th n c t n t i o n s . t h c r c o n and t h c s c cannot bc k e p t s o a s t o be v a l u c l ~ . s st o th;: cncmy, it i s t h e i r d u t y t o u c s t r o y t h c s c o r d c r s o r maps whcil danger of c a p t u r c n r i s c s .
IV. S c c u r i t y
195. S c c u r i t y mc:surcs c r c cmplcycd t o providc a g a i n s t s u r p r i s c c t t a c k a s ~ 6 0 1 1 2s t o l i m i t h o s t i l o o b s c r v n t i o n . b o t h on t h e ground and froin t h e a i r . lElhcrc t h c s c mc::~surcs a r c c m ~ l o y c dp r i n a r i l y agr.inst cbscrvc.tion, t h c y s c r v c a l s o t o scrcon.
S c c u r i t y i s noccssary d u r i n g r o s t s , d u r i n g mcvcjncnt and t o a l c s s c r dcgrco d u r i n g b a t t l c . lis t h o dist-nco froin t h o cncmy dccrc~ascs s c o u r i t y i n g c u a r a l i s d i r c c t o d primr!.rily a g z i n s t t h e cncinv on t h c ,ground. I n b a t t l c t h e Bird and 2mou:nt of s c c u r i t y mt:asurcs a r c dctcrminod by t h o s i t u a t i o n . Undcr no c c n d i t i o n s s h a l l t o o g r c a t c t t c r i t i o n t o sccurit:r mc:tsurcs mnkc l o s s l i k e l y thc. f u l i ' i l lmcnt of t h c ~ n i s s i a n .
197. Sccuriicy a g n i n s t cir a t t a c k i.s ?.ccumplishod b y mc::>.ns of p u r s u i t by ordvrs of t h c h i g h e r oom~nandcr s p e c i f y i n g incasurc:s t o 50 t c k c n :is - t o d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h c t r o o p s and c!imcuflngc, by u t i l i z i n g d:!.ricnoco f o r t h o march and o t h c r novcmonts and by t h c cmplo)y~cnt of a l l a i r dcfonsc ncnsurcs on t h c p a r t of a l l troops.
( 3 L Lack) z.vii:L1011 iir~d~ r i t l - : : i r c r a f t wx.pons,
158. S c c u r i t y :>g:inst t h c ground cneixy i s i n goncr?.l procurcd by sondi n g c u t + f r o n t of t h c t r o o p s t o be sccurcd sr;i;-.ll u n i t s whj.ch mtlintain a n : I i n c r c a s o d st:,.tc of ro::dincss. Undcr ccrt:;in c o c d i t i c n s t h o majn t r o c p s t h c r ~ s c l v c sm.y assurmc n grc?.tcr st::.tc of rcc.d;incss. Thc s t r e n g t h , coilposition 2nd c r g c n i e c t i o n of t h o , s o o u r i t y f o r c c s dopond upon the s i t u c t i o n , t h c intention, t h o t o t c l strength., t h e d i s t a n o o f r o n t h c cncliy, t h c t c r r n i n 2nd t h e dcgrcc of v i s i b i l i t y . So f a r n s p o s s i b l e , t a c t i c a l u n i t y should bc prcscrvcd i n t h c s c fcrcctl uscd f o r security. During rcst p c r i e d s , l z r g c r u n i t s s c c u r c tliensclvcs, i n s o f a r ns locc.? s c c u r i t y i s inadcq.!n-to b y o u t ~ o s t sor b a t t l e o u t p o s t s ; during c. rx?.rc!i, by adTi,?.ccc guards; i t ? . r~:tircmcrrt o r rotrc:si: by r0F.r g d s r d u : ir. f l a r ; k , vthcn ::cccss:-.ry, by fl?.nlc guards. Morcovcr, c r c r y mit r o q u i r c s c l c c c - i n s c c i i r i t y . ordcrod Ln curnmn f o r s c v c r t l ur.i.ts. This may bc
199. S o c u r i t y s c r v i c o ir!crcascs t h o dcmnds upon t h o t r o o p s . Thcrcfor no morc f o r c o should bo uscd f o r t h i s purposc t h - n i s absolutely r c q u i r c d .
cs';?blj.sh o.1 t h e greu.n.d ouipos-ts nr ba%tli; out202. R c s t i n g - t r o ~ p s D G S ~ O , dcpciidin.g upon tile diiercc of t h e 2silgcr. Outposts r c p c l ;:t:invr z t t - c l r s , prs.lco-!; t h o x.i;>~ f r x d i s body .%Pa",r~ccs cnd s r c u ~ - ct o it tlic tiixc nccoss-ry t o nrcpcrs f o r b z t t l c o r c h Tlicydc~ljrh a s t i l o i.nsigb.t i n t o t:lc disposiLi.oiir: <!kc., of t h o ].inin body, B a t t l o o u t p o s t s a r c c s t ? b l i s l ~ c dwhen p ' t i c l o r con?>lo.i:c:l?.ttlc r e a d i n e s s o n t h o p a r t of t h o r c s t l i l g t r o o p s j.s . r i t i c i p ? t c d . Thcy p r o t o c t t h c i m c d l a t c ndv-i;cc i n t o b - t t l o of t h c clcr:icr~ls prcy::rccl f o r b n t t l c ; othcrvrl.sc t h c i r t n s k i s t h 3 s f oubposts. Ou-tposts and bs.tt1.c out.nost.: r c c i x ~ n o ~ . t o i " o!ily n o k i l - a s t h o i 8ccuri.ty of tho r c s t i n g t r s n p s rcquii*c;s. F u r t l ~ o rroeei?;iaissn~?.cc s u x ~ z t t c rt o bo c c ~ o ~ n p l i ~ iby r ? h c r I;i-oaps n1id crdirc11 b y tho cc~t..mndcr. i ~ ot 201: Ilon t h o vnriour, t r s k s 2 r e t o bc 2.cconpl.ishcd cz.oh s i t u z t i o ~ u s t n dotchino. It i s fcn:;ibln .to s t z t c onljr g c n c r n l pri::ciplc$.. Outposts nnd b a t t l o o ; ~ t p o s t scxccutc t h c i r ~?issFnilr i? zccords:lcc w i t h cnc!i i n d i v i d n a l ' s i t u a t i c n . Thc narc unclcrifi.cZ t h e oiic.-!y s i t u u l i o u , tlic ;icrc c::.rcfully rLust -the so c u r i t y prcporc i.tsc1.i' t o cou;::;or h i s v:.ricus poss i:)l.c ackious
202. P r o t e c t e d s e c t o r s make t h e s e c u r i t y eas i c r and eria'~lc y o t c c t ' l o n t o be secured w i t h wsalrer f o r c e s , ' ~ v h c r cc d i n i s s i h l c , t h e t r a i n s and n c r v i c e clemc!l'ts should bo bivcuacliod h c h i r ~ dshc1.tercd (by na,t?tural f i ; n i u r o s ) terrain. Unguarded aud,ope31 f lnnks m l s t bc protr,ctcd. Accord: ng t o t h o p oircCmsta~iocsthe fl a r k m y be curvoc! bacbrard, m y b c ocl~cloncd.t o t h e r c n r , o r :;icy be p r o t c c t o d b y specially dcs ignatcd u n i t s . ? r o t c o t Lon of t h o rc2.r m.y a l s o bc ncciissary. Obstsclcs ind f i e l d f o r t i f ic-tionr f c r c i ~ l g h e scc:lrity. t -re ruitc.blc ?:ncm.~sof r o i n -
t urmorcd
203. Dur'~ng t h e d-t:f zarl ovci. norL s o 23; ,.light : ~ r ct r o o p !novornciits, np:irt from thcs:. i n 5ci.:Ic, o o s c n t i a l l y t;.cd t o tiic s t r c c t s .
It comcs as 3 !xt , C Y of pr,;fori:ncc ';a occupy and block t h o s i s t r c c t s 1 o z d i . n ~from t h o dj.rcc-tion of tlic cncmy 2nd t h o s e 1c:adirrg from t h e opcn fla,lks. During t h o 2z;r and. w i t h good obscrm:tioil i.t g l l i nornmlly bc t o r m i n ~ i i t ' i rgcod f i c l d s of f i r o . Thcso s u f f i c i c z t 'lo occupy coaxc,jirl:a: p o i n t s from which t h o onolnji can scourc obsorv?.:.ion ovcr our avn .troops s h o ~ l d l s o h c occupied. a
In t o r r a i r . i n wbticki v i s i b i l i t y i s cot; good, during inclc:nont wcctthcr !znd dur+.ng dcrk~e:;, s t r o n g o r s a c u r i t y f o r c c s a r c rioccsscry. Loss d e p t h t o t h o s c c u r i k y u n i t s c,lzd c l o s o r p r o x f n i t y t o t h c m5.n body my bc r,cccssory.
A l l s u c ? j r i t y clc'!~cn.t;; m ~ s t sock c c n c c a l ~ ~ . e n t from bo+!i a i r und ground ' . ~ o s t i l oo b s o r v a t l c n .
ah.
208. R c l i c f of c l i s c c a r i t y c l r ~ n c n t si s nnclc simply a.nd q l ~ i c t l y . A l l inform.*i;icn or' x l u c i s tr::nstni.tted t o t h e now coz:inndc;r, who i s t o b c i n s t ' r ~ i c t c da s t o t h c t i - r m i n . During t h c r c l i c f , t h o s e c u r i t y n u s t be grzntcd.
209. An nttt?ck ?nust i ) i r d a l l clc!ncr~tsof t h e s c c : ~ r i . t yf o r c o s i n f u l l
r c a d i n c s s . Thcy must bc prcpcrcd f o r ovcry sacrifice .in o r d e r .to accomp-
l i s t t h c i r mission, t h e s o c u r i t g of t h c r c s t i n g troop^.
210. iiir dcfcnsc f o r t h o r.:sti:lg t r o o p s graphs 662 iind 696. Tho security forccjs racy a i r 6cfcnsc s c c u r i t y :nc?.surcs. But t h c y cirs s c c u r i t y ix?asuro.s n g - i n s t h o s t i l e a i r u n i t s , b c i n g c - ~ m u lngc f
i s i n ilccordancr w i t h pnrabe j.ncludcd i n t-hc gc1:crc.l r c s p o g s i b i i . f o r t h c i r ovm t11c inost import;inl; xfii;nsu.ra
Outposts 211. Tho d c c i s i c n of t h e ocnmandcr ss t o t h c c~rc:: i n ii!zSch t h e t r o o p s w i l l r c s t provido; t h o i n i t i u l co~-~s5.dcrc.tiono r t h c locc.ti<>l.iof t h c outf p o s t , fibrthcr, Ghc l c n g t h of tiin,> t h o o u t p o s t r.itnst rcn;.in i n . p o c i t i u n ?ad tl?c furtlir:r i n t c i l t i o n s must b c c n s i d o ~ ~ c d . > : Tho s t r e n g t h :ind co:npositl.on of t h e outpost i s dctc:rmincd by: ( 1 ) t h o cncmy t h r c n t , 42) thc s s t c n g t h , cor;iposition and kind of treo.ps t o bc sccurcd, (3) t c r r c i n , (4) t i i , ~ cof d y , '(5) n;sd s p c c i i ~ lc n n d I . t o n s . Should t r o o p s i i c bctvrc;:n t h c ciltpost znd t h z cncqy, t h c outpost ?nr:y bc c o r r c s p c n d i n g l y wcnkcr.
212. A t it coonsidcrzblc d i s t n n c c f r o ~ nt h c cncay (150 200 kn) v?c nccd n o r : . ~ y l c i ~ p l o yonly t h o i . ~ o s ts i ~ n p l oof s c c u r i t y :.icnsuros. ~ l Tho~;c c o n s i s t i n s e c u r i t y of t h e irr:lcdi:ltc ?~ivou:~.c r c a , wit:? s ; ~ n l l . n groups s c n t out 2s . t h e nscd a r i s c s . t o s e c u r i t y of 'ihc, r ~ s arci:. by mczs of o u t l y i n g t p i c k e t s sco pzr:xgrnph 6'77.
Should t h i s k i n d of s c o u r i t y apecnr j.ns!~fficiont, t h o hi.ghc.r coiwcmdi:r o r 'ihc corm".ndcr of t h o b i v c ~ w .groups w i l l direct, tkt tllc ~ t r o o p s r!onrcs.t tilo cneiny p r o v i d e s c o u r i t y f o r t l ~ c - i n groups n $vil.l Beni&:~ixtc:A lo:?.dcr e f thosr: s c c u r i t y v n i t s . Should scw:ral scot<>?,re bo dcsign%tcd, n comnander shot~lc? no3igncd onch s a c t o r , Thc c m i p h r s bc ~ c s i ~ ~ m l fb lr et h o s c o u r i t y me. bc, EL? Ilho scnc. tliqc, q r c n o r b i v r a a c o eoim.ulhdcro, Thcy d e t c r n i n o u p o h t h o conduck i n o a w of n t t c o k , t h o r.lcgrcc of rswlidincas o f t h o imin f o r c c i n bS.vonao, and t h e s c o u r i t y f o r c e s ,#hioh n r a c s t i ~ b l i s h o d . Tho $ccurkky of t h e vrholc call bc incrco.su& t h r o u g h oorrcspcnding d i s t r i b u t i o n of -khc t r o o p s w i t h i n t h e ~ ~ V Q U R~ ~ 0 4 . C
A r n e cz\~.:*lry n d . a u t o r i z c d a
iltiits
BA12^3h-hck
-35-
ilic csi?.hiish;crit of such -I o11tpo8t syatc;? docs n o t , lls a ~ u I c , . ! r c l i c v > t h o rc;stir.g t r o o p s of ;lrciiiding l o c i l i s c c u r i t y ,
v
As r c q u i r c d it
lvfountcd :?on should be uscd s;:nringly cad rrhcri nscd i-~;?r,.la.lly:arc On good s t r c c t s knlcon f r u x ~t h c c?.v~).lrjry1:~tuo:w of t h e i n f ~ . n t r yregi.mznt:j. r,nd :it n i g h t b i c y c l i s t s s c m o i'icll on outpost duty. i i r t i l l c r y j.s scldoll c c l ~ l c y c dw i t h i n t h e o u t p o s t . When c~xployodpcrpr.r:y.tions rzus-t be .~occlcf o r n i g h t or:ploflcrit. The dcfcnsc by a m o r c d v h i c c l c s m y bo r e i n f o r c e d b y clomonts of
t h c d i v i s i o n tank dcfcnsc b a t t a l i o n .
E n g i n c i r s may b,c c n p l c ~ j c dt o crcc'i c b s t z c l c s ai?d 1li.ndranccs. t i s i n g c t ~ c r a lt l ~ c a s k
thc s i e n c l i m i t s .
is
215. Whcu t r o o p s r c s t on t h o nzrch, t h o advzncc o r r e a r normally zesigncd t h o ' t z s k of s c o u r i n g t h o l a i n bady, u t i l i ~ i n ~ a r t l i i s
f;
purposc a l l o r p z r t of t h c advnacc ( r u a r ) guard.
Tho o s t a b l i s h i u g of t h o out;post mdst i t s o l f bo pro,Lcctod. Shciiid t h ; r c bo : d i v i s i o n - r c c o s n a i s s a n c a b n t t u l i o n , it nay bc I dct:~ilcd under c x c o p t i o n a l cj.rcil;ls-t~nccst o p r o t c o t t h c c s t c . b l i s h m n t of t h e o u t p o s t . The d u t p o s t m~l.:t bc i n s t r u c t e d concerning t h ; 6 i s ~ o s : t i c n s of t h e rcconiynissnncc b:Lttr.lion. During tl-ic n i g h t it ?.zY be s u f t ? b l o t o kt *vithdr:lrr t h c rcco~:!~?.c~;ss.sncc - L s l i o i l w i t h i n t h o o u t p o s t , h,?v'ing, ho~,xcvcr, t h e p a e p b l i ~i n coutc.ct vri-tk th; c:lcn:q,
216. Whcn t h e com-.&nd rcs'cs , t h e comnc.:?dcr dcsi,-!l?tcs t h c r c s t a r c a s of t h e t r o o p s t o bo p r o t e c t e d . 1 Insef?.r ns ; c has n o t $cli:;ctcd such n a t t c r s t o t h e co:m-odcrs of t h e s c v c r a l n a r c h oblunils, tic d i r e c t s ( 1 ) t h c t r o o p s f o r o r ~ t p s tduty, ( 2 ) t h e o u t p o s t scoterr., (3) t h o c o a t c r coim:ndcrs t h e ~ o s advancod z'>curity l i n e , (5) .tho t and t h c sector Souil&.rics, c x t c n t and o b j c c t i v c s of t'nc outpost rc:aonnaisshncos, ( 6 ) t h o cc~nri~>ct of t h o outpont i f t h e cnc3y atttnclcs ?.id ( 7 ) t h o cor:munict;.tj.cn t-uj.t;i a d j a c c n t outpo5ts.
(4)
Thc k i n d of d c f c r s o , a c t i v e r r ;rassivo dcfonse o r dc1a:~ing n o t i o n d i c t a t e s v?hcth?r t h c o u t p o s t w i l l be rcinforccc? f r o n t h e n::in !:ody o r vihcthcr t:ls ovttpus.: x i 1 1 r c t i r u on ,the main bofly. '8R~ctlir:r a c o : l t i ? i ~ ~ i ! :sI ! Q U S L . l i m of .-dj:~cont i t l c ~ ~ o n ~ st o bc is o s t f i n l i s h c d dcpcnds up'n t h o s i t u a t i c a . , t h e ?br~::di;h of tkic t r o o p s t o bo protcc$cd :rnd t h c tcirrc.i:?.. L%@rtnr.t ~ % r c ~ r n i l.r:)fids ~!( tcrraj.li pr1ii1-L~ ~ 1 s t wi.thin ,ts LI! ~ bo bh.e o u t p o s t . 5lhcrc gaps ccol?r, ri;sI~o:>si3if!.tg f n r i;hcir obscr\?.tj.cn cmst bc crdcrcd.
. L
5.f
I n i t i a l - l y t h o o~.tst(,crsto c t o r commndcr ias;rcs t h c !lost urgcilt s o r d c r s f o r t h e s c c u r i t y . I n t h i s c a t e g o r y S c l o r g : ( 1 ) t h c occup-tion o f co:.v-nrling t o r r u i n , ( 2 ) obst::cl.cs on ia?ort:;nt s t r c c t s and r o a d s , (3) rccon'flaissancc 2.nd t c r r n i n i.!lforr~:~ti.:?n and (1,) t h e p r c p z m t i o u of t h e dc-
f c n s c by t11c r~~c;in outpost S e r c c . Aftor p c r s o i ~ ~ l rccon:l?.isokn.cc. ho c l a b o r n t c s t h o i r ~ i t i a lo r d c r s , f o r cxaxplo: t h o l o c a t i o n of t h c dofcncivc positiol-1 o r l i c c of rc:lstnncc t o i~:oludc t h c c(~i.duoti l ca:;c cf o ~ i c i ~ y : zttack,, i n s t r u c t i o n s col-;cc;rning oo~;l;cction w i t h c t h c r t r o o p s , fi'ld f o r t i f i c a t i c n c , s i g w i l co:.v.lnnicationa ? t h o dogroo of roaditlcss, c1n.d a i r a116 g . s dcfcnsc i.lcasurcs. lueilg o t h e r ! ~ n t t c r shc d i r c c t s vrhcthcr or not t c n t s . ? r i l l bc p i t d h c d 2.1~3 if t h c r c r ~ z y bc f i r c s . Hc p r c s c r i b c s t h e d r e s s , Unlcns cthcrur5so ordered, t h o ptck ts bo roncvcd du.rirs o u t p m t s o r v i c c .
is
Morcovcr, tlic outpost s c c t o r comaildcr dccidcs upon t h c l o c s t i o ~ of t h c r o s c r v c , t h c typo of i t s b i v c u a c o r b i l l c t , t h e dcgrco of i t s roadi n c s s , i t s 13~31. c c u r i t y cnd cvcntut.1 cxccutio!i of outpost d u t y m d h i s s m-rn. c01:miid p e s t . r ~n Quiclc 2nd r c l i a b l c r.~c:.:~s 3f c o r l ~ i ~ i i i c ~ tfi o i~ 311 p a r t s of t h e ' eukpos-k ;?us-l; bc o s l , : ~ l j l i s h i d t h c ou:t:lcst s c c t o r com:l:,.ndcr'r, cc~,u:x~nd ost. -to p Lilccwioc his O.P. is c ~ ? i - ~ c c t c d i t h t!lr.t rif t h c i?i;;llcr connandcr. Oftcn rr o6pcci::lly if
t h o d i v i . s i ? n trul?l: l i n e cr~m bb. uacd f o r t h i s co1.~.~1??ic~:~ti3n, it h t s ?.lrcc.dy b c ~ ; i1niG. alo~ngtiic; r c u t c of advzi?cc aud un t o t h e fon-r5rd
s c c u r i t y f:>rcos.
218. The r i f l c cc~::ipz::ii.cs c:~:>ligcd ill :\ o u t p o s t s c c t w :?,.rot h c h i o f :n ~ s c c u r i t y f o r c o s . 111.cxccptJcj>!~.al ciiscr, indopcndcnt plr.tr,ons ZIQ bo cr.lp1oycd inst!::.:! cf ci>rlF:.nir:s. According ti: nt:cdr, t h c ci;m:,cnio.s i x y h a rniriforcod by hca-qr i ~ r f r r ~ t r y sic:.pons, cavatr'y t r o o p s o r b i c y c l i s t s . Thoy c.st:.blish thonnclrrcs, uccc;r!ii:~r; t o t h c ~ r d c r srcccii-cd, i!i t h s i r s c c t o r s I n p o s i k i m o r i n a dcfcnsi-JC l i n e . Tilc'co~1p3~1y ~ ~ z - ~ ~ nbased upzii t!ic c r d c r s of c dcr, t h c outpost S c a t o r com.v.rdor, dccidcr: what porti-11 of h i s cCr.ipnliy v r i l l occupy -tho p o s i t i o n or l i n c 3f rosist?.ncc and which sh:ll r o s t . During t h c day and w i t h good ?b:;cr-~.at ?..:n "Foldrrachon" or "Fc1dpost cn" usu,?.lly suf f icc a s t h c pijsiti-,:: o r l i n c r c s i s t a n c c g a r r i s m ( s c c par. 220 221). For f w rcc;lni~x~issc;lc!.:, o r sccur;:ly and f o r co.:~.l~rnfontia:i i t h ncighluri:ig scot o r s t h c c:)rlpnny ccr.r?x,~~dcr soi-.rls o u t p a t r o l s . Urldor ocrtrrin conditi.:ils hc sends out. s t n n c l i n ~p a t r o l s vrhich occupy s u i t r . h l c t c r r r . l n i n f r o n t of t h e s c l ~ i t r i ~ s .Thcsc st::.ndin; p?.trols r c r n i n c u t u n t i l r c l i o v c d .
219. "Fcld~~rachcn"nrl "Fcld:-,ostcnn .:lay be pusl~crl fen-mrd 'G,? s u i t n b l c z .af p3inCs b y t h c r i f l c ox~pa:?ics. Tlw nur.ibcr, stri:iigt2i c11d a s ~ i g n ~ . i o n t heavy -xcap:;ils (hcrlvy ~ ~ a c h i n c guns and ~ d i u c m r c r f o r s )t h c r o t o a r c dotorr.linod by t h o n i s s i o n , t h e posj.ti,-'c of t h o r.:ost :idvnncoC l i u c of s o c u r 3 . t ~ (rosist;,i?cc f , tlic ir.ipxzk.t.Wimc! S t h c ~ d v ~ n c o i : ~ t s ~ i u d h c prexi;:iit;y of t h c pc t I;%c r d c r : l o t t 3 roducc utmcccs~ar?'.l; t h o cor.~bat c f f cctivcncs.? o f cnc::::;. t11c co:lpr:?y, tl-5c.s~ac:v?:t.; cod p:,sts shoulc? bc spi-i.n;;ly cnpl.oycd and oilly ?;rhcn :lost :1ccdcd. Thc cwipt:~ny cck.~,xindcr, t s z r u l c , s p e c i f i c s how *he "Fcldvrachcn" nnd "Fcldpo~2i:ir:" shall. concluct -thcn:iclvcr 7;rhon n t t c s k c d . 220. Thc sstrc::gth of "Fcl&ir;i::choi?" v ~ r i c s r o r ~ Group (16 non) Do a f a ~d~ p l & % x n ( 7 p a u p s ) . C ~ r r c s p ~ ! t:) a S.S. p i c k e t . Thc "Fol&?acb+n" s l c u r c s i t s e l f by sentries, p a t r c l s nnd st?.nd-
9116p a t r u l o .
221. As n r u l c , c. "Fcldp~si;cnl' c m s i n t s of t h r c o ?:an (cos-aclr, p ~ k ) , of ~r112~1 t h e landor. is 2iporti;nt p o i n t s should bo oocupiad by tPOap8 ~ uri$k 1i;jh.t r . a ~ h i n oguns. i.s c r u l c , cossi~.clc' o : ~ tssh : ~ u l dn& fro :wl'c than 5CQ n o t o r s f r m their oupportiug u n i t .
ii "Poldpostci~" ::~usust havc a g ~ o d via\-< o f t h o t c r r a i u and i:iusG itself br! o u t af cncny view. Thc occupati:>n of h i g h p o i n t s is c+<c.u:tagcous f o r s i g h t aild hearing. Gcncrzlly t h c r c i s r. d i f f c r c n c c bctvrccn ally 2nd
222.' "Vithin a p i c k e t (~cldinmche)t h e commander t h e r e o f , o r t h e company c o m n d e r , r e g u l a t e s t h e r e l i e f s , The commander r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e r e l i e f must a s s u r e himself t h a t t h e "Feldposten" i s thoroughly familiar mith t h e . g e n e r a l i n s t r u c t i o n s and t h a t t h e r e l i e v e d "Feldposten" t r a n s m i t s a l l s p e c i a l instruc.tcons t o t h e ' r e l i e v i n g "Feldposteri" and t h a t t h e s e i n w s t r u c t i o n s a r e f u l l y understood. 223, Commanders of a l l elements o f ' a n outpost, down t o i n c l u d e t h e p i c k e t s (Felduvache) r e p o r t without delay, i n c l u d i n g a sketch, t h e measures t h e y haw. i n s t i t u t e d f o r reco'maissance and s e c u r i t y and t h e comnunication t h e y have with a d j a c e n t u n i t s . 224,. I n o r d e r t o spare horse f l e s h , army o a v a l r y i v i l l see!: t o a v o i d t h e c s t a b l i s h m c n t of atrong o u t p o s t s . The g r a a t e s t r e s t w i t h p r o p o r t i o n n t e l : small o u t p o s t s e r v i c e i s t o be found behind a p r o t e c t i v e s e c t o r o r b a r r i e r , The advantage o f such p r o t e o t i o n permits a s h o r t rearward rnovcment, u n l e s s t h e s i t u a t i o n demands t h a t t h e t e r r a i n reached be o c w p i e d o r held. The retirement behind t h e n a t u r a l s o & u r i t y must bc p r o t e c t e d by s c c u r i t y f o r c e s b
.
The i n s t r u c t i o n ' s a p p l i c a b l e t o i n f a n t r y o u t p o s t s a r e e q u a l l y f i t t e d t o c a v a l r y o u t p o s t s . Cavalry r o q u i r o s more time t o march o u t prepared f o r b a t t l o t h m doe's i n f a n t r y . Cavalry o u t p o s t s a r e e s t a b l i s h e d vrith o r vJithout t h e i r horses.
cavalry u n i t s i n o u t p o s t s e r v i c e vthich arc as l a r g e a s o r l a r g e r t h a n a t r o o p n o m l l y havc t h c i r antmals vsith thcrn. 'Vcaker dotachmcnt's, ..unl,oss othdfrvsiso ordured, normally do not havc t h o i r .animals v h t h thcrn. Should t h o animals bo present, a "Fcld~vncho" c o n s i s t s of a t l e a s t a group, a !',Foldpostcn" a t l c h s t of a squad. Tho animals of "Fcldvachc" and rcmain snddlcd. If t h e t c r r a i n i s such a s t o permit s u r p r i s e , "F~ldpo~ton" it mny be advisable t h a t t h e "Foldposton" romain mountcd.
225. Should t h o s i t u a t i o n not demand t h a t motorizcd u n i t s romain i n t h c t o r r n i n t h c y havc rcnchod, t l i c i r spocd pormits them t o r e s t a t scmo d i s t a n c c from t h o onomy o r t o vsithdra-2~ behind o t h o r s f o r protection d u r i n g thcir rcst. Should s e p a r a t e motorizcd olemonts be c a l l c d upon t o establish o u t p o s t s , i n a d d i t i o n t o mctorcyclc t r o o p s nnd a t t a c h o d motorizcd i n f i n t r y , armorcd ~ c h i c l c s may bo u t i l i z e d f o r t h i s s o r v i c c ( f o r c x m p l c behind d c f i l c s and o b s t a c l c s ) . A l l v e h i c l c s belonging t o t h o r o s t i n g u n i t s must bo s o r v i c o d and rnadc r c a d y f o r t r a v c l bcforc darlcncss s c t s i n . Tho l o c a t i o n musk pcrmit quick d c p a r t u r c . Too c l c s c assombling l c s s o n s t h o mnneuvcrability and c c l e r i t y of dcparturo. B a t t l o Outposts ----226. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h o g c n c r a l i n s t r u c t i o n s npplicablc, a s s t n t c d i n paragrnph 198, t h o strength, composition, a d o r g n n i z a t i o n of b a t t l c o u t p o & s a r c i n t h c main dotorminod by t h c dogrcc and c x t o n t of b a t t l o r c a d i ~ . o s s of t h e main f o r c e , t h c intondod conduct of t h o t r o o p s a g a i n s t a s u r p r i s c h o s t i l c a t t a c k and my s p c c i a l omploymcnt contcmplntcd. Thc primary mission of b a t t l o o u t p o s t t r o o p s i s n o t t h a t of s p a r i n g thomsolvcs strone; s c c t o r s , b f f c c t i v c o b s t a c l o s and hindcrnncos j u s t i f y l c s s strong b a t t l c outposts.
Tho p o s t s shf:uld bc
Two aenbers of t h e cos~sat;kpost. o?>serve j o i n t l y , t h e y n u s t a g r e e among themselves a s t o t h c time of a c t u a l o ? ~ s e r v a t i o n . h s a r u l e cossack p o s t s d i g thoinselves i n , Whether t h c incmb'crs may si"; d.own, l i e dowm,.,removc t h e pack, o r smoke i s s t a t e d i n order::. Tho oonsack post obscrvos i n t h c d l r c c t i o n of t h o oncmy, iis soon as it ohscrvcs anything, suspi.ci?ns on t h o h e a r t of t h e cilcm;,r, it; inmodiately r e p o r t s i t s obsorvatiou. Should t h o r o bo drngcr i n dolay, o r should an a t t a c k irnpcnd, t h o s o n t i n o l s give 'thc informa.tir?r; by f i r i n g . The p o s t s .i.nform pussing puirrols of. t h e s i t u c t j . c n a s t h c y Bnorr it. Pcrsens who a r c known, a r c pcrmittcd t o pass i n and out. A l l o t h c r s must Show thr;i.r c,rcdcntial.s o r . p r o v c tho3.r i d o ? . t i t y o r tlloy a r c conducted t o t h o m x t n i g h e r a u t h o r i t y . Ordcrs rcgul:ito " ~ c l d p o s t c n " confiu.ct w i t h r c s ? c c t t o a l)loc'x.~dccind 5s t o our own. and h o s t j . 1 ~ 1 motor vchiclos.
stoy?.
Upon tho cl-iailengo of u "l.'cldpcu (,on" t h o on,; appr,~ac!;.ir!g must Iic vrho docs not. cbcy t h o 0rcic.r~of t h c "Fcl~lpo<tcn".i s shot.
. During d:~rl;nr:ss evcryonc :iq)rnachcs t h c "FclripostenM i s chc.llcngcd as follcvrs: "m!t, who i s thcrc?". Should t h o e x aappronc?.ing hc c h a l . l c n ~ e 3 h r c c t i ~ n o sand should hc n o t h&-t, hc i s . s h o t . t
i n d i v i d u a l cncmy of f i e ( ; rs, :iccorq:aniod by ;I s n ~ ~grou?, rutlo ll i d c n t i f y t h c : x c l v c s a s e m i s s a r i e s o r ncgci;iatnrs, a: 17cll a s c ~ c m yd o s c r t e r : c r s , w i l l not bo t r c a t c d a s 'ncrnics. Thcy : r i l l . bo r o q n i r c d t o 1:iy dm.m t h e i r arms an<. w i l l be ccrtductcd t o t h e ncxt h i g h c r cornmandcr, dl?scrtc;rs blindBoldcd nnd ~ ~ r j . t h o u tc i n g p c r m i t ' i ~ (t~o converso. h I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e above gcncm: i n s t r u c t i o n s :*I1 l t ~ c l d p o s t c n " roaoivo spr:ci!~.l c r d c r s which co-?cr i n s t r u c t i o n s cr>rlcorciuig:,
(1) cnomy and l ~ c ~ ~ ~ l i . i ; i e s ,
( 3 ) Loc:ition
3E
and t h c cc3mpn~iy:is W O U
(4)
(5) c o n d ~ ~ c t t h o cucn:~a t t a c k s , if
(6) Kin6 of o o ~ m r ~ t l l . c a t ir. ioi~h ~id,jaocrit p o s t s :;a:\ triir:siiiissiiau of t~
mos:;n.?;cs, and
227. Gcncrally t!lc foroi! o Y r : (Tr?.!ppcnf'i!lrrw) st?iti; 4;lic: ;;lissic;n of t h n o u t p o s t . Si~r:ult?.nr,ou::ly ho cui: d i r c c t w2ii.ch t c r r i i i i w i l l btc ocoup i c 6 by t t ~ c oatpost,. oftcj: ~ l s o t s foni,ard lint of r c s i s t : q . c e , tlio coni i l c c t i o n w i t h i n tile o u t p o s t find vr:i.tn ailjnccnt outpo:.ts :ind .tho conrli:ct i n cas:: of h ; ~ s t i l o attcc!c. Against cm n t t ~ c k h e o u t p o c t oith<:r dcfi:r:ds, i n t p l a c c ~r oxocrit::s dolzying i c t i ~ n ,r c t i r j . r ~ gi n a p r c s c r i b c d d i r < c t i o n .
: Undcr sunc c!?ndj.ti:~ns it m y bc suit::hlo t o l a y o u t A pesitj.oiz bc!;ind tho' outp.:st l i n o , ti:.~vc t h i s p o s i t i o n occuplr:d h y n p o r t ic,iz of t h c &w,.i? f,?roc, This pusit!-on, i f n c c c s s a r y , i 3 ur;c;d i:s t?. s::llging zrc?. c r ..., -.n b l y nrc?. f o r -the r c t i . r i n g o u t p o s t ( ~ ~ . f n l u n e s t c l l ~ i n ~ ) , .,,. . ,
c5
22E. Ordi.n<t~-i.i~y b n t t l a ou!;pnst i s crt?Lblir;hcr! by tllc Inr'ritry or.:,.; t!:c u n i t s n s n r c s t t h c oncmyi Thc; tilitpost t r o o p s rcn.?.ir? :-~i.;lnchcd,riorr;i::.lly t o t l i c i r own u n i t .
jrc;:tOutposts which i r o :st Concidcra!)lc d i c t j n c o f r w -th.- ; ~ z i n ini;) fo,rcc 2nd which cc~ncfrom oovorn? u n i t s i?"y bc p1:ioed under ?;PC cc::c~.nds . Outposts i x ~ y r o i n f o r c o d by s u p p o r t i n g a r t i l l e r y o r i n s~;aci:j. ho . , inntrinccs by atf,.L:!.c>hcd a r t i l l a r y . Tha r c i c f o r c c n c u t a ;f o u t : j n ~ t s by 0 p o r t i o n of t h o divi:jicn -t::nk il!:.fcn.sc b n t ? ; r . l i o n ' i s t ~ l s i , o be rcco;;u?c.!;dcd. t
Elr~cci::li~;->!hen t:a 9 :r~cili.?.to C C I C ~ ~ co!'t:?r;t . OXPC etix?, gir:?cr:il.I.y 'khc i.n:;truct%iiii:; c;)ncorning orricrs, or~il:riz::+i.on q t c . , -r!:c? ccniluct cf tilc O!ri;pc8<; n . r c :;I-pl!cc.til:: t o b [ ~ t t l co u t p o s t s . prcvj.d!? c l . ~ s ;courity nu; r.rc ro~;:!:~s.ilrlr: f o r : 229, i3ni;tlc S:~.GT;,;::~:: Thcy o:cc?~t;e1>cLt,;ttlc t h a n?k!~r~tc'r;:\ncc cs>%:icJi Tiice g?inc;i w i t h t h o cn::.riy. of. w t rcc:innaissnnoc i n ac~orC~2i1co i t h t h c orders ~ i v o i l nvri. Sh:.ul:i i.ro hc~xrc f'oraozi i n f r o n t of i;hr: a-&post,. s r ? , r r s ~ii!s.t fipeoify .?rhct!icr :ir ?oi: t h c y s11::lJ. bc r.tt?.rhsd t o tlir ou-tpo;j-k ::n< ~ l s n u s t o Inilj.cr:tc t h o i r p r o c ~ fcctivigJy " I t h ri;spoct t o tks o u t p o s t .
250,. Shoulrl t!?c ;ut;,cjst bc csto.hiisi.~cd~111ri ci?.rk?icss it r;!c$ bs n; [ ;:.ri.v.j.s..?,lo t o (jcolpy i i ~ . i t i ~ . l l : y !,nly c?::ily ro&clicd p.~3.1:.t:: nnc? durfrig <k~a?r1:ii;lit t o oxtsnd : . tf; l l y d::-~ol.o;: t h o oittpost systcr!. > a 'u
p:ueo i:r l:rt:.rrupticn i n t h - b::ttlc ; G P ~ L p l f . ~ ~ 1;roopc ;, i:ci:r,3;:t -thc 1:tia~ys h o u l d cndc::r~i.r t o cccur- t h e i r jncit;.i.ri;i b;y n;:,iis of ou-tl:r:its. Theso o ~ n o l f i t.i.l:G. r i l g of c s s r ~ . c % j>Ost;, ;>-iI;,. :'I r: , :..n'I s.k:.:>.,!ii~g patrol:: x~li.clr: . e pliiis!~r;r? 35 o ~ > : ; cta t!i:: ci?~ix:r :!.s p~s::i.bl!: e r n.1-r 1.ci'-t i n )r . w cc~n4;rrct; i t h l?:i;o.
271. Should
r ,
50 :yotec.;koO. by n:~+i-z.ircr;i:::. trui:i:s nnd i:? woc-~:..ry by ;;~$r$:;i~ik(t;t+:>,clr) :-ri!:.t( ~:g.st Li: ;:.VC?~ i30 :.)r~tlro!;S..il f i ) ~ .:jll~.f;,nm.t2:rn. Tho f'ir8j.i; a?:.:siccrt:!:j.:,n i:i!z o f .t!:c ? i ~ : ~ r r : c l ~ m n s ,ti:c b c g i n r ~ i n gand ci~r.ipl<:ti:!n. f the rr..rc!i, t'sc o~ c anc! cc c r c s c i n ~uf s - k r c ; ~ ? ~ ; ~fs.tf;;:r u r s o s , t11c yaat;:::<i of i!:>filcn nn(l ri,s.ks.
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253 b?.rgi: r;,rtrah c,:~l:!!~~nsR O V ~ ~ ;d!iri?i$ d.~yli;;].it, :*1:(1 w!iict; , < i i s . . c . . t t : u s ; i,f :7:7:ici;2.c
i ~ u s trock.-
'Rtcn t h e rond n c t pormito, t h c ii.6. u n i t s nllould bc a:jrigrcd : . s p e c i a l r o u t e s (unused by o t h o r t r ~ o : . ) ~ ) .Frcqucn+;ly I;. 1 bxt::crics cover two r x d s from onc f i r i a g p o s i t j o n . f;iachinc gun & A . . coi?.pcnics and riotori z c d !L..!L. b a t t o r i c s * r;zy bc 6 e ~ f orVrxr< t i : p r o t c c t pci.nts vihi.ch :ire t thro.tc:lcd b y l c v f l y i n g a i r p l z n c att:tcl<. Shonlrl t h c 6.A. u n i t s %at hnvc cpccirrl r ~ ) u t c s ,t h o rcgulatinc; o f t h e i r rsot.cmcr.t ovcr t h c rou.tc comnon t o a l l tr'iop:; nc.y EC T I C C C S E & ~ Y I !L a r u l c ;,.Ar u n i t t : k ~ v a prccc6cncc a t Fond ' C c r o s s i n g s and a t d c f i l c s .
7 ,
231~. Should t h c a i r s i t u a t i o n bo tc:nso b u t lJztl:ic c o n t a c t ~6t h t h e h o s t i l o f urcc not' oxi)cctod, t h c t r : ~ o p sa r c d i s t r i h u t c d upon 213. !.i.rirailal)lc ronr?s an? streets., Sl:,,uld ti:nc nr,t bc important, t h o m r c h 1 2 %b c cxtcnd~ cd over a g r c n t c s l c n g t h of t i r t c and. t h a t r o o p s ad~?.r?ccrl n s n c l l Groups, i vtith a spcaii'j.06 tinic interv::l bc.twccn cnc?~.
2-35. Shoulri t h e Pcrcc :.tccr,xt~lisha cllyts n a r c h 2.s a u n i t , t h o o f f o q t of h o s t i l e a i r at.~:rck cun be lcr,scncci by c x t c n d i n g t h e co1w.n (Fl!.ogerm a r a c h t i c f c ) ( i . c . allv:? nn oloincnt t h a t n ! > r m l l y c;ccu?ics 200G lncters road spnco, Il00C! n c t e r s ) , proYii!efi. S S I : C ~o x t c n s i o n i c n::t prohj.1-;itcd b y "~1is~;ormrshhtidf~"~mnni:ks orirh e i m i : x t d?ublc tllo n o r n a l o t h h r fnctor:: . rmst h c I s c . 1 decreasc i n t h c c!c;ith of t h c " F l i c G c r ~ a r s c h . t i c E o " ordorad.
Each u n i t 2istri.buto:: i t s c ~ l f i t h i n i t s " a i r dcfonsc ionrch depth" w '.XL~<SS:C~ITUI, it? beginn" i n g and i t 3 end. E o r : ~ dr:w;n tro:.)ps t r c i i n s ancl hooscdrnvj;t cl~!mc~?ks t h o of i s c r v i c c tr:.il:s c.?ndi~cl;thcar,lsclvos s i . ~ : : ) . l a r l y f t h c i r r a r c h i s rndo r?uring' r!qlii;ht.
Thc highor coi;m~arrd.cr cliv?si,n) orrlcrs t h c %::si~r$ptiuno r abnntlon( 1:hc " a i r clef cnsc ::nroh i?.coth". k t t h o s a w tin.. I-.* c!iros%r: ~rhetl.icr -the s c c u r i t d ~ :l:~:;tai:co:; shn:Ll bc ;n:iintain.cd, lcs.~onoc'l o r gi:icri u ~ . in.?;
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Tho " n i r dcfci?sc 1:ts.rch cclur;it' i s tt..kou u.t t h d Fcgilming of t h e a r c . In ;her-t column:: i-k cn bc. n:;~artcd i r u r i n ~ t h o m r c h . Wl11on t n c t i c a l a , EC f o r c ~ o n c . H a l t s %rid rcst:: a r c : ~ t i l i z o dt o f a o i l r c a s o n s dm.anrl, it $*:,to t h e c l i s t r i b u t i ;r: or scp?.rnl;inn of t h o troops.
i :i;lethcr ' :
Thc c s t u h l i s h n c . n t c c f " h f r c?cfonco ::inrnh brcni?thl' I)rc::x::.y)Bcs t h k t s a f f i c i c n t pnrni?.cl r;:uJ;cs c x i s t or ';hat 't!ic t r o o p s c:;.:? narc!: n u r r ~ s s csun-
try.
I1
;.ir di:fc!~sc r u r c h 11rc:i! t!i" if:s c c u r c: by bhn d i s t i - i b u t i c n of t h e tr:.'orgs ':)n 1'?:1<18 .>r. ri:,utcs tid.jr,cent, cn one .cr botll s i.dos, Cc t h e nxir. 1:nrch
rout$. iiioi~ctrx: tro,rpr: c r c prr;for?bJ.y a:.'.-i[;no(: t:hc l:~:t!;cr rout;nc. V'chic3.cr '.nd -vuhiclc k l c n c ~ l t se ~ r crtssigncd r c u t c s . Tile win z u r c h ronri c c n b c u t i l l z c d b y v c h i c l o s ; 3 t h o r tro:>ps should r:~:rch d i i f i ~ ; ithor routon. < If nocoocrrry, b ~ u ~ ? d u r i c s %r,.+ignodt o avuic? c ~ n f u s i u a . !Chc nw.rol!. scqucnco Llrc c of mi-ks rcmc~ins a s tli.>ugh tlic : ~ Z ~ C ! I .m r c raadc 1.2 .n~.c l r . Sh : a i r ? dangcr CIS tl-sops C . C C - L ~ T I I . ~a~tDa?i.y T ~i ~n t a r i s c , t h o tro!:~S fol.l.0~~3.ng .~~ p : $ h u ~ ~ hd ~?ctif'ic:dprcj?ll:tl,y. lc
Thc m r c h coluim ccnx.ndcr ? r d c r s t h a s s u a p t i , ; e a ~ ? t b c ?.b~nrlc;i. in;; cf t h e " a i r c?cfcnoc m.rch hrcnclth", c r he rs-y au:;!lr;rizc t h e co:?ixinIlers cf e l c n e n t s of t h c c n r c h colun? t . 3 us:: t h e i r d i s c r c t i r ' n i n t h i s ir?::tlcr. Shoi:ld t i n c bc t h o rnas.k iniiq~:~ortc:~.t; ?I.cr.ler.t, ovcry cor.r?andcr i z i ~ t h o r i z c d : : -to s r d c r "::ir c~.ofcnscn c r c h SrcnEtli." The ostal:lis!mcl;.t . f z n " a i r dcfcrlso march brcaCt:h" i n g r e a t .is :; o c l ~ p t h o r 6 i n a r i l y n1 p o s c i b l u . It l e a d s as a r l . ~ lt ~ congcst;i?n and d c l z y s . E6::rch i n " a i r dofcnsc m r c h brenc!thl' d c c c l e r : l t c s t h . c fc.rw:~rd novc;?cnts, nilr;cs it: irrcgulra-, i n c r t a s c s t h c s t r o n u ~ u s n o s sif t h c rwrch nni Tllcrcfore i t s ansurlpt!.r.m i s o x c o p t i 1:l:ki:cs :;,?re c l i f f i c u l t t h c !.e+dcrshlp. ioilal nncl rrhcn ass~:eii sli~:ulrl'uc gi-rcn up a6 s::cil u s :.)ossiblc.
237. I f thc? t r i ; ~ p s m;:ircli i z n : ~ i ~ 2cfcnsc :-!arch colur,n", sul!ior: i s t h p : i i l t . e s a s ? ' ~ y t i o n of a:; "c.ir d.cfcnso breadth? t o be uxc!crtc.kc~, He
:?cfci?sc inarch $.oyi;h
: I? %: .
hrc:..c?t:.i" a r c niit a p p l i c a b l e
tt:
nztorizo!:: !mi.i;s.
238; Shriulc! n l a r g e t?ixcii c ~ z s a n c l , l n r p r t h a n a rcinforcoc' r c g i r ~ c n t , ~ h c n?.rch.~i':;li-u[: ?no rcac!. 8118.ho thrcr.tonoc1 by u i r a t t c ~ l : it nc:ji bo oopnrz t c d i n t o se+cr::;l ini:rch grou)?s ~;lil?ichf c l l a v cnc! m..:,.tili:r r.t ( l i s t a n c o s c;f i n c !;o t h r c c !ril.jnlctc:r:;. The sc;ijir col?n:irir!cr rcgu1::-ti::: t!icir i':~rI'~rarr1. movcc racnt. Hc nc: c1j.rcct " a i r ri:31?!,izsc rac.rch i.c?tlit1 f a r :is(; o r '!:-rc - i ~ l r c h r x i p s . .y ixmiilr;d .tho orcbirc: c;.:l.u:?.ri 1c;lgtl~.e:.izl.ns %~.iitbin r nil.ovi:..i,lc ] . i n i t s . Shou1.d " t h o cntirc! march i?.j;::.l;h exce;:c! $1 ?.h;~fs riarch, i ; i s [:rc;for:.hlc, vrhon x l l o 'nli.,:w 'th;; inrlivi2i.i::l r.p.rch ;;r,.'ups t o rl?.rch a t cliff o r c,,nrliti. :ti-rs p r ~ ~ it t , CILG 'ti!ms.
Thr. :i:;su?.pti.on of " z i r 3.ofcnst; n:.rch brc:..d:t:!" r:?.t!li!: &r<,u]?3 dsponl:s :~j~o:ih ~ :n:rth:?rity t h c r c f s r sr?.nkc!! ?jy t h o t . , tht? mrrch ccmiariclcr.
11..
2 .
r u l c n r c c o t e:~.1~I,u~~o2
3t i?i~:it.
y o t c c t i : ? n ?f : ~ i i . r ~ h i t?~rd!lpii dcf j.1~::: ijvcr bridge;: c)r rin ' f'ci-r.ic,e sh!iulc? bc ,?st-blishod b o f , i r c t h o arriv:rl. : ' !;l?c r:luzs o t1.c tri;,)ps. :f f
;.rc:;nc-l;lvo ncinsurco a t <Lcfilcc dcycl:d upon t h o !;irr.! :>f f!oTho nc,:~surc:; a ; sil,?rt ?.cfilos, briclgns an6 :L+ f f r r y i n g :;rous n r e t .simil?.r
240. 1,
,
...-.
.
Ln a i r nf;taclc nt;i.i. ;;n": b l . i c ? . C I - ~ ~ :i :s CQ-L':~~:,.?.~.:. l y :~l.!:o c..r.cvruc~? iSh t h e ~-~o::rby c r r c l n . !t'hcrufr.rc:, r:h:)iilcl. I;bo ti":iiip& :.i~prou!:hw l ini; a Sri.!;:? hc u . 5 i r ; "air ~1,cfcn:;c ::y.rih dnFt?l", 2 1 ~ ~ 1 1 . uni-ts shiiulc! be a I . o a .Q ~ s)-i;.?~l.d !-.fii~ta?ao? f.,r 2. c o r t - i n ti!:c a i T c r ! hc c r . ) : : 8 ~ . g . The iir.?ors t.Xc~-ef.:rc;z;it.k 'br: ,;ixon zuffic'ici;.i;ly i:?rl~y ,;rt?~r FIT to ..,-..i . . . 6 . F c r ~ y i i , ~ig bcsi; c:icc;.r:;e3: by cri?s:s:i]:ig sip~l?;:'.nos ::~i::?y :! ro'~~:l'al:tlrcas. 'i'ro;,p :ica;lr:?;b,?.?;:nn !.r r$.:>.,.n-i]:i?* ~ , !iclc.r.r t i i c l!,:,tllr:: i:; t.,! :; c - . r,.,.., t r -c;.i;s 811 : i ~ l ~bc: n::,jilo:rc::i i;n .bqt'li i:nnka, Z It :?-y hi: I ~ O C ~ L ~ I : : : Y: ss.L~.blisi: s j g ~ l . : cor.~i;rlnj.ct:.i;ioti n o t fg*. tllr; i':ii;rcl :" tY c u L. I : w!:rnil-$; s~:;::Yi.se, Fcx .!;ki,i.s b:-dry.)<,;:c h c r:i\-j.slq;~ s.L[;niil. l > : ~ ? t & l i ~j.8j x?::II,$~P.?(~. t ~ i l'orwcr d
241. Ls a r v l c : nr.rch by r:ay i : continuer.'. i f h , ~ s t i l u i ; rcccnnnissanco . r p l 6 n c s nppcnr. I l,i ~ i i;u:..rr's" warn of tpnroaohing lcw f l - j i n g h r i s t i l c plr.nos i,r of a probablc att?rck. ' Thc sigric.1 "Flj.cgcrzlnrn" ( f i v e c h ; x t b l n a t s ) i s c i v c n on o r d e r s o f c8:Jt%;jany arid &her r c m ~ ~ n i l . c r s .
Upc;n t h e s o o n d j n ~ " o f th.2 "~1ic;:cralsrm" f o o t trucj~:s scck cover i n rlitches :in6 rl.cprc!ssio:is nloclg Chc rauci. Vchiclcs and c?v:~.lry h z l t on t h c rond, r i f i c r s c:isjlount, brnkcs ::.rc s o t . Only when t h c wurniug i s s u f f i c i e n t l y c:.rly ani! i n fnvorzs.blo t c r r z i n 60 t h o s c s c c k conccnlircnt sl'f t h c roo.d, R i d c r s and cav:,lry rlc n o t b l o c k t h o c o i t o r of t h o rond. U t i l i z i n g c o n c c n l r c n t , c,?.vnlry, incl:~c!i6i: i . t s v c h i c l c s , c m t i r n ~ c s.tho i:l?rch 2 s , s9:)n ?.s possible. Thosc wcr.l?ons dcs3.gnntcrl f o r 2e.fcnse ngn?.n:;t; lovr f l y i n g n.ttacIr3 i~:unx!inicly go i n t o p c i s i t i ,n ?+rid qpcn f ' i r c , Inclivic!uhl r i f lcmcn do n s t p a r t i o i y c t c i n t h e f i r c . Gcis l!ofonse measures rr.l..y ?JC c n s c n t i t ~ h . fiigh f l y i n g a.ttacks 'i;c.j.nst c z r c h colunns n r c n(-.rrr:1lly t,; h c ";.ir' Ennrr!ell wnrn of t h c ;..p;rrnnch. Thc si;::nc.l cx;'co-be6 only :it dci'ilcs. " ~ . ' l i e ~ c r r , l n r m i s g i v e n b y c<:mp:iny i~ncl :,+her ca::m".ndo.rz,. " T.113 trociys ; t i cor1:luct thc~nsolvos si.c;il$r.rclfr :s a : ~ ~ i n slow f l y i n g att?.cks. i.s : r u l e on1.y A.L. b:!.ttorios f i r e n ~ a : i d ~.the h o s + J i l f ~ k plnucsr A t n i g h t h ~ x t i l cplanor, :il;tnck n s r. r u l c only w i t h t h o ci:?. of f l n r c s : t h o s e w . r n t h o t r c o ~ s . T!lc si.gn:il "Flj.erp;orr*lnrm" i s ;-i-~cnb y cemi;:rny and ;&her co!~-xm<brs. Foht t r ! : ; j ~ son!< conc(?:ilmcrit by t h r ~ v i n g thcnisclvec down alcn(; +hi- sirlc cf t h u r.j?.d. Other t.r,j.;:!s hc.lt anii rcn-\in m!>tio:~lcss. Any rno.~nncn'i hotrnys .khi? l o c n t i (cn of t h o trcrops. nr.fc:zsc i s cxccutcd onLy by a i r 6.cfcnsc .trirons. The m r c h , follv+ci;rg t h c n i r a t t a c k , i s rosumc.<. ui::.)!~or:!cr com~n~'c~dcr t h c u n i t . con.c%rnod. af of t h o
When t h o o r d c r f o r t;hc a r r c k i s gLvcn t h o comar~r'cr c%a r!cci".o whathcr o r r i c h t h o s i g n a l 'l~l?ci.c~-i~l:imlt nr.y h c i;ivcn.
242. Should. 2. n i g k t rr:'rch prcllong i t s s l f i r i t o . d ? y l i g h t , it miy l ~ c nucas:jzry t o ::r!!cr c r e s t Soforc ( l a y l i g h t , j.n orclcr t o pro-:idc t h e iicccssm y ~ucurity ni;ainst n i r nnr!. ground h::stilu f o r c e r ,
:?&5. F i r s t of a l l , t h c i r z a n t r y cLividion s c c u r c s i.bsclf n@:.i~ist ;,rounc! 110s-i;ilc f o r c e s b y izonns of iA?c d i v i s i o n rcconn?.isstu~co b n t t n l i m . Scc 1 . 1 169 cncl 170,
Thc d i v i s i - j n scr;;.nr;.ndc.r n?.y holC a t h i s d i s p e a n l clcmcn-t:: c:f t h c roccnnr.is3cncc b n t t n l t a n . Yet hc shr?ul<: n..)t n r d u i y -<vc;kcn it.
Sh-iuld tharcl bc c n rcconnni.sst:nce bcttii1i:in i ~ r f ~ n a r nn : f' t n , rcco:~:~;:issr.ncc must bc norvo(: :~y ot;hcr mc?ns.
241,. 1 1 %?kc t<:rr?in bctwcen t l m d i ~ i 8 i ' ; r lr.oooi?r~r;isu:mooc 2;~ti,",19.:-in 1 cod t'ric ?.(;v~ncc z!i.cri.', tile : ~ d v c n c e gu::r?. n u s t ifrontnl.ly ?.u.l cn t h c flra1,cs n! Tho mountct! .!;r?.ips cinp1,iycd r o c i i m o i t ~ : ~ , e c u r e at s c r e e n t h o rrs:!v::ncc, s : i moari'kcr! p,.jir?ts :IS wcl: cis t h o s o ilscd t o ex~c~,zl;e rcconr,.~Sss:lncc :,.n.cl. si; c u r i t y miss i ?ns 21-o t;::kc:l from, t h c miuntod 1:lut-,:>xi ::r i n f i r r t r y rocir:: :i.k rs inouts. Thc x!.rch co!.umr: c<,~m.ini:c :,.ncl cormnnc'cr . ~ tfh o w):i?lo f (:rz"cc oqu--11 i z c s , i f ncconsnry, t h c c!i;;tributi:,:i of t h e s o mo~mntcid trocys., 1 1orclar t o "ar occupy ici::ort.:nt pi:ints, to hol.~?opcr; i l c f i l c s , t o pl.ncc o ? ~ s t : : ~ l ~ f it o rctn.cvc ~ i ~ s t ~ ~bli c yac l i s t s , ~:~c.chj.ni: i n .cct>~!p::riyin(; p l t : , , > i . i ; (fol1.r Horse) , f ~ n l i t i e f c n : ; ~ n s , raountcc! t r o c j x , i l l - y c:if;iii.ccrs ?.nd O.c;c,ssing u n i t s p rm,.y bc 8en.i; o u t i n ar!vancc. Iti ncc.,)rr!nncc w i t h th:: inp:>rt;:lncc ilf t h o t w k
245: Thc ncl-z~ncc gucrd m l ~ s tprovidc f o r t h c nnhindcrcd nr'.vnncc of t h o It pusiics a s i d c wo?.k r c s i s t n n c o , it [ ) r o t a c t s t h c marchii.:~ main bo6y. Gr,;ops from, s u r p r i s c attnclcs from t h c m:,.rch direction. Upon. mccbini: t h c cnomy it n u s t provide t h o Innin bocly t i m c nnc? spacc f o r i t s B a t t l c prop a r a t i , , n s nnd r e t a i n f o r t h o co!mnnr.cl.cr h i s frccSorn of docisior; nnt! noti:,n.
ITnclcr somc c o n d i t i o n s t h o :xc'.vancc ;:unrii must brc:~k tllrough prcu i : ~ u s l y orc.sccn r c s i s t a n c c nrld h o l d stuljt3:jrnl:y important 6 c r r l i n p o i n t s unf 5.t h%s sccurcd. Shculd h o s t i l e cont?;,:c.t bc cxpcctcd, march coluim comnnCcro r c rimin w i t h t h e i r n+rnncc G ~ . I % ~ Lc
sAs t o th-c locnti:?n of tk.c tlj.vi.sici~.conum~ti~ c r 800 pnr. 113.
2!.iS. Tnc dis.t~r,ct: b c t - f ~ c ~ n ticlv?r~cc gunrd rind mnic body r u s t bc ( 1 ) suf f i c i o n t l y g r o a t sa t'nct t h e main body i s r?.& iiuncdi::tuly involvcd i n rrri r,r!vr:nco ;il~irr! o i ~ ~ b t l t(,2 ) n;it t o o ~ r c n t o i!rc-.~cr!t; t h o t i m e l y cmployincnt I n t c n t i , - . n s , strength, t a r r a i n nnil v i c i h i . l i t y c o n d i t i o n s of tll6 main bocly. t, r ~ u s ta l s o ! ) c ciinsic~orcc~. ID ~ c n c r ~ . l h o r!.istr:nc'c b n b ~ c c nrrdvnncc guard t v ~ octnr.1 s i x k i l ~ ~ m c t o r s During c!nrknoss, and m~xinbocly vnry bobrfccrl wccthor of lrm v i s i b i l i t y , t c r r z i n i n which o b s c r v n t i o n i s pair o r w i t h smc,ll srIvr.ncc gu:~rr!s t h c d i s t n n c c !my bc !!ccronsod.
2Li7. Th:? str0n;;l:h and c n m p o s i t i > n o f t h o n 2 n n c c ,<uar,I nri- i3ctcrmincrl by t h o s i t u n t i n n , tklc in-kcnti.on, t h o t c r r : i i n , opscrv:~.tir.n :;r,ci t h c s t r c n g t h <if t h c whole c3lumn. . .
The oclvnncc ;u:x-d sh.)ul,! bo hclcl t t t h o miniaum stroni;l;li, t h o Ini'nntry otren..;t;X ijf t h c nr!anncc i;ur:rd. v?,ryiisg b c t w ~ c r i:~nc-thirrl.::nc7, oncs i x t h vE l o s s of t h o ontirr: ini'nr-try strength. Elcmcrlts of t h c [Iivininri Tnnk ?c;fcnsc b a t t i ~ l i ? n , li;ht, q r t i l l c r y cn". cncinccrs i:!~,ji ?IC ?.tt;:i.chcr!. L l s a :'.rmorcii cr.rs, l i g h t ::rtil'lcry colim~ir:o r o1cr:mnts t h c r c o f , a n d c?ci',$:;si.i~g r o o p s n(,rly bc uttr.chc!?, F i ~ rt h o m a r c h inc:i.i.idi~nl hcnvy b n t t c r i c s t ( o s p c c i n l l y fl:.,t -trnj::ctliry) ancl horsc c!.rnrrn ir mnt:lrizor! -tclcphonc, r::d.io : nn~! "nlinl.r(:r l i G h t l ' unit:: c f t h c Zivisj.?n si$:n?l b h t t d i a ~ z r.rr; s u i t n b l y ci~roj.1 h c .:.?.vnncc ;u::~rl!. t Tiic n d d i t i c n of :~\b r i d g e ccjlumn qr c! .lpr~rt:i?n , i.horo,;f i s ;?c'visablc if .!its use cr.11 hc c o r c s o c n or i s cxpcctc<,. S<;o p?.r. 289 3:: t o motor v o h i c l c e .
iis n r u l c ni? a * l v t ~ : c rgu:-.rtl mnrc11i.ng :it t l i s h t w i l l c o n s i s t only n f ~ 1nf::ntry ~ . r i t hi t s hen-,~y wcn;>:tns nnrl c n z i n c o r s Hi~untctl-trs>i.pa f o l l i : ~ ~. . so-rcr-1 hui:rdrci: :~ctr;r:: bohind -tho nd.,r.acc c.u:irl unlcso i . t c jircf'c;r:lblo t o , ! 4 c?istrjlh:i.tc tkiox ir: t h c i z i n b?c?.y (N?tc: cnrh rc-.;incnt has 1 ni>un:tocl p1r;toi.n . i~tlhut48 m n ) , If n ni.;;lrt n ~ . r c h S.s i:xtci:(lcc', iindcr sccuri.ty :lf trn,?i:s which k v o beon ;n.o.,ri,,u::ly s o n t :P?rvinrf:, aorm:tlly n s m l l inC::ntry f o r c c :infficcr: ns security, ' ;lmi7.r.ch unc!cr f o ~ ; o:)ncii:bi.rms i s cond.u:::;c:,i !:iizilrrrly t o onc nc.:lc n t nii;ht.
; .
?Lie. T'hc : ~ 2 v m a o&iu-.rc' cor:onnnilor erg? riizvc h i s .r.dirc;nco ,:liar6 5.r. nocor~lauccw i t h t h o s i t u n t i a n , h i s r:issit,n, t h o tcr.r::iri, tkl;! ~ ? i ~ i . b i laid G t~ i?Z?ccr-mti;:ii candi.tions, an~l.i t s s t r c n ~ t h . It i s orp:.nli.zar3. iizi:it a " ~ ~ ~ ~ , ? t . t r n ( rpcps"e r - ~>tl(: u "Vvrtrrppl' be up pert) il11(?. pcrh:::?~ i7i'i;ti xttacf,cfi ~ ~ r 1 v . %its
Tiic mass of t h c i ~ f n u t r y fin2 t h o okhcr n r n s of t h c ::cl.~.r:iizcc ~uinrci irarch ns t h c " ~ a u ~ t t r ~ ~ ~i~p o r"t i o n of t h c I n f a n t r y and En;,inncrs ciin?~; . si;?.l-utc t h c "~ortru~,!:". Corrcsy;onrlinz t u t h c i r cm~loyilcn.1;h:!rso-~'~rnvm
3.r~; incluilo8.
i n t h o r.c~.vc.ncc guard.
Tho distrinco ( f o r socuri.ty) bctwscn " H a u p t t r u ~ ~and " ~ o r t r u j j ? " ~" . " i s normnlly b c t v c c ! ~1300 and 2000 mctcrs. ; s t r o n g " ~ o r t r u ~ ! p w i l l scnr!. o u t a p o i n t com;?ang; a t n d i s t a n c c of 1000 t o 1 y 0 m c t c r s i n ndv.c~nccof t h e " ~ : ~ r t r u ~ , p fsu??,ort ) (~?"
Ln i n f a n t r y p o i c t , c s n s i s t i n g of ijcrhc.ps a n o f f i c e r a n 6 @no o r r ; r s ( 1 6 mcn) n r c c c t s t h o " V o r t r ~ ~ > ~ " or "point. con~p~lly" nnr! fonvard v f t h c i n f a n t r y p i n t r~c.rchcs by bounds, from onc O.P. t o t h e ncx-k, a nouctct! ji:,ink, norm:\lly o o n s i s t i n ~of 3nc group (16 r i d c r s ) . Thc n s s i ~ n mcnt of t a n k d c f c n s c i;uns anc: . ~ i r o l c s s;;x;c.ns of cr~mnunic:~tion, s p o c i n l l y c "illinkor" t r o o p s , t o t h o n9st ncl.vanccd clemcnts i s inpcrt,-,.nt.
or
249. F l a k o c c u r i t y r'.uri.nz t h o ~ m r c hi s pcrf;,rmc2 prirz::rily by p . t r : i l s Xarch columns on nn :);Jon f l a n k t n k c ovcr t h o fl:,.nk s e c u r i t y of rc'..jacc.c?t colrm.ns. Should pa-Lrols n o t s u f f i o c , f l a n k guards a r c cmpl(,yc?. ,Crr?innri l y f l a n k ~ u n r r l sa r o .dir:.:ctcC,whsn necassary, i n t h o rm:rch orcl.er~!. I n dxccr;ti.:~nzl inst@.nccs, t h e y 1xc.y bo sent out clurin~; the. by e i t h e r . t h a n c.?.-r-ncc 5~iij.ritor t h o :inin SoCy. Vhon s u c h occv.1-s i n f a t r y s o n t G n f l a n k [ : u ~ r r lmissi;il: sh.?ul!! Sc notifioc? cc.rly annd s c n t o u t c r t r l y s i n c e n::r?xo.l.ly f1::nk c:ucri:o m u ~ ttr:,.v<:rsc a l o n g e r r o u t e .
'The thro:?.% and t h c t c r r a i n dctorminc t h e stren$h 2nd ori:r.niz?.ti.)n of f li?.nk ,:uunrc!s. Thoy must c*.jntinual;ly r c c o n n o i t c r fin(! hnvc ::t~~?.ys Flank p;uar$.!.c. must rl:::iil :-?oms : f oomr~ur?icc:;i.;n w i t h t h o w i n fi:rcr;. 1 i i r ? r i & c t h c i r iwa security, not oni:j f'r:,utally, b u t n l o i;r? t h o f l a n k nnci :::ftoa t o t h e rc:,..r. Flank ~uar;!s a?-thcr accom;~nnyt h o ! ~ ? ~ r c h i c:,lumns wh;ich -they n.~ ~ r o t c c tor t & c . posi.ti::>n t o ccvcr t h c nrlv.v::nac nnr?, l.-.tcr rcj<i:.n t h c r e . * v f t'nc c , ~ l unn.
t. umL?lijy t h o t+dvnncc -u,rr.i! ns Plnnlc guard an(! con'st).l;i.ii;i? a no*?: r.civ?.nco .., - .
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Sh>iul:l : si-rc;:~; .ii;rcai: i?ovol.cp ni;niur;t a f l c n k -ire. c r n provi8.o a I i.ovoloyed f,?rco -;;?.inst t h i s thro:it by turnin; cf'f t , n j n r d t1ic Elcuk, c l c ; ~:~i>:it:; f t h o r ~ m c h o cdlumnr Evcrg sucii clc!~cn:t provi:.os it:; cvrri scouriky.
2y!. Difonsc; 3;;zirrst ar!;z~ror' v c h i c l o e i c f ? c i l it:!tor! bg roco~n?.j.sz-.no0 ::t)?.d orlrly wr.rnincr,. Mi;-torizcd . u n i t s c r c os;?cciblly cnJ%lililc of r,,;:ort?.u;; c C y . W a r n i n ~ sor' thi: :i;c>prn?.cli. of ,:r:-asrcd vc'niclos i s ;j.iior. f i r s t t o t h o :,o tl.:r~:~{;onci, trooi;s -r * - - %'no ni!:n?:ir.:z'cr 3f %he n n r c h colum~iby m:?.ns of : j i ~ n c . l s ;n c s s c t q c r s , c r r?.<'.in. 1nj.s i:r.ttcr i s rc;;ul.::-LcG. 1jzf;:ro t h c m?.rch ir, bc:;an.
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iLs s,: -n ns an ::rmnrz,: v e h i c l o ?.ttnclc is roc?[;riie::rj., 51 1 %kt. tnfik won-.jns crr: !?,;?2c rc?.d~i f o r a c t i m , f f l o t t r o o p s t?J.!cc c.ivcr upt:ll , eorx>a.i.nd of t h c i r c,::nr.i::.n:icr, noun-tcx'~sri:;ro,ps ctn.1 trP..-.- :;n v c h i c l o s cnGcavcr t o l c t ~ v ct h c r o 2 . d ~i n s n i i l l i:r.Jn;m, If t h i s i s not :?ossiblc, t h e y h a l t , 6 i s n o u n t an(? Block -thc :-.?nii.c: i r i t h c h o s t i l e d i r e c t i x ' s , u s i n z vchiclCS c.n(l o t h o r m a n s , and dcfcn?, t h o c b o t n c l c s . Scnc rcxz.iil w i t h t h e aninr,ls :~aii vehbclcs
.,.,
h - t t o r i o s s h c u l 6 be cnplo:,rcclcarly t o c:,nbn:; c r t i l l o r y obsors?.tiun ;>l.?)ic,?. XI' cur 07;rn a i r obscrv:iti - n i s possible, wc must hrinr; i n t o c c t i r n q u i c k l y loni; r::n(;u f l a t Lrnjoctory w c a p n s ( 1 0 cn cnlltio?:).
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112 t o r r a i n i n which o b s c r w i t i ? n i s not ~;oeC,wca!r h ~ s t l i ' f o r c c s n?rmally r.rc n c s t quiclcly pushc:d r.sicic b y t h c i n f a n t r y :rr:o-rice ::;urrd If n c c c s s c r y t h o .- r t i c ? l y d c ~ l . s y i n 2an6 c n p l o y i n ~i t s heavy wcvpons ,, cdrr::l~cc i:uard a r t i l l c r y i s cwplcycdrionr t h e r o u t e of march. Tn?!,:s can *ic!cly brc:.k Chrouih t h i s s o r t of r c z i s t a n c c (weak hostile).
,...
I n open t c r r n i i n c r whon c r o s n i n c broed t c r r a i r r s o c t o r s ::?ton c.nd when nccossary t h o r , r t ? . l l c r y must 3 r o t c c t t h c xnrch. Tho f i r e rc:'.<.iticss uf t h c p r s t c c t i i l ~n r t i l l c r y n u s t 3 c cxi?cclitcd by a l l cleans ?.v:~i.l.:blc. Nc7rcrthclcss r.:~xiatincsn 8l.uclrir.,: of t h c sgcod of a2v::ico mst b e nadc i n ,.;r<!cr t o scv.1rc: :r.,?~rju?~ko ::rti.lli:ry p r i t r : c t i . : n .
l-i-vc boon ::t+;achc?.
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I?-, I I C F C ~ ,,n cr:;orc,l ro:icdn +hn c~arun,~.ndci.~ r ~ ~ ~ ] ? r : p f ~ ich rl o l o y s a ( ~ yr) t h o r:rtilli;ry izu.~~c:'!i?.tcl.y uni!cr h i s eccxr:uc!, o;:cc$ t.hc horL-vyfli-t h u al.tiiI.ory i!.i%;r.chsd t o er;ly t r - J c s t c r y nr-1;illcr.j f.jr ill.i:tcctl.::i, d if t
khc mr ch culu!nns r,h:wlfi. bc rolic.rct! i:f t h i s p o t c c t i n z n i s s i ~ x l .
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2
, T I r c i i r ;::unrc' uccuron t h c ~T>'.in borly a i ; ? i n s t sur;>ri.;c rrn? pro~i:!cs f o r it:: r o s t . It ct:n!?;it cx2cct sw2port f r o n t h c in?.in body, i.ooord* in;: -t!~ th5.s .::rinc.i?li:, t!!u ::-l;rcni;th nuci c<min;>i:si-ti.;~i f t h c ~ n r., o i:ui?.rcl c r c , ififci~.t;ry, b i c y c l i s t s , :jtr:.:n;.-, , ; ; c c . . lic?i. !;qnr:ls ::.re cn~v,:o::ccl ::r.t<.llcry inol.u\l:in;; Ion:; rai~;;cf l u t t r c ~ j a c t o r j rrucl>t;ons, t7.n.l: rlofhi~sc j s i L n a l .f:roc,]?sw i t h xarircjlucls r r . . o . ? if llccoc!::~.ry, tr(,r:l;s t r o ci !.incs, cn;;inccrs n i t h cqui.;jncnt t o ;;,ro:::xrc lhc-tficli:s, t dcs-troy ??:-i.c!~cs C-to. 'i'cnks !:lay bc incluclcd. It nc.1:~ nay 'do ~:!~iLr?.blo o 2t.ti;cb s!z,,ko 311~7. c!ionic,al .troo;js. Scvr,rr:l. r c ? r :;nar,!:: c1r.y ?:c ij.nc'..;r r.nc ocixn:ani.cr, n2oquatc; si;:nnl :in(! c o : ~ ~ - r i i c c : t i : ~ ~ i : ; a r c i:rozuj..--onid, T?lc nc:als div.isi3n roc:;nnais:,?nco bnt:;hl l n i s r!j.roci;ly unrlcr t h o .carxi:tni.:. <>I?t h o r0.r ;..~;:r?c, unlcsc: i-i: i s at-!;:.ckicd 4 ~ 3 cnc of t?:c;sc.
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Rc?r ;:uarrls I:I.)VU ri;~rvrw". y bmnr:.s. h Dalay:: or'. Llio c a r t .,f hho :~ as5.n 11ccI;f r ~ u s tbc cxpoct,::d. Tho c!isti:ncc h c k ~ i i ; ~ro2.r r;~i.'.rC :lr;d .:!::i.ri , i c 1 . 0 ( 1 ) jjroS;blc : : c l q p of t ~ l c 1:c.n. be.,c?ye . ~ : ( 2 j t h c . . 131 3:: z -;n.
C.l -hhc :x:r.c:; t h c rw.r su:.r.i: i:j :.ir;oiiizc-l a ro:;i;r'rc : ; nrd ou;:lr;vrt w i t h mc;ro n<!5ilc 'tr>t?"s $r.ii.:layod s i ~ : ~ ! r l t l u o . : u s l r.S i n t k c p.r?vc.r?cc: ~ u ? . ~ d . y Their rcc.:nn::ia:iriacc :i,cncics -:r.i;x1-:xin. cr;ni;nct w i t h t h e c.;~orjy. , s t r o q ; ; rc!tr, :yLi,:.r< m y :.;l:ii: h:.~jo n "rcr.r :i::i:nt smpc:n:~", follcuiii;;: which is the i!lf::"ntry pi t:i.?,.t nnt: ';hi r:lsunir.,:,i ::oii:t
, I n r imrch t o t h e rr3nr -the csscn-ti::l f a r t h e nab l>n?,y i s t h o . quiok p i n i n g \:f ilistr.nci:s. Fcr ::his p . ~ r p c s oiill ~.v2ilc'olc roi1~?8-1-c used.
253. Lilxnrisc r o ~ r ;u.rCs m y be clx>lf~ycd n nn advcncc, i f ottaclc o r ! i anngyntico f r o n t h o ro::r r:::n ?>c c x ~ ; c c t c d . Oftcn 1.rcalc i n f n n t r y clcmcz~ts, '(!.t:~:'k d.efcnsc wccpens w i l l s u f f i c e . o e ; ? c c i a l l y heavy m.chine i;?~n3 A r t i l l e r y m y be uccossnry.
25b. D u r i n ~r c s t s t h o .tcrrzi!n i s so u t i l i z c d and t l l c tro~3p.s s o ?istribiltccl a s t o n i n i n i z c t a t h o ntmost t h e obscrv:tti.in an(! c f f c c t i ~ ; c n c s s of k L q s t i l e n i r rcconnuissanoo. Tllc h i ~ l l c rc'o~;nan:'or a r r a n g e s S e r t h o proI n d 3 < . i t i s n c v e r y u n i t securos t c c t i . > r i t o bc ;.ivcn 3y a i r ik?fcnsc tr.;oj?s. oP h:mtilo i.t!;elf a~:,.iilst a n a i r t h r o a t . Obsorvcrs w1rn icf t h o np;ro.ich i: Each f l i e r s . The t r o o p s t z k c nr!.vaatzgc ,of :ill coTrcr n;? remain q u i c t .rcul) c.t r c s t 1:roviiics "air i;unrds". ..,
Should c. h o s t i l e 'lc>v?-flyin;; o r h i c h - f l y i n g a t t a c k Sc rcco.;nized ~ C ). t h c "air G ~ ~ i t r d ' t i ~ Le ~ s warnin& ( " ~ 1 i ~ ~ c r ~ h . m "Evorycnc vihi.) hv.s n o t s some ; ; a r t i c u l a r 6 u t y t o p c r f ~ r mccks irnncdiatcly t,ho nc:.ros.t cover. 1V:'oq~snst o i ~ s rx;leycd. a c n i n n t t h o ccttackcr open f i r e a s hi? c:~n.cs w i t h i n e n o . 'Thc co~xm.n.:.cr of t h c " r e s t zroup" d i r o c t c whons.ncria?.l. c o t i v i t y If n c c c s i a r y , a t t h c h e g i n u i w 3f c, r c s t t h c c~i:u-u:ndcrs s k ~ r ~be resuncr!. ll .;c 1 1 ,~ t~ . i...q...,. :ii: cu:.?:'ioncr!t:~ry o r d e r s c c n c o r n i i l ~t h e c i r t h r c n t an$. l t ! 1,:: given. ;
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4gain:;t nn el;cmy or! t h e gronnrl thc? t r o o p s a r e secltrcd a s ind i c - t c d i n t h e !:ec?;io!l "Seciirity duri:lg t h e r c s t " . Raoom~ai:;r,n,icc must bo maii~tni.n.cdB u r i u ~t h e r e s k . S e c u r i t y throut;h Deployn.mcnt b e f o r c the B l t t l ~ .
--
255. 1 m r o h i n g f o r c c 'vhich cx;,oc';.s o n r l y crioountcr w i t h . t h o onorny . i a o r c n s e s by dep1o::siont iks rc!ndinc:x; f o r ti:tttlo -,rid t h e r e b y scc,ircs i t s :Ippronch more e f f c c t i v o l y .
1x1 ridvancc :;~z~lrd o:;n be cmployod t o p r c t c c t t h c c!cl.poynont of t h o rcin?.indci- of Ohc f o r c e . S'nould t h c ?clv?ncc guard co:rsc t o f u n c t i , ? n zs cr.n nclvr,nc<? guard duririg t h e d@plop!e:xt, it:; tnsl::; sf(? nsr;i&;yed in kcc:piilg w i t h thane of t h e ;.~holc : f o r c e , 2.6 n r?ale t h o o r d e r f o r t h e deiilo-,ment: w i l i annul any s p a c i a l rncirch troci]? r ! i ~ p s i t i . o t - i .
256. I n additj.c;n t o t h o cenm::ndcrf.s i n t o n t i o n , t h e d i s t : m c c from t h o cnerqr, -:id h i s r c : ~ d n o s n f o r b c t t l o , t h e t e r r a i n ttnd irj.sihi1.i-!;y c;;nli.;tions ?.rc of i n f l u o n w upon t11a ticic, t h e ire:\ arid t h e klnd of ;lcplo-y@e?rt.
Oijcri k c r r s i n , S!!.vorr.blo obeerv::tion by t h o oncmy, long r:;ngc cnd strerig a i r tllroci'tc. miy n o c c s s i t & t o c : r r l i c r clc:pln~p.(;:lt.
fire
Or; t h u o';her h n d , thc ;i i t u a t i r w : n . dcmn d t h e d<xntin7.:";ti0?1 of n; J in-rch i.flo r i . ~ i . n : ~f,o r m t i o n -+rithout consi dcr?.'~j of lossc:: l bu I n such inr;t??lccs, 1:T,07.5 ~ n d i i hoski1.c o b ~ ~ ; r w . t , i o ur i l v ~ 1 s he c ~ o i d c c ? y n t 5 shorl; c!c!+x~~.xrs
257. I n ndx..nriso i ~ ocvernl. r.olu:?n~: can f ? o c c l i : r ~ t c h o dcplogonon-l' and. i t provldc t h c comni~n(1crw i t h tl=c o;~].)orl!inity of s e c u r i n g c::r?jr t h e i e r r c i n :lcocsoary f o r t h c cngafjcmcnt an&, under c c n t n i n condlti.i-~ns o c f f o c t :in t cnvcl9prnr:nt of .the hostile f l n n k .
IIovrci:cir, r I r 1 i : r L I b c?r:xin i;oi:oth::r f o r t k: 1 : . Tl~i;;111at;Lo~:rI..v>I. <I:-4ci-i.d by -f;i?c co!zrc:ndoi. I:(.forc tbi: I.n(ii.vi.duiil. ar.nr3ci11d~~rn Ii,~:vo commi.ttcd tl~amsc?.vc!r. i i t t h o onmnc '!;.i-rc t b , ~ oaniminr:zdi>rvi ll., ;111cn uoc'cs::cry f o r tilo ~x::elii;l.r;<l o r hi:; i n t a n t i o n s , or:lcr n:i or!?!:r?iz!?.ticlu ., i: di!ptlt. :
250. If t h c co:u?a.!ldor i 8 ~linriblc i n hi:. rlo:>loyncn.t o r d c r .to r.r!;:,ign b:>-tklc mi.ss;io!~s, novor-tiriclcss he ordors -tho d i r s c t i o n c.ncl oh jcci;ivc ol' the: f u r t i c r :idv:.ncc, t h e b:rttl.c rcconnai.ssnnccs, t h o bo,,lndc~rioo be.hrrcn ndj::;ei!nt a n i t s , t h o ;~rotoct.!:n t o lie yrovidod by t h o r,r.!;illcry rind ':!%her .;roo ;ion:; f 03- t h c :lc:>loyn~cn+;, i:nd t h o 1oc:ition of t h o s?oci:il unii;n
roconno.issnrrco b:lt.t?l i o c i n fro.;* of &.. or.i!ors f o r i.ts c,.,r:.diict i n nocordnncc 1 6 t h Far. 175,
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2.59. As I r u l ? th:; d : i v i j i o ~ ~-j.cn%1. 3 b:..tt.::L~onrr:c(;ivs.s ? ~ no r d ~ r o t coi!-.-c.il>.i. c::t:?on t o t l i c f orv~crd i.nf 2ntx-l. rcgim.ci~%:r r - t o thc o .?:;t:li:il in!! w i r ~
.t;ho dt:r!lopcrrt con+;i.n~!.cs, t h c ~c?mm:~un:i.cn%%on + i7,d; V L d.ucl r?..'.rci~ coIumns. i s im:.i.rri::~.i!lod 9.n:'. ,i;?!c '~.rtil.:Lory c t j s bsqjn. n I c i s t o ho rcco-;onci-~dcd t k c t -the li.ncr, b ~ : !;c 1.ai.d :IS i;o eel-yc t h o m;:xin~~::: .l;i.r.~cf o r t h c ~.n:;::.g.omon't. Tha divio;.:~rr -i;r!ri~kl i n ~ rii!w:nn ;:ot u;) t o i l l s rc:r; fer?v:rd .i.t sc;rvc:i t o conni:ct c.11 ii?pnCry rcgirncrf;, (idotc: Tho tii:ris :.on trunl: i i r i c (S:::lmnloiC I ) 5 . i ; l - ~1n:ti:n rt-..r t o froirt r:oivn~~nic?:i;io:ilint2 of -(;he di.risioil, wrhj.ch ~ on t i l o n:trr;h is ?;:3.<l :ilor:l; t h o r(!:>:d o r s t ~ o o tu:jon which tile> mi.n colu!m 2nd t . 1 ~d j ,.lsl::ln co,~rni~~li:cr m.rc:lns 1x1. t h c d i v i s ion. ( o i $!?.a 1 b::.Lt'- ?ion) t o 0 o i .1 1 l c r of v 0 ) , Sycci;:.l ci?s~:rva-tion. i s f o r th,: 1 - o n c c t t ~ r e,.%~>.y -i;h;, t i n ? 1 , from , :r d co7-noc t c d : by side S.ln[::s. S h ~ u l d~ r o : i t:lcinz"s~dsbc mrrde on tli:: si;.rr:l ?>:?ti;,-.].ionf o r L,r.<..,in ;,.:~d m~.~.ii~rtcr~:~ncc ri;;:rxi:lrd <... ~ : : of tiit? !ic!t :?.lid ti1i::ilri:hv i: ?I(: l..nn.hlo t o : ! tjrrridc d i r c c t vriro co!~~m.:ni.c;:-l;i,)lbullvocn the, ini?r.:i?;ry r::l~.;imc~rt;s <:;:d t;hc c ~ :r, .Lhr rc{;i:~c;n t : a i l ? connc c"i -I;hicmc::L.ics ; I : . : : i.ntlici':t'o~i 1 1 j . vi : . ( . ) c . t i i . . ;I ,i.;zi?:..);lc tro,.?:: :xi' t h c .1 sign;.? ?;::+trlion a r c t o bi; cnploycd t o c o n s t r i l c t t h o !:i.;jn-l riot f o r t h o cti :--o? o n~nc,on1[;;2t '.?he c~l;s-!:~ru on of 1 : t i o r c l l i r i c : s : : . u , !.on?; ri:::ri:: r!l 1 irics , ;jhcn t h c d:iv.is:.dn con'n?.r?dor cl;;?.nf;o:; liis C.P. 3 l f n k c r :,.tld l ~ t n ~ 1 ?;5;;i1?.1s si:rv-i: cr i: corn.oicn<>~~t .tho v;;ri; to o o : ~ n ~ i u i o n t i o in s-ri.i;::Slc. t ~ ; r r ? ~ i n . n
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Tho Liixcly c:::pli,yxi31-,~; of' tiio sl:r!:rl t r o o p s r::.-.i.li!:'tr:s t;hc conand i s the. trzsi:: f a r the rtdo,::i:+:l;<: <:i-cr:i;;:,n .>f -!;ho bni;<l; n,y'\,.,.
i ; . a : :n s of .. : -.rr??r ::'t.s% ordinor;h: i s o i l . r n . : ; n c : . L,y:in:.;.t ;?. r c : : . . c;::ocsr;:.r:' 1' +;hi: :fY,o1-l: :n! I?'.~:?.::I :.:nil i n *>x.. i, c c l - ! : : c hr r i t b u r i:iff'l;r::i~cli~u?. d~?i'ciii.:.i?rcly.
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2Q. Ccrc?;nin,c in :5r i s r. ;,y:t:!-or f o r t h c a i r f o r c e . For 14ni.l;rd tilo : . ,;cricjds it, cn:: soc:lrc;cl b ? ~h e o:.r:>lopcnt of !>ur~ui.k:zud boi:!nkcr c:rir..tj.on t 7.~2: n:: (: h n s t i l c :~:.irdrr!;!lc:: If wc hrr?!i: o n l y .:rc:'.k c u r s u i t uni-ko vfo n u c t C ~ ~: h z cc. dofiont O I I ~ E ~ ~ Vw i ;t h o o ~ a h n t t i l ~tih ~ ! ~ s t i l c i r r ~ ~ ~ n r ? t r i s ~ : n nShould , . trriocs $ 2 ~:'rc.i1~.':.l.o f o r c m j ~ l o y l x n J ~ :!.ad lio i:m!ployod, wc n u s t cor..:idsr th3.t t]-,o cnr.l;iy wi.11 rzr7.rd .t:lc ::rc. i n ~ h i c 2 1thoy r ~ r on.ct;ivo . :li n.lTcn of : : oo:1ciiiornbLo i3[iori;ano.;.
Tho s c r e e n i n g ae;a:it;st khc a i r enemy demund:: cnref!ll oain:?u:'lnge on t h e gri?l~nd,at e v e r y opporC.hnity, g r s u a t e r diipersa!. of unit:;, ?nd -the i l + i l i z a t i ( : n of iiigbt movea~euts.
267. Offf>:~sivec o u n t e r rrcnrtnuissancc i t ; t h e t a b k primal-ily of a:-my co.valryi I t n7.10-1; endcavor t;o p r a v c n t t h o cnc:ny rocchin7 t
z clr:iilei.:ts bnt h i.ric scroono'cl. idor!:ov.?r, t h e h o s t i l c rcoonnais:inni;c .;ui:;k be xt%ao!:od and dri-rcn hack.
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2611. Deft?.n;;ivc Gci.ou?ini; i s &f:Cectivc whon .thc t c r r n i i i i s s ~ c l -a s t o . ccnfi.ne ! ~ o c t i l crcoounuissancc .I;o fow.ippro:~cllos; Tho;;" can. be blockod and I;hc ol>sLacic~s t c . , bc uli~ployccl i n rlcfcnsc iqainzJ; t h o c n c a y . It j.:; t o bo c rccomiilcr:docl that stronfi;cr f o r o c ; be 1oca:;cd further t o t h c r;sbr arid :it Suri; rind :Ea~~orablo poi.nt;;;, pyr:par :d t o coun:tcr brcnk thro~zgha-ttciniik::. xi~cth z ~ r o v i r l c d rttplil aoln.111n-Lcai;jon i t h i n tlic s c r c c n and t o t;hi; cc,m;;ndcr w 1.t~o n r ~ ~ i . o r;.s::?:~.cc o!.n!iu? r!Ix s';c.!~.l.i:b i ~ ni, r ! . far. tr! t h o f r o n t t o r e c o n n o i t e r
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S c r c c n n g by i S f a h i ; ~ ~ i a c q u i r c d i r ; tcri.liin which l i m i t s o r f o r r. Dcpcnil'j 14; o;i -the concll.tions, iihc of arnry oo.v.l;lry. r i.iti?ahtry i s t o bi: rc:ip-Forcod by o t l ? ~ z rm.
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l o r r c i r , poisoni:i;s, r,si>cci?J. y ir it i s ; > ~ i i s i b l e l l E ~ U C . ~ ;d ~ p t h , l i cxn c,onsi.dor:,lji.y n-tr.cni;t?~::r. t;l.!i. dci'i?n.si.xrc s o r c c n . Evcu w i t h a shiirt;.:!;c of ?i cta~?.oc 7>ri! 1.1 ~!.gxfrt s , ,+-,i :< . isLs
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! 266. Slg!.&l -tro::?p:r cr;ntrib?:i;:: rr i:~fv\.r.i.l:i t n t'll? :I 6rcci.,ij ng oy::s,:t:ins t2iro:igh .tilt. :.:;nil of cq:J.op?nzr.:.t ::f ?;iivi.s i r o l ~ s ! : ;%:!c;n::. X They cr.i! ao0om.o.. ,. .,;;I?:{;8 i j g i~?ti.rf'c.ri r t g :;$-ti: .tilt. 1~3~5-i;; r..:,-'io s;ysI;cm, i!y rt:frnj.,.Lng from , 1 ; i r . I 1 - 1 s They 1:c::n :;ccrc-L ?.nd w:ii;oh ovr.:r our o ~ n isli-:n:ll s i l>y 1 r d 'r ; 2 . ibhc .truf li c z:~;.ld otki;:y ; j . c ' . : L I c : s o r c u n i n ~ODoi-.! t,if~ins.
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268. Tho gr:..;?.bc;r :ior.i;ion 0.'' ti?o ciar noi;i:vity of' ,t;ronps consi.:;.hs i n ! I . :I;?on psr,prr o:~i,oiit i ~ r 3,' im;r(:l?os and the *.:.ro!: i o~r~:-.i.:l. i ~f lit,:; cs~.:!it.i : i t i y -the suoouss r,f 2.11 ?tr.:lcrtnlc~.n[:c,
26. Th,, marcjl c.b;.l.ity i:f 11 ?,>rcc i s ' c 1 i.f .tiic ~:l.c:fi::~?ts ;.trc; n f ~ t iqil:~!.ly : ~ c l i t - r ~ i i l c r irind :r.cc~sto:n<:dt o cr:ori:'ic;?i. 'i'hr:rcl'orc frolil 1:lie bo-' . . t r r v y j ; I b l i c 0 1 ,r r I i.13
to mctrcb.ing. This .Lr; :;;i;cc;;.!!l~r ; i p p l i c : ~ ' t ~ l ~ : f o o t tro,>p::, t;o uhon: t h o r~.c.d{ :root gcnr any <.!I).k i-.l'Ly cr-L:.:!, d:iSJ'i'icn?.ty.
270. P r o p c r l y ccjn,;i.!lircd inorczsc;: $.)I.' in,arch dizs-:;r!ncc:., r;rrq&r r,.:st:3 ?~ and >:Lc?.juzt~nr:!-it . r i o d s , 3t;r:ic.t rn:rrc!~ d i s c i p l i n o , cc:rc of t h o fr:ct, 12r~j.n.tcilanc,; of clot.hing ?.nil cqu icincnt, of soddlos , nni~ncl.equ.p:ic:n.i; :?.:id sitoc;.k ing, c:,.ru of +: c hc:s.lth tind 3.dcqrintc 3 r d wholcsomo rnt.io:.is :.rc th: most c f f c c t i v o ;rmans elf s c c ~ ~ r i n g i.ncrc;:~sin(;:n>.rch c~~:p~~.bi.'litics, f.-:ll.. nnd !Chc inc clut of mcn with sorr! fcc't aiid of ani.r:wl; vi3.ti.i sorc' bbc1k:; o r .l:r:r!ri.shn r i , , i;ll!.ici!.tcs tilc c n r c w1;ioll choulil tio gi:vun both mun and imincil:;.
Conk .i nuou:: oll::orv?.t S o?l of f o o t -Lrr>ops, :ir:.3.miL 3 2.ncl ri<lc>,:: , d r i v i . r i and v n i ~ i c i c ; oil tkic m ~ ~ r o h , m c l y r c l i c i ? ?.'or irlcn 2nd bo::s,l; 1-cf1u.j.rti inp; r c l i a f , '.~;pr;:pri:.ttc :issist::?lcc during r c n t s i n ?:~j.~:oi~rc m?ttorr; : ri? f o r %hi: co~npariy :~nd highcr con7i:~ndors. Timoly ehhngu:: front :i?iri 1:o t h o ,;r?,lk, -I;ro-tanrl li:r.di.t~g i n o?vclry ui1.i-t:; nus st bc ~niilc5.r; orclor .!;(; i ~ r pro? p e r l y f o r i h o ::.nina.ls. Such o . r c i.c:;sons t l i r : .trouble!: i~i-jsil,:~;u r i n g LI d - i,r ~r!iious march. .
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271. Trn:sl;ort:!.tion !>y vch-i c l c 5 of :x:n's packs nuc! ::nitili:l s t loads .. nfrordi; con;-ii.cr:tilc r - l i n f :ind i:riL2,:: t o t i l v 1o:lrch o f f i i ; i c n c y . Tho oorrcc.?;itis .kt; p : i r l o g iaerrj:iro .i.c t;ho nur,Iwr CI? 'v-<.kiiclr>,",:I.<~::rik~: pr(.c.?.CU~-c
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In xnmr z ~ t do7Tr.i n:ajo';l~-i:~~: ~.~?.rch sp~:crl :mil c a p b i l i t i c s nrr. ..,.,L,lit..i::blljr d ~ o r ~ . . c s c d .Troo;!s rxirchlilc i n f r o n t sh<>uld. ' r c q u c n t l y i!r: r e f licvod. Ia dccp s:l<>y< it i!lqy ha ncocss::ry t o cnplrif. v o i i i c l t : ~ v.d.th s l e d r C r ,?r s l o i ~ l i s-LC: br,.;nk t h o v;,;n;r f o r .the t r o o p s .
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2 IRscrfnr a s tlic oitu?tic!n n c r n i t s , t h e rolltcs of mnrch ~ ~ 1 be t s rcc3rm:1itorcd i.f - 1 . 1 ~ doubt e x i s t s a:: t o t h e i r u c n b i l i t y (ropc.ir rrark, snow, b t c . ) 1)?-:1 c?ii:,.z';.ty of h r i d ~ c c , olst?.clcs, 5 ~ c . q Zspcci[~.I.lyis r e ciin!:?i:;:;:incc :ICC~:E.I::T.Y niwtor tr:l.ffi.c. f'cr ! ~ P R?.r:, not ::l?b-v.:;~ reli:!bl.o as t>u the r0o.d !lot. Air [.>hd.L<)gr:xphsarc :I. .v?.l~dtit~lc; : :?.clj!~rlc;t.
S h ~ u l d h u r e x i s t t h c p c s c i b i l i t y o f dcu;~,:~gecl u t c s , i.n;it?oi:rs t ro .ire :;eill; foi..r?.rd., ofteil w i t h briic1gi::g nr.ltorj.:ll, o r z r z ctt-lnh,;d t . tilo q, :.tiv:~i;ce gu-rd f o r r e p a i r vor!~. It may be s u i t c b l c .ti: time rc s-c,: f o r t h e posir>ds i n % - ~ h i c h c rcpai,r 'fork w i l l !~roh?bl.y -i;n!ci! pl.::cc. th
6 . I i r e i : insrc, ~lc.pcilclarit upcin rcl;;:;Llc: n::p:; . I ro-ds j.11 i;i'ocl ci:ridii;ioi: +;ha11 i s G d;iy m r c h . Shuuld rccc!?n?.isszr!cc 'uc irq::::;-ilili: or- shc1:ld :tnji do~:Li-t cxi::t, I.oc::!.l.y':.or~L~~iri;cc?guid%;c. ci-lmld b,: :;,:,our~~~l, ' i f p o s s i h l c , ~ ~ j ~ o e i ? -flo ry bn.d stri:-tci.!~fi cf ilo:rrl :'.~<l v c r y d.i..r!c !iii;t!Cn. l (in Wight n~crrchos, o c l f ' u iif?;n!l r c q u i r c -\:hi: ]:iI::cing of s i & x zrid r l r l ; . . : . ., ~ 1 k c m i r col.~crc!:c:;! c f -kh:! ,.," c r i troo;~c ,
If lios.;;ile rrc~;o~~:ii.::cnilcc: or s?>scrv-:ti;i; ;.s' n r o b s b l c , thi:rc must bc 1 li.g.hi -visj.i,lc. Oth,:,rui.i~~ . o :lr.:!t~:.r::li. ~ 3 . t t h o <.nd of c::cll ccnitxtny <;to f : . c , i l i ; ; 1 . ; c.iir;ror:cc I no:in.:ci; i c,i! br;i;$p:on ul!.:mciltk of .i;l);? 3:;xrch I - i n . If n o t i r . vohicli.:: tr:;vol. .~r:ti?:>ut iehi::;, tho!,. . L i ~ o i rcr>:?~:!l u s t hr; l n rcducctl.
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279. T ~ Mmiroil ijf :; f o r c e f 2 . 1 1 8 d i l o n i ; GCYCI.CL?. ( d r . ! . : is .oasi,:r oil the :;roops, ii; :?[;ct:lcratr:.s t h o ~!is.rch m i i u c r c a s $ > ct h e ha:i;lc :f ro:>.i!%ncs:; i n tn!? : i i . r s c t i n n !s n n r c h . On thr; other hand, t h o n o s . l i . b i l i t y x %:: t s t hs:t t hc c olrs,~:Lri8~:.r r::-of i:!.ic! i n v i l . ? . 1 col!:m~ns TJ ill r ; : - , ~ - n i t l.,r;:3s o l v c s w n o t i n n c o o ~ d i t h tllc & & c i r o ~f tlio coimnu14cr and b o f e r c hc i s : i t l o t o It ;:j i;l:;c i a o r c di.ffi[;:?lt f o r ' h i 2 40 origni;o hi8 fort:::; t r , t h o fntcrvonu. fl,nnlr and. ~ L L . .ickl:; t c c .t i : irr fjnc
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If XI c.dv:~!~coi : 1:r~dcb y b<!undr, t h o ~ l i i r c hcolllxl:~:, i f : ;:hb:i~ld bc ;;ri;.ri.!?cd z r i k h i ~ ; . n t i * a c - t i c i i!rri?:r';o t h c i r :!.I-ri?:.r.'i. :t:k ;.!I s ~ncdi.:~:b<: b j c r i i v c . ,cL:!tir;l whi;k?~cri;hoy sh-I!. h a l t cr co!:.';i;src I;:. o ~v,ii,dsi!. I : c r l nrLy I n t h i s xr~c..?ni:r, u ! ~ u o a c s r . , " : yh?.:l:!;s ! . r I . i ? :f:,r -i;k,?s ~ i i g ,.i ~ l . .: ; t ~ v n ::d-~:i:,o; .-f b,:,L~nrl:;. cf
2!1(j, C~.:r:x:il~:iic:rtj.~n 't)::'i-,m.:cn thc; suio!~::.r:di:r I 1 f i r L u ~ .~r:c! i bct.;:,-cn nr;.rcll coli~jr~yir; lur;.'; ni:o;rrcd . n c.:vt.:ry y,;,:-r:i>:.~ ~::p.y. 3i?j3i.wlt 1.y 1 t i ,c .r : 1 3 . ; . 1 , : ? n.i,;ht rccjui i ' f ; >::pr;c,5.:~1~ e::.~-oj.'i~ m.:?.:;cr<!z !She, .'L.; c ? j.c:>.l ?i ~ : . t I.,.? ,!.?id. 1i(;hi; .t;omiuni.f: ;i~1 1 hct,'<w<~:.ri;j:;c~;r.t 7 ! I Uur En; :I l y l i l ; h t :r.,:j : 01:s c?n : A . c: . I ; j . . : r ,i ; r . .. 6ii.thi.n inf .; ; i n t i o c,.rn,-:x:ii:cr c!~,!i.& ?. i iI? sI !A<. ti.c.n o f c r ~ i : ~ ~ i r r n n c c : ~ . 7 : : 'init os -I;[. tlir :?ri.i.;--1: nrrrcl.~CI?>J'<:C~%V~.:S. a ;
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If v . r i o u s u n i t s mdst irirrrch f r o n t h o s'm poiirt, the:? should z r r i u c scqucnti?.l.ly, s o th:lt no u n i t hns .to 7 ; r ; m i t unr.cccss;:ri.ly 2nd crowd-: ing i s avoidcd. u1 t Gcncr~.ll.yit js b c t t c r t!?hnvc t h c ~ a r i . 3 ~ n i~s , dcpcndcnt upon t l ~ ~ c bivnil?c arc?< and t h o i r intendor1 loc-.tic:n i n t h o col.ur,i? brou:;ht b y ir "I.:.,: of' s i d e o r i n t o r s c c t i n ~ ,,. roads t o t h o r o u t e of' march nnd t h o t c j c i n t h c colr1mn. Had t h c t r o o p s bccn hrought i n t o bivou:.cs in. liiv.)urrc Krcups, t h o ccm%%v.dcr t h c r o o f c-n -xrcll bc c b L a r ~ cc i i t h tlnciir proper .:?xrivr.l a t khc d r r , u t c r;f r n r c h ,and t l i c i r p r q ; c r attzchmacnt t o t h e co1u1:m. Should p a r c h columns b c fcrincd imclcr thc' pr?tccki,:n of o u t u o s t ~ ~ tl~inc 211s-L br: t i n c l y b r i ; u ~ ; h ti i l t o t h e m r c h colimui.
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285. Tlic horn- of march dcpcnds on t h c o i t u n t i o n , t h e 1 c n i ; h of -tho 1nsufl:icicnt r c s t i i ~ p a i r : : .tho imrch, t h o ~wx.thcr and o t h c r c o n d i t i r ! l s . cn;j::l:ilitit:s i>f c t r o o p s . th
It may bc of & r a t i n p o r t ~ n c ct o conplc-tc ,-.I1 incvu!nci~:tc of' r: ni~ht mc.rcli rlaring; t h o hours of dnrkncss.
it shoizlil ho ~p?kci!.1;h:ti; it i s .mdi n?.ri.ly b c t t , c r , i ' r w : d:-:yli(.:ht : th ~ c r c i : , t o .lee-ic t h c ~ l nrnn b c f ' n r ~d~.y.yl.rn~k z n i;n ni,ri-~?(: -t:v: n r N d i!i 3fti.r dar!:. Trc?:;]?s w i t h ::fii~nc.l:s niid motorized !.'i.its riusi; !ir?.l?.i::rily hrLvc :nl ::bciit b:xa hcmurs grcp,:~.r::t:ir~nfc~rt h o march .. r a t t h o .complc:ti-jn c.1' t h o ;zalrch t h y bc,.;in t h c i r rcs'i; l c t c r t h a n 6.0 f i ~ o t-troops., Tibi: llurricd f::~d<. i n c and c2r.i; of .c:nil:~:.\ls nnc! irir^.dcqu;;tc cnrc o f v c h i c l c s 1i.s~-:ns L h : \:cork o.:r,rr::itg of b<rth.
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286, Thc "mircii s::qucn cc" d o t ~ r m i n c st h c l o c - t i c n i:f t h c -tr,::or,s i'n - t h r oolunhn. li'k.is if:t u r n i s i>zscdnpi:;: thi: :;rnht:bli, h r . t t l c or?pl~)n:.cnt. ? cf t l ~ r :fi~::;t t4:ps tc,wird b ~ t t 1 . cS I I C C C S ~ . Corri;c-t "mrrrch scquincc" i r
2137. Tiiu r!:.~,oli :;iqucTicc :jf seciirit:; dctt:eb;l;n.!;.: ( 1 - n 1 ota.) .. is ..:i-dj.??ar..iy clcci.d;:i! by t)ic corr.i.%?dcr6 t h c r c o f . Yct, . i n ~ircli'r t o s i l ? ] > l i f y th.: $'roiii~l,;-ti,-n or" ~ r d c r o , !;he :1.?.rcl: oolunn c:o?wr.nc!cr mn:y .:rdcr tlic :soquciicc of i,l:.ri-?!: :sf -tlicsr: :lctr:ckimci?t::.
:
.e, c. m flc!:~lc prce?cd~:~:? ,;~.i:~.r<Is ShouI.!i b.c 41 r: rLt t i i ~ s If f r m t h o ,>,,.r:y {I %'nd. :s o iric.i;~ bc;ciy i c r l c s i ~ x ~ t o :; ; r-u:!rcsciii: Lii;~: ::a~r.iiig lii,? o;~sc:c~. !then thr. ; h r l .s . cc;l.?us, thi: co.il~:,qd;r :!f th:. mnin ;;e;dy ~ - r : ~ i r : r t nk o h i s x i .1 : (u11i.C e0ri'i:~3 el.cr i>f Xi:; c7.w ?1?ti.I;)
The m a r cl? colixnri ~or,u??.ilili:r6 . u ~:;n::i~:j .the n:. I: ~ 1 : s,,q~~i;j: r,f t h o i cu I 5 . 2 ch?.r:;ci.l iii-t;h t l ~ c pr*2r;cr nrir..: ti~:i;ly i?:tr-i ,)f tl;c -:-i,.r.i.nus c'l.crncn%s, i.i!t~i C;I!.UT?.VI .:riii c t.hri r c i ! 't i : e l u ~ & ~ i - . i n ~ , lx;.roh. ~ ~ tho , . .. H : provicici; :for c;:~c~~nui-iuc i 0:iii?31n i c;.t;i. )n w l i h t h c ::ii.v:.nc~ ~:?i:.~rd i.r,(i !;llo
.
I ,
i n d o p t h i n so-.or!:l.
c.9
2 I i1. Ir~i':.nl.ry d i v i d i . . : r :rdvr'?.cc:, ::lops sc?rc'r::l r,:ui;cs, ilormhlly it!fc1:I;rv cloi!~ctyt 13-:rchi.s ::>.t thi: 11cr.i <I.C o nch n;!iir i.r:>;lg, St < s hci-i; t l ~ ~ t
+.~i.ii~ i;lio bum:.:l:l~.or of' t h o ?.lv,in ho:?y c9r.x-.lly x:rohc,~ (:it :,r nccr hc-.(I Uiii3 th- s ? r c > c o l . u ! . ~ ~ ~ v:hj.nh t h c di-;isii:n con~c~~.:i!c>r u?ii;h ::,!vc::~ccs, . 1-1 $.r;(>.(! : r. I.? :lorn'?.1.1y bc f':>unr? 1?; n o ~ ~ r zj :1! motoriz i-d i.lcjriont;o ;>f' C'hc <i;-is i:-,n c~:':z~::ndcchclo!l r:nd 01' t l ~ c r t i : l l c r y c:,xmanil coj-icl~on n .>j+.:.c'i: ?,re cs;r;i~!;ial -k:; -i.hc c;::,c'uck of b:l.ttlc; a l s o t h o horse-:ir?.vrn t:lor:lcnt'n t h o i:j,v?.siin ::i(jii;..l batt?lic:n, 1 : :iot w i t h +hc: i:d-il:::ci, ;:u:,l7(1.,
The l i g h t and heavy horse-drawn a r t i l l e r y and engineers vhich a r e n o t with t h e advance guard are kept a s f a r forvard a s t h e i r employment requires. According t o these' requirements t h e l o c a t i o n 'or t h e ,remainder of t h e i n f a n t r y i s determined-. The horse-drawn platoon of t h e medical company follows i n t h e .column i n xhich t h e d i v i s i o n command ehhelon marches. The horseThe l i g h t horse-dravm eoluhns follow normally t h e i r ovm units, drawn elements of t h e bridge column can follow when t h e y a r e n e i t h e r vrith t h e advance guard o r a r e n o t l a t e r t o be advanced. Tank defense guns of t h e unit's and machine gun u n i t s with' a n t i a i r c r a f t missions normally are d i s t r i b u t e d xrithin t h e march columns, *men t h e d i v i s i o n marches along one road s i m i l a r measures a r e
- taken.
I n a reePrement t h e march sequence of t b main body 1 . 1o r t e n
61 be i n rovcrso crdor.
The some p'inciples of army cavalry. apply t o t h e main bodies o f cavalry columns
292. Tho c s t i m n t c ~s t o th.2 o u t c n t of t?io r.mrch :'ad t h e marc:i.'ni; tin0 f o m s a n - o n s e n t i c 1 b z s i s f o r t h c m c h ordcro. Thc d i s t a n c e t n be covorod by ouch u n i t f r o = o l d bivouac t o ncv? bivoimc nest b c co:lsidcrcd.
X march o f f roads, t h a t i s c r o s s coun'try l e s a e h s , t h e spood of l a r g e u n i t s w i t h f o o t troops 2 t o 3 k i l o m e t e r s 2er hours. O ~ood n roads f o o t t r o o p s af4da a v a l r y cat1 march almost nn fast by n i g h t a s by d a y , .on poor roads and v e r y der!: n i g h t s , t h e speed i s cons i d e r a . b l y diminf 6Md.
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293. If p o s s i b l e a w e r n i n g o r d e r i s i s s u e d f o r t h e march. This order s t a t e s t h e tire and g l a c e o f de?nrturc, t h e r o u t e and pro!b;i'lilo march duration. It c o n t a i n s i n s t r u c t i o n s ccncerning t h e b r i n g i n g of troopr: .t o t h e . r 6 u t e of m r c h and t h e i r jciniag t h e oolumn.
294. Should corps o r army troop:: o r l a r g e r independent unitr: f o l l o w nlong t h o r o u t o of t h o d i v i s i o n , proirS.s5.nns m s t be rnado t o avoid f r i c t i o n between t h o d i v i s i o n t r a i n s awl s c r v i c c elortents and t h c s c following u n i t s .
295. Skould l a r g e "mixed c o m a n ~ l s "make marcl~o:;. of a o v e r a l days dura t i o n , d'urfng which no enemy c o ~ i t e c ti s ex:~acted,~a;march t a b l e can be prcparcd, It c o n t a i u s i~lformeti.ona:; t o tile r o u t e s , t h c d a i l y msrch objective, 'nivoiiac3 and s t a f f q u a r t e r s .
296. Unless s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o q s e x i x t , a s soon as t h e o o m n c l " ~ c s t " is given, t r o o p s ,my tnLk, s i i x and smc?ce.
, Higher comanrlorn wfio r i d e ' p a s t t h e t r o o p s a r c hr?norcd w i t h r i g h t w ; t r o o p s oorqeto "silouldor arm1' o n l y on cornmaria. Othcr court c s i o s a r c not extcndcd.
nbyes
"
297. Only upon ordor w i l l c o l l ~ r s . ~ n b u t t o n c d ,hafcp%s rcmovod otc. 30 ShouLd si..!ch be nccoos;rry it m ? . l l hn t;~.v..aly ordorod.
239. Cn.0 si.dc of t h o road, and if t r o o p march on cit!lor i i d o , t'kc cootor af tkc r o a d ?xist bc, lcirp-1; f r o c f o r t h c pasriagc of o r d c r uud r1c.;scngcr c a r r i o r o . Kotor v o n i c l c s a r o f o r b i d d m t o pass 'l;raops r a p i d l y .
Io g"nr?ral .';r~opP m r c h or? .k!lc r i g t i t itidc of t h o A n d bui: s h o u l d thq l o f t 1 mwf. f i v o r a b l o f o r f lto ., l;roops o r should 5.1; provide 'cdncoa1~1ont c , a$jv.inst h o s t i l c air o b s r r v a t i ~ ~ n is uscd. Should both sidbo ::~r!n$.dc conit
c c a l ~ w n ta e : ~ i . n s ta i r 'obsofvatio!i, f o o t and cavdr:f troops, if ncccssnry, u s c by day b0t.h s i d c s ; Vokiclcs, n o t o r and animal drawn, and b i c y c l i s t s use t h o most f a v o i a b l o s i d e .
Also vfhc~urends nrn n o t plentiful and during h o t l i ~ c a t l ~ o r m y it b:; advuntagcov.~t o march on citliccr sj.dc and h o l d t h o c c n t o r I'roo of t h c marching troopo
Dusty r o a d s urr: t o bc avoidcd. Whon t r o o p s pass others;, t h c s o b c i n g passcd prcvido adecl,uatc; room by g i v i n g may t o onc o r b o t h s i d e s . During h a l t s t h o road should b e clcnrcd. 300. All clcmcntn ,of 2 march column must m a i n t a i n t h c i r proper d i s t m c c s an.d n o t strcc;;lc. h uniform march r 2 . t ~ must be muit-.tt3i:1cd i n ordor t o prcvcrlt t i r i n g l i a l t s artd t o nvoid t h c fatiguinr; h u r r y on t h e p u t of t h o rozmiard clcmcnts
301. In order t o accomncdatc t h e s:nall variati.on.s n t h o m r c h dopth of i n d i v i d u a l c l c m n t s , small "march d i s t a n c c s " a r c t o b e tr.kcn botvrc:cn companies c t c . Thosc m o u n t t o 10 mctcrs, f o r f o o t t r o o p s , f o r o n v a l r y and vo2-~iclctroopo and s t a f f s , f i f t c c n motcrc. "lvbLrch distnncos" ccnso t o e x i s t whcu " ~ 1 i c ~ c r m n ~ r a o h t i i : f c" (march donth a s p r c t c c t i o n nguj.ixst a i r at4;%cks)i s t2kcn up.
~.
l"ountcd officers, i.ndividual h c r s o s , c.l;c., a r c t o bi: .considcrcd Thc a s p a r t of t h c t r o o p s and n o t a s occupying t h c "marcir dist-.ncol'. "narch distance" s c r v c s t h e p u ~ p o s cof c q u a l i z f h g t c ; ~ p o @ ad c l z y s ; t h c r c r~ f o r c i.t m y bo -tcnpor:lrily l o s t . For "march dist::i~ocs" bctwccn motcrizcd u n i t s s c c s o c t i o ~ L I I Y (socrct).
302. Gotv~ocii+;IS various clcmorits of t h o mnarch cclurnn com~~:.nicntn is io m c i n t n i n e d ' l y ini:;.ps of inr~untcdt r o o p s , b i c y c l i z t s , o r ;notsr:i.zcd t r o o p s , f o r s h o r t , , r dist::nci, by dismoun-tcd counod;iui; i':Llcs. .dir"fioult s i t u a t i o n s offi.ccrs art; chnrgcd w i t h tile mainto:v!.:.;ncc of co-.?tact. A t n i c h t , dilri n g wc:ith;;r of low v i s i b i l i t y or i n rnggccl t c r r c i n , t h c numlicr of ooiinccti n g clomcnts i s i u c r c a s c d . Thc ccmxiandcr of t h o l i l r g c r u n i t i s :always rcsponsi'alc f o r conliccticn v e t h t h o slixtllcr, y c t vchcn difficulties z r i s o o r :arc p r o b c b l . ~ , t h o s;n~.l c r must supizort t h o o f f o r t n of t:~::- g o r . Evcry l lx u n i t i s rcspor,sibl.o t h z t t h c one succeeding f o l l o w s tilo propor r o n t c . When c.loxcats :Lro v r j . t h ~ r : ~ w ~ from t h e column, t h o u n i t s i'ollow?.ng thct. from which ur1.10 crCi.rcd tho 1:ic 01i;nlcnts wcrc L.?kcn, must bc infcriiicrl by t11c o~rn:;:~nd~r w5:thd.r:~v:c.l. It i s oEtoii advisc!)lc t o l c ~ v c guidcs o r p n r t Tics a.t (1.m.port:mt p o i n t s who i n d i c - t c t h e r o u t c tc. fo1l'ov:ing u n i t s , mcsscngcrs, str:igi;lcrs o t c . , and uhn b r i n g fon7znrd s i g n s c t c .
Radio n,c::i 1,liulrur com~?unicati.on ip.0.y bc d i r c c t c d b o t v ~ c ~ n advc3.ncc gu?rd and main body.
303. I n a d d i t i o n .to c s h o r t h ~ l soon n f t c r t h o march i s h c ~ r ~ ( fio r t r t h c cdjnstrlcnt o r p:.clcs and cq.uipmcnt nl;d r c l i o f of alcn and an?.v.al.~,) on0 o r marc h!-At$, doponding on t h o i!ist?>inc; t o be covcrcd, t h c v.roi:th-r, t h o 0 : ~ : ; - b i . l i t i ~ s of t h o t r o o p s and t k c t c r r c i n , c r c mado nncl ~-~ill.ch u-';ilizr.rc cd f o r t h e focdinf; nnd vmtcring or" rlcn and ?.nix!.ls. i r o s t ( t l l r c i hours) ; i s uormr.lly t?.kcn a f t o r tiic go:'.tcr p o r t i o n of t h o m::rch has boon m:xlo. Of-tan a r c ~ i s talcon ovory tvro hcurr,. During n i g h t mc!rchcs a s:icrt r e s t t o v c r y hour i s of-l;cn prof or?.blc. %lo -i;imr: and. d u r n t i o n of t h c r o s t a r c stQ)ul:,.tod, vfhcn :!ossJ.blc, i n t h e i ~ ; r r c h . o r d c r . A r o s t i n whicEi licrscs r:ro f o d c..:.ld :x?.tcrce., ct wb.ich t i z w onddlcs -!ld oquipmcnt nru ronovod, s:lould n o t bc l c s ~h a n hi0 ilcurs. Khcn t h c mzrch i s madc nlctlg s c v c m l r o ~ r t c s t t h o t i a c , p l a c e nnd durr:tivn or' r o s t s mn;r bo l c f k t o th d i s o r c . t i o n of e a c h column com.iciod;:s.
-
Even vhcn h n s t c i s r c q u i r o d , on long rmrchcs ndcqu?.to r c s t must bo providcd s o thfit t h c t r o o p s n r r i v c i n f r o n t of. t h o cncmy "fit f o r act+,-:. hcavy c . . Thc omission. of t i m e l y %nd s u f f i c i c . c t r c s t pc?riods p l a c c s r c s ~ > o n s i b i l i t y n t h o co;=ndcr. o Only when kt bccomes r?bsolutcly c s s c n t i a l t o r c n c h t h c b a t t l c f i c l d o r d c c i s i o n p o i n t w i t h b u t a f r z c t i o n of t h o f o r c c w i l l -11 c o n s i d c r a t i o n s ;zs t o t h o physic21 c o n d i t i o n of t h e t r o o p s bcccmc of scccndary irnpcrtcncc;
: .
304. By d-y, d u r i n g r c s t s t r o o p s w i l l bo d.istri'nutcd by groxps and canouflngcd (ccriopc.lcd) ncnr t h e rou.bc of im.rch. During long r c s t t r o o p s Such a f o r m c t i c n can bo s o i v i c c a b l c w i l l n o k j m l l y r o s t i n " r o s t groups". f o r t h e b c t t c r u t i l i z a t i o n of w a t c r sourocs, it ccn incronsc t h o r c n d i n c s s , f o r b : ~ t t l c , and osn mrl.ko o::ni.cr t h c c o n t i i m j l t i i ~ nof t h o mnrch f o r rc;c.rward tronps i Troops r o s t a t n i g h t a l o n g tho rocd. Rc::-t aro:is 2 . r ~t o bc r e c o n n o i t c r c d i n advnncc, Thcir c h c i c c should bc gcvcrncd, :lpnrt f r o m lnarch t c c l l n i c ~ . n dt c c h n i c n l c c n ~ i d c r a t i e n s , ospcci.nlly i n reg-.rd t o nn n i r f o r , by a o e n s i d e r : ~ t i c n of t h c follmfj.ng f a c t o r s : time of t h c yc:lr, vron.thcr, ti.mc of dcy, nccd of wator, shndo, : covcr a g z i n s t ~vilxdand r a i n , snom and cold, t h o comfort nnri prc~tccti-onof t h u t r o o p 2nd tho p c c u l i o r rlccds of t h c v a r i o u s clrlns. vvhon 305. TJnlcss spoken t o o r c o l t c d , t r o o p s vrhilc r e s t i n g rcmain r c o t i n g 3 s ~ n i o r cc~nm.ndc,r approaches.
306. Thu ccnwandir d i r u c t s t h e soquanoc a:ld i f ncccssnry t h o d i s t n n c c s t o bc maint.*incd i n c r o s s i n g a. m i l i t c r y b r i d & o . Vchiclcg vrhoso weight a r c t o o g r c n t f o r t h e b r i d g c c r c t o ha "cut out" nnd coudnctcd over a s u i t c b l c b r i d g c o r cronsod b y f e r r y .
307. The brid:gc co:nimnd~nti s r c s p c l i s i h l c f o r t h e s e c u r i t y Sf t h c b r i d g c , f o r q i r i c t and o r d b r on t h o b r i d ~ o sand t h o a$>proac:?os cnd c x i t r c u t c s t h c r o f r o r ~ . A l l i n s t r u c t i o n s i s s u o d by him and t h e c n g i n c s r o f f i c e r :ut t'hc b r i d g c must bc cbcycd. 308. Troops and. .vchiclco a r c n o t p c n n i t t c d t o croxd n c c r t h e briijgc. Eridgc naprqncl?os and c x i t s must not bc j z m d . Thc =arch ovor t h o b r i d g c O r d i n n r i ~ l y ,t r o o p ~ : ? i l ~ lfrorn nssombc.[ p o i n t s , bo ; must n o t h - l t t:;,'r!:on. d i r o c t i d t o c r o s s by u n i t s a s t h c b r i d g c i s f r c c . 309, Every u n i t w i l l taka t h o i7.cccsstiry m.rch formstion. u t l e a s t 100 n~ct!:rs bcforo ri;zching t h e h r i d g c and w i l l mc.inta3.n. t h i s f o r ~ ~ l a t i o n t i l un t h o t c . i l of t h e u n i t i s :.; i o n s t 100 mctc~rsbeyond t h e b r i d g c , :I 310. Foot t r o o p s c r o s s i n r o u t e s.Lcp and i n t h c mznncr d i r c c t c d . Moantcd t r o o p s , dismounted, c r o s s hy twos, t h e mGi1 on tllc c u t s i d c Iiountcd t r o o p s which hcrvc cror;scc? docroasc ti-rclr s o t h a t t h q aar?ir?--ls s'~j.11 c r o s s i n g will, n o t bocomc c~i.cquict:~d. FIorsc-drc.~~nu h i t s and singla vchicl c s h o l d t o t h o middlc of t n c b r i d g e , d r S , ~ a r sr.:~iain rno~ultcd, c:ssist:;nts p l a c c thcmsclvcc on c i t h c r . s i d c tkio anincils, brakcs ?.re cng:!.gcd.
Notor v e h i c l c s t r o v c l slcvvly, lioldin(r, t o t h o c c n t c r of thr: brirlgo und w i n t a i n ' k K c d i s t a n c e bcb<iiccn v o h i o l c s r c q u i r c d b y t h o t y p c and s t r o n g t h or" t h e bridgc. Thc. cnrryi~ngof t;.~i: i l i t a r y i r i d s c 5.s t o bc m d c 1.mown p r o s ~ p t l y m 1t m i l l a l s o bc indic::tod on t h c 'signs p o i . ! ~ t i ! ~ g r a u t c . -tho t o t h a trocpc. ko t h c bridgc. and 011 s i g n s r.t .tho b r i d g c apjiro;.o!i.
311. A cor;r?lmd t o I m l t on t h c b r i d g c i s g i v c n o n l y by 'thc b r i d g c comn:.r+l?nt o r t h c "cffi.cor of b r i d g c scrvicc". .In cncrgcr.cics, ovary cllgincor o f f i c c r i s aukhorizcd t o g i v o t h c ordt:r.
Should a n cir att:lck tzlcc pl:'.cc, t h o bridgo i s t o bo cvr.cuc.t.tud q u i e t l y and o r d c r l y . Cornr.~nndcrs of a l l grz.dos pr63vcr.t a n iticrensc of t!lc marching r o u t e and n joiiling to[;othcr of t h e troops. 312. During t h o c r o s s i n g o n l y cnginccrs o f t h e bri&gc s c r v i c c a r c h; n u t h c r i z c d t o c r o s s t h e bridgc i n t h c o p p o s i t e dircctj.on. T; "ofEicor o f b r i d g c s c r v i c o " :ncy I I Z L ~ C o::ocptians. Milikr.ry b r i d g o s ~sr!lich arc t o h~ uscd s i n ~ i l t a n c c u s l y o r t r : ? f f i c f i n b o t h directions r r i l i b e s o marked.
313. For f o r c i g n o p c r z t i o n s t r o o p s a r c placod i n crssenbly p o s i t i o n s and based upon t h o c a r r y i n g c n p a c i t y of t h c fcrl-yiug ixcans zrr: t o be tr-ilsportcd over, s o f a r as p c ? s i h l c , i n tnciiicnl. u n i t s , From thi! Gcnc;nb1 posii;'i.ans t h c g a r c conduc'tcd by c n g i n c c r o f f i c c r s t o t h e p l n c c s of . i crossing.
Conduct duri'ng lorLdj.ng, unlondirg and on t h e f e r r y i n g mcnnr, t o Thc soqucncc of conduct crdcrcd is t c bc Sollmfcd, bc d i r o c t o d boforchnud. Tho swimming of horscs a c c c l c r n t c s t h e f e r r y i n g .
(Pages 119
- 175,
incl.)
314. The a t t a c k i s effected through movement, fir.e, t h r u s t s and through tho d i r e c t i o n i n which it i s directed.
The a t t a c k can be directed f r o m one d i r e a t i o n o r d i n a r i l y the greatest strengt'n i s lannched against t h e X enemy. Moreover, an a t t a c k & I be launched from several break through of tho h o s t i l e f r o n t new a t t a c k directions against the front, but flnnk or r e a r of t h e directions. With a a r e provided.
315. T b f r o n t a l a t t a c k i s t h e most d i f f i c u l t of execution, jwt it i a %be most frequent. %en the t r a o p s which a r e not employad i n t h e f r o n t a l a t t a c k must o r d i m r i l y a t t a c k f r o n t a l l y (the enemy having covered h i s f l a n k ) .
n Against e aemy of q u a 1 worth and one who i s defensively prepared, t h e f r o n t a l a t t a c k i s a long, obstinate struggle for superiority. The f r o n t a l a t t a c k presupposes considerable superiority of forces and means. Jt leads, a s a rule, only t o decisive r e s u l t s i f the enemy i s brolien through.
316. The outflanking a t t a c k i s more e f f i c i e n t than the frontal. S h w L tar~eousoutflanking of both memy f l a n l s presumes considerable su>eriority. An envelopment of one o r both h o s t i l e flar,ks and reaching deep into h i s r e a r can lead t o t h e a n n i h i l a t i o n of -the enemy. The outflanlcir$ movement i s simplest of execution if the foroes intended f o r t h e envelopment a r e employed from a distance, against t h e h o s t i l e fla* or wing, It i s more d i f f i c u l t t o i n s t i t u t e the outflanking i n proximity t o the eqemy; the troop movements necessary for the maneuver e r e , on the b a t t l e f i e l d , o n l y possibls with favorable t e r r a i n o r a t n i g h t , The envelopment mdst seek t o s t r i k e t h e main h o s t i l e forces i n a decisive direction. T k success of t h e envelopment i s dependent upon t h e ext e n t t h e enemy i s able to mako timely displacement of f o r c e s i n t h e threatened direction.
Thr endeavor t o extend the enveloping flank f u r t h e r and f u r t h e r e a s i l y leads t o over extension and t o d i s p e r s a l of forces. Therefore, i n abscure situations, it is b e t t e r i n i t i a l 1 y " t o organize t h e enveloping force i n depth.
He who cr.volop8 endangers himself t o envelopment. T h e commander must considcr t h p o s s i b i l i t i e s . Yet, he must nct h e s i t a t e t o vreaken the ~ f r o n t i f tl.ercby t h e s u p e r i g r i t y of h i s envlloping f l a n k can be accomplished. 317.
T h e envelopmat presums the f r o n t a l f i x a t i o n af t h e enemy.
The en&y i s most c e r t a i n l y fixed i f h i s e n t i r e front i s nttacked. Howet~er, such a n a t t a c k dmands strong forces, which must be absent from t h e enveloping uing. Oi'ten, alerefore, must the? a t t a c k e r be content x t t h limi$ed objective o r f c i a t attacks,: Occasionally a strongor enemy can be contained, I o q e c t n t i o n of d o c i s i v e a t t ~ c k . n Should t h e mcay attack. from his f r o n t , our f r o n t defends o r executes delaying action. T h c ~ can t h e carrying through of tho envelopmmt bring tho grouter, but; tho stopping of tho envelopment and the t u r n i n g of' it t o count e r a t t a c k , the s u r e r success. Report. No. 14,507.
318. The f l a n k a t t a c k r e s u l t s from previous march directions o r from I t i s e s p e c i a l l y e f f e c t i v e i f it s t r i k e s the enemy with surflank marches. p r i s e and permits him no time f o r countermeasures. It demands superior mobili t y end deception of the enemy a t other positions. I f the march directions or f l a n k marches make possible exceptional attacks a g a i n s t the h o s t i l e rear, great success can be a t t a i n e d i f t h e enomy i s surprised and cur forces a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y strong. 319. Tho penetration seeks t o destroy the continuity o f the h o s t i l e f r o n t and t o envelop t h e h o s t i l e flanks s o created. Requiranents for i t s success w e : (1) surprise, ( 2 ) disposition o f the break tbx-ough f o r c e s i n the area where the prospects f o r the attacking i n f a n t r y a r e favorable deeper i n the order t o be able t o continue t h e atenemy's t c r r a i n , m d ( 3 ) strong forces, tack a f t e r the brealr through. Thc a t t a c k must be launched on a broader f r o n t t h a n - t h a t intended f o r the bree.1~ through, i n order t o t i e and hold dovm the enemny'on e i t h e r side, The remainder of t h a h o s t i l e f r o n t must b c containcd.
T h broader the penetration, the deeper can tho penetration wedge be drivcn. Roserves must be present in order t o throw back hostilo countera t t a c k s againat t h e f l m k s o f the penetration.
The s u c c e s s ~ break through must be u t i l i z e d bei'ore h o s t i l e coun-. l tormeasures w e i n s t i t u t e d . The deaper tho a t t a c k e r advonccs, t h e raorc effcct i v e can he envelep and therefore the e a r l i e r f r u s t r a t o the a t t m p t s of the enemy t o close again h i s front b y withdrawal t o the rear. Therefore a too e a r l y change of front is t o be avoided. S t r a t e g i c a l l y , a successful break through can f i r s t be u t i l i z e d by army cavalry and motorized units. These e l e m n t s a r e supported by a t t a c k and bombardment aviation against reinforced h o s t i l e forces.
320. The limited objective a t t a c k i s made t o win only limited success. Ordinarily i t i s executed vhere the s i t u n t i o n provides expectation of such success. Executed a t a favorable area, it can have groat effect. It can only serve t o detain br f i x the enemy.
The execution of a limited objective a t t a c k d i r f e r s i n no way from the execution of other attacks. Tho o b j e c t i v e can be placed c l o s e r and be s t r i v e n f o r with weaker foroes, but it con a l s o demnnd t h e employment of a l l forces. With close objectives or l i g h t a t t a c k s the attacker often can organi z e without depth. The a t t a c k must be well timed. The troops can go beyond t h e i r a t tack objective only i f authorized. The dccision for 1;his authorization requires c a r e f u l considoration. 321. Sometimes it i s b e t t e r t o permit t h e enemy t o attacl: f i r s t and then, when he has committed Iiis forces, ourselves to at.tack. The great d i f f i c u l t y l i e s in grasping the c o r r e c t time for our attack; tho d a n ~ e re x i s t s t h a t the decision f o r o w a t t a o k is not made timely or i s not made a t a l l .
322. There is a l s o t h e consideration t h a t the enemy nay accept t h e a t tack i n order l n t e r t o a t t a c k himself o r to withdraw. These p o s s i b i l i t i e s must be considered i n the d i s t r i b u t i o n and employnent of t h e forces.
The main f o r c e and the mass of the mw-itions nre employed i n the decisive area. In an envelopment t h e s e f b r c e a a r e placed on t h e enveloping o flank, that i s , o r d i n a r i l y there, where, according t tine intention, the s i t Report No. 14,507.
uation and the t e r r a i n , the e f f c c t of a l l arms can be u t i l i z e d for the success I n t h i s a r e a the a t t a c k i s decisively executed. The decisive of the action. a t t a c k i s distinguished by: (1) llarrovj zones, ( 2 ) provisions for the unified f i r e cf a l l arms, including t h a t of neighboring zones, (3) the reinforcement of f i r e s by means of especially a l l o t t e d heavy inpentry weapons and a r t i l l e r y . &ring the excoution of t h e attack f i r e s a r e increased, tanlcs and reserves a r e employed. The choice of t h e a r e a for decisive a c t i o n i s influenced by the art i l l e r y , s o m e t h e s b y the s u i t a b i l i k y of the t e r r a i n f o r continued tank operation. Should t h o aroa of docisive a c t i o n not be h a m from tho f i r s t , t h e decisive botibn must be fashioned i n uncertainty cnd l a t e r changed, i f necessary*, Othervdkb it may not be docidcd u n t i l l a t e r . Should success) during t h e attack; come a t a place other than thst of which oxpected o r intended, decision should be rdade t o exploit it, Should the decisive front change o r tho decision be made l a t e r a s t o the. decisive f r o n t , s u f f i c i c n t reserves must be prescn!: and t h e r e must be tho strong, united, ccoperative action of a l l arms i n the new direction. The shaping of the decisive a c t i o n must be cxprcssed i n tho measures ta$en by individual leaders. I t m y be expedient t o order individual u n i t s where they s h a l l execute the decisive action. 324. As a.rule, every attack passes tnrough more or l e s s d i f f i c u l t c r i s e s up t o t h e culmination; it becomes a question then, tllat the leader recognize t h i ; zenith and t h a t he possess the c a p a b i l i t y o f decision 60 extent ark i n i t i a t ~ d success w i t h a l l h i s means, or t o prevent a f a i l u r e . 325. Should the a t t a c k be unable t o progress f u r t h e r with i t s o r i g i n a l organization, then by changes i n the ' d i s t r i b u t i o n of forces, o r by the employment of new forces ruld by the rearrangement; of f i r e s i s the. attac!: resumed. Should t h i s not be possible, it i s more correct t o suspend or stop t h e a t t a c k than t o stnlre the combt strength of the troops on i t s f u r t h e r execution. 326. The width of infantry u n i t s i n a t t a c k must correspond t o t h e i r probT h e widths of front a r e dependent on: (1) mission, (2) batable b a t t l e uses. t l e s t r m g t h , ( 3 ) t e r r a i n , (4) f i r e support of a l l arm, and ( 5 ) the probable strength of h o s t i l e resistunce. As a rule, the zone of intericr battalion l i e s betweon 400 and l P O O meters. As a guide for t h e zone assigned a mixed group i n a t t a c k it @anbe s a i d tliat, for an infantry d i v i s i o ~ lconsis Ling of 3 i n f a t r y regiments and adequate ( p l m t i f ' u l ) a r t i l l e r y , i n a meeting engagement and upon t e r r a i n favoyable f o r a l l arms, between 4000 cad 5000 meters a r e normal. Occasionally, through the employment of the f o r c e s i n groups and tho i n s e r t i o n of gaps, t h e breadth of the zone can be increased. Should the z o ~ e too widc, not only be the conduct of the b a t t l e , but reinforcement a t tho decisive orer becomes difficult.
T h e zone of en i n t e r i o r division, making & decisive attack f r o n t a l l y aeainst m enmy in stl-01% position, cannot exceed 3,000 r a t e r s , if the a t t a c k i s t o be c a r r i e d through without r e l i e f by fr6sh troops a success i s t o be exploited.
Sometimes it may be necessary t o r e f u s e cornbat i n one area i n order to decrease the -aidtll of t h e zones and assemble the forces rr.eoessary f o r the attack,
327.
It i s stated
Through the assiejnmat of zones unity i s p r o m r e d i n t h e operation of adjacent u n i t s , but these u n i t s need n o t i n f l e x i b l y and anxiously maintain mutual contact. Battle zcnes.provide the necessary limiting l i n e s for :the other arms, and especially the a r t i l l e r y , which support the infantry. But they should not prevent the a r t i l l e r y from u t i l i z i n g favorable observation and posit i o n s i n neighboring zones. This also applies t o the heavy i n f a n t r y weapons. . In large u n i t s b a t t l e zones a r e determined from t h e map, 'in smaller? from the t e r r a i n . These zones must extend a s deep i n t o enany t e r r i t o r y a s it As the situai s psssible t o dcterminc according t o t h e plan of t h e battle. t i o n develops, chwg e s must be made. Important points should l i e within individual zones unless they a r e t o be attacked by several units.
An open f l a n k i s o r d i n a r i l y not bounded. For neighboring, but not imnediately adjac'ont units, frequent1y a l i n e of separation sufficeo. Under same circumstnnces it i s s u f f i c i e n t merely t o designate t h e objective.
328. The order f o r the a t t a c k must c l e a r l y delineate the intended maneuver. I n the assignment of missions propor consideration must 'be given t h e r e l a t i o n between the necessary unity of a c t i o n and the independent a c t i o n of w i t a . Morcover, tho speed and verve of t h e a t t a c k should not be checked by too f a r .renohi& orders.
A l l arms cooperating i n an a t t a c k must recognize t h e i r mutual capab l l i t i e s and consider t h e i r respcctivo limitations. They require continuous close communication one with onother.
330. T 1 z cooperation be.t;viectn t h e attooking infantry and t h e supporting a r t i l l e r y governs the course of t h e a t t a c k . fill cooperatioil must e x i s t i n time cLnd spacc throughout the attack.
831. Thc highor ( j c . i n t ) commandor is responsible tkt the a r t i l l e r y supp e r t continue s i n harmony with the i n f a n t r y attack. I n general, t h e a r t i l l e r y locdor ( d i v i s i o n a r t i l l e r y o f f i c e r ) should be i n c l a s e proximity t o t h e d i v i s i o n c o m n d e r . Should t h e infantry division ha-re no d i v i s i o n a r t i l l o r y officer, t h e senior n r t i l l o r y oom&or can e s t a b l i s h h i s command post m a r t h a t of t h e div i s i o n commander, shauld t h e s i t u a t i o n so requiro. '
The senior commander of a r t i l l e r y of a smaller u n i t , f o r example, a reinforced i n f a n t i y regiment, frequently w i l l have t o e s t a b l i s h h i s comnand post where it i s most favorable f o r t h e support of t h e infantry. For t h i s t a s k he yequires personal observation of t h e t e r r a i n and s u r e oommunicat i o n with t h e infantry he i s supporting and with h i s own a r t i l l e r y . Ordinarily, because of t h e r a p i d l y changing s i t u a t i o n , t h e senior a r t i l l e r y aommander with Army cavalry, remain with t h e cavalry commder. Through personal agreement m u s t t h e corrBct a c t i o n be determined. Where it i s possible, t h e d e s i r e of t h e senior a r t i l l o r y commander must be Should t h e command p o s t s ef t h e two be accepted by the higher bommander. separated, comunicatien must be maintained by technical means and t h e a r t i l l e r y must' provide a l i a i s r n o f f i c e r .
332. Unified f i r e c o r ~ t r o lincreases t h e o f f e c t of a r t i l l e r y fi;e and makos possible i t s r a p i d concentration on decisive areas'and a t decisive mommt s
I n t h e execution of , i t s a t t a c k against t h e h o s t i l e i n f a n t r y , which i s d i s t r i b u t e d broadly and deeply, ond which o f f e r s t a r g e t s not so e a s i l y recognizable, our i n f a n t r y needs t h e cooperation of a r t i l l e r y which can answer r e a d i l y t h e seeds of t h e infnntry. As a r u l e t h e i n f a n t r y regiment i s supported by an a r t i l l e r y u n i t , according t o conditions, a b a t t a l i o n or a .battery, for immediate cooperation. Has t h e i n f a n t r y unit an independent mission, t h i s a r t i l l e r y can be attached. Other reasons f o r attacbm'nt a r e $ (1) a b a t t l e f i e l d with i n s u f f i c i e n t observ a t i o n o r one very extended i n width or ( 2 ) other reasons which make t h e uniTho value of cooperation i s enf i e d control of the a r t i l l e r y impossible. hanced if t h e samc u n i t s always m r k together.
:as)
+-+
The close proximity of a r t i l l e r y and heavy infantry observation posts i s t o be avoided. The senior commander i n the area has often t o make a decision thereupon. Normally the a r t i l l e r y g e t s t h e observation posts with t h e g r e a t e s t observation. The cooperation and the correct choice of objectives a r e aided
through rapid, correct transmission of observation and designhtions of objeo-
t i v e s be;tween infantry and a r t i l l e r y *
n 336. The l i a i s o n (communicatioli) detachment of 8 a r t i l l e r y b a t t a l i o n i s o r d i n a r i l y employed ( s e t i n ) where t h e a r t i l l e r y support is most important and where it can be u t i l i z e d Enr rapid demands for support from t h e a r t i l l e r y , : Often it i s asnigned t o t h e i n f a n t r y b ~ k t a l i o n which executes t h e docisive action. Occasionally it can represent t h e a r t i l l e r y b a t t a l i o n commander a t t h e command post of t h e i n f a n t r y regiment. Alsp, a b a t t c r y engaged outside oT'i,&i b a t t a l i o n may find it neccssary,to send out a
l i a i s o n u n i t ~ o r r e < ~ o n d . . ing t o the l i a i s o n detachment.
337. The i n f a ~ t r y must k n a v c ( 1 ) how the a r t i l l e r y i s organized, ( 2 ) which,&r:tilleryu n i t s support i t , ' ( 3 ) where t h e a r t i l l e r y 0.P.s an6 C.P.s
a.rG$;.($j-&d so' f a r a s possible, what f u r t h e r a r t i l l e r y 0.P.s lie, i n t h e in-
, f a n t r y p n o s a n d (5) what t e r r a i n the a r t i l l e r y aommands with i.ts.iobs&rvation a a d f i r e . ' This information forms a basis for the cmploym~qtaftb heavy infantry vieapons. Thc i ~ d - a n t r y must keep t h e a r t i l l c r y inf'ormed of i t s . forward l i n e s , likowisc must it i u f o m the n r t i l l o r y of chmgcs i n the h o s t i l c situat i o n , which a r e lesrned through thc b c t t l o rcconnnissnnce.
and t h e
mands ~ $ t h t s war,:,ons, und it must htivo c o n s t a r l y informa.t;ion about tho most i adv8med i n f a n t r y elements and t h c f u r t h e r i n f a n t r y planins. Tkcrtgoro i.t has t h e duty, constantly t o observe i t s own nnd the h o s t i l e forward l i n e s ,
338. It i s through t e r r e s t r i a l observation t h a t the a r t i l l a r y executes
most e f f i c i e n t support agtiinst t k host,ile infantry. itiorower, i t s support
i s quickest and most r e l i a b l e i f the 0.P.s and positions are i n r e a r of t h e
supported infantry, even if the infantry i s making a wide elivelopment. 'Nhero
the a r t i l l e r y oan deliver no t e r r e s t r i a l l y observed f i r e , the i n f a n t r y mlust
undertake the supporting missions with i t s own weapons, since map f i r i n g by
a r t i l l e r y does not suf r i c e for the d a t a i l s of infantry battle.
339. Tanks and infantry whioh vmrk together o r d i n a r i l y s h a l l have the
same objectives, the h o s t i l e a r t i l l e r y . As a rule, t m k s a r e employed where
t h e d e c i s i v e action i s desired.
Tank a t t a c k s follow e i t h e r t h e d i r e c t i o n of i n f a n t r y a t t a c k or another. The. 'errain decides t h e issue. Close1y t i e d t o the i n f a n t r y , t h e tanks losa t h e a.dvantage of t h e i r speed'.and midor o e r t a i n circumstances my beoome s a c r i f i c e t o the h o s t i l e defense. Yet, they a r e so u t i l i z e d t h a t they put out of a c t i o n t h e h o s t i l e arms which a r e stopping t h e infantry, and above a l l the h o s t i l e a r t i l l e r y , or they a r e employed with t h e i n f a n t r y t o break In the l a t t e r instance it i s suggested t h a t tllc tanks bo atdown the enemy. tached t o tho com,ander of t h e i n f a n t r y i n whose zone they a t t a c k . Occasionally can a tank a t t a 6 k augwnt i n t h e l a s t Btage of t h e i n f a n t r y a t t a c k the a r t i l l e r y support, which become incrcaeingly d i f f i c u l t , or it can bridge ovor t h e a r t i l l e r y c h n g e of- p o s i t i o n , i f it must advance f u r t h e r t o sukpa't t h e a t t a b k r 340. Tho senior conrmandor a o o r d i d t e s thb b a t t l e a c t i v i t y of t h e tanks with the ceoperatlon of the other arms. The b a t t l e engaged i n by other arms . must d i r e c t i t s e l f i n aocordance with t h e zone of t h e tanks. Infantry must u t i l i z e for a rapid advance the e f f e c t ' produced by the attacking tanks.
A portion of tiie heavy weapons b e a t down t h e h o s t i l e . t a n k defense . weapuas. Should t h e h o s t i l e r e s i s t a n c e be revived and bring t h e ' rapid continuance of aur a t t a c k t o a h a l t , we must break through a s r a p i d l y as possible, often through t h e i n t e r v e n t i o n of t h e rearvmrd t& echelons.
It t a k e s under f i r e t h e h o s t i l o A r t i l l e r y supports the tank attack. defense weapons, subdues h o s t i l e 0.P.s o r p l a c e s smoke upon them, n e u t r a l i z e s woods and v i l l a g e s Which the t a n k a t t a c k passes, o r b e a t s down t h e s e a r e a s and prevents t h e iritervrntion of h o s t i l e reserves. Armored and motorized a r t i l l c r y and motorized t m k defense mns may a ~ c o m ~the ~tanks i n attack. &
They remove Motorized engineers may ba attached t o tank units. hinderanoes and obstructions, they strengthen bridges and f a c i l i t a t e t h e passago w a r d i t c h e s and swamp ground. Attack a v i a t i o n supports the tanks by attacking h o s t i l e dofenso weapons, a r t i l l e r y and reserves. Planes f l y i n g .deep i n t o h o s t i l e t e r r i t o r y can maintain communication betrreen the troop w m a n d e r and the tanks and can vyarn of h o s t i l e tank attacks. Under favorable conditions the t a n k attack can be a s s i s t e d by
smoke.
Communication betweon t h e twks and other arms p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e i r a t t a c k i s indisprmsable, above a l l with tho a r t i l l e r y . Either 2re~ar-m ranged signals o r other means'of comunioation a r e used. Before t h e a t t a c k , t h e c o m n d e r s p a r t i c i p a t i n g t h e r e i n should seek occasion t o d i s c w s it mutually.
Several AA bdtt'er i o s . a k wdvanced s u f f i c i e n t l y .fay forward t o be able t o reach planes q u i t e a distance over the enmy l i n e . The p r o t a c t i o n a g a i n s t a i r reconn~issnr&a,~andi r a t t c c k s over tho a a t t a c k .nrea muet ,be secured onrly, Report No. 14,507.
343. Engineers support t h e supporting i n f a n t r y by r e m v i a g blockades, by overcoming hindrances, and by a t t a c k s upon f o r t i f i e d strong points. As f o r t h e r e s t , they can g i v e e s s e n t i a l b a t t l e s e r v i c e by preparing the t e r r a i n f o r t h e supply columns i n r e a r of the troops. 344. Outside of engaging a r t i l l e r y end reserves, gas can be advantageou6.r l y employed t o provide or strengthen blockades on t h e flank. The a t t a c k i n g in+ f a n t r y must be i n s t r u c t e d e a r l y where and when it i s employed, t h e length of time e f f e c t i v e , so t h a t it cran arrange i t s advance accordingly. 345, A r t i f i c i a l fog (smoke) can, i n favorable weather and %rindconditions, be used to camouflap our own a t t a c k troops-and b l i n d h o s t i l e 0.P.s and defense, It i s e s p e c i a l l y valuable i n overcoming t e r r a i n without cover. The a t t a c k troops must u t i l i z e its s h o r t duration. The a r t i l l e r y must be -<nf'crmed of the. probable a r e a of t h e intended make screen so t h a t it can 'taE5 t l e. a p p r o p r i a t e . . . measures. 346. The d i v i s i o n signal b a t t a l i o n , s o f a r aS possible, establishes and m a i k a i n s wire communication between tk,e d i v i s i o n commandnr a n d 2 h & ' a r t i l . l e r y oomander ~ n each subordirmtc? commander under t h e i r orders. A l l subordinate d leaders provide communication during t h e advance and w i t h . th'e establishment of *' the C.P... The employment of cammunication means mbst correspond t o t h e decis i v e action. The i n f a n t r y and a r t i l l c r y n e t s a r e t o be planned sopsrately. a r t i l l e r y n e t t a k e s precedence. The
Signal means i n reserve a r e kept ready t o guarantee a sure communic a t i o n between the f i g h t i n g troops, e s p e c i a l l y i n f m t r y and a r t i l l e r y , i n an advcanaing attack. Cross communication f a c i l i t a t e s the cooperation batweon arms and t h e rap id exchange of observation r e s u l t s 347. Exceptionally, during t h e a t t a c k , the d i r e c t wire c o m m ~ i c a t i o nt o subordinate commanders e a n n d be maintained. I n t h e s e instances t h e d i v i s i o n sisal b a t t a l i o n advances only t h e t r u n k line, consisting o f m y wires. A t t h e end of t h e trunk l i n e t h e r e i s e s t a b l i s h e d an advanoed message oontor from %hinh c o m m i e a t i o n t o u n i t s i s e s t a b l i s h e d . 348. The d i v i s i o n C.P. must be e s t a b l i s h e d e a r l y , since i t s location has. g r e a t influence on the building up of a division communication net. This nct is augmented through the communicati on n e t of t h e observation b a t t a l i o n , of t h e a i r u n i t s , and of t h e a n t i a i r c r a f t u n i t s . The division signal b a t t a l i o n cstfiblishes connection bdtween thoso n e t s and the d i v i s i o n net. A s s a b l y Areas f o r t h c Attack. 349. Should reaonnaissance determine t h a t t h c enemy has apparently docided t o def~md, the troops, a s a r u l e , a f t e r the precedinp; dovclopnont,are prepared f o r b a t t l z .
350. The order for t h e assembly paaitione f u r t h e a t t a c k p r e v i d e s f o r i n f a n t r y assembly areas, s e c u r i t y f o r t h e assembly areas, the conduct of those elements already engaged, t h e a r t i l l e r y Porming up, a s well a s f u r t h a r reomnaissance information. An e f f o r t i s made t o give a s many d i r e c t i o n s as possible, i n the a s s a b l y p o s i t i o n order, f o r t h e l a t e r execution of t h e a t tack, so t h a t t h e noeessary preparations can be mads: such as, missions f o r t h e individual arms, arrangment s f o r t h e ammunition replacement, and t h e can-
duct of t h e l i g h t ,columns* and of t h e wagon elements, a s vrell a s f o r t h e medic a l and veterinary scrvice. As a r u l 6 , t h e locction of tho horse-dram supply column can bc ordered. As a r e s u l t t h e l a t t e r a t t a c k ortler can bo b r i e f .
*h
351. The t e r r a i n f o r t h e i n f a n t r y asscmbly i s favorable if it o f f e r s cover against observation and f i r e and permits the i n f a n t r y t o advance i n t h e most ffivcrnble a t t a c k diroction under tho protection cf t h e supporting arms. For t h e ad&ce from t h e assembly area, t e r r a i n without cover i s t o bc avoided, heavy infantry >.mavrhere poscible,- a n d is t o be observed only by a r t i l l e r y ~ n d pons. Terrain which i s neoessary f o r obsorvntion and for the deployment of infantry mus.t, under some conditions, be taken beforo'hwd. As a r u l c , i n open t e r r a i n t h e assembly a r e a s must bo a t a greater d i s t m c e from t h e enomy. Units ~ e e d not be oqunlly f a r advanced. Thoso which find themselves prepared nearer the e n e w must f a c i l i t a t e t h e advanae of t h e more rearward elements. Infiurtry whioh is i n an ussembly nrea for a (wide) avelopment i s s u f f i c i e n t l y f a r removed from those elements m a l r i n g t h e f r o n t a l a t t a c k so t h a t t h e inner flanks clo not come togokhsr. .
A t t h e l a t e s t t h e i n f a n t r y executes b a t t l e reconnaissance a s it goes i n t o assembly positions. Niorswar, it m u s t seoure the assembly creas , a d l a t e r deployment by reconnaissarce.
352. The deployment of the a r t i l l e r y i s executed t o meet the demands of t h e gradual assanbling of t h e infnntry, which the a r t i l l o r y must cover. Before the a r t i l l e r y i s deployed (formed up) the a r t i l l e r y commander s h a l l liear from t h e higher commander concerning t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s of a r t i l l e r y support since they a r e of great influence i n the execution of t h e a t t a c k and may require special reconnaissance. The reconnaissance for 0.P.s and f i r i n g p o s i t i o n s must consider the p o s s i b i l i t y of f i r e u n i t y upon the probab1.e decisive attack arecs. The higher o o m n d e r and tho infantry commander, t o whom a r t i l l e r y i s attached o r whom it s u p ~ o r t s ,must therefore inform the e r t i l l e r y e a r l y a3 t o the m n e r i n vrhich they i n t a d t o conduct the attack. Where possible, the w t i l l e r y i s t o be so put i n p o s i t i o n t h a t from one doploymenk it o m execute its mission? during t h e attack. I n addition, several bakterios, m.d a l s o those k exocute counterbattory, m u s t oeoupy advnncod f i r i n g positions. Thb t e r r a i n , i t s no.turu1 g r d h s , t h e curve cf t h e t r a j e c t o r y a t different ranges and the p o s s i b i l i t y of t r a v e r s e may place l i m i t a t i o n s upon those demnds, Supparting or attached a r t i l l e r y must r m a i n near t h e infantry. Thus an2 through short cohneotions beLwoen 0.P.s md f i r i n g positions it increases the speed, surety, m d effectiveness of i t s support. Where a change of p o s i t i o n connot be avoidod, f i r e e f f e c t m y not be annulled and the changes must be m ~ d e n echelon. i The accumulation of b a t t e r i e s i n s m a l l areas i s t* be avoided. Report No. 14,507.
I n divisions which a m strong i n a r t i l l e r y , it i s occasionally suitable t o form the a r t i l l e r y u n i t s into groups: i n t h e f r o n t l i n e such organization comes i n t o question i n an attack against a position. 353. The i n f a n t r y i n f r o n t of t h e a r t i l l e r y provides f r o n t a l security therefor. Special f l a n k protection may be necessary. The watchfulness of the a r t i l l e r y must provide against surprise. Each a r t i l l e r y u n i t must prepare i t s own self defmse, e s p e c i a l l y against tanks, by close-in security and observation, 354. While t h e i n f a n t r y i s i n assembly positions, t h e a r t i l l e r y makes a l l preparations for t h e support of t h e a t t a c k . It t a k e s under f i r e compenh sating t a r g e t s i n adjacent zones, draws out the h o s t i l e a r t i l l e r y f i r e , exeb cutes counterbattery against known b a t t e r i e s , a s well a s AA b a t t e r i e s . In addition, a r t i l l e r y f l i e r s a r e to be placed e a r l y a t t h e disposal of the art i l l e r y tommander. The ballbon platoon and t h e observation b a t t a l i o n a r e t o be employed (for Oomtarbattery execution, see pat. 368). Large troop movements an6 e s p e c i a l l y impor'tant t a r g e t s a r e t o be taken under f i r e a t great distances.
It i s suitable t o l i m i t t h e number of b a t t e r i e s charged with thi? oxeeution of t h e above missions in order not t o 'betray t o the h o s t i l e ~ r t i l l e n y our own intentinns and firing positions.
Progress of the Attack, 355. Insofar a s it has not already ordered i n the assembly Brea, the a t t a c k order f i x e s t h e objectives, t h e organization of t h e infantry, i t s zones and boundaries accord* t o the circumstanc as, the organization and f i r e support of the a r t i l l e r y , the time of the a t t a c k , t h e reserves and t h e i r location.
The r e l a t i v e strength of t h e opposing a r t i l l e r y and the p o s s i b i l i t y 356, of engaging the h o s t i l e a r t i l l e r y influences t h e choice of a t t a c k t e r r a i n f o r t h e infantry, t h e t h e of the a t t a c k and, under some conditions, n e c e s s i t a t e s t h e bringing forward of &her arms and b a t t l e means.
Infantry attacking with strong a r t i l l e r y support has no need t o f e a r t h e overcaning of open t e r r a i n . I n c e r t a i n instances, and e s p e c i a l l y with not so strong a r t i l l e r y support, it i s preferable f o r the i n f a n t r y t o work forward a s fnr as pnssible i n t e r r a i n with cover and which deprives t h e h o s t i l e a r t i l l e r y and heavy arms of observation. Darkness and smoke come into question i f the h o s t i l e a r t i l l e r y f i r e must be-deprived of t e r r e s t r i a l observation, 357. Tho i n f m t r y a t t a c k begins with the advrusoo of the l i g h t i n f a n t r y arms under protection of a r t i l l e r y and heavy i n f a n t r y weaponso NoCer Each Infantry Co. a o n s i s t s of t h r e e platoons,
each platoon of t h r e e groups, each group, 16 men, 1 LeAfbG,
I n the advance t h e u n i t s develop ?ad deploy, a s t h e t e r r a i n and host i l a reantions demend, with i r r e g u l a r distances and interval8 and ' i n s u f f i o i e p t depth. Cwer and a r e a s d i f f i c u l t for h o s t i l e f i r e a r e t o be used. Should hoet i l o f i r e force it, t h e advance is made by bounds or by rushes i n groups, e i t h e r large a small. In +he h a l t s tii riflemon seek cover so that t h e y decrease t h e h o s t i l e f i r e e f f e c t a s much a s possible. A t e f f e c t i v e distances the f i r e of : the l i g h t machine guns i s opened. Under t h e i r p r o t e c t i o n the. riflemen continile t o advance. Up.on c l o s e r spproach they likewise p r t i c i s t e i n t h e f i r e fight, t o the extent necessary.
'
Hand i n hand with the advance of t h e l i g h t , the heavy i n f m t r y ~veapons follw? the echelon. These must cooporate mare c l o s e l y wit,h the forward elements a s the focal point of the h o s t i l e r e s i s t a n c e i s determined, A t t h i s t i n e it may be necessary to a t t a c h a portion of the heavy infantry weapons to the most advanced u n i t s . Report; Go. 14,507.
I n t e r r a i n affording poor observation t h i s may be necessary a t the beginning of t h e engagement. The remaining heavy infantry weapons support t h e a t t a o k from positions f u r t h e r t o the r e a r , They a r e advanoed by echelon. In t h e enylloyment of t h e heavy i n f d r y weapons every endeavor must be made t o concentrate t h e i r e f f e c t and t o complement the f i r e of t h e a r t i l l e r y , esp e c i a l l y with minenworfcrs, against t a r g e t s which are d i f f i c u l t f o r t h e a r t i l lery to hit. The a d v a a e against the enemy i s executed under c a r e f u l regulation of f i r e ' a n d movement. Elements advancing without oover must not lack f i r e support. While these m r k forward, the adjacent u a i t s hold down the enemy e s p e c i a l l y by m a n s of t h e i r l i g h t machine gms i n conjunction with t h e heavy arms. U t o the decisive t h r u s t , it is always a question of having p t r a n s i k e r y and l o c a l f i r e superiority md o f u t i l i z k g t h i s for a rapid advanoft. Elements unable t o advance dig i n for protection. EvBry oppertunity i s used t o .%doonce. As'weRk places develop i n t h e enemy l i n e ; t h e elements heretofore retarded arc, with roinfcrcements, directed against these areas. Independence of a c t i o n of the lower commanders and t h e i r joint oo-
operation nre a t a l l momonts of t h e advance of decisive importanoo,
353. The a r t i l l e r y supports the i n f m t r y attaok primarily by engaging t h e h o s t i l e a r t i l l e r y m d infantry. Both must be engaged throughout t h e b a t t l e by o w a r t i l l c r y . Thc engaging of othor t a r g e t s i s l i m i t e d t o short time periods.
The h o s t i l e a r t i l l e r y i s uniformly engaged under t h e d i r e c t i o n of the a r t i l l e r y aommander or another a r t i l l e r y leader. The countcrbattery of t h e a r t i l l e r y depends e s s e n t i a l l y on the reconnaissanoe (ififormation) possib i l i t i e s and t h e available ammunition, A r t i l l e r y aviators, observation batt a l i o n s and balloons provide with their e a r l y observation and informatien of t h e t e r r a i n of t h e attack the bases f a r the engagemnt of t h e a r t i l l e r y . The comm~derof the counterbattery w r k must be c l e a r l y connected vrith the commender of t h e AA a r t i l l e r y and the a i r service in order t o guarantee, with t h e i r halp, the a c t i v i t y of the a r t i l l e r y f l i e r . The supression of h o s t i l e b a t t e r i e s i s secured through the simultaneous s u r p r i s e f i r e of several batter.. ies, for longer periods b y gas4 The silencing of h o s t i l e b a t t e r i e s i s poss i b l e only with great ammunition expenditure and sure observation heavy c a l i bers a r e most suitable. By t h e engagement of our a r t i l l e r y w i t h h o s t i l a ' i n f a n t r y it i s a matter of increasing the effectiveness af our own infantry. T h e e f f e c t i v e range of t h e a r t i l l e r y , and often t h a t of t h e heavy machine guns, o f t e n extends deep i n t o enemy t e r r i t o r y and on the f l a n k of our attacking infantry, vvhercns thr: f i r e - o f the l i g h t machine guns, p a r t l y t h a t also of the minenwerf e r s , can remain, u n t i l immediately before the a s s a u l t , on the fnremost h o s t i l e elements. Should t h e a r t i l l e r y working . d i r e c t l y with t h e infantry prove inadequate f o r the required support, t h e a r t i l l e r y commander must augment with the remaining a r t i l l e r y , preferably by placing it i n suppbrt of t h e decisive ac' tion.
350. Every attempt i s madc t o engage t h e g r e a t e r p a r t of t h e h ~ s t i l e art i l l o r y before t h e a t t a c k of the i n f m t r y .
Nut infrequently t h e h o s t i l e forces and weapsns which oppose t h e att a c k are f i r s t disclosed & s the i n f a n t r y attacks, Especially a r e many a r t i l . 1ery.positions often unrecognieable or only p a r t i a l l y defined p r i o r t o t h e a t tack, with the r e s u l t t h a t t h i s a r k i l l o r y can be energetioally engaged only a f t e r thc: various reconnaissence agencies have d e f i n i t e l y i d e n t i f i e d it.
A t t h e beginning of tho i n f a n t r y attack, therefore; numerous b a t t e r ies, i f possible, must withhold t h e i r f i r o and l i e i n waiting, i n order t o engaga ?rc-vio8sly unknown h o s t i l e elanents, e s p e o i a l l y b a t t e r i e s which were previously s i l e n t . Moreover, it i s a wasto of m u n i t i o n , t o f i r o , p r i o r t o t h e attaok, upon areas whose occupation has nut been determined.
T h e k d i n t e u t i l i z a t i o n of the a r t i l l e r y f i r e . e f f e c t by t h e in-
f a n t r y i s of d e c i s i v e importance. Shou)d the h - t h e r ndvance of t h e i n f m t r y
require additional- agreements between t h e 'two arms, then we f i n d pauses i n t h e
advance unavoidable. T h e nearer the i n f a n t r y att,ack approaches t h e enemy, the
more t* is required t o d e l i v e r orders and to receive instructions concerning
%&f c r e cooperation from the a r t i l l e p y .
. .
362, Gradually thc i n f a n t r y works forward in several placqs t o close range and t o penetration capability. With a decision of the front l i n e element to' execute a penetration, the supportihg weapons a r e kept in$ormed by means o f l i g h t o r othwr signals O r by information imparted through a 4 1 :m&ags a t ; i t s disposal. A s necessary, the supporting weapons r a i s e t h e i r f i r e from t h e areas o f penetration and place them correspondingly. i n advance of t h e i n f a n t r y attnck, Abovo a l l , thcy l i e i n wait f o r those t n r g e t s which now f o r tho f i r ~ t time appear, engage thcm forthwith, and continue engaging opportune t a r g e t s i n t h e zone of the br&tbrough, u n t i l l i k e w i s ~ h e f i r e must be l i f t e d from t these. The doopcr t h e infantry penetrates, the more i n i p o r t a t ?he , c u t t i n g off , of h o s t i l e enfilade f i r e , Observer? of a l l supporting arms must c l o s e l y foll& t h e ' advanced i n f i n t r y elemsnt s.,
,
..