Prevention & Control of Disease

Chapter 17: pg. 429 441 Pg. 448 - 449 Chapter 18: pg. 455 - 473

Respond

Describe your last cold. Tell how you believe you caught it and how you treated it.

Response
Colds are one type of disease that you can get or give to someone else. Infectious Diseases Communicable Diseases How are these diseases spread? Lets dig in

What Causes Infectious Diseases?

Caused by One or Several Pathogens Forms of Pathogens
Bacteria, Virus, Fungus, Protozoan, Parasite

Bacteria

Live Almost Anywhere Some produce poison harmful to humans.

Bacteria
Enough Bacteria + No Immunity = Disease Bacteria enters body and then multiply through cell division. In perfect conditions, division can take place every 20 minutes.

3 Types of Bacteria
Three Basic Types of Bacteria Known By Shapes
Spherical or round Rod-Shaped Spiral or Corkscrew

Each Cause Disease, But Respond Differently to Drug Treatment

Spherical/Round Bacteria

Rod-Shaped Bacteria

Spiral/Corkscrew Bacteria

Bacteria
Some Bacteria is Good Live on or in body - Assist in normal functions

Coliform: found in intestines, help breakdown carbs and combat disease causing bacteria.

Viruses
Smallest type of infectious agent One of the Worst Viruses = Not Living Cells
Core of genetic material surrounded by protein shell. Entirely dependent on living cells for survival/reproduction.

Picture of Virus

Viruses
Attacks all forms of life.
Mammals, birds, insects, plants, bacteria, etc.

Viruses Are Picky Eaters

Certain viruses can only attack certain types of cells.

Viruses How It Works

Enter Body Attaches To Cell (Host)

Injects Genetic Material Into Cell

Using Host Cell, Virus Makes Copies of Self Repeated Until Immune System Kills Virus

Bacteria vs. Virus

Why is it that viruses, unlike bacteria cannot be treated with antibiotics?

Answer
Viruses pass inside cells where antibiotics cant reach them.

How Infectious Diseases Are Spread

People: Direct Contact
Physical Contact w/Infected Person

People: Indirect Contact

Bacteria & Viruses Enter body through lungs if droplets exhaled, coughed, or sneezed out by an infected person are inhaled.

How Infectious Diseases Are Spread

Animal Bites (including insects)
The Environment
Food, water, soil, air

Contaminated Objects
Eating Utensils Glasses Toothbrushes Needles

Think About It
We are fighting pathogens all the time. Why are we not getting diseases all the time?

The Immune System

Immunity: the bodys natural defenses against infection.
Two Main Types of Defenses
Physical Barriers Internal Defenses

Both systems work together to protect against pathogens.

Physical Barriers
Skin (1st line of defense): several layers, out layer tough and replaces itself, skin falls off and takes pathogens with it.
Hair: hair around eyes & nose trap pathogens.

Cilia: tiny hairs on the large airways of lungs.

Tears: wash away pathogens out of eyes.

Physical Barriers
Mucous Membranes (tissues that line openings into body) Mucus (sticky substance in mouth, nose, and bronchial tubes)
Barrier Contains chemicals that kill pathogens

Physical Barriers
Chemical Barriers
Enzymes (Tears/Saliva) Acidic Digestive Juices of Stomach

If the these Physical Barriers dont work, then

Physical Barriers
Inflammatory Response
Final Physical Barrier (Red Alert) Chemical Mediators Released Blood Vessels Dilate Blood Flow Increased Allows Phagocytes to leave blood and enter body tissues. Continues Until Pathogens are Destroyed

Internal Defenses
When Physical, AdaptiveInternal Comes to Help Lymphocytes
Type of White Blood Cell Travel Through Body through blood 2 Main Types: B Cells & T Cells

Internal Defenses
B Cells
1. Encounter Pathogens 2. Enlarge & Multiply 3. Produce Antibodies (destroy invading pathogens) 4. Antibodies for particular pathogen remain in blood in case you ever encounter it again.

B Cell

CLICK HERE

Adaptive Immune System - Specific

Two Types of T Cells Killer T Cells
Multiply by the presence of abnormal cells. Attach to abnormal cells and release toxins that help destroy.

Helper T Cells
Aid in the activity of the B Cells and Killer T Cells

Homework
Pg. 437 Lesson Review #1, #2, #3, #4

RESPOND

Make a list of three infectious diseases that you are aware of and identify how each is spread.

Jigsaw Common Infectious Diseases

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The Common Cold Influenza Chickenpox Measles Mononucleosis Hepatitis A, B, C Strep Throat Tuberculosis Sinus Infection

Preventing Infectious Diseases

Active Immunity
Immunity body develops to protect from disease. Remembers pathogens, antibodies remain. Chicken Pox vs. Common Cold

Passive Immunity
Temporary immunity for infants. Small amount of anti-bodies from mother. Last for a few months.

Immunizations
In some cases, body needs help against pathogens. Immunizations
Passive Active

Passive Immunization
Immediate, Short-Term Protection Blood is taken from human or animal who has the necessary antibodies (pre-exposed). If pathogen is present or will be present within a few days, new antibodies help destroy.

Active Immunization
AKA: Vaccinations Vaccinations contain enough pathogens to cause the production of antibodies. Vaccinations do not contain enough pathogens to cause disease. 2 Main Types of Vaccinations

Vaccination: Live-Virus
Made from weakened viruses. Scientists artificially alter genetic material of virus. Virus becomes weak and cannot cause disease, but can cause production of antibodies. Measles, Rubella, Polio

Vaccination: Killed-Virus
Virus is dead, but still causes production of antibodies. Not as powerful as live-virus, weaker. Booster shots to reinforce first vaccine.

Vaccinations: Good or Bad?

Vaccinations may have negative drawbacks. Mild Fever, rash, or more serious reaction. Risk vs. Reward Vaccinations = Good

Vaccinations: Its the Law!

More than just a good idea. Law often requires it. Most states require students to be up-to-date in immunizations in order to be enrolled in school.

Common Sense
Stay healthy: good nutrition, regular exercise, and sleep. Shower everyday. Avoid sharing eating or drinking utensils. Store and properly prepare food.

Common Sense
Wash Hands.Properly! If you know you are sick, dont pass it on. Get help. Cover your mouth when you sneeze or cough.

If you are healthy, stay away from the sick.

Project
Create a poster. Choose Topic:
How the Virus Works How to Prevent Against Getting a Disease How the Immune System Works A Certain Type of Disease

Project
Grading
Accuracy of Information Pictures, Color, Organization, Cleanliness Size Understandability

Noninfectious Diseases

Noninfectious Diseases

Noninfectious Disease: disease that is not caused by a virus or a living organism.

Hereditary Diseases
Hereditary Diseases: is a disease caused by defective genes inherited by a child from on or both parents. Genes: control the activities of cells and determine physical characteristics. Genes are passed from parents to children.

Hereditary Diseases
Changes in genes may cause hereditary diseases. Examples of Hereditary Diseases: - Sickle Cell Disease - Cystic Fibrosis - Muscular Dystrophy - Hemophilia - Down Syndrome

Sickle Cell Disease

Changes to a gene. Causes change in shape to red blood cells. Sickle shaped vs. disk shaped.

Cystic Fibrosis

Muscular Dystrophy

Hemophilia

Down Syndrome

Homework

Pg. 461 Lesson Review #1, #2

Lifestyle Diseases
Disease does not have to be contagious.
You do not have to catch a disease. Lifestyle Choices

Cardiovascular Disease
CVD: Medical disorder that affects the heart and blood vessels (circulatory system). #1 Cause of Death in the United States

CVD Risk Factors - Uncontrolled

Heredity: tendency runs in families. Children of parents with high blood pressure also likely (hypertension).

CVD Risk Factors - Uncontrolled

Gender: Males = Greater Risk of Heart Disease & Stroke. Females = Greater Risk of Breast Cancer. Age: Risk of CVDs increase with age.

Environment: smog, secondhand smoke, other forms of air pollution.

CVD Risk Factors - Controlled

Physical Activity Smoking
Alcohol Healthy Diet

CVDS
Heart, Blood, Arteries (blood to muscles) Circulatory System It takes them all working properly to be healthy. Problem w/One = Problem w/All
Mouse Trap

CVD - Hypertension
Blood Pressure (BP): force of blood against the walls of blood vessels. Force is created by the contraction of heart and resistance of the vessel walls. Normal BP varies w/age.

CVD - Hypertension
If blood pressure stays above normal, hypertension occurs. Hypertension is a CVD and a cause for other CVDs.

Silent Killer Why?

CVD - Hypertension
Silent Killer often goes undetected in the early stages. Causes: obesity, alcohol use, inactivity, smoking, too much sodium.

Solutions: not curable, but can be controlled. Do the opposite of the causes!

Diseases of the Arteries

Hypertension contributes to Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the Arteries Plaque: fatty deposits that collect on inner linings of artery walls.

Arteriosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis
Caused by foods high in fat and cholesterol. #1 Cause of Death in America!
Why is this #1?

Diseases of the Heart

When arteriosclerosis becomes sever enough, blood vessels to heart become blocked. Normal Oxygen Intake is Cutoff Heart Sends Warning (SOS)
(pain/tightness in the chest) Last a few minutes, treated w/medication.

Heart Attack
CLICK HERE

SOS + Period of Time = Heart Attack

Lack of Oxygen and Nutrients to the Heart Occurs Anytime, Without Warning However, there are some warning signs

Heart Attack Warning Signs

Pressure Fullness Squeezing Aching

May occur in one or both arms, the neck, jaw, upper abdomen, and the back.

Heart Attack Warning Signs

May Also Occur: Nausea Vomiting Sweating Shortness of Breath

If symptoms occur, seek medical attention ASAP!

Heart Attack
Heart Attack Can Cause Death
Sometimes Immediate Death
Cardiac Arrest: rapid, ineffective beating of the heart in ventricles. CPR

Ventricles

Exercise #3

Handout Personality Worksheet

Personality Results
If you answered yes to all the odd-numbered questions (Numbers 1, 3, 5, 7and 9), you are probably a Type A personality.

If you answered yes to the even numbered questions (Numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10), you are probably a Type B personality.
Maybe you are a combination of Type A and Type B personality.

Heart Attack Risk Factors

High Levels of Cholesterol Stress Overeating Smoking Hypertension Type A Personality

Stroke

What is the difference between a heart attack and a stroke?

Stroke
An interruption of the flow of blood to any part of the brain. CLICK HERE

Stroke Warning Signs

Sudden weakness to the face, arm, and leg on one side of the body. Loss of speech, trouble speaking or understanding. Loss of vision, particularly in one eye. Unexplained dizziness or sudden falls.

Stroke - Causes

Blood Clot in brain.

Diseased Artery In Brain Bursts, Floods Brain

Treating Cardiovascular Disease

Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Measures electrical rhythm of heart, helps detect the nature of a heart attack

Treating Cardiovascular Disease

Phonocardiography
Microphone on chest to record sounds. Sounds transferred to graph paper. Expert examines them for irregularities.

Treating Cardiovascular Disease

Artificial Pacemaker Wired to Heart Set to work on demand Heart to fast, too slow Set to work all the time.

Treating CVD - Surgery

Heart Transplant
If heart is badly damaged by heart disease, can replace heart with a heart from someone who has recently died.

Coronary Bypass Surgery

Detours around obstructed or narrowed arteries. Vein taken from leg and spliced into heart. More blood flow to heart.

Treating CVD - Surgery

Balloon Angioplasty
Balloon-tipped catheter. Through Arteries Balloon Inflates = Plaque Pushed to Artery Walls

Heart Valve Surgery

Replaces Valves w/Artificial Valves Plastic or Metal

Cancer
Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death among adults in the United States. On a piece of paper, list three types of Cancer. CLICK HERE

Cancer
Human Life Begins w/One Cell. Cell Division Occurs Through Life Sometimes Normal Cell Growth Disrupted

Abnormal Cells Spread

Cancer

Cancer
Human Life Begins w/One Cell.
Cell Division Occurs Through Life Sometimes Normal Cell Growth Disrupted

Abnormal Cells Spread

Cancer

Cancer
All Cancer = Tumors Tumors: masses of tissues

Cancer
Benign Tumors = Noncancerous
Malignant Tumors = Cancerous Sometimes cells breakaway and travel through blood stream to other healthy tissues. Metastasis

Causes of Cancer
Heredity
Environment Lifestyle Choices

Causes of Cancer
Carcinogen: cancer causing agent found in environment. Found in tobacco, tobacco smoke, toxic wastes.

Also in certain forms of radiation: x-rays, suns ultra violet rays.

Causes of Cancer
Some viruses & contaminated water contains carcinogens. Not everyone is equally susceptible to carcinogens.

Most you can control.

Skin Cancer
Three Types 1.Basal Cell 2. Squamous Cell 3. Melanoma (Deadly)
- If caught early, can be cured. If not, it is very fatal.

NOTE: 100,000 New Cases of Melanoma Each Year.

Skin Cancer

How to Check For Skin Cancer Click Here

Lung Cancer
Smoking is #1 Cause of Death due to Cancer
85% of Lung Cancer for Males 75% of Lung Cancer for Females

Lung Cancer
Males Starting Before 15 = 5x Likely to Get/Die of Lung Cancer Lung Cancer has 3x in the past 20 years for women.

Survival Rate: 13%

Oral Cancer
Mouth & Throat Smoking, Smokeless Tobacco, Cigars, Pipes, excessive use of alcohol. Forms where it touches lips, mouths, throat.

Oral Cancer

Oral Cancer

CLICK HERE

Other Types of Cancer

Lymphoma: cancer of cells in lymph system. Spread throughout body and weaken system. Breast Cancer: most often seen in women over 50, but anyone at any age can get it.

Colon & Rectal: affects the lower end of the digestive track (2nd most common cancer)

Other Types of Cancer

Leukemia: causes cancerous white blood cells to interfere with production of healthy white blood cells. Reproductive Organ Cancer: testicles, prostate gland, ovaries, cervix, uterus.

Detecting Cancer
The Earlier, The Better

Many Types Can Be Detected w/Regular Physical Examinations

Detecting Cancer
C hange in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal. U nusual bleeding or discharge. T hickening or lump anywhere. I ndigestion or difficulty swallowing. O bvious change in wart or mole. N agging cough or horseness.

Detecting Cancer
Tumor Found, Doctors May Do Biopsy
Biopsy sent to specialist to check for abnormal cells.

Ultrasounds locate abnormal cell growth.

Treating Cancer
Objective is to confine and treat cancerous cells. Currently, There are 3 Approaches
Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy

Treating Cancer - Surgery

Removes Tumors Removes Affected Areas Amputation vs. Partial Removal Increases Life Expectancy, Quality of Life

Treating Cancer - Radiation

Radiation Energy Destroys Tumor Cells By Damaging DNA Successful in Slowing Growth of Certain Forms of Cancer Great when surgery is difficult (head, neck)

Treating Cancer - Chemotherapy

Chemo: the use of anti-cancer medications in the treatment of cancer. Goal: Destroy cancerous cells, without destroying too much regular cells.

Treating Cancer - Chemotherapy

Interferes w/Cell Division of Cancer Cells Prevents Cancer From Spreading Side Effects: Nausea, Vomiting

Advancements: more safely, fewer complications.

Homework
Pg. 469 Lesson Review - #2 Pg. 474 Chapter 18 Review - #8, #10, #17

What Is This Symbol?

Other Noninfectious Diseases

RESPOND:
How many people can you think of that have diabetes? For each person, list what type of diabetes they have and describe how they treat it.

Diabetes

Diabetes: a chronic disease that affects the way body cells convert food into energy.

Diabetes
7th Leading Cause of Death by Disease in the US 2,200 New Cases Each Day Can lead to: blindness, kidney disease, nerve disease and amputations, heart disease, stroke

Diabetes - Causes
Normal Digestive Process Carbohydrates converted to glucose Glucose absorbed into blood Delivered to Body Cells Glucose Energy INSULIN: hormone that is produced in pancreas, helps convert glucose to energy.

Diabetes - Causes
Diabetes: sufficient insulin is not produced or is not used efficiently. Glucose that cannot enter cells, builds up in blood stream.

Kidneys Filter out some of the buildup, passed out through urine.

Types of Diabetes
TYPE 1: Usually occurs in childhood.

TYPE 2: The Most Common. Usually occurs after 50.

Type 1 Diabetes
5-10% of All Cases
Appears Quickly & Progresses Rapidly Reasons Unknown Genetic, Environmental Trigger? Results From Malfunction of Immune System
Autoimmune Disease: disease in which a persons immune system attacks certain cells, tissues, or organs of the body.

Type 1 Diabetes
Immune System Mistakenly Destroys InsulinProducing Cells (Beta Cells) in Pancreas Body Becomes Starved for Insulin
Blood Glucose Stores Up in Blood
Over Time, Toxic To Every System of the Body

Type 1 Diabetes - Symptoms

Frequent Urination Abnormal Thirst Unusual Hunger Weight Loss Weakness Fatigue Irritability Nausea

Type 1 Diabetes
Pancreas Cannot Produce Insulin Patients Take Daily Dose of Insulin
Injection Special Pump

Advances: many live near-normal lives

Type 2 Diabetes
Metabolic Disorder
Metabolism: is the process in which the body converts the energy in food to energy the body can use.

Insulin Production Not a Problem at 1st

Inability to use insulin properly Eventually Inability to make enough Insulin

Type 2 Diabetes - Symptoms

Excess Weight Drowsiness Blurred Vision Tingling or Numbness in Hands/Feet Slower Than Normal Healing Itching Reoccurring Infections of the Skin, Bladder, Gums

Type 2 Diabetes
About 80% of Patients are Overweight at the Time of Diagnoses Problems w/Circulation Often Occur Goes Undetected For Years Half of The People Who Have It, Dont Know

Type 2 Diabetes What To Do

Eating Patterns Exercise Losing Excessive Weight Oral or Injections of Insulin

Diabetes
Emergencies
Identification

Universal Medical Symbol Star of Life

Star of Life Red

DLife.com
Click Here

Info on Diabetes Support Groups Recipes Forums Blogs Store for Supplies Insurance Information Expert Advice Dlife TV

Project
Create a Song, Poem, or Skit about Diabetes Can Either Be Preformed In Class or Recorded on Video to Be Watched In Class Individual or Groups

Project - Grading
Appropriate Length (20 Points)
Song (At least 2 min) Skit (At least 4 min) Poem (At least 1 page, and rhyme)
Quality of Information (40 points) Factual Emphasis on Diabetic Information

Project - Grading
Overall Quality (20 Points) Organization Cleanliness Appropriateness Music, Props, Format Originality Written Lyrics, Script, Poem (20 points) Group Involvement (Deductions Vary) Written List of Group Responsibilities

Diabetes
Winner of The World Diabetes Day Young Voice Video Contest CLICK HERE

Arthritis
Aching, Pain, Swelling of the Joints/Connective Tissue in Body
Arthritis: inflammation of joint All Ages 40 Million Have Severe Enough for Medical Attention

Arthritis
Two Common Types
Rheumatoid Arthritis Osteoarthritis

Autoimmune Disease: Immune system turns on itself

Respond

What Disease that we Have Recently Talked about is an Autoimmune Diseases?

Answer

Type 1 Diabetes

Respond
Why does the immune system turn on itself? Partner Up, Come Up w/an Answer NO BOOK!

Answer

Why the immune system turns on itself is still a mystery!

Arthritis - Rheumatoid
Most Serious Type
Destructive & Disabling Primarily: hands, arms, hips, legs, feet
Stiffen Swollen Tender

Arthritis - Rheumatoid
Also Attacks Connective Tissue
fever, fatigue

If not treated, can destroy the inside of joint. Unknown What Causes It

Arthritis - Rheumatoid

Arthritis - Rheumatoid

Arthritis - Rheumatoid
Treatment
Anti-inflammatory Rest Exercise Weight Control Splints Walking Aids Heat Surgery Rehab

Arthritis - Osteoarthritis
Primarily the Weight Bearing Joints
Knees Hips

Most Common
Wear & Tear On Joints Inflammation not Common

Arthritis - Osteoarthritis
Wear/Tear Causes Damaged Cartilage Ends of Bones Become Thicker

Bone Spurs
Connective Tissue Becomes Thicker No Cure, But Can Be Managed

Arthritis - Osteoarthritis

Arthritis - Osteoarthritis
Treatment Exercise Weight Control Eating Properly Pain Medications

Homework
Chapter 18 Review (pg. 474-475) Using Vocabulary: #1-#7 Understanding Concepts: #8, #9 Critical Thinking: #15, #17 Making Good Decisions: #19