NAVIER-STOKES

Derivation of NavierStokes Equation

Using cylindrical co-ordinates (r, , z)
Year 2012

PRAXIE

This document provides a step-by-step guide to deriving the NS equation using cylindrical co-ordinates. The steps have been collected from different documents available on the web; frankly speaking, this document just assembles them into a single file. Although the derivation is not the most detailed one can go for, it certainly helps the user to have a feel of the derivation process and proceed in a more detailed fashion if one decides to. Thank You :-)

NOTE: The derivation has been divided into five steps, with each step collected from a different pdf, the necessary pages of which have been attached herein and the required figures and terms either clouded out or highlighted in yellow. Remember, no detailed calculations have been shown in this document, only the superficial things necessary for one to derive the NS equation!!! U r highly encouraged to do the detailed derivation and share it on the web for others to learn and use. Cheers

STEP I (Pgs. 3-5) Using the figures highlighting stresses in r, and z directions, we find out the equilibrium equations in terms of normal and shear stresses.

STEP II (Pgs 6-8) The material derivative or acceleration terms are derived in terms of cylindrical coordinates (r, , z).

STEP III (Pg. 9) Substituting the acceleration terms from step II in the equilibrium equations calculated in step I, we find out the r, and z components of the momentum equation.

STEP IV (Pg. 10) The normal and shear stresses are shown in cylindrical coordinates; no derivation has been done over here!

STEP V (Pg. 11) Substituting the normal and shear stresses from step IV into the momentum equation derived in step III and using the continuity equation (in cylindrical coordinates) for simplification, we finally get the NavierStokes equation in r, and z directions

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16 2. Governing Equations

r +

r r + r r r rr + rr r r

rr r r

zr +

zr z z

FIGURE 2.2. Stresses in the r and Directions.

of stress, strain, and displacement in cylindrical coordinates. The following sections provide a succinct review of essential topics needed for the establishment of the governing elasto-dynamic equations.

2.1 State of Stresses at a Point

A three dimensional state of stress in an innitesimal cylindrical element is shown in the following three gures. Figure 2.1 depicts such an element with direct stresses, dimensions, and directions of the cylindrical coordinate. Figure 2.2 represents the direct and shear stresses in the radial and transverse directions (r and ), and the variation of direct and shear stresses in these two directions. Figure 2.3 shows direct and shear stresses associated with the planes perpendicular to the r and z directions, as well as their variations along these directions. In the above graphical representations the changes in direct and shear stresses are given by considering the rst order innitesimal term used in Taylor series approximation. The series approximation has been truncated after the second term. Further terms within the series representation contain terms of an innitesimal length squared. Assuming that the second

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2. Governing Equations 17

z
rr z

zz +

zz z z z + z zr + zr r r Fr rr + rr r r

r r z

r
FIGURE 2.3. Stresses in the plane perpendicular to r and z direction.

order terms are very small, they can be neglected. Therefore, the change in stress across the element is considered very small.

2.2 Equilibrium Equations in Terms of Stress

Utilizing Newtons second law and the graphical representation of the state of stress, the equilibrium equations for an innitesimal element in a cylindrical coordinates will be developed. By examining the state of stress on the element shown in section 2.1, the following equilibrium equation in the r direction is given. rr r r (r + r) z + r + rz cos rr + r 2 r rz z r+ r + Fr rz + rz + z 2 r = rr rz + r rz cos + rz r + r + 2 2 + + rz sin + rz sin (2.1) 2 2

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18 2. Governing Equations

Canceling appropriate terms from both sides of the equation and after simplifying, it yields: 1 r rz rr rr + + + + Fr = 0 r r z r Similarly, the equilibrium equation for the direction yields: 1 z 2 r + + + r + F = 0 r r z r and nally, for the z direction one may write: 1 z zz 1 rz + + + rz + Fz = 0 r r z r (2.4) (2.3) (2.2)

In the above simplications, due to very small angle of , the following approximations were used: cos 1 2 sin 2 2 (2.5)

In addition to the stresses, body forces acting throughout the element have been considered for each direction. These are denoted by Fr , F , and Fz which are introduced as forces in the r, , and z direction per unit of volume. Due to the cancellation of the moments about each of the three perpendicular axes, the relations among the six shear stress components are presented by the following three equations: r = r z = z zr = rz (2.6)

Therefore, the stress at any point in the cylinder may be accurately described by three direct stresses and three shear stresses.

2.3 Stress-Strains Relationships

The constitutive relation between stresses and strains for a homogeneous and isotropic material can be expressed by Hookes law. By denition, a homogeneous and isotropic material has the same properties in all directions. From this, the following three equations for direct strain in terms of stress are presented: err E e E ezz E = rr ( + zz ) = (zz + ) = zz ( rr + ) (2.7) (2.8) (2.9)

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2. The Material Derivative in Cylindrical Coordinates

This one a little bit more involved than the Cartesian derivation. The reason for this is that the unit vectors in cylindrical coordinates change direction when the particle is moving. In the Lagrangian reference, the velocity is only a function of time. When we switch to the Eulerian reference, the velocity becomes a function of position, which, implicitly, is a function of time as well as viewed from the Eulerian reference. Then

(Eq. 1) and the material derivative is written as (with the capital D symbol to distinguish it from the total and partial derivatives)

(Eq. 2) Special attention must be made in evaluating the time derivative in Eq. 2. In dynamics, when differentiating the velocity vector in cylindrical coordinates, the unit vectors must also be differentiated with respect to time. In this case, the partial derivative is computed at a fixed position and therefore, the unit vectors are "fixed" in time and their time derivatives are identically zero. Then, we have

(Eq. 3) we can now evaluate the remaining terms in Eq. 2 as follows

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(Eq. 4) and

(Eq. 5) finally

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(Eq. 6) When these are put together, the material derivative in cylindrical coordinates becomes

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5.7 Basic Equations in dierent Coordinate Systems

143

x2 Component:

U2 U2 U2 U2 P + U2 + U2 + U3 = t x1 x2 x3 x2 2 U2 2 U2 2 U2 + + + + g2 x2 x2 x2 1 2 3 (5.110) U3 U3 U3 U3 P + U1 + U2 + U3 = t x1 x2 x3 x3 2 U3 2 U3 2 U3 + + + + g3 x2 x2 x2 1 2 3 (5.111)

x3 Component:

Momentum Equations in Cylindrical Coordinates - Momentum equations with ij terms:

2 U Ur Ur U Ur Ur + Ur + + Uz t r r r z

rComponent:

P r

1 1 r rz (rrr ) + + r r r r z

+ gr (5.112)

Component:

U U U U Ur U U + Ur + + + Uz t r r r z 1 P 1 2 1 z = (r r ) + + + g r r2 r r z (5.113) Uz Uz U Uz Uz P + Ur + + Uz = t r r z z 1 1 z zz (rrz ) + + + gz r r r z (5.114)

zComponent:

- Navier-Stokes equations for and equally constant:

2 U Ur Ur U Ur Ur + Ur + + Uz t r r r z

rComponent: =

(5.115)

P + r r

1 1 2 Ur 2 U 2 Ur (rUr ) + 2 2 + + gr 2 r r r r z 2

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26
2 2 1 vy vz 1 v x vz . + + + + 2 z x 2 z y

FLUID MECHANICS
(2.141)

In the above, , , , and M are treated as uniform constants.

2.19 Fluid Equations in Cylindrical Coordinates

Let us adopt the cylindrical coordinate system, r, , z. Making use of the results quoted in Section C.3, the components of the stress tensor are rr zz r = r rz = zr z = z = = = = = = vr , r 1 v vr p + 2 + , r r p + 2 p + 2 vz , z 1 vr v v + , r r r vr vz + , z r 1 vz v + , r z (2.142) (2.143) (2.144) (2.145) (2.146) (2.147)

whereas the equations of compressible uid ow become D Dt Dvr v2 Dt r = = , + Dv vr v + Dt r = + Dvz Dt 1 D p D 1 Dt Dt where = D Dt 2 = = 1 (r vr ) 1 v vz + + , r r r z v + vr + + vz , t r r z 1 1 2 2 r + 2 2 + 2, r r r r z (2.153) (2.154) (2.155) = = 1 p r r 2 vr 2 v 1 vr 2 2 + , r r 3 r 1 p 1 r r 2 2 vr v 1 v + 2 + , r r2 3r 1 p 2 1 + vz + , z z 3 z M 2 p , R (2.150) (2.151) (2.152) (2.149) (2.148)

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Navier - Stokes equation:

We consider an incompressible , isothermal Newtonian flow (density =const, viscosity r =const), with a velocity field V = (u ( x,y,z) , v( x,y,z) , w ( x,y,z)) Incompressible continuity equation: u v w + + =0 eq1. x y z

Navier - Stokes equation: r

vector form:

r r DV = P + g + 2 V Dt eq2.

x component: u u u u P 2u 2u 2u + u + v + w = + g x + ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) t x y z x x y z y component: v v v v P 2v 2v 2v + u + v + w = + g y + ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) t x y z y x y z z component: w w w w P 2w 2w 2w +u +v +w = + g z + ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) t x y z z x y z

eq3.

eq4.

Cylindrical coordinates (r , , z ) :
We consider an incompressible , isothermal Newtonian flow (density =const, viscosity r =const), with a velocity field V = (u r , u , u z ). Incompressible continuity equation: 1 (ru r ) 1 (u ) u z + + =0 eq a) r r r z r-component: u u u u2 u u r + ur r + r + u z r t r r r z eq b) 1 u r u r P 1 2ur 2 u 2 u r = + g r + + r 2 + 2 r r 2 r 2 z 2 r r r r

-component:

u u uu u u u + ur + + r + u z r r r z t 1 u u 2 u 1 P 1 2 u 2 u + 2 r + + g + = r 2 + 2 r z 2 r 2 r r r r r

eq c)

z-component: u u u u u z + ur z + z + u z z r z r t 1 u z 1 2 u z 2 u z P + g z + + = r + 2 2 z z 2 r r r r

eq d)