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TNG QUAN V NG DNG PHNG PHP PHN TCH TH BC TRONG QUN L CHUI CUNG NG
Trn Th M Dung1

ABSTRACT
This study reviews the literature of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) applications in supply chain management. A total of 70 papers published in high quality management journals from 1999 to 2009 are compiled and categorized by each element of supply chain; namely, supplier, manufacturer, distributor, and customer. The content of these papers are analyzed to solve the research objectives: (i) The application of AHP in supply chain management; (ii) Success factors of AHP implementation and (iii) The opportunities for future research. This review will help researchers and practitioners have a broader understanding regarding application of AHP in supply chain management. Keywords: Analytic Hierarchy Process; Supply Chain Management; Literature Review Title: A literature review of analytic hierarchy process applications in supply chain management

TM TT
Bi bo co gii thiu tng quan v vic ng dng phng php phn tch th bc (Analytic Hierarchy Process AHP) trong qun l chui cung ng. Tt c 70 bi bo ng trn cc tp ch uy tn trong lnh vc qun l iu hnh t nm 1999 n nm 2009 c thu thp v phn nhm theo mi thnh phn trong chui cung ng bao gm nh cung cp, nh sn xut, nh phn phi v khch hng. Ni dung ca cc bi bo c phn tch nhm hng n gii quyt cc mc tiu: (i) Tm hiu v ng dng ca AHP trong qun l chui cung ng (ii) Yu t gip cho vic p dng AHP thnh cng v (iii) nh hng nghin cu trong tng lai. Nghin cu ny s gip cho cc nh nghin cu v ng dng c mt ci nhn su rng hn v p dng phng php phn tch th bc trong qun l chui cung ng. T kha: phng php phn tch th bc, qun l chui cung ng, tng quan

1 GII THIU Cc m hnh ra quyt nh a mc tiu ngy cng c ng dng rng ri trong nhng nm gn y. Tht vy, vic ra quyt nh ch da vo chi ph thp nht hay li nhun cao nht s thiu thit thc v cha quan tm n cc nhn t nh tnh. Cc quyt nh trong qun l chui cung ng cn phi xem xt trn nhiu tiu ch nhm nng cao nng lc cnh tranh v gip cho doanh nghip pht trin bn vng. Mc ch ca nghin cu ny l cung cp ci nhn tng qut v ng dng ca phng php phn tch th bc gii quyt nhiu vn quan trng khc nhau trong lnh vc qun l chui cung ng. Nghin cu c thc hin nhm hng n gii quyt cc mc tiu sau: - Tm hiu v ng dng ca AHP trong qun l chui cung ng
1

Khoa Cng ngh, Trng i hc Cn Th

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- Nhng yu t gip cho vic p dng AHP thnh cng - nh hng nghin cu trong tng lai 2 PHNG TIN V PHNG PHP 2.1 Gii thiu phng php phn tch th bc AHP l mt phng php ra quyt nh a mc tiu c xut bi Saaty (1980). Da trn so snh cp, AHP c th c m t vi 3 nguyn tc chnh: phn tch, nh gi v tng hp. Trc tin, AHP phn tch mt vn phc tp, a tiu ch theo cu trc th bc nh trong hnh 1.

Hnh 1: S cu trc th bc (Saaty, T.L., 1980)

S cu trc th bc bt u vi mc tiu, c phn tch qua cc tiu ch ln v cc tiu ch thnh phn, cp bc cui cng thng bao gm cc phng n c th la chn. Qu trnh nh gi s dng ma trn so sch cp vi thang im 9, xc nh trng s da trn vector ring ng vi gi tr ring ln nht, sau kim tra h s nht qun. Cui cng, tt c cc trng s c tng hp li a ra quyt nh tt nht. Qu trnh phn tch, xc nh cc trng s theo AHP c m t chi tit trong cc ti liu tham kho (Saaty, 1980; 1994; 1995; Saaty v Vargas, 1994). c vi quyn sch gii thiu ng dng ca AHP. Saaty v Vargas (1994) gii thiu ng dng ca AHP gii quyt cc vn kinh t, chnh tr, x hi v thit k k thut. Trong , tc gi cp n ng dng AHP trong la chn mu kin trc, chin lc gi, chin lc marketing, la chn cng ngh, Thm vo , Saaty (1995) tho lun ng dng AHP cho vic lp k hoch, gii quyt xung t, phn tch li ch / chi ph v phn b ngun lc. Liberatore v Nydick (2008) tin hnh nghin cu tng quan v ng dng ca AHP trong 50 bi bo nhm gii quyt cc vn quan trng trong y t v chm sc sc khe. Hn na, Vaidya v Kumar (2006) gii thiu 150 bi bo ng dng ca AHP trong cc lnh vc khc nhau nh k thut, sn xut, cng nghip, gio dc, ngn hng, x hi, chnh tr, .Bn cnh , Ho (2008) trnh by mt ti liu nghin cu v cc ng dng ca AHP kt hp vi cc phng php khc thay v s dng AHP ring l. Cc cng c kt hp vi AHP bao gm cc m hnh ton hc, QFD, meta-heuristics, phn tch SWOT, v DEA. Khc vi cc nghin cu trc, tc gi mong mun gii thiu chi tit hn v ng dng AHP trong qun l chui cung ng v xut nh hng nghin cu trong mi giai on ca chui cung ng.
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2.2 Phng php thu thp d liu Nghin cu tp trung vo tm hiu tng quan v cc ng dng phng php phn tch th bc trong qun l chui cung ng ng trn cc tp ch khoa hc quc t trong khong thi gian t 1999 n 2009. Cc bi bo c tm thy thng qua hai c s d liu ProQuest v ISI Web of Knowledge. Qu trnh tm kim s dng cm t Analytic Hierarchy Process kt hp vi cc t kha lin quan n lnh vc qun l chui cung ng nh: supplier, vendor, manufacturing, distribution, warehouse,ng thi c nh danh sch cc tp ch c uy tn trong lnh vc qun l iu hnh. Cc bi bo c chn thng qua vic kim tra (1) bi bo c s dng phng php AHP v (2) ng dng trong lnh vc qun l chui cung ng. Tng cng 70 bi bo c chn trn cc tp ch tng ng th hin trong bng sau:
Bng 1: Danh mc tp ch v s bi bo c chn

Tn tp ch International Journal of Production Economics International Journal of Production Research Omega Supply Chain Management International Journal of Operations & Production Management European Journal of Operational Research IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management IEE Transactions Tng

S bi bo 25 18 7 6 5 4 4 1 70

3 KT QU V THO LUN 3.1 ng dng AHP trong la chn nh cung ng AHP c ng dng rng ri trong quyt nh la chn nh cung ng. 24 bi bo lin quan n lnh vc ny chia lm 4 nhm c lit k trong bng 2. Nhm xc nh tiu ch la chn nh cung ng tp trung vo phn tch cc tiu chun chn ra nh cung ng tt nht. Ngoi cc ch tiu thng dng nh gi, cht lng, thi gian giao hng, linh hot, cc bi bo cn phn tch cc yu t chn nh cung ng xem xt cc yu t mi trng, ri ro khi chn nh cung ng quc t hay cc yu t cn xem xt khi la chn ngi cung cp dch v logistics. Nhm pht trin m hnh nh gi nh cung ng nghin cu vic kt hp AHP vi cc phng php khc nh thng k, DEA, phn tch chi ph (TCO). Nhm phn b n t hng kt hp AHP vi cc m hnh tuyn tnh nh quy hoch mc tiu (GP), quy hoch tuyn tnh nguyn (IP), quy hoch tuyn tnh a mc tiu (MOIP, MOLP) gii quyt hai vn chnh l xc nh nh cung ng v ti u ha vic phn b n t hng. Bn cnh , vic qun l nh cung ng cng c quan tm.

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Bng 2: ng dng AHP trong la chn nh cung ng

Vn Xc inh tiu ch la chn nh cung ng

Vn c th

Tc gi Masella v Rangone (2000); Chan (2003)

Cung cp dch v vin Tam v Tummala (2001) thng Cung cp thc phm Nh cung ng xanh Kahraman et al. (2004) Handfield et al. (2002); Lu et al. (2007) Nh cung ng nc Chan v Kumar (2007); Chan et ngoi Cung logistics Pht trin m hnh nh gi nh cung ng cp dch al. (2008); Levary (2007) v Gol v Catay (2007); Buyukozkan et al. ( 2008) Muralidharan et al.(2001); Liu v Hai (2005); Bhutta v Huq (2002); Ramanathan (2007); Sevkli et al. (2007); Wang et al. (2009) Phn b n t hng ti u Wang et al. (2004); Chen v Huang (2007); Xia v Wu (2007); Ting v Cho (2008); Kull v Talluri (2008); Qun l nh cung ng Xc nh mi quan h Lee et al. (2001); Lee (2009) ngi bn ngi mua

3.2 ng dng AHP trong sn xut Trong chui cung ng, cc p dng AHP cho nh sn xut c quan tm nghin cu nhiu nht chim 53% tng s bi bo tm thy c phn b qua hu ht cc lnh vc quan trng lin quan n tt c cc cp qun l. Cc nghin cu ng dng cho nh sn xut c lit k trong bng 3.

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Bng 3: ng dng AHP cho nh sn xut Vn o lng hiu qu hot ng Vn c th Tc gi Suwignjo et al. (2000); Bititci et al. (2001); Yurdakul v Ic (2004; 2005); Dey et al. (2006); Tseng et al. (2009) Ti cu trc quy trnh kinh doanh Qun l cht lng Kwak v Lee (2002); Naesens et al. (2009); Qun l cht lng tng th Noci v Toletti (2000) Kim sot cht lng Thu ngoi nh gi d n u t Thit k h thng Huang et al. (2001) Padillo v Diaby (1999); Yang et al. (2007) Wang et al. (2005); Dey (2006); Huang et al. (2008) H thng sn xut linh hot Chan et al. (2000); Rao v Parnichkun (2009) Ti cu trc h thng sn xut Thit k h thng sn xut theo t bo La chn my mc cng c Thit k mt bng Bo tr Thit k, pht trin sn phm Xy dng nhm lin chc nng Thit k theo modul, Thit k bo v mi trng Xc nh nguyn liu La chn tng La chn cng ngh Xc nh nng lc sn xut Chnh sch kim sot qu trnh sn xut 184 Ozler et al. (2008) Ayag (2005) Kengpol v O'Brien (2001); Cho v Kwon (2004); Partovi (2007) Korpela et al. (2002) Chiang et al. (2008) Bhattacharya et al. (2005); Ayag (2007) Yang et al. (2000); Yang v Kuo (2003) Wang et al. (2007) Zakarian v Kusiak (1999); Chen v Lin (2004) Li et al. (2008) Abdi v Labib (2003; 2004a, 2004b); Abdi (2009) Gungor v Arikan (2000) (2009), Badri

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3.3 ng dng AHP trong phn phi ng dng AHP trong phn phi c phn thnh 2 nhm chnh: xc nh v tr mt kho hng v nhiu kho hng. Xc nh v tr mt kho hng lin quan n vic ti thiu cc khon chi ph bao gm chi ph u t ban u, nguyn vt liu, lao ng, tn tr trong khi ti a ha cc li ch do v tr mang li. Xc nh v tr nhiu kho hng quan tm n mng li sn xut phn phi sao cho chi ph vn chuyn thp nht ng thi p ng c cc yu cu c bit ca khch hng.
Bng 4: ng dng AHP trong phn phi

Vn Xc nh v tr mt kho hng Xc nh v tr nhiu kho hng

Tc gi Min v Melachrinoudis (1999); Partovi (2006); Liu et al. (2008) Badri (1999); Korpela et al. (1999; 2001; 2007); Kengpol (2004, 2008)

3.4 Nhn xt chung Phng php AHP c ng dng rng ri gii quyt cc vn quan trng trong qun l chui cung ng. C 37 bi bo tm c lin quan n ng dng AHP trong lnh vc sn xut, cc ng dng cho giai on bn l v chuyn n khch hng t c quan tm. C hai hng nghin cu chnh l xc nh cc tiu ch nh gi v pht trin phng php h tr ra quyt nh. c nhiu tc gi thnh cng vi vic s dng AHP nh mt phng php ring l tm ra phng n tt nht. Mt vi tc gi chuyn thang im 9 ca Saaty thnh thang im 5 hay 100. Khi vic s dng AHP ph bin, nhiu nghin cu kt hp AHP vi cc phng php v cng c khc nh cc m hnh ton hc, Quality Function Deployment, Metaheuristics, trong vic gii quyt vn . Thm vo , m hnh AHP cng c m rng bng cch s dng l thuyt m khc phc vic nh gi khng chc chn, gip cho ngi ngi ra quyt nh t tin hn. Phng php AHP c nhiu u im so vi cc phng php ra quyt nh a mc tiu khc.Trc tin, nhiu phng php ra quyt nh a tiu ch gp tr ngi trong vic xc nh mc quan trng ca tng tiu ch trong khi AHP l mt phng php ni ting trong vic xc nh cc trng s ny. Chnh v vy, AHP c th kt hp vi cc phng php khc d dng tn dng c li th ca mi phng php trong gii quyt vn . Thm vo , AHP c th kim tra tnh nht qun trong cch nh gi ca ngi ra quyt nh. Hn na, quy trnh phn tch theo th bc d hiu, xem xt nhiu tiu ch nh v phn tch c yu t nh tnh ln nh lng. Hin nay, AHP cng c ph bin vi s h tr ca phn mm chuyn dng Expert Choice. 3.5 Cc yu t p dng AHP thnh cng Qua phn tch cho thy mt vi yu t gip cho vic p dng AHP thnh cng. - Ra quyt nh theo nhm khch quan hn nhn nh ca c nhn. Nhiu ngi vi nhiu quan im v thng tin khc nhau s lm cho vn c phn tch ton din hn. Tuy nhin, s lng cc thnh vin trong nhm qu ln s lm
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cho qu trnh nh gi v tng hp phc tp hn. Nhiu tnh hung chn s lng ngi tham gia t 3 n 7. - Qu trnh phn tch theo AHP c th mt nhiu thi gian v phi tin hnh theo nguyn tc so snh cp v kim tra h s nht qun. Khi h s nht qun vt qu gii hn, ngi ra quyt nh cn phi xem xt v iu chnh li bng nh gi. khc phc vn ny, Chen and Lin (2004) xut cch nh gi theo chui thay v theo tng cp, cch ny cho php gim s ln iu chnh. - Tnh phc tp ca qu trnh nh gi s tng khi ta tng s lng cc tiu ch hay phng n la chn. V vy, cc yu t nn c trnh by trong nhm cc chuyn gia loi b cc yu t km quan trng trc khi p dng AHP. 3.6 nh hng nghin cu Qua qu trnh tm hiu, tc gi nhn thy khuynh hng tim nng cho vic p dng AHP trong chui cung ng rt to ln. Trong la chn nh cung ng, cc nghin cu xem xt ch tiu mi trng trong nh gi nh cung ng, cng vic sp ti c th kim tra liu tiu chun ISO 14000 c th s dng nh nhm tiu ch i din cho nh cung ng xanh hay khng. Bn cnh , vic xem xt yu t mi trng l cn thit la chn nh cung ng nc ngoi. Hn na, c th xem xt n chnh sch qun l hng tn kho hay kt hp l thuyt m trong xc nh khi lng n hng ti u. Phng php phn tch mng (Analytic Network Process ANP) c th s dng trong o lng hiu qu hot ng hoc nh gi d n u t khi ta cn xem xt tc ng qua li gia cc tiu ch. Mt khc, xc nh v tr kho hng cn xem xt thm cc yu t ri ro hoc khng chc chn nh hng di hn n qu trnh kinh doanh. Trong chui cung ng, cc ng dng ca AHP i vi giai on bn l v khch hng cn hn ch. 4 KT LUN V NGH Bi bo gii thiu khi qut v ng dng ca AHP trong qun l chui cung ng trong giai on 1999-2009. AHP c p dng trong cc lnh vc quan trng bng cch xem xt c cc yu t nh tnh ln nh lng. Cc ng dng tm thy tp trung nhiu trong lnh vc la chn nh cung ng, sn xut v phn phi. Bi vit xut c nh hng nghin cu trong tng lai v ch ra cc yu t p dng AHP thnh cng. Tuy nhin, bi vit tp trung nhiu vo tm hiu cc ng dng ca AHP m cha quan tm n vic ci tin m hnh AHP. Hn na, bi vit cng cha tm hiu vic ng dng phng php phn tch mng (ANP) so snh phng php no ng dng rng ri hn. TI LIU THAM KHO
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