FLUID MECHANICS: LIST OF FORMULAE

Hydrostatic pressure variation with elevation z: Force on surface A due to pressure: F =

A

dp = dz

where

= g

p dA

Tilted surface: F = ( y sin )A = p A where y is the slant distance to the centroid of A I Location of center of pressure: ycp = y + yA Discharge: Q =
A

V dA

or

Q=VA

for constant velocity (similarly for y and z)

u u u u +v +w + x y z t u Local acceleration: ax = t Total acceleration: ax = u Mass ow rate: m =

A

V dA

dBsys d = bdV + bV dA dt dt cv cs dMsys d V da = 0 or Mass conservation: = 0 or dV + = (u) + (v) + (w) dt dt cv t x y z cs d vV dA v dV + Momentum equation: F = dt cv cs d Momentum equation with input/output ports: F= mo vo mi vi v dV + dt cv cs cs Reynolds transport theorem: p1 V2 p2 V2 + 1 1 + z1 + hp = + 2 2 + z2 + ht + hlosses 2g 2g Power used by pump: Ppump = Qghp dVx where = is the dynamic viscosity Surface resistance: = dy d2 u d Differential form of momentum eqn., s is coordinate along ow: 2 = p + z dy ds UL where L is a length scale (e.g., pipe diameter); pipe ow turbulent for Re > 2000 Reynolds number: Re = L V2 Darcy-Weisbach equation: hf = f 2 Dg 64 Resistance coefcient for laminar ow: f = Re f P LV 2 Head loss for non-circular conduits: hf = where P is wetted perimeter. 4 A 2g V2 +y Specic energy in open channels (no head loss, no slope): E1 = E2 where E = 2g Q2 For rectangular channels (width b): E = +y 2gb2 y 2 V Froude number: F r = gy Energy equation:

F IGURE 1: Moody diagram.