Giao thc TCP/IP lm vic nh th no ?

1.

Gii thiu

TCP/IP l giao thc hu ht c s dng ngy nay . Trong bi ny chng ti s gii thch cho cc bn n lm vic nh th no theo ngn ng d hiu nht .

Vy giao thc ( Protocol ) mng l g ? Giao thc cng nh l ngn ng c dng hai my tnh c th ni chuyn c vi nhau . Cng nh trong cuc sng hng ngy nu chng ta khng ni cng mt ngn ng th khng th trao i thng tin cho nhau c . Trc khi c bi ny , cc bn nn c bi M hnh OSI cho nhng giao thc mng m chng ti a ln hiu xem giao thc mng l nh th no v bi ny l tip theo ca bi . TCP/IP khng phi l mt giao thc m l mt tp hp giao thc Cm giao thc - , nhng hu ht chng ta vn ch gi l Giao thc TCP/IP . ng nh ci tn ca n chng ta hiu n l hai giao thc khc nhau : TCP (Transmission Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin truyn ) v IP (Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet) . C mt vi giao thc khc lin quan ti TCP/IP nh : FTP , HTTP , SMTP v UDP v cn mt vi tn na .

Hnh 1 : Cu trc ca TCP/IP

Nh bn thy , TCP/IP c bn lp . Nhng chng trnh ni chuyn vi lp Application . Trong lp Application bn s tm thy nhng giao thc Application nh : SMTP ( cho Email ) , FTP ( truyn file ) v HTTP ( cho duyt Web ) . Mi loi chng trnh ni chuyn ti nhng giao thc Application khc nhau v n s ph thuc vo mc ch ca chng trnh . Sau khi chng trnh x l yu cu , giao thc trong lp Application s ni chuyn ti giao thc khc t lp Transfer , thng thng l TCP . Lp ny c nhim v nhn d liu t lp trn gi xung , chia chng thnh nhng gi ( Packet ) v gi tip nhng gi ny xung lp pha di , Internet . Ngoi ra , trong lc nhn d liu , lp ny c nhim v t gi d liu c nhn t mng theo th t v kim tra ni dung ca gi d liu xem c b hng hay khng . Trong lp Internet chng ta c giao thc IP ( Internet Protocol ) , m ly nhng gi c nhn t lp Transport v thm thng tin a ch o , c ngha l thm a ch ca my tnh m ang gi d liu v a ch ca my tnh s nhn d liu ny . Nhng a ch o ny c gi l a ch IP . Sau gi c gi ti lp thp hn , Network Interface . Trong lp ny d liu c gi l Datagram . Network Interface s ly nhng gi c lp Internet gi n v gi chng ln mng ( hoc nhn chng t mng , nu my tnh ang nhn d liu ) . Nhng g xy ra bn trong lp ny s ph thuc vo kiu mng my tnh ca bn dng . Ngy nay hu ht mi my tnh u dng kiu mng m gi l Ethernet ( c sn vi kiu tc khc nhau , mng Wireless cng l mng Ethernet ) v nh vy bn trong lp Network Interface l c lp Ethernet gm c LLC

(Logic Link Control ) , MAC (Media Access Control ) v Physical , lit k t trn xung di . Nhng gi truyn trn mng c gi l nhng Frame .

2. Lp Application

Lp ny lm nhim v truyn t gia nhng chng trnh v nhng giao thc Transport . C mt vi kiu Giao thc khc nhau lm vic trong lp Application . Hu ht mi ngi bit cc Giao thc nh : HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), DNS (Domain Name System) v Telnet. Bn cng c th tng nghe hoc nhn thy nhng tn ny trc . Khi bn yu cu chng trnh E-mail ca bn ( gi l Email Client ) ti Email c lu tr trn my ch v my tnh ca bn , n s yu cu nhim v ny ti lp Application ca TCP/IP v yu cu giao thc SMTP phc v . Khi bn g a ch WWW vo chng trnh duyt Web m trang Web , chng trnh duyt Web s yu cu lp nhim v ny ti lp Application ca TCP/IP , v s c giao thc HTTP phc v ( v cng chnh l nguyn nhn ti sao bt u mt trang Web phi c http:// ) . V c nh th . Lp Application ni chuyn ti lp Transport qua cng ( Port ) . Nhng cng c nh bng s v nhng ng dng chun thng dng cng cng . V d : giao thc SMTP thng dng cng 25 , giao thc HTTP thng dng cng 80 v giao thc FTP thng dng cng 20 ( truyn d liu ) v cng 21 ( iu khin ) . Vic dng cng bng s cho php giao thc Transport ( thng thng TCP ) bit loi ni dung no cha bn trong gi ( Packet ) - V d : bit rng d liu ang c truyn l Email - . Do khi nhn gi ti cng 25 , giao thc TCP s bit rng n phi giao d liu vi giao thc ni ti cng ny , thng thng l SMTP , v n s quay li giao d liu ti chng trnh yu cu ( chng trnh Email ) . Hnh di minh ho xem lp Application lm vic nh th no

Hnh 2

3.

Lp Transport

Khi truyn d liu , lp Transport ly d liu t lp Application v chia chng ra thnh nhiu gi ( Packet ) d liu . TCP (Transmission Control Protocol ) l giao thc hu nh c dng trong lp Transport . Khi d liu nhn , giao thc TCP ly nhng gi c gi t lp Internet v t chng theo th t ca n , bi v nhng gi c th n v tr ch theo phng thc Out-of-Order khng theo mt th t , v kim tra nu ni dung ca gi nhn c nguyn vn hay khng v gi tn hiu Acknowledge - chp nhn - ti my truyn , cho bit gi d liu n ch c an ton . Nu khng c tn hiu Acknowledge ca bn nhn ( c ngha l d liu cha n ch hoc d liu b li ) , bn truyn s truyn li gi d liu b mt . Trong khi TCP sp xp li nhng gi v cng dng h thng Acknowledge m chng ta cp , khi s dng truyn d liu , nhng li l mt giao thc khc m lm vic trong lp ny m khng c hai c im . Giao thc gi l UDP (User Datagram Protocol ) Nh vy , TCP c coi nh l mt giao thc tin cy , trong khi UDP c coi nh l mt giao thc khng ng tin cy . Thng thng UDP c dng khi khng c d liu quan trong c truyn , thng thng do DNS (Domain

Name System - H thng tn Domain ) yu cu . Bi v n khng thc hin vic sp xp li d liu cng nh h thng Acknowledge , UDP nhanh hn TCP . Khi UDP c dng , ng dng m yu cu truyn s c nhim v kim tra d liu n xem n c cn y hay khng v cng sp xp li nhng gi n , iu c ngha l ng dng c nhim v ca TCP. C hai UDP v TCP s ly d liu t lp Application v thm Header vo n khi truyn d liu . Khi nhn d liu , Header s b g trc khi gi d liu ti cng thch hp . Trong Header ny c mt vi thng tin iu khin . lin quan ti s cng ngun , s cng ti ch , chui s ( h thng sp xp li d liu v h thng Acknowledge s dng trong TCP ) v Checksum ( dng tnh ton xem d liu n ch c b li hay khng ) .

Header ca UDP c 8 Byte trong khi Header ca TCP/IP c 20 hoc 24 byte ( tu theo kiu File la chn ) .

Trong hnh di , chng ta minh ho gi d liu pht ra t lp Transport . D liu ny s c gi ti lp Internet ( nu chng ta truyn d liu ) hoc c gi t lp Internet ti ( nu chng ta nhn d liu )

Hnh 3 : Gi d liu trong lp Transport

4.

Lp Internet

Trong mng s dng cm giao thc TCP/IP mi mt my tnh c nhn bit bng mt a ch o duy nht , c gi l a ch IP . Lp Internet c nhim v thm Header ti gi d liu c nhn t lp Transport , l mt loi d liu iu khin khc , n s thm a ch IP ngun v a ch IP ch c ngha l a ch IP ca my tnh ang gi d liu v a ch IP ca my tnh m s nhn d liu . Card mng ca mi my tnh c gn bng mt a ch vt l . a ch ny c ghi trong ROM ca Card mng v n c gi l a ch MAC . Do trong mng cc b ( LAN ) bt k khi no my tnh A mun gi d liu ti my tnh B , n s phi bit a ch MAC ca my tnh B . Trong khi i vi mt mng cc b nh c th d dng tm ra mi a ch MAC khc , iu ny thc khng d dng i vi mng ton cu nh Internet Nu khng s dng c a ch o , bn s phi bit a ch MAC ca my tnh ch , khng nhng l mt vic kh khn m cn khng tr gip dn ng cho gi d liu , bi v n khng s dng cu trc cy . L trnh l con ng m gi d liu phi dng n ch . V d : Khi d liu yu cu t my ch Internet , th d liu ny s i qua vi v tr khc nhau ( gi l nhng Router ) trc khi n my tnh ca bn .

Nu bn mun xem c th hy bm Start , chn Run , g CMD ri bm Enter . Trong mn hnh m phng DOS bn g lnh

tracert www.tuvantinhoc1088.com

Bn s thy nhng con ng gia my tnh ca bn v my ch Web ca tuantinhoc1088 . Nhng gi d liu s i qua mt vi Router khc nhau trc khi ti ch . Mi Router nm trung gian trn ng i c gi l Hop. Trong mi mng ni vi Internet c mt thit b gi l Router , n lm cu ni gia my tnh trong mng cc b ( LAN ) vi Internet . Mi Router c bng n bit nhng mng khc v cng c thit lp cu hnh ngm nh cng ra vo ( Gateway ) ch ti Router khc trn mng Internet . Khi my tnh ca bn gi gi d liu ln mng Internet , Router kt ni ti mng ca bn , n phi xc nh a ch ca my tnh ch my tnh ch c th nm v tr trn cng mt mng hoc trn mng m n bit ng i , nu khng bit ng i th n s gi gi d liu ti Gateway ngm nh , c ngha l ti mt Router khc . Sau qu trnh c lp li c nh vy cho ti khi gi d liu n c a ch ch . C mt vi giao thc m lm vic lp Internet : IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) v RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) . Gi d liu c gi dng giao thc IP , do chng ti s gii thch giao thc ny . Giao thc IP ly gi d liu nhn t lp Transport ( t giao thc TCP nu bn ang truyn d liu thc nh Email hoc File ) v chia chng thnh nhng Datagram . Datagram l gi khng c bt k h thng Acknowledge , c ngha l IP khng thc hin bt k h thng Acknowledge v nh vy n l giao thc khng tin cy .

Bn phi lu rng khi truyn d liu theo giao thc TCP th bn thn n thc hin h thng Acknowledge . Nh vy qua giao thc IP khng kim tra Datagram c b li hay khng ti v tr ch th giao thc TCP s lm iu ny . Nh vy vic kt ni l hon ton tin cy , thm tr d liu qua giao thc IP l khng c tin cy . Mi Datagram ca IP c kch thc ln nht l 65.535 Byte , bao gm c Header m c th dng 20 hoc 24 byte , ph thuc vo s la chn trong chng trnh s dng . Nh vy Datagram ca IP c th mang 65.515 Byte hoc 65.511 Byte . Nu gi d liu nhn t lp Transport ln hn 65.515 Byte hoc 65.511 Byte , giao thc IP s ct gi xung thnh nhiu Datagram nu thy cn thit . Trong hnh di , chng ta minh ho Datagram c to ra t lp Internet bng giao thc IP . Nh chng ta cp Header c giao thc IP thm vo bao gm a ch IP ngun , a ch IP ch v mt vi thng tin iu khin .

Hnh 4 : Datagram trong lp Internet

Nu bn ch , chng ti khng ni rng Datagram ca IP c dung lng 65.535 Byte , nhng n c th ln ti dung lng 65.535 Byte . iu c ngha l trng d liu ca Datagram khng c kch thc c nh . Nhng

Datagram s c gi ln mng bn trong nhng Frame c to ra t lp Network Interface , thng thng h iu hnh s cu hnh kch thc Datagram ca IP c kch thc ln nht ca vng d liu ca nhng Frame d liu trn mng ca bn . Kch thc ln nht trng d liu ca Frame m s c gi ln mng c gi l MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit ) . Nhng mng Ethernet - c dng hu ht cc kiu mng , bao gm c h thng mng khng dy c th ln ti 1500 Byte d liu , c ngha MTU c gi tr 1500 Byte . Nh vy h iu hnh t ng cu hnh giao thc IP to ra Datagram ca IP c chiu di 1500 Byte m khng phi l 65.535 ( s khng va trong mt Frame ) . Trong phn tip theo s bit kch thc tht l 1497 hoc 1492 do lp LLC dng 3 hoc 5 Byte cho Header ca n . Bn c th b ln ln v vic mng c th phn loi TCP/IP v Ethernet nh th no . TCP/IP l mt tp hp ca giao thc c nhim v thc hin nhng cng vic t lp 3 ti lp 7 , Ethernet cng l tp hp giao thc c nhim v thc hin cng vic t lp 1 ti lp 2 trong m hnh OSI .Ethernet vi cng vic thuc kha cnh vt l ca truyn d liu . Nh vy chng ta vn cn m hnh OSI 7 lp ( hoc mt kiu g tng ng ) thit lp kt ni mng . Chng ta s gii thch mi lin quan ny trong trang sau . Mt c tnh khc m giao thc IP cho php l s phn mnh ( Fragmentation ) . Nh chng ta cp trc , ti ch , Datagram ca IP s c th qua mt vi mng khc nhau gia ca ng i . Nu tt c nhng mng trong ng i gia my tnh truyn v my tnh nhn l mt , th mi th u tt p , bi v tt c Router s lm vic vi cng mt cu trc ( c ngha l c cng kch thc MTU ) . Tuy nhin , nu nhng mng khc khng phi l mng Ethernet , chng c th s dng kch thc MTU khc nhau . Nu iu xy ra th Router m nhn nhng Frame c MTU l 1500 Byte s ct Datagram IP bn trong mi Frame thnh nhiu mu truyn trn mng khc c kch thc MTU nh hn . Nh vo vic n Router m c u ra ni vi mng Ethernet th Router ny s lp rp li Datagram gc ban u . Trong hnh 5 bn di , bn c th xem v d ny . Frame ban u dng MTU c kch thc 1500 Byte . Khi ti mng khc vi MTU c kch thc 620 Byte th mi Frame ban u c phn chia thnh 03 Frame ( hai c kch thc 600 Byte v mt c kch thc 300 Byte ) . Sau Router m l u ra ca mng ny ( Router 2 ) s lp rp li thnh Datagram ban u .

Hin nhin Header IP c trng iu khin s phn mnh ny

Hnh 5 : S phn mnh ca Datagram

5.

Lp Network Interface

Datagram c to t lp Internet s c gi xung ti lp Network Interface , nu chng ta ang truyn d liu , hoc lp Network Interface s ly d liu t mng v gi n ti lp Internet , nu chng ta ang nhn d liu . Lp ny vch r mng vt l kiu no m my tnh ca bn kt ni ti . Hin nay hu ht my tnh ca chng ta dng kt ni mng Ethernet ( mng khng dy cng l mng Ethernet ) . Nh chng ta ni trong phn trc , TCP/IP l mt tp hp giao thc c nhim v thc hin cng vic t lp th 3 ti lp th 7 , Ethernet cng l tp hp giao thc s dng cng vic t lp th nht ti lp th 2 trong m hnh OSI . Ethernet c ba lp Logic Link Control (LLC), Media Access Control (MAC) v Physical . Lp LLC v MAC tng ng vi lp th hai trong m hnh OSI . Bn c th xem cu trc Ethernet trong hnh 6.

Hnh 6 : Cu trc Ethernet

Lp LLC ( iu khin lin kt Logic ) c nhim v thm thng tin ca giao thc no lp Internet pht ra d liu c truyn i . Do khi nhn mt Frame t mng , lp ny trong my tnh nhn s bit giao thc no t lp Internet s pht ra d liu . Lp ny c xc nh bi giao thc IEEE 802.2 . Lp MAC ( iu khin truy nhp phng tin truyn thng ) c nhim v lp rp Frame m s c gi ln mng . Lp ny c nhim v thm a ch MAC ngun v a ch MAC ch chng ta gii thch trc . a ch MAC l a ch vt l ( Physical Address ) ca Card mng . Nhng Frame m l ch ti mng khc s dng a ch MAC ca Router nh l a ch ch . Lp ny c xc nh bi giao thc IEEE 802.3 nu bn dng h thng Cable , v l giao thc IEEE 802.11 nu bn dng mng khng dy . Lp Physical c nhim v chuyn i Frame do lp MAC to ra thnh tn hiu in ( nu dng h thng dy dn mng bng Cable ) hoc thnh sng t trng ( nu s dng h thng mng khng dy ) .Lp ny c xc nh bi giao thc IEEE 802.3 nu bn dng h thng Cable , v l giao thc IEEE 802.11 nu bn dng mng khng dy . Nhng lp LLC v MAC thm nhng Header ca chng ti Datagram m nhn c t lp Internet . Do cu trc y ca nhng Frame c to ra t hai lp c th hin trong hnh 7 .

Lp LLC thm t 3 Byte ti 5 Byte ca Header v Datagram ca n c kch thc 1500 Byte do d liu ln nht c kch thc l 1497 hoc 1495 Byte . Lp MAC thm 22 Byte cho Header ca n , v 4 Byte CRC ( Data Correction ) vo im kt thc ca Datagram c nhn t lp LLC . Nh vy kch thc ln nht ca Frame trong mng Ethernet l 1526 Byte

Hnh 7: Frame trong lp Network Interface By gi chng ti s i su hn mt cht gii thch nhng giao thc khc v nhng chc nng khc ca TCP/IP khng c cp trc nh Telnet, SSH, TFTP, DHCP, DNS, ICMP, RIP, OSPF, BGP, ARP ..

Mt iu quan trng nn nh rng c mt vi giao thc lin quan ti cm TCP/IP v chng ti ch gii thch nhng g c gi l quan trng nht .

Terminal Services ( TS )

TS cho php bn vo my ch v truy cp ti nhn ca n ( c ngha l ti tn du nhc h thng ) t xa thng qua bn phm v mn hnh ca bn . C ba giao thc Terminal hay c s dng nht l : Telnet , Rlogin v SSH ( Secure Shell ) . Tt c lm cng mt vic nhng nu s dng SSH th kt ni c m ho v an ton hn . Nu bn mun qu l my ch t xa an ton hn th nn dng SSH thay th cho Telnet hoc Rlogin , bi v kt ni Telnet v Rlogin khng c m ho , mt vi ngi dng chng trnh Sniffer l mt loi chng trnh cho php Hacker c c gi d liu m ang c truyn trn mng c th c mi th bn g k c Password. Telnet , Rlogin v SSH l nhng giao thc lp Application v dng giao thc TCP trn lp Transport , Telnet dng cng 23 , Rlogin dng cng 513 v SSH dng cng 22 . Mt trong nhng chng trnh Terminal trn my trm hay c s dng trong Windows m cho php nhng kt ni Telnet , Rlogin v SSH c tn l PuTTY . Trong Windows ch c sn tin ch cho Telnet - bm Start , chn Run , g Telnet - , nhng khng c sn cho SSH .

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol )

TFTP l giao thc truyn File t quan trng . Trong phn 1 , chng ti gii thch v FTP , n l giao thc lp Application cho truyn nhng File dng giao thc TCP trn lp Transport . TFTP l giao thc c cng ng dng truyn nhng File nhng da trn giao thc UDP trn lp Transport . Cc bn c th nh rng , s khc nhau gia TCP v UDP ch trong khi TCP kim tra mi gi d liu c n ng ch cn n hay khng , th UDP li khng lm vic . S khc nhau na l TCP sp xp li nhng gi m c th chng c n khng theo trt t , th UDP li cng khng lm iu . Ni mt cch khc , bi v n khng c h thng xc nhn ( Acknowledge ) v cng khng c bt k h thng sp xp li no , nhng gi UDP nh hn ( Header ca UDP cng nh hn Header ca TCP ) , v cng yu cu cng sut tnh ton t hn x l nh sp xp li v Acknowledge l khng cn thit - . N s l ng dng khng cn giao thc m s c nhim v ca chc nng ny .

i vi cng vic hng ngy , giao thc TFTP khng c dng nhiu nh FTP v c tin cy t hn .Tuy nhin cng c ng dng da trn TFTP v bn c th c nghe ni n l : Khi ng t xa khng cn a ( RIPL , Remote Initial Program Loading ). Bn c th c my tnh khng c a cng hoc bt k thit b lu tr no khc v cu hnh n khi ng t trn mng , c ngha l ti h iu hnh v nhng chng trnh t my ch . Chng trnh ti h iu hnh t xa cn c lu tr trong b nh ROM nh nm trn Card mng ca my tnh khng c a . Nh vy n s cn giao thc truyn nhng File , v dng TFTP tt hn FTP , nhng my trm dng TFTP ny c tin ch nh hn so vi FTP nn cha va trong ROM c kch thc 64KB trn Card mng .

Tm li TFTP v giao thc lp Application dng vi giao thc UDP ( cng 69 ) trong lp Transport .

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol )

DHCP Giao thc cu hnh Host ng . Tt c cc my tnh kt ni ti mn TCP/IP cn c cu hnh bng nhng a ch IP . Khng c a ch IP my tnh khng th ni chuyn c nhng my tnh khc trn mng . C mt cnh tng trong mt mng ln vi hng trm my tnh . Nu t cu hnh cho tng my th l mt iu khng khip . Cng tng t nh vy vi nhng nh cung cp dch v Internet ( ISP ) : h khng th dy cho tng khch hng cu hnh a ch IP nh th no trn my tnh ca h v a cho h a ch IP bng in thoi , sau li theo di nhng a ch ny , bi v hai my tnh khng th c cng a ch IP . C mt cch khc thit lp cu hnh mt cch d dng , giao thc gi l DHCP . N cho php nhng my tnh nhn cu hnh ca mnh thng qua my ch DHCP . Hin nay l cu hnh ngm nh sn c trong tt c cc my tnh . Do khi bn bt my tnh , n s yu cu my ch DHCP ca mng ca bn ( nm nh cung cp dch v Internet ca bn nu my tnh ti nh ni ti mng Internet ) kiu nh ny a cho ti a ch IP ca ti v lc my tnh ca bn c thit lp cu hnh . Nu my tnh ca bn c mng nh s dng Router , Router cng s kt hp bn trong my ch DHCP , do n c nhim v gn a ch IP cho my tnh ca bn ni vo n . Bn cnh a ch IP , my ch DHCP cng gi thng tin cu hnh khc nh a ch IP ca my ch DNS my tnh ca bn s s dng ( chng ti s gii thch sau ) , cng Ra/Vo ngm nh (Default Gateway - a ch IP ca Router ca mng ca bn , c ngha l nu my tnh ca bn khng tm thy a ch ch n trong mng cc b th s gi gi i tip ti ra bn ngoi mng qua a ch IP ca Router ) v Subnet Mask . Bng vic s dng my ch DHCP , nh qun tr mng c th cu hnh tt c cc my tnh ca mng t mt v tr trung tm mt cch d dng .

DHCP l giao thc lp Application , dng giao thc UDP trn lp Transport . N dng cng 67 v 68 . DHCP thay th giao thc c c tn gi BOOTP v trong nhng sch c bn c th tm thy phn tham kho BOOTP thay th bng DHCP . Mi iu ni v BOOTP u hp l cho DHCP , DHCP tng thch 100% vi BOOTP .

DNS ( Domain Name System )

DNS - H thng tn min . Nh chng ta bit , trn mng TCP/IP mi my tnh c a ch o duy nht , c gi l a ch IP . Cng nh vy i vi con ngi , tn d nh hn s . DNS cho php dng tn b danh thay th cho a ch IP . V d , tht l d nh tn ca trang Web chng ti lwww.tuvantinhoc1088.com hn l a ch IP m my ch Web chng ti ang s dng l 202.134.18.28 . Khi bn g http://www.tuvantinhoc1088.com vo a ch trong chng trnh duyt Web ( Internet Explorer , FireFox ... ) , lc ny giao thc DNS i vo trong hnh ng ny , tip xc vi my ch DNS v hi n a ch IP lin quan tiwww.tuvantinhoc1088.com . My ch DNS s tr li 202.134.18.28 v sau chng trnh duyt Web s bit a ch IP c dng trong kt ni ny . Tt c nhng my tnh c ni ti Internet c trng cu hnh a ch IP t nht mt my ch DNS . Thng thng cu hnh ny c t ng thit lp bng DHCP . Nu my ch DNS khng bit tn bn hi , n s tip xc ti my ch DNS khc h thng cao hn theo th t lin quan ti tn a ch IP . Tt c danh mc trong nhng my ch DNS c trng TTL ( Time To Live ) , m ni cho my ch bit thng tin ny hp l trong thi gian bao lu . Khi thng tin ht hiu lc , n s c cp nht bng cch tip xc vi my ch DNS h thng cao hn . DNS l giao thc lp Application , v nhng tham vn DNS c lm dng giao thc UDP cng 53 trn lp Transport . Nh gii thch , UDP khng kim tra gi n c n ch c hay khng , nhng n nhanh hn , n c Header nh hn nn yu cu tnh ton t hn v khng s dng h thng Acknowledge . Tht d dng chy vi tham vn DNS qua lnh NSLOOKUP . DNS cho php nhiu hn mt tn kt hp vi mt a ch IP . iu cho php bn Host hn mt trang Web trn mt my ch . Khi bn truy cp ti Website m c nhiu Website c Host , chng trnh duyt Web ca bn s tm ti n qu a ch IP , trong khi my ch s kim tra tn bn bn ang dng cp pht ng Website bn cn .

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol )

ICMP c dng gi ra nhng thng ip iu khim ti Router . N l giao thc lp Internet , lm vic cng vi giao thc IP . N c th c dng trong mt vi tnh hung m c th cn thit mt Router ch dn cho Router khc v mt iu g thng thng khi mt Router ly Datagram m n khng th giao c , n phn hi li ti Router m gi Datagram vi thng ip ICMP gii thch ti sao n khng th giao c Datagram . Mt vi thng ip iu khin m c th c gi dng ICMP l :

Echo : Dng kim tra xem ng gia bn nhn v bn pht c tt khng . Hu ht mi ngi u bit n qua lnh Ping . Nu bn g lnh Ping www.tuvantinhoc1088.com , my ch ca chng ti s phn hi cho thng ip Echo , v Ping s ni cho bn bit c tm c my ch hay khng v mt thi gian bao lu my ch gi thng ip Echo quay tr li my ca bn , thng thng thi gian c ms. Khng thy Host : Bn trong thng ip ny Router c th ni chnh xc li i nh th no nh : khng ti mng , khng ti my tnh , khng ti giao thc , khng ti cng , khng bit mng ch , khng bit my tnh ch , qun tr mng ngn chn mng ch hoc my tnh , ng i c vn .... Gim tc : Thng ip ny c gi nu Router b qu ti , c ngha l n nhn nhiu Datagram hn kh nng x l ca n n yu cu Router gi Datagram gim tc xung trn Router b qu ti . Yu cu nh hng li : Thng ip ny thng c dng khi Router tm ra ng i tt hn ti ch . c im ny ch lm vic vi mng cc b , khng lm vic vi mng ln m c nhng mng lin kt , nh Internet . Phm vi TTL ( Time To Live ) : Tt c IP Datagram c trng TTL , m ni cho bit c bao nhiu Hop ( Router ) m Datagram c th i qua t my tnh pht ti my tnh nhn . Nu Datagram c TTL l 20 , iu c ngha l n khng n ch m Hop trong khong 20 . iu ny c lm ngn chn nhng Datagram truyn theo mt vng trn trn mng m khng bao gi n c ch . Thi gian : Nhng Router ( v nhng my tnh ) c th hi thi gian Router khc hoc my tnh c quyn trong thi gian thc . N c dng ng b thi gian gia hai my tnh , thm tr vic ng b ny l khng hon ho bi v c thi gian nh b tr trn mng ( khong vi ms ) . Thng ip ny c th c dng o thi gian tr trn mng gia hai my tnh nu ng h ca n c ng b .

Nhng giao thc v l trnh : RIP , OSPF v BGP

L trnh c th l tnh hoc ng . Trong nhng mng nh l trnh tnh c dng c ngha l Datagram thng c di chuyn theo cng ng i chnh xc ti ch ca n trn Internet hoc nhng mng ln l trnh ng l cn thit . Vi l trnh l ng , nhng Router c th thay i trn ng i , nu chng cm thy c nhng ng tt hn i ti ch . V d , nu c nhiu ng i ti mt ch v ng hin ti li di hn mt ng no khc , nhng Router c th cu hnh li dng ng i ngn hn . y di v ngn c hiu l s Hop ( Router ) trn ng i . Nhng ng ngn hn cha chc l nhanh hn .

Truyn thng tin gia nhng Router theo mnh lnh lp trnh li bng l trnh c thc hin bng giao thc l trnh . C ba kiu giao thc l trnh ng hay c s dng l RIP (Routing Information Protocol), OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) v BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) . Nu nhng Router ang c dng giao thc RIP , chng s gi ra bng l trnh ca mnh ti tt c Router chng phi truy cp c 30 giy mt ln . Bng l trnh l bng bao gm tt c nhng mng m Router bit lm th no ti v khong cch ( s Hop ) ti . Khi nhn Bng l trnh mi t Router khc , mi Router c th xem nu c bt k mng no trong sanh sch m c ng i ngn hn danh sch hin thi th l trnh ny s c ghi li s dng thnh l trnh mi . Mt vn xy ra l nhng con ng ngn hn cha chc l tt nht , bi v giao thc RIP khng thc hin bt k qu trnh kim tra hiu sut ca ng truyn . N cng khng kim tra xem con ng c b tc nghn hay khng hoc con ng c sn sng lm vic khng . Do tuyn ng di hn c khi li nhanh hn .

RIP dng UDP trong cng 520 .

Khng quan tm ng ci tn ca n , giao thc OSPF li khng tm kim con ng i ngn nht , nhng li tm ng i nhanh nht . Khi nhng Router dng giao thc OSPF , chng kim tra trng thi ca nhng Router khc , chng phi truy cp thng xuyn v gi thng ip Hello . T thng ip ny , chng bit Router c lm vic khng v trng thi hot ng nh th no . Mt iu khc m s dng nhng Router dng giao thc OSPF l bit tt c nhng con ng m c th dng ti ch cn n , trong khi nhng Router dng giao thc RIP ch bit con ng ngn nht . iu khc th ba l nhng Router dng giao thc RIP s gi nhng Bng l trnh c 30 giy mt ln s lm tng lu lng giao thng trn mng . Mt iu khc trong nhng Router dng giao thc OSPF chnh l chng cho php cn bng ti , nu c nhiu ng i ti ch , Router c th chia nhng Datagram gi theo nhiu ng khc nhau cng ti mt ch . OSPF lm vic trc tip trong lp Internet bng giao thc IP m khng s dng nhng giao thc TCP hoc UDP . BGP l giao thc cho nhng mng ln , nh Internet . N l giao thc cng Vo/Ra ( Gateway ) bn ngoi , trong khi RIP v OSPF l nhng giao thc cho Gateway bn trong chng c s dng trong mng di s qun l ca cng nh qun tr . Nhng nhm Router dng giao thc BGP m t di s qun l ca cng nh qun tr gi l h thng t tr AS (Autonomous System ) . V d , tt c Router v nhng my tnh ph thuc hoc c kt ni vi cng nh cung cp dch v Internet ( ISP ) l mt phn ca AS . Trong khi chy bn trong cng h thng t tr BGP c gi l IBGP ( Internal BGP ) , trong khi chy gia hai h thng t tr BGP khc th c gi l EBGP ( Exterrnal BGP ) .

BGP phc tp hn nhiu so vi RIP v OSPF , n s dng mt vi chun ( gi l thuc tnh Attribute ) xc nh xem ng i no l tt nht s dng nh : Weight, Local preference, Multi-exit discriminator, Origin, AS_path, Next hop v Community . Khng nh RIP , nhng Router da trn BGP ch gi ra nhng g l mi trong Bng l trnh thay th cho vic gi tt c Bng l trnh u n v vic gi u n nh th s tng lu lng truyn thng trn mng . Mt iu khc nhau gia BGP v RIP ch BGP kim tra u n nhng ng i m n c c c Online hay khng .

BGP dng TCP trong cng 179 .

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol ) v RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)

ARP c nhim v ly a ch MAC ( a ch vt l ) ca my tnh v a ra a ch IP . RARP lm nhim v ngc li l tm ra a ch IP ca my tnh bng a ch MAC . Trong khi Datagram c truyn trn mng Internet , a ch MAC ca my tnh ch cha cn thit - nhng Router nm gia ng i v ch quan tm n vic chuyn Datagram ti mng ch . Nhng ngay khi gi n mng ch , Router ni trong mng ch lc ny mi cn bit a ch MAC ca my tnh ch n bn giao Datagram cc b ( hay dng giao thc Ethernet ) . V d : nu a ch ch l 69.69.69.69 , khi Datagram n Router ca mng 69.69.69.0 , n s hi ti tt c cc my tnh ( thng ip c gi ti tt c cc my tnh gi l thng ip qung b - Broadcast Message ) dng giao thc ARP : ny , my tnh no l 69.69.69.69 . Sau my tnh m dng a ch IP ny s tr li l ti y Tt nhin vic gi Broadcast Message tt c my tnh mt lc s lm tc nghn trn mng , do Router s gi bng nhng a ch IP bit v nhng a ch MAC tng ng , do n s khng cn hi cng mt cu hi mt ln na khi n nhn Datagram mi m c ch ti 69.69.69.69 . RARP c dng trong nhng my tnh khng c cng v c khi ng bng khi ng t xa , c ngha l h iu hnh v nhng chng trnh nm trn my ch . Lc my tnh khng c h iu hnh c ci t , chng khng bit a ch IP no ang c dng . Ngy nay do dng DHCP nn RARP tr nn li thi . ARP v RARP lm vic trn lp Network Interface .

Nhng giao thc khc .

Di y l danh sch nhng giao thc khc lin quan ti giao thc TCP/IP v bn cng c th nghe v n :

NAT (Network Address Translation ) : V l thuyt mi my tnh ni vi Internet s yu cu a ch IP Public hp l v l duy nht . NAT cho php mng cc b dng mt a ch IP Public . V d , khi bn ni mng ti nh hoc vn phng ti Internet qua Router , Router s dng a ch IP duy nht do nh cung cp dch v Internet ( ISP ) cp, khi nhng my tnh ca bn s dng nhng a ch IP hp l bn trong mng ca bn ( thng thng nh 192.168.x.x , hoc 10.0.x.x ... ) . Trn Internet , tt c nhng my tnh t mng ca bn ang dng cng mt a ch IP . Do gi d liu ti mt my tnh ca bn , my tnh ngun s dng Router a ch IP v khi Datagram ny n Router , n s thay th a ch IP ca n bng a ch IP ca my tnh ch ang dng , m ch hp l bn trong mng ca bn . K thut ny gi l NAT ( chng ti cng gii thiu cho cc bn phn ny trc ) . IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol ) : Gi cng Datagram ti tt c nhng my tnh trn mng gi l Broadcasing , gi cng Datagram cho nhm ca nhng my tnh c gi l Multicasting . Multicasting TCP/IP c th thc hin cho nhng my tnh nm trn nhng mng khc nhau . Nhng nhm ny c qun l bng thng ip iu khin IGMP . IGMP dng giao thc IP , lm vic lp Internet . SNMP ( Simple Network Management Protocol) : Giao thc c dng theo di thit b phn cng gn trn nhng mng TCP/IP m thc hin giao thc ny . SNMP l giao thc lp Application dng UDP trong cng 161 v 162 . Finger : y l tr gip cho lp Application dng TCP trn cng 79 , c dng nhn ra thng tin v thi quen ngi dng trn my ch . Vic truy cp nhng thng tin c nhn ca tt c ngi dng thc l mt quan im khng tt v th dch v ny thng xuyn khng c kch hot .

Cch thc sa mt s li lin quan ti giao thc TCP/IP

Trong qu trnh t vn chng ti nhn thy rng my tnh ngi s dng rt hay b li giao thc TCP/IP nh , chn Run , g tn my th truy cp c , nhng g a ch IP th khng c , hoc ngc li ... Trong Windows XP khng th ci t li TCP/IP nhng bn c th thit lp li cch thc nh sau :

Bm Start , chn Run , g CMD , bm Enter Trong ca s mn hnh Command Prompt , bn bm

netsh int ip reset C:\resetip.txt

file c tn l resetip.txt c netsh to ra cho bit n thc hin nhng vic g

i khi my tnh b li Winsock th bn g lnh sau ( dng vi Windows XP SP2 )

netsh winsock reset

Sau khi chy xong bn phi khi ng li my tnh th mi c tc dng