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Earthwork

Earthwork
Activitiesinvolve: 1. Excavating 2. Loading 3. Hauling 4. Placing 5. Compacting 6. Grading 7. Finishing

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Earthwork
Earthworksofhighways.
Earthworkactivities. Earthworkquantitiesandcalculations.
Areaofcrosssections. Determinationofvolumeofearthworksbyappropriate methods.

Themasshauldiagram. Themass hauldiagram

Determinationoftheplannedmovementofmaterials. Calculationofthemeanhauldistanceandthecorresponding cost.

Earthwork
Highwaysinvolveconsiderableamountofearthwork. g y Earthworkissimplythequantityofmaterialtobemoved orputinplacetoconvertthenaturalconditionand configurationwithintheROWoftheroadtothesection andgradesdescribedintheplans. Classificationofearthworkoperations
Clearingandgrubbing Excavation
Roadwayanddrainageexcavation Excavationforstructures Borrowexcavation

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Earthwork
Clearingandgrubbing
Thefirstoperationtobeundertakeninroadprojects. Definition:theremovaloftrees,stumps,roots,down timber,rottenwood,rubbishandotherobjectionable materialsformanareamarkedontheplans.
Clearingreferstotheremovalofmaterialsaboveexisting groundsurface,and groundsurface and Grubbingmeanstheremovalofroots,stumpsandsimilar objectstoanominaldepthbelowthesurface.

Clearingandgrubbingconstituteasinglecontactitem thatincludestheremovaloftopsoiltoashallowdepth.

Earthwork
Excavation:theprocessoflooseningandremovingearthor rockfromitsoriginalpositioninacutandtransportingit kf i i i l i i i d i i toafillsectionortoawastedeposit.
RoadwayandDrainageExcavation.
theexcavationandgradingoftheroadwayandditches,includingthe removalanddisposalofallexcavatedmaterialandallworkneeded fortheconstructionandcompletionofthecuts,embankments, slopes,ditches,approaches,intersectionsandsimilarportionsofthe work.

Excavationforstructures.
theexcavationofmaterialinordertopermittheconstructionofpipe culverts,concreteboxculverts,foundationsforbridges,retaining walls,andpracticallyallotherstructuresthatmayberequiredina particularjob.

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Earthwork
Excavation:theprocessoflooseningandremovingearthor p g g rockfromitsoriginalpositioninacutandtransportingit toafillortoawastedeposit.
Borrowexcavation.
whensufficientmaterialfortheformationofembankmentsand otherelementsoftheroadwaystructureisnotavailablefrom excavationperformedwithinthelimitsoftherightofway, additionalsuitablematerialisgenerallytakenfromborrowpits.

Earthwork
ClassificationofExcavation
Rockexcavation
materialthatcannotbeexcavatedwithoutblastingortheuseof rippersandallbouldersorotherdetachedstones.

Commonexcavation
excavationanddisposalofallmaterialsofwhatevercharacter encounteredinthework,whicharenotclassifiedasrock,borrow.

Borrowexcavation
excavationofapprovedmaterialrequiredforconstructionof pp q embankments.

Unsuitableexcavation
theremovalanddisposalofdepositsofsaturatedorunsaturated mixturesofsoilandorganicmatternotsuitableforembankment material.

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Earthwork
HaulandOverhaul
FreeHaul:whenmaterialisexcavateditwillbemovedoveracertain distancefreeofcharge.NB:Onlytheexcavationcostispaid,notthe di t f f h NB O l th ti ti id tth transportationcostofthematerial.
FreeHaulDistance (FHD):Distanceoverwhichexcavatedmaterialis movedfreeofcharge(usually300 500m,butranges150 900m).

Overhaul:isdefinedasthedistanceoverwhichtheexcavatedmaterial mustbehauledlessthefreehauldistance.NB:thereisextrapayment fortransportingmaterialinadditiontoexcavationcost.

Overhauldistance (OHD):Distanceoverwhichexcavatedmaterialis transportedbeyondthefreehalldistance. OHD=HD FHD

EconomicOverhaul(EOH):Economicoverhaulisadistancebeyond whichitisnoteconomictooverhaul.
LimitofEconomicOverhaul (LEH) isthedistancebeyondwhichitis uneconomictooverhaulplusthefreehauldistance. LEH=EOH+FHD

Earthwork
HaulandOverhaul
Haul isequaltothesumoftheproductsofeachvolumeofmaterialandthe distancethroughwhichitismoved. Waste isthevolumeofmaterial,whichmustbeexportedfromasectionofthe roadduetoasurplusorunsuitability. Borrow isthatvolumeofmaterial,whichmustbeimportedintosectionof theroadduetoadeficiencyof(suitable)material.

Cost of 1 m 3 of excavated material from cut & move to fill = Cexc + Coh Le Cost of 1 m 3 of excavated material, waste, borrow & place to fill = Cexc + Cbor Maximum economical length of over - hauling : Cexc + Coh Le = Cexc + Cbor [ NB : Le = EOH ]
.

EOH

Cbor Coh

Total economic haul distance, LEH = FHD + EOH

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Earthwork
Estimationof EarthworkQuantities
Theestimationofthequantity ofmaterialwhichmustbe excavated(cut),andthe quantityofmaterialrequiredto raisetheelevationofthe existingground(fill),isvery usefulinthedevelopmentofa costestimateforroadprojects.
FILL(Embankment)

CUT(Excavation)

CUTandFILL

Earthwork
Estimationof EarthworkQuantities
Theestimationofthequantity ofmaterialwhichmustbe excavated(cut),andthe quantityofmaterialrequiredto raisetheelevationofthe existingground(fill),isvery usefulinthedevelopmentofa costestimateforroadprojects.
FILL(Embankment)

CUT(Excavation)

CUTandFILL

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Earthwork
EstimationofEarthworkQuantities
SoilVolumeChanges
Excavatedinsitumaterialusedinembankmentsorfillsmayswell orshrink.Itisimportanttodeterminethepropertiesofamaterial inordertoevaluatehowthesepropertieswillaffecttheearthwork volumeestimates.
Swell/bulking Shrinkage

1.0
Bank

1.25
Loose

0.90
Compacted

Naturalor Insitustate

Disturbedstate

Compactedstate

Earthwork
EstimationofEarthworkQuantities
SoilVolumeChanges
Materialvolumeincreasesduringexcavation Decreasesduringcompaction Varieswith Soiltype Filldepth

Swell: Excavatedrock Shrinkage:

A1

5 25%
A3

highfill:10 % hi hfill 15% shallowfill:20 25%

LightsoilA2 Ordinarysoil Swampysoil Heavysoil

10 20% 20 40% upto 10%

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Earthwork
SoilVolumeChanges
Bank density Swell S ll (%) = Loose density 1 100 Bank density Shrinkage (%) = 1 Compacted density 100 Load Factor = Loose density 1 = Bank density 1 + swell Bank density = 1 Shrinkage Compacted density

Shrinkage (Compaction) Factor =

Bank Volume = Loose Volume Load Factor Compacted Volume = Bank Volume Shrinkage Factor

Earthwork
EstimationofEarthworkQuantities
Estimationoftheareaofcrosssectionasacutandfill. Thedistancebetweentheseareas,l(orL) Volumeofearthwork
Cutvolumeand Fillvolume.

Areaofcrosssection
Coordinatemethod Trapezoidalrule Simpsonsrule
A2 A1

A3

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Earthwork
Calculationofcross sectionalareas Calculationofcrosssectionalareas
Coordinatemethod:
Withthecoordinatesofallthecornersofacrosssection known,theareamaybecomputedbymeansofthecoordinate method. Thepointofintersectionofthecenterofformationwiththe centerlineoftheroad(c)isusedastheorigin. Thecutabovetheformationarewrittenasplus(+)andthose belowasminus(). Thedistancestotherightarewrittenasplus(+)andthoseto theleftasminus().

Earthwork
Calculationofcross sectionalareas Calculationofcrosssectionalareas
Coordinatemethod:
Y1 X1 Y2 X2 Y3 X3 Y4 X4 Y5 X5 Y6 X6 Y1 X1

Theproductsalongthemarkeddiagonalsareallpositiveand theproductalongtheunmarkeddiagonalsareallnegative. theproductalongtheunmarkeddiagonalsareallnegative Thedifferencegivesdoubleareaofthesection. Area,A

A = 1 2 [(Y1 X 2 + Y2 X 3 + Y3 X 4 + L + Yn 1 X n ) ( X 1Y2 + X 2Y3 + X 3Y4 + L + X n 1Yn )]

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Earthwork
Calculationofcross sectionalareas Calculationofcrosssectionalareas
Trapezoidalrule:
assumesthatiftheuniforminterval(b)betweentheoffsetsis small,theboundarycanbeapproximatedtoastraightline betweentheoffsets. A1 = 1 2 (h1 + h2 ) b A2 = 1 2 (h2 + h3 ) b A = b 2 [h1 + hn + 2(h2 + h3 + L + hn 1 )]
h1 h2 hn

Earthwork
Calculationofcross sectionalareas Calculationofcrosssectionalareas
Simpsonsrule:
assumesthatinsteadofbeingmadeupofaseriesofstraight linestheboundaryconsistsofaseriesofparabolicarcs.

A1 + A2 = b 3 (h1 + 4h2 + h3 ) A2 + A4 = b 3 (h3 + 4h4 + h5 )

h1 h2 hn

A = b 3 [h1 + hn + 2(h3 + h5 + L + hn 2 ) + 4(h2 + h4 + L + hn 1 )]

andnisanoddnumber

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Earthwork
ComputationofVolumes
Averageendareamethod basedonthevolumeofarightprismwhosevolumeisequalto theaverageendareamultipliedbythelength. Prismoidal method aprismoid isasolidwhoseendsareparallelandwhosesidesare planesurfaces.

A2 A2 A1

ComputingVolumes
A d th d Average end areas method V = (A1 + A2)L
A1 L A2

V =L

2 [A1 + An + 2( A2 + A3 + L + An 1 )]
Where

A1, A2: end cross-section areas cross section L: distance between cross-sections
Example

A0 = 39.2 m2 A1 = 36.5 m2 L = 20 m V = (39.2 m2 + 36.5 m2)(20 m) = 757 m3

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ComputingVolumes
Pi id l th d Prismoidal method V = L/6 (A1 + 4M + A2)
M A1 L A2

V = 2 L 6 [ A1 + An + 2( A3 + A5 + L + An 2 ) + ( A2 + A4 + L + An 1 )]
and n is an odd number Where

A1, A2: cross-section areas M: area of middle section L: distance between crosssections

Earthwork
Tabulationofearthworkquantities

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Earthwork
MassHaulDiagrams
AMassHaulDiagramisacontinuouscurverepresentingthe cumulativevolumeofearthworkalongthelinearprofileofa roadwayorairfield Massdiagramsareextremelyusefulindeterminingthemost economicaldistributionofmaterial Horizontalstationingisplottedalongthexaxis Netearthworkvaluesareplottedalongtheyaxis p g y
cumulativeearthworkfromtheorigintothatPoint upwardslopingcurves(risinglefttoright)indicateacut downwardslopingcurves(fallinglefttoright)occurinafillsection peaksindicateachangefromcuttofilland valleysoccurwhentheearthworkchangesfromfilltocut

Earthwork
MassHaulDiagrams g
Anyhorizontallinewhichjoinspointsonthecurve wherebalanceisachievediscalledabalanceline.The FHDand/orthelimitofeconomicoverhaulare establishedandplottedonthemasshauldiagram. Averticalbreakbetweenanytwobalancelinesindicates anareawherebalancedoesnotoccur.Atthesebreaksa shortfall(borrow)orexcess(waste)materialexists. Apositivevalueattheendofthecurveindicatesthata wasteoperationwillbethenetresult Anegativevalueattheendofthecurveindicatesthat borrowisrequiredtocompletethefill

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Earthwork
MassHaulDiagram
Profile Elevation

Fill areas

Cut areas

Any horizontal line on mass diagram is a balance line within balance line cut = fill

Mass diagram Volume

Earthwork
MassHaulDiagram
Profile Elevation

Free haul Waste

Overhaul Borrow

Grade line

Mass diagram Volume

Free Haul LEH LEH Free Haul

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Earthwork
CalculationofMasshauldiagramsmanually
Computethenetearthworkvaluesforeachstation,applyingthe appropriateshrinkfactor Netcutshaveapositivevalue,netfillshaveanegativevalue Thevalue(earthworkquantity)atthefirststation(origin)=0 Plotthevalueofeachsucceedingstationwhichequalsthe cumulativevaluetothatpoint Identifytheresultingbalancedsections,whichareboundedby pointsthatintersectthexaxis Thescalelengthofahorizontallineconnectingthecentreofgravity h l l h f h ll h f ofthecutandfillsectionsistheaveragelengthofhaulwithinthat balancedsection Determineearthworkvolumeswithineachbalancedsection Determinewhetherthereisanoverallbalance,wasteorifborrowis required

MassHaulDiagram
BetweenStations0+ 00and0+132,cutand fillequaleachother, distanceislessthan d l h FHDof200m Note: FigureNOTtoscale!

Source:Wright,1996

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MassHaulDiagram
BetweenStations0+132 and0+907,cutandfill equaleachother,but distanceisgreaterthan eitherFHDof200mor LPHof725m Distance= [0+907] [0+132]=775 m

Source:Wright,1996

MassHaulDiagram
BetweenStations0+179 and0+379,cutandfill equaleachother, distance=FHDof200m di t FHD f Treatedasfreehaul

Source:Wright,1996

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MassHaulDiagram
BetweenStations 0+142and0+867, cutandfillequal eachother, distance= LPHof725m

Source:Wright,1996

MassHaulDiagram

MaterialbetweenStations0+132and0+142becomeswasteand materialbetweenstations0+867and0+907becomesborrow
Source:Wright,1996

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MassHaulDiagram

BetweenStations0+970and1+170,cutandfillequaleach other,distance=FHDof200m
Source:Wright,1996

MassHaulDiagram

BetweenStations0+960and1+250,cutandfillequal eachother,distanceislessthanLPHof725m
Source:Wright,1996

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MassHaulDiagram

ProjectendsatStation1+250,anadditional1200m3 of borrowisrequired
Source:Wright,1996

Earthwork
UseofMassHaulDiagram g
Ifmasshaulisdrawnforeachtrialgradelineitcanbeused forselectingthemosteconomicalgradientwhichbalancethe cutandfill. Oncetheformationlevelisdesigned,itcanbeusedto indicatethemosteconomicalmethodofmovingtheearth aroundtheprojectandagoodestimateoftheoverallcostof theearthmovingcanbecalculated. h h i b l l d Therequiredvolumesofmaterialareknownbefore constructionbeginsenablingsuitableplantandmachineryto bechosenandsitesforspoilheapsandborrowspitstobe locatedanddirectionofhaultobeestablished.

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Earthwork
Example:
Thetabulateddatagivenbelowis Th t b l t dd t i b l i thevolumeofcutandfillfora givenroadbedpreparation. Costs: ExcavationCe =3.00Birr/m3 BorrowCb =4.00Birr/m3 Overhaul Coh =1.35Birr/m3 station [ [1station=100m] ] FHD=300m a)Drawthemasscurveand theprofile b)Findoutthetotalestimateof costoftheproject

Earthwork
Volum me(x103)

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 00 1.0 2.0 3.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Profile

Station

5.0

MassHaul diagram

Cumm.Volume(x1 3) 10

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0 2.0 3.0 4.0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Station

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4.0 3.0

280.2m

186.4m

MassHaulDiagram
Borrow

V Volume(x103)

2.0 1.0 0.0 10 1.0 0 2.0 3.0 5.0 4.0 200 00 400 00 600

800

1000 000

1200 00

1400 00

1600 600

1800 800

Cumm.Volum (x103) me

3.0 2.0 1.0 10 0.0 1.0 0 2.0 3.0 4.0 200

FHD LEH FHD

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Waste

1600

1800

Waste

Borrow
Station

Alternative1
Le = EOH = Cbor 4.0 birr/m 3 = = 3 stations = 300 m Coh 1.35 birr/m 3 - sta LEH = EOH + FHD = 300 m + 300 m = 600 m 1st loop : Free haul distance, FHD = 300 m [line AB] Limit of ecoomic haul, LEH = 600 m [line CD] Average economic hauling distance, AEHD = 4.7 stations = 470 m Average over - haul distance, AOHD = 470 - 300 = 170 m (1.7 stations) 2 nd loop : Free haul distance, FHD = 300 m [line EF] Limit of ecoomic haul, LEH = 380 m [line GH] Average economic hauling distance, AEHD = 3.4 stations = 340 m Average over - haul distance, AOHD = 340 - 300 = 40 m (0.4 station) 3rd loop : - No over hauling because the whole loop is with in free haul (< 3 station) - The balance line is less than the free haul distance.

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4.5 4.0 3.5

300,4.0 400,4.2

MassHaulDiagram
500,3.5

Cumm.Volume(x103)

0.1 01

FHD=300m
200,3.2 1.2 410m 310m

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5

1.0 100,2.0 550m

Qty 1.0 1.2 0.1 2.3

600,2.0

Dist 550 410 310 c.g.=

QxD 550 492 31 1073 466.5 m 4.7 stations

1.0 10 0.5

C LEH=600m Waste Borrow

0.0 0

0,0.0

700,0.0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Station

3.0

MassHaulDiagram
2.0
600,2.0 500 m 1200,2.0

Cumm.Volume(x103)

1.0 Borrow 0.0 0 1.0 200 400

G' D

H'

Alternative2
700,0.0
380m

1100,0.4

600

G E

800

1000 0.9

1200

1400

FHD=300m

F
1000,1.4

AEHD=340m
2.0
800,1.8

3.0
900,3.4

4.0

Station

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Earthwork
Costsummary
Excavationcost
= (4.15 + 3.4 + 2.0 + 4.0) 103 m 3 3.00 Birr/m3 = 40,650 Birr

Borrowcost
= 1.0 103 m 3 4.00 Birr/m3 = 4,000 Birr

TotalCost =40,650+4,000+5,765 =50,415Birr

Overhaulcost
= [1.7(3.3 1.0) + 0.5(0.9 0 )] 103 m 3 Sta 1.35 Birr/m3 Sta = 5,765 Birr

Alternative2
1st loop : Free haul distance, FHD = 300 m [line AB] Limit of ecoomic haul, LEH = 600 m [line CD] Average economic hauling distance, AEHD = 4.7 stations = 470 m Average over - haul distance, AOHD = 470 - 300 = 170 m (1.7 stations) 2 nd loop : Free haul distance, FHD = 300 m [line EF] Limit of ecoomic haul, LEH = 500 m [line G' H' ] Average economic h li di t A i hauling distance, AEHD = 4 0 stations = 400 m 4.0 t ti Average over - haul distance, AOHD = 400 - 300 = 100 m (1.0 station) 3rd loop : - No over hauling because the whole loop is with in free haul (< 3 station) - The balance line is less than the free haul distance.

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4.0 3.0

280.2m

186.4m

MassHaulDiagram
NoBorrow

V Volume(x103)

2.0 1.0 0.0 10 1.0 0 2.0 3.0 5.0 4.0 200 00 400 00 600

800

1000 000

1200 00

1400 00

1600 600

1800 800

Cumm.Volum (x103) me

2.0 1.0 10 0.0 1.0 0 2.0 3.0 4.0 200

LEH

LEH FHD
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

1600

W Waste
1800

3.0

FHD

Waste

Borrow
Station

Earthwork
Costsummary(Alternative2)
Excavationcost
= (4.15 + 3.4 + 2.0 + 4.0) 103 m 3 3.00 Birr/m3 = 40,650 Birr

Borrowcost
=0

(No Borrow )

TotalCost =40,650+0+7,844 =48,494Birr

Overhaulcost
= [1.7(3.3 1.0) + 1.0(1.0 (0.9) )]103 m 3 Sta 1.35 Birr/m3 Sta = 7,844 Birr

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