Tp ch Khoa hc v Pht trin 2011: Tp 9, s 2: 278 - 285

TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

M PHNG BM ST IM CNG SUT CC I DN PIN NNG LNG MT TRI DA TRN IU KHIN M

Simulation of Maximum Power Point Tracking for Solar Cells Based on Fuzzy Control
Nguyn Vit Ng1,2 , WANG Hong-hua1, Nguyn Xun Trng1,3, V Vn Nam3, L Th Minh Tm2
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Vin Nng lng v cng trnh in, Trng i hc H Hi, Nam Kinh, Trung Quc (College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, P.R.China) 2 Khoa in v in t, Trng i hc S phm K thut Hng Yn, Vit Nam (Electrical and electronic department Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Vietnam) 3 Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni, Vit Nam (Hanoi University of Agriculture, Hanoi city, Vietnam) a ch email tc gi lin lc: ngunguyenviet@yahoo.com Ngy gi ng (Received date): 15.9.2010; Ngy chp nhn (Accepted date): 18.3.2011
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Vit Nam nm trong khu vc c cng nh sng mt tri trung bnh kh cao, c nhiu li th s dng nng lng mt tri. y l ngun nng lng sch, thn thin vi mi trng, tr lng gn nh v tn, v ang c nghin cu ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc ca sn xut v i sng. Nng lng mt tri c th s dng trc tip dng nhit hoc chuyn i thnh nng lng in nh pin nng lng mt tri. Mc d c nhiu u im, nhng dn pin nng lng mt tri li ph thuc nhiu vo cng nh sng mt tri v nhit mi trng. V vy, vn bo m dn pin nng lng mt tri lun lm vic bm st im cng sut cc i MPPT ( Maximum Power Point Tracking) c nhiu ngi quan tm. Bi bo ny trnh by c tnh cng sut u ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri, xy dng m hnh m phng bm st im cng sut cc i ca dn pin nng lng mt tri da trn iu khin m. T kha: Bm st cng sut cc i, cng nh sng mt tri, iu khin m, nhit mi trng, pin nng lng mt tri.
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SUMMARY
Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia having high sunlight intensity in average and advantages to use solar energy. Solar energy, a clean and sustainable energy resource and environment friendly, has been studied and applied in many fields of life. Solar energy can be used directly as a heat source or converted to electricity by solar cells. Although of its advantages, the solar energy depends a lot on sunlight intensity and ambient temperature. Adjustment the solar cells how to work at maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is one of the issues of great interest. This paper presents characteristics of the power output and simulation model of MPPT for solar cells based on fuzzy control.
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Key words: Environmental temperature, fuzzy control, light intensity, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), solar cell.
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1. T VN
Cng sut u ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri ph thuc vo cng nh sng mt tri v nhit mi trng (Nguyn Vn ng, 2005). iu kin cng nh sng mt tri v nhit mi 278

trng bin i th in p v cng sut u ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri c quan h phi tuyn tnh v ch c duy nht mt im cng sut cc i. Mc tiu ca MPPT l iu khin dn pin nng lng mt tri lun lm vic im cng sut cc i khi cng nh sng mt tri v nhit mi

M phng bm st im cng sut cc i dn pin nng lng mt tri da trn iu khin m

trng bin i. C nhiu phng php MPPT nh: phng php n nh in p, phng php quan st dao ng nhiu, phng php tng lng in dn, phng php ti u Gradient, phng php iu khin m v phng php mng nron nhn to, v.v Bi bo gii thiu kt qu c tnh cng sut u ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri, m phng bng Matlab Simulink /Power System v p dng phng php quan st dao ng da trn iu khin m thc hin MPPT ca dn pin nng lng mt tri. Kt qu m phng ca bi bo cho thy, dn pin nng lng mt tri lun lm vic MPPT (Pm = 55 W) khi iu kin mi trng bn ngoi thay i.

nh sng mt tri thnh nng lng in. c tnh c bn ca pin nng lng mt tri gn ging vi diod p-n. Mch in tng ng ca dn pin nng lng mt tri theo Zhao zheng Ming, Liu Jian Zheng, Sun Xiao Ying (2005) v Li Ji Yong (2010) c th hin hnh 1. T s mch in tng ng ca dn pin nng lng mt tri, ta c dng in IL l:
T T B B

IL = Iph ID Ish
= Iph Io exp

q(UL + ILRs ) UL + ILRs (1) 1 nkT Rsh

2. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

T c s l thuyt ca dn pin nng lng mt tri v h thng pht in nng lng mt tri kt hp vi phn mm Matlab/Simulink thit lp m hnh m phng, xc nh ng c tnh ca dn pin nng lng mt tri v c tnh ca phng php iu khin bm st im cng sut cc i dn pin nng lng mt tri.
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3. KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN

3.1. Xy dng m hnh v m phng dn pin nng lng mt tri 3.1.1. Xy dng m hnh dn pin nng lng
mt tri

Pin nng lng mt tri (hay pin quang in), l thit b bn dn cha lng ln cc diod p-n, c kh nng chuyn i nng lng

Trong : Iph- dng in do nh sng mt tri v dn pin nng lng mt tri sinh ra, (A) ID- dng in chy qua diod D, (A) Ish- dng in chy qua ni tr song song Rsh, (A) IL- dng in chy qua in tr ti RL v ni tr ni tip Rs, (A) I0- dng in bo ha ca diod D, (A), (gi tr ca n rt nh thng ly Io = 8 10-4 A) Rsh, Rs- ni tr song song v ni tr ni tip ca dn pin nng lng mt tri, () UL - in p trn ti RL, (V) Q- in tch, (C), (Q = 1,6 1019C) n- h s mt ghp p-n trong dn pin nng lng mt tri T- nhit tuyt i ca b mt dn pin nng lng mt tri, (K), (T = 300 K) k- h s Boltzman s , (J/K), (k = 1,38 10-23J/K).
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Hnh 1. Mch in tng ng ca dn pin nng lng mt tri 279

Nguyn Vit Ng, WANG Hong-hua, Nguyn Xun Trng, V Vn Nam, L Th Minh Tm

Thng thng Rsh c gi tr rt ln v Rs c gi tr rt nh v vy ta c th b qua lng U L + I L Rs t biu thc (1) c rt Rsh gn l:

U ' m = U m (1 cT )(1 + bS )
Trong :

(12)

Sref- cng nh sng mt tri chun, (W/m2), (ly Sref =1000 W/m2)
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IL = Iph ID Ish
= Iph Io exp

S- cng nh sng mt tri thc t, (W/m2)

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qUL 1 nkT

(2)

Tref- nhit mi trng chun, (25 oC , 298K)

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Tamb- nhit mi trng thc t, ( C)

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S- gi tr sai lch gia cng nh sng

mt tri thc t vi cng nh sng mt tri chun, (W/m2)
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Trong cng thc (2) c nhiu tham s kh xc nh v khng cn thit cho ln c th b qua. Theo Su Jian Hui (2001), m hnh s hc n gin ha dn pin nng lng mt tri l:

T- gi tr sai lch gia nhit mi trng

thc t vi nhit mi trng chun, (K) K- h s nhit ca dn pin nng lng mt tri, gi tr in hnh l 0,3oC (m2/W)
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UL I L = I sc 1 C1 exp C U 1 2 oc

(3)

I'sc - dng in ngn mch ca dn pin nng lng mt tri di cng nh sng mt tri S v nhit mi trng T, (A)
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U Um C1 = m 1 exp U C U oc 2 oc
U I C2 = m 1 ln1 m U I sc oc
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(4)
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U'oc - in p h mch ca dn pin nng lng mt tri di cng nh sng mt tri S v nhit mi trng T, (V)
B B

(5)

tnh ton cc tham s Tamb, T , S , I'sc, U'oc , I'm , U'm di iu kin cng nh sng mt tri v nhit mi trng bin i s da vo cc cng thc:
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I'm- dng in cng sut cc i ca dn pin nng lng mt tri di cng nh sng mt tri S v nhit mi trng T, (A)
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Tamb = Tair + KS
T = Tamb Tref

(6) (7) (8)

U'm- in p ng vi cng sut cc i ca dn pin nng lng mt tri di cng nh sng mt tri S v nhit mi trng T, (V)
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a, b, c l cc hng s c gi tr: a = 0,0025; b = 0,5; c = 0,00288.

3.1.2 M phng dn pin nng lng mt tri

S =

S S ref 1 S (1 + aT ) S ref

I ' sc = I sc

(9) (10) (11)

U ' oc = U oc (1 cT )(1 + bS )

I 'm = I m
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S (1 + aT ) S ref

M hnh m phng c xy dng da theo m hnh ton hc ca dn pin nng lng mt tri trn c s ca Matlab Simulink/Power System (Hnh 2). Dn pin nng lng mt tri c chn m phng l STP040S-12/C ca Hng Suntech (Dai Chen Jun, 2010), vi Um = 17,2 V; Im = 2,33 A; Uoc= 21,5 V; Isc= 3 A.
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M phng bm st im cng sut cc i dn pin nng lng mt tri da trn iu khin m

Hnh 2. M hnh m phng dn pin nng lng mt tri Da vo m hnh m phng tin hnh m phng c c tnh ca dn Pin nng lng mt tri di cng nh sng v nhit mi trng khc nhau. Hnh 3 l ng cong m phng P- V v V-I khi nhit mi trng thay i, cng nh sng mt tri khng i. Hnh 4 ng cong m phng P-V v V-I khi cng nh sng mt tri thay i, nhit mi trng khng i. T hnh 3 cho thy, khi cng nh sng mt tri khng i, nhit mi trng tng ln, dng in I ngn mch tng ln khng ng k, in p U h mch gim xung rt thp. T , lm cho cng sut u ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri gim. Nh vy, khi nhit mi trng bin i cng c nh hng trc tip n cng sut u ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri. T hnh 4 cho thy, khi nhit mi trng khng i, cng nh sng mt tri tng ln, in p U h mch tng ln khng ng k, dng in I ngn mch tng ln rt cao. T , cng sut u ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri tng ln rt cao. Do , cng
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nh sng mt tri l mt yu t quan trng nh hng trc tip n nng lng in pht ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri. T hnh 3 v 4 cho thy, nhit mi trng v cng nh sng mt tri l hai tham s quan trng nh hng trc tip n cng sut u ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri. 3.2 Phng php quan st dao ng da trn iu khin m Phng php quan st dao ng l dng in p v dng in u ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri tnh cng sut u ra, sau so snh vi cng sut ln trc. Nu gi tr tnh ton nh hn gi tr cng sut ln trc th iu khin in p u ra bin i theo hng ngc li. Nu khng th duy tr gi tr in p u ra khng i (Nicola Femia, Giovanni Petrone, Giovanni Spagnuolo, 2005) . Trong ng dng thc t, c th thay i in p u ra bng cch thay i rng xung (PWM) dn pin nng lng mt tri lm vic lun bm st im cng sut cc i. S khi cu trc c th hin trn hnh 5 .
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Nguyn Vit Ng, WANG Hong-hua, Nguyn Xun Trng, V Vn Nam, L Th Minh Tm

(a) ng c tnh ca quan h gia P- V khi nhit mi trng thay i

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(b) ng c tnh ca quan h gia V-I khi nhit mi trng thay i

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Hnh 3. ng c tnh ca quan h gia P- V v V-I khi nhit mi trng bin i v cng nh sng mt tri khng i (S = 1000W/m2)
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(a) ng cong c tnh P- V khi cng sng mt tri thay i

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(b) ng cong c tnh V-I khi cng sng mt tri thay i

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Hnh 4. ng cong c tnh khi cng sng mt tri bin i v nhit mi trng khng kh (Tamb=25oC)
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Hnh 5. S khi cu trc phng php quan st dao ng

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M phng bm st im cng sut cc i dn pin nng lng mt tri da trn iu khin m

Hnh 6. S khi cu trc ca b iu khin m iu chnh in p bng cch thay i chu k ng ct PWM thng thng c nhc im l: Nu chu k ng ct qu ln s lm mc iu chnh cng sut u ra ln, chnh xc thp, sai lch tnh ln. Nu chu k ng ct qu nh th thi gian bm st di, thi gian iu chnh ln. khc phc nhc im ny, c th s dng b iu khin m thay i chu k ng ct nhm mc ch ti u ha qu trnh iu chnh. Ly cng sut u ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri gi l hm s mc tiu ca b iu khin m, thay i chu k ng ct ca tn hiu PWM, sai lch cng sut u ra ca thi im th n ca dn pin nng lng mt tri vi gi tr chu k ng ct ca thi im th n-1 gi l bin u vo ca b iu khin m. S cu trc b iu khin c th hin hnh 6 (Yan Wan Juan, 1996). Trn s cu trc, ta c: e(n)- sai lch gia cng sut u ra thi im th n vi cng sut u ra thi im th n-1 E(n), A(n)- gi tr trong min tp m ca e(n) , a(n)
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m hnh ny, khi bt u mi mt chu k ti u ha, u tin tnh ton gi tr cng sut u ra P(n) thi im ny, sau ly gi tr sai lch e(n) gia P(n) v P(n-1) lm u vo ca b iu khin m, qua b bin i x l m ha tr thnh bin E(n) v A(n-1) trong min tp m. Xc nh bng quy tc iu khin ph hp thu c gi tr bc A(n) ti u ha ca thi im ny, chu k ng ct ca ngay thi im sau tng tng ng vi chu k ng ct ca thi im ngay trc . Nh vy, c th iu chnh in p u ra ca dn Pin nng lng mt tri cho n khi chu k ti u ha tip theo c bt u. Qu trnh m t trn c tin hnh nhiu ln cho n khi in p u ra c iu chnh ti im in p cng sut cc i ca dn Pin nng lng mt tri th dng li. 3.3 M phng phng php quan st dao ng da trn iu khin m nh ngha bin ngn ng u vo -ra E(n); A(n-1); A(n) l: 8 gi tr m; 6 gi tr m; 6 gi tr m, min ca n u l (-6, +6) ( Ying , 1993 ; Phan Xun Minh & Don Phc , 1999). dn pin nng lng mt tri lun lm vic ln cn im cng sut cc i th quy tc iu khin m c biu th bng 1.
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a(n)- gi tr thc t bc thi im th n D(n) v D(n-1)- chu k ng ct thi im th n v n-1 Ke , Ka- h s bin i , h s t l
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Nguyn Vit Ng, WANG Hong-hua, Nguyn Xun Trng, V Vn Nam, L Th Minh Tm

Bng 1. Quy tc iu khin m

E(n)

A(n) NB NB NM A(n-1) NS PS PM PB PB PB PB NS NS NS NM PM PB PB NS NS NS NS PS PM PM NS NS NS NO PS PS PS NS NM NM PO NS NS NS PS PM PM PS NS NS NS PM PM PS PM NS NS PB PB PB PM PB NS NS NS PB PB PB

Ghi ch: NB-negative small; NM-negative medium; NS-negative small; NO-negative zero; PO-positive zero; PS-positive small; PM-positive medium; PB-positive big.

Hnh 7. H thng m phng phng php quan st dao ng da trn iu khin m Chn b iu khin loi Mamdani, gii m bng phng php im trng tm. H thng m phng bm st cng sut cc i dn pin nng lng mt tri da trn iu khin m (Hnh 7). u vo ca b iu khin m l gi tr ca chu k ng ct D thi im th n-1 cng vi gi tr sai lch cng sut ca thi im th n v n-1, u ra l gi tr ca chu k ng ct D thi im th n. Gi tr ca Ke, Ka c chn l: 100 v 0,01. 3.4. Kt qu m phng v tho lun Nhit b mt dn pin nng lng mt tri l 25oC, thay i cng nh sng t 500 W/m2 ln mc 1000 W/m2, cng sut u ra P v chu k ng ct D (Hnh 8). T hnh 8 cho thy, phng php quan
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st dao ng da trn iu khin m thay i chu k ng ct phn ng vi tc rt nhanh i vi s thay i ca cng nh sng nh mt tri. Thi gian qu rt ngn, sai lch tnh rt nh. Nh vy, s dng iu khin m iu khin bm st cng sut cc i dn pin nng lng mt tri c kh nng MPPT vi thi gian rt nhanh, chnh xc cao, gim dao ng cng sut u ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri ln cn im cng sut cc i (k c di s thay i ca cng nh sng mt tri v nhit mi trng). T , gim thiu c hao tn cng sut do dao ng sng cng sut pht sinh dn ti cng sut u ra ca dn pin ln. Trn y l nhng u im ca iu khin m m nhng phng php iu khin kinh in kh t c.

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M phng bm st im cng sut cc i dn pin nng lng mt tri da trn iu khin m

a) Chu k ng ct D

b) Cng sut u ra P

Hnh 8. p ng u ra di bc nhy ca cng nh sng

4. KT LUN
S dng iu khin m iu khin bm st cng sut cc i khng ch nng cao tc MPPT m cn khng pht sinh ra dao ng ln. Cng sut pht ra ca dn pin nng lng mt tri c trng thi tnh v ng rt tt. T kt qu m phng hnh 8 cho thy cng sut u ra dn pin nng lng mt tri lun lm vic MPPT (Pm = 55 W) vi tc nhanh v chnh xc khi iu kin mi trng bn ngoi thay i, tc ng ca nhiu gn nh trit tiu hon ton, h thng lm vic n nh. Do , s dng iu khin m kt hp tng ng vi phng php quan st dao ng iu khin MPPT ca dn pin nng lng mt tri l con ng hu hiu nng cao cht lng v hiu sut ca h thng nng lng mt tri pht in. H thng quang nng ca bi bo c th s dng l ngun cung cp in h tr, d phng rt tt trong cc l p trng gia cm, l sy nng sn sau thu hoch..., c cng sut nh nhm tic kim ngun nng lng, gim gi thnh sn phm v gii quyt vn an ninh nng lng quc gia.
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m trong my p trng gia cm c s dng nng lng mt tri. Lun n tin s k thut, Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni, tr. 41-47 .
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Phan Xun Minh & Don Phc (1999). L thuyt iu khin m, NXB. Khoa hc v K thut , tr 95-101 Nicola Femia, Giovanni Petrone, Giovanni Spagnuolo (2005). Optimization of Perturb and Observe Maximum Power Point Tracking Method. IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, 20(4), p.963-973 . H.Ying (1993). A nonlinear fuzzy controller with liear rules is the sum of a global twodimensional multilevel relay and a local nonlinear PI controller . Automatica, vol. 29, no. 2.p. 499-505.
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(2005).
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. :, p. 1-8. , (2001). . , (22) , p. 409-412.

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(1996). . , ( 1 ), p. 15-26.
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(2010). , p. 19-20.
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TI LIU THAM KHO

Nguyn Vn ng (2005). Nghin cu tng hp h thng iu khin qu trnh nhit

(2010). , p. 21-23.
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