CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents background of the study, problem of the study, objective of the study, scope and limitation of the study, significance of the study, and definition of the key terms. 1.1 Background of the Study Nowadays, there are many kinds of media used to inform news, announcement, and report in this world, such as television, radio, internet (electric media), newspaper, magazine, news week, journals (written media) and etc. Almost all people in the world access their needed information from those media. Therefore, media is important to overspread information to all over the world. One of the media is magazine. Magazine is one of written media which is usually published periodically. It is different from other written media such as newspaper or journal. Commonly, the content of magazine is more specific than newspaper. It focused in one main topic or problem such as sport, politic, society, music, religion and etc. This is different from the content of newspaper which discusses more general topics or problems. By reading magazine, we can understand more about one topic which can bridge the researcher to analyze more specific cases. Therefore, magazine is interesting to analyze. In many cases, the written works such as magazine only pay more attention on the meaning of the utterances and put outside how the language

structure is used. That is important to know because it influences the readers in interpreting the written works itself. Studying language on written form is very important and was recommended by our prophet Muhammad SAW. As mentioned in the following hadiths: : : ,: . , , , , )( From Zaid bin Tsabit, He said: Rasulullah SAW recommended me to study the holly book of Jews (in Suryani language) for him. He said, In the name of Allah, the Jews have not believed in my book (Al Quran). Then I studied and mastered it (Suryani language) well in half of moth; I wrote for him if he wanted to send a message and I read for the message came for him (from the Jews and others in Suryani language). ((Narrated by;Turmudzi ) (Al Albani, 2007:655)).

The hadith above teaches us that studying language on written forms is very important in order to know and understand well the content of book, letter or written works even though it is written in other language such as English. Therefore, the readers have to know the formulation of the words. To have good understanding about formulation of the words, we have to do syntactic structures analysis which discussed in syntax study. Syntax is a branch of linguistic studies which discuss about construction of word or sentence. Although syntax is rarely used in this new ages as a research, but the function of syntax is very important. Through syntax we can understand a sentence by identifying function of each word. Syntax means the arrangement of

words and phrases to create well-formed sentences (Hornby: 1986). In addition, syntactic structure is a combination of no more than two lexical words, with or without function words. Radford (1997:1) also states that syntax is concerned with the ways in which words can be combined together in the forms of phrases and sentences. In addition, Yule (1985:80), in studying syntax, there will be an effort to produce an accurate analysis of the ordering arrangement of the elements in the linier structure of sentence. Beside the definitions above, another definition proposed by Francis (1958: 291), he states that study them, would soon discover that they are not all alike either in the parts of speech that make them up or in the structural meanings that they convey. In addition, Francis (1958: 293) also explains that by studying syntax, the students can sketch the main outlines and provide with a framework of ideas and a basic terminology, so that they may pursue their own studies of grammar with assurance and efficiency. If we have understood well about syntax, we can use language well especially in written works. In addition, in the process of writing, the writer usually use strategy to show himself positively and the contrary negatively with politic manipulation by employing syntactic strategy (sentence construction) such as application of pronoun, structure of word arrangement, disposition of clause, application of complex sentence and so on (Sobur, 2004: 80). Therefore, it is interesting and necessary to investigate and analyze the syntactic structures in written works such as magazine.

To do a study on syntax means we are ready to do syntactic structures analysis. There are two types and ways in syntactic analysis that are used to analyze sentences, they are; tree diagram and Chinese boxes while two ways are surface structure and deep structure. Francis (1958: 292) divides the syntactic structures into four principal groups based on their structural meaning. This theory analyzed sentence founded on surface structure. Surface structure means the structure corresponds with the actual form of a sentence. Those four basic types of syntactic structures are; (1) Structure of modification; their two component parts are a head and a modifier, (2) Structure of predication; their two components are a subject and a predicate, (3) Structure of complementation; their two components are a verbal element and a complement, and (4) Structure of coordination; consisting of equivalent grammatical units joined often but not always by a special kind of function word. In doing syntactic analysis, Francis (1958:293-294) proposes Chinese Boxes system to analyze the syntactic structures. In this system, the syntactic structure is analyzed by diagramming the sentence using a binary system boxing into its parts. Most system of diagramming in common use depends on rearranging the words and word groups of the structure being diagrammed in order to place them in a geometric pattern which reveals their logical relationship. In this case, every structure may be divided into its immediate constituents. Then, may in turn be divided and subdivided until the ultimate constituents are reached. This is graphically indicated by enclosing each ultimate constituent in a box and drawing larger and larger boxes around the immediate

constituents of each of the increasingly complex structures into which they combine. In conclusion, the result of this theory is something like famous as Chinese boxes that fit one within another (Francis, 1958:293-294). This research, analyzes headlines that found in FourFourTwo magazine website as the object of his research. FourFourTwo magazine website is a football website that is published by Haymarket, located in UK & Ireland (Richardson, 2007). As the one of football information centers, FourFourTwo discusses extensively about football and everything related with football. Headline is worth investigating because word or sentence used is simple but it is capable to attract the reader to read more and more. Samuel (2004) explains headline as a phrase that identifies the sections of magazine or newspaper. It comes from the words that author select to label the writing. Headline is the text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article below it. Headlines are written in much larger type size than the article text, and often in a different font entirely. Headlines are often in sentence case, although title case is often used in the USA. Headline conventions include normally using present tense even when discussing events that happened in the recent past; omitting forms of the verb "to be" in certain contexts; and removing short articles like "a" and "the". Most newspapers feature a very large headline on their front page, dramatically describing the biggest news of the day. Words chosen for headlines are often short, giving rise to headlines. A headline may also be followed by a smaller secondary headline, often called subhead or "deck head", which gives more information. A number of newspapers use humor, puns, alliteration or other wordplay devices in their headlines. Equally, the need to keep headlines brief occasionally leads to unintentional double meanings, if not double intenders. For example, if the story is about the president of Iraq trying to acquire weapons, the headline might be IRAQI HEAD SEEKS ARMS, or if some agricultural legislation is defeated in the United States

House of Representatives, the title could read FARMER BILL DIES IN HOUSE. (Harold Evans: 1974) The data which are taken from FourFourTwo magazine website are in the sentences form. Therefore, the researcher focuses the analysis on syntactic structures found in headlines of FourFourTwo magazine website published on 11 June until 11 July 2010 because the language used is interesting and there are many football idiom or term that the researcher believe it uncommonly used in general society. The headlines are not written fully in a long sentence but it is capable to attract the readers to read more and more. Besides that, its content is still up to date because it discuss about world cup 2010 in South Africa as the biggest football competition in the world. All people in over the world enthusiastic to receive this four yearly agenda. All in all, by identifying the languages used in those headlines, we can find another term or vocabulary that uncommonly used in our daily life even they are not written fully in a long sentence. There are some previous studies investigating syntactic structure. Khusnah (2008) discusses the structure of modification used in some of Emily Dickins poems. In her research, she only analyzed the structure of modification and analyzed them by using Chinese Boxes system. In addition, she doesnt find the structure of modification in form of preposition phrase and function word. Then, Rosydah (2007) researched syntactical analysis on Angguns songs. She investigated four basic structures in some lyrics of Angguns songs and analyzed those lyrics by using Chinese Boxes. In her research, she found all kinds of

syntactic structure proposed by Francis. Faricha (2007) analyzed syntactic structure on the translation of Surah Abbasa in the holy Quran. She analyzed the syntactic structures of the sentences formed of the verse in the first segment of Surah Abasa by using Chinese boxes which proposed by Francis. From the previous studies above, this research is different from those studies. When the data which is used in previous study, song and poem, is more focused on the beautiful of word and sentence, in this research the data which is used is more focused on how the sentence is able to persuade the reader to read all content of the article. Based on description above the researcher is interested in analyzing the syntactic structure which is used in headlines of FourFourTwo Magazine official website. Therefore, the writer determines to choose the research under the title: The Structure of Sentence Used in Headlines of FourFourTwo Magazine Website. 1.2 Problem of the Study

Based on the explanation of background above, this research focuses on answering the problem that is how syntactic structures are used in headlines of Four-Four Two Magazine website? 1.3 Objective of the Study

The objective of the study is aimed to answer the problem of the study that is to describe the syntactic structures used in headlines of FourFourTwo magazine website.

1.4

Scope and Limitation of the Study The scope of this research is FourFourTwo magazine website. Then, this

research is focuses on syntactic structures analysis of the headlines found in FourFourTwo magazine website. This official website consists of articles, advertisement, headlines, and dialog columns. However, the researcher focuses on headlines in this magazines site. The data which are taken from FourFourTwo magazine official website is in the sentences form. Therefore, the researcher limited the analysis on syntactic structures found in 31 headlines of FourFourTwo magazine website that published on June and July 2010 because the language used is interesting and there are many football idiom or term that the researcher believe it uncommon used in daily conversation. Besides that, its content is still up to date because it discusses about world cup 2010 in South Africa as the biggest football competition in the world.

1.5

Significance of the study This study is supposed to give theoretical and practical contribution in

syntactic studies, especially in analyzing syntactic structures used in headlines of magazine or other written works. Theoretically, this study is expected to give meaningful contributions, especially in term of syntactic structure of headlines in a magazine website. We are easier to know the headline purpose and its content through the function of each word by syntactical analyzing. Then, it will give us deeper understanding in

specific branch of linguistics and give clarification to the linguistic organization of the headlines and the function of those languages in those headlines. Furthermore, because this research analyzes headlines which talk about football, it is expected to give the readers new information about the syntactical structure which is uncommonly used by the people. Practically, the researcher hopes that the results provide the useful information for other researchers who are interested in investigating other written works which have similar topic, especially in analyzing syntactic structure. Hopefully, this research also means to increase the readers understanding about syntactical structure, especially about headline which discuss about football because not many researcher which adapt football theme as their research. 1.6 Operational Definition of the Key Terms To avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the key term used, the researcher defines some terms as the following: 1. Syntactic structure; The principles of arrangement of the construction formed by the process of derivation and inflection (word) into larger constructions of various kinds. (Gleason, 1961: 128). 2. Structure of modification; structure that consist two component parts are head and modifier. 3. Structure of predication; structure that consist two components are subject and predicate.

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4. Structure of complementation; structure have two components are verbal element and complement. 5. Structure of coordination; structure that consist of equivalent grammatical units joined by a special kind of function words. 6. Headline: Headline is the text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article below it. 7. Chinese Box: Chinese box is a binary system which is conducted by Nelson W. Francis as a media in doing syntactical analysis

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Focusing on syntactical structure analysis on headlines of FourFourTwo magazine website, it is important to review the related literature of study. The review consists of syntax, sentence, syntactic structures, headline, biography of FourFourTwo magazine, and previous study. 2.1 Syntax In linguistics, the study on the sentence structure namely Syntax. Mathew (1981) defines that the term syntax comes from Greek word and it literally means a setting out together or arrangement. In studying syntax, there will be an effort to produce an accurate analysis in arrangement of the elements in the linear structure of the sentence (Yule, 1985:80). Crystal (1987:94) also defines Syntax as the way in which words arranged to show relationships of meaning within (and sometimes between) sentence. In another definition, Radford (1997:1) also states that Syntax is concerned with the ways in which words can be combined together into form

12

phrases and sentences. Syntax or syntactic analysis is defined as determining the relevant component parts of a sentence and describing these parts grammatically. The component parts of a sentence called constituent. On the other hand, syntax involves the closely related tasks of: breaking down the sentence into its constituents and assigning some grammatical label to each constituent (or grammatical category) it is, and what grammatical function it has (Wekker and Haegeman, 1989:5). From all the definitions above, it can be concluded that syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules, or "patterned relations that govern the way words combine to form phrases and phrases combine to form sentences. 2.2 Sentence Sentence is the main component in syntax study. Oftentimes we find the expression say that syntax is a branch of linguistic that studies about sentence or sentence structure. Based on Oxford dictionary, the definition sentence is a set of words expressing a statement, a question or an order, usually containing a subject and a verb. Frank (1972: 220) states that sentence are a full predication containing a subject plus a predicate with a finite verb. Sentences are generally classified in two ways, one by types and by the number of formal predications. 2.2.1 The classifications by types are:

1. Declarative sentences (Statement)

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In a declarative sentence the subject and predicate have normal word order. The sentence ends with a period (called full stop in British English) in writing and a drop in pitch in speech. Example: The child ate his dinner. 2. Interrogative Sentences (Questions) In an interrogative sentence the subject and auxiliary are often reserved. The sentence ends with a question mark (or, interrogation point) in writing. Example: Did the child eat his dinner? 3. Imperative sentences (Requests, Commands) In an imperative sentence only the predicate is expressed. The simple form of the verb is used, regardless of person or tense. The imperative sentence ends with a period in writing. Example: Eat your dinner. 4. Exclamatory sentences (Exclamations) The exclamatory phrase is followed by the subject and the balance of the predicate. In writing the exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark (or, exclamation point). Sometimes a period is used to lessen the force of the exclamation. Example: What a good dinner that was! 2.2.2 The classification of sentences by number of full predications

14

This classification is based on the number and kind of clauses within a sentence.

1. Simple sentence Such sentences have only one full predication in the form of an independent clause. Example: The man stole the jewelry. 2. Compound sentences Such sentences have two or more full predication in the form of independent clauses. Example: The man stole the jewelry and he hid it in his home. 3. Complex sentences Such sentences also have two or more full predications. One of these is an independent clause or main clause that is similar to the form of the simple sentence, and one or more of these are independent clauses (or, subordinate clauses). Example: the man who stole the jewelry hid it in his home. 4. Compound-Complex sentences Compound-Complex sentences contain two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

15

Example: the man stole the jewelry and he hid it in his home until he could safely get out of town.

2. 3 Syntactic Structures A syntactic structure is combinations of no more than two lexical words, with or without function words. It is a group of the words or sequences of the words in a given language that can replace one another in any sentence of the language without affecting grammatically. Francis (1958:292) classifies the syntactic structure into four basic types. Those are 1) Structure of modification, 2) Structure of predication, 3) Structure of complementation, and 4) Structure of coordination. In analyzing the four syntactic structures, we use boxes and symbols , P, and C. 2.3.1 Structure of modification Structure of modification is structure which has two components part; they are head and a modifier. Structure of modification has meaning serves to broaden, qualify, select, change, describe, or in some other way affect the meaning of the head. The immediate constituent of structure of modification is called head and modifier. In syntactic structure analysis, structure of modification is represented by symbols () that points from the modifier toward the head.

head

modifier

modifier

head

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Since the prime position in such structures is occupied by the head, we shall classify them according to the part of speech to which the head belong. 2.3.1.1 Noun As head Nouns appear very frequently as heads of structures of modification. The modifier of the noun can be: a. Adjective as modifier of Noun The most common noun modifier is an adjective, and directly place before the noun. For Example:

bad

girl

Bad (adjective) is modifier and girl (Noun) is head. b. Noun as modifier of Noun Noun can be a modifier of other nouns. These nouns come before the noun they modify. For Example:

car

key

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Key (N) as a head and car (N) as a modifier. In this case Noun as modifier is divided into two, they are: 1) Possessive construction is noun in which the modifying noun has the possessive inflection {s} For example:

Boys

teacher

Boys (N has the possessive inflection {-s}) as modifier and teacher (N) as head. 2) Possessive construction is noun in which the modifying noun has the possessive inflection {s} may be substituted by of construction. For example:

Teacher

of

boy

Teacher (N) is head and of boy (of construction) as modifier. 3) Noun Adjunct is noun in which it appears in the base form or with the plural inflection {-es}

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For example:

Boy

teacher

Boy (N in which it appears in the base form) as modifier and teacher (N) as head. c. Verb as modifier of Noun When verb function as modifiers of nouns, they are nearly always marked in one of three ways: By the present participle inflection {-ing1}

For example:

sleeping

child

Sleeping (V which present participle inflection {-ing1}) as modifier and child (N) as head. By the past participle inflection {-ed2} or

Baked

meat

Baked (V which is the form of the past participle inflection {ed2}) as modifier and meat (N) as head. By the infinitive marker to

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Coffee

to

drink

Coffee (N) as head and to drink (Verb which followed by infinitive marker to) as modifier. d. Adverb as modifier of Noun Adverb always comes immediately after the noun which is the head. For example:

The

grandmother

over there

The grandmother (N) as head and over there (Adv) as modifier. Prepositional Phrases as modifier of Noun

In prepositional phrases simple form, consist of a function word of the class called preposition and a lexical word usually noun, customarily called its object.

room

in

the

office

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A room (N) as head and in the office as modifier. 2.3.1.2 Verb as Head It is a phrase whose head is a verb. Some modifiers for verb are a. Adverb as modifier of verb The common position of an adverb modifying a verb is immediately after it. All adverbs may take this position. For example: Walks (V) as head and slowly ( walks slowly

b. Noun as modifier of verb Nouns may function as modifiers of verbs. Usually they follow the verb and may have noun determiners. For example:

Run

kilometer

Run (V) as head and a kilometer (N) as modifier. c. Adjectives as modifier of verb

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The resulting structures make up a restricted list of stereotyped expression. For example:

eat

together

Eat (V) as head and together (Adj) as modifier. d. Verb as modifier of verb For example:

comes

crying

Comes (V) as head and crying (V) as modifier e. Prepositional Phrase as modifier of verb For example:

Stay

in

the

hotel

Stay (V) as and in the hotel (Prepositional phrase) as modifier 2.3.1.3 Adjective as Head It is a phrase whose head is an adjective. The modifiers are:

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a. Noun as modifier of adjective For example:

skin

dry

b. Adjective as modifier of adjective For example:

Sunny

color

c. Adverb as modifier of adjective For example:

poor

Slowly

d. Verb as modifier of adjective For example:

freezing

cold

e. Qualifier as modifier of adjective For example:

very handsome

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4. Adverb as head It is phrase whose head is adverb. The modifiers can: a. Adverb For example:

sleep

away

a. Noun For example:

Several

ways

down

b. Prepositional phrase For example:

Outside

in

the

cold

c. Qualifier For example:

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So

slowly

Besides those four kinds of phrases, Francis (1958:323325) adds the function word as head. Although it rarely occurs, but in fact, some phrases can be identified as function word phrases where the head of the structure is a function word. Some function words as head of the structure are: a. Prepositional phrase In the prepositional phrase, the head is not just the preposition but the whole phrase. Some modifiers can be qualifier, adverbs, or certain nouns. Qualifiers For example:

Almost

top

the

mountain

Adverb For example:

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A bit

beneath

the

sea

Certain nouns For example:

long

way

base ingratitude

b. Noun determiner Some modifiers can be qualifiers, adverb, or even prepositional phrases. Qualifiers For example:

Very

many

cakes

Adverb For example:

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Almost

every

girl

Prepositional phrases

For example:

More

than enough

food

2.3.2 Structure of predication The two immediate constituents of structure of predication are subject and predicate this structure is indicated by a capital P which refers to the subject and its front facing the predicate.

Subject

P predicate

Predicate q

Subject

2.3.2.1 Subject Some Subjects are: 1. Nouns and Nouns head of structure of modification

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Susan P

eats

potato

2. Structure of modification where the head are adjectives, adverbs, or verbs For example: Adjective as head:

Missing your family P is a bad thing

Adverb as head

Yesterday P

is too hard

Verb (infinitive) as head

To err

P is human

(Present participle) as head

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Sleeping here P

is comfort

3. Prepositional phrase For example:

To mecca P

is an amazing journey

4. Structure of Complementation For example:

Diving ocean P

is my dream

5. Structure of Coordination For example:

You and me P is a couple

6. Structure of predication (included clause)

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For Example:

Whatever is,

is true

2.3.2.2 Predicate The predicate is the structure that follows the subjects. It always has a verb or verb-phrase in key position. 1. Verb as predicate For example:

He P

goes

2. Structure of modification as predicate For example:

The boy

comes from west

3. Structure of complementation as predicate For example:

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The wind

P was breeze

4. Structure of coordination as predicate For example:

They P played and laughed

2.3.3 Structure of Complementation It has two immediate constituents a verbal element and a complement. The verbal element may be a simple verb or any structure that has a verb in key position. It is represented by capital C with its back to the verb element.

Verbal element

Complement

Complement

verbal element

Figure 2.4.3.1 Structure of complementation

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These following are the illustration of structure of complementation:

a. Simple verb as the verbal element For example: VE We are reading C the new magazine

b. Infinitive For example: VE A rose to be C a love sign

c. Structure of modification as the verbal element For example: VE I never in my life know C you

d. Structure of coordination as the verbal element

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For example: VE My mother love and cared of C me and my sister

2.3.3.1 Verbal Element Types of verbal elements based on the types of structure in which they found and by certain other formal indications are: 1. Linking verbs These are verbs that are thought of as a structural link between subject and complement. It never occurs without a complement or has no passive. For example: Become, seem, remain, look, sound, smell. 2. Transitive verbs It is verbs that always has a complement when in the active and have a passive form. For example: The man sold his house. 3. Be (as a full verb, not an auxiliary) For example: it is here.

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2.3.3.2 Complement Complements are appearing in structure of complementation. Based on types of verbal elements which have their own kind of complement, there are two kinds of complements. 2.3.3.2.1 Subjective complements These are complements which are appearing with linking verbs. It may be single words, with or without related function words or they may be structures of varying degrees of complexity, containing all sorts of structures within them. Some various kinds of simple subjective complement based on Francis book (1958: 346-348) are: a. Noun For example: The man is a police. b. Function noun For example: Ripeness is all. c. Adjective For example: The cookie is delicious. d. Adverb

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For example: The day he found him was yesterday. e. Verb Infinitive For example: her obsession is to write. Present participle For example: my trade is reading. Past participle For example: This meat is burned. f. Prepositional phrase For example: The train is on time. Some various kinds of complex structures function as subjective complements are: a. Structures of modification For example: His dream is to life peacefully to village. b. Structures of coordination For example: The girl was mature, clever and beautiful. c. Structures of complementation

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For example: my hobby is cooking. d. Structure of predication For example: The problem is that she does not want to do it. 2.3.3.3 Objects It is happened if there are complements appearing with transitive verbs. 2.3.3.3.1 Direct Object (DO) These are complements which are appearing with a transitive verb. The direct object can be noun, pronoun, function noun, verb (infinitive and present participle) or even various more complex structures. Francis (1958: 348-349) determines some singleword as direct object. They are: a. Noun For example: He finds sadness. b. Pronoun For example; I touch her. c. Function noun For example: she gives some.

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d. Verb Infinitive For example: I was here to meet you. Present participle For example: I love cooking. e. Adverb For example: The baby wants out. Some various more complex structures function as direct objects are: a. Structures of Modification For example: I like swim in the sea. b. Structures Coordination For example: my sister needs a new bag and pencil case. c. Structures of Complementation For example: The dog dislike to drink coffee. d. Structures of predication For example: I guess my mother is here. 2.3.3.3.2 Indirect Object (IO)

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The indirect object or objective complement is the second object that appears after the object of transitive verb. But, structures of this sort are thus potentially ambiguous. The indirect objects are always nouns, noun-headed structures of modification or structures of coordination with noun constituents. Based on Francis view (1958: 349-352) a. Noun For example: she gives him a jacket. b. Function noun For example: We gave each a present. c. Pronoun For example: my mother sold me a necklace. d. Structure of modification For example: She gives hungry beggar bread. e. Structure of coordination For example: They give their aunt and uncle a radio,

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2.3.3.4 Objective complement Certain complements consisting of two objects do not fit the indirect and direct object pattern. If a complement consisting of two objects do not meet the requirement for the indirect + direct object structure. Its second object is objective complements may be nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs (in past participle form), preposition phrase, structure of modification or structure of coordination. 2.3.4 Structure of coordination A structure of coordination consists of two or more syntactically equivalent units joining in a structure which functions as a single unit. The joining is called by coordinators. These following are some coordinators (Francis, 1958:355): And, but, nor, not, or, rather than, as well as, together with, along with, not (only), but (also), eitheror, neithernor, bothand. In the structure of coordination, the structure is indicated by parallel lines == to connect the constituents:

Government

of

the people

by the people

for the people

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2.3.4.1 Elliptical Structure of Coordination If there are two components which are not syntactically equivalent and it is assumed to make simpler by assuming an imaginary or omitted repetition. DO

love

baked

meat

not

fried

meat

2.3.4.2 Split Structure of Coordination It happens when the coordinators of the middle group, such as rather than split and inverted structure For example:

Rather than starve

he

chose

to

eat

insects

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2.3.4.3 Correlative Structure of coordination In the usual structure of coordination in which one of these appears, the first constituent comes between the two parts of the correlatives and the second constituent comes immediately after the second part. For example:

I take not carrot but tomato

Correlative structure of coordination

2.4 Chinese Boxes System In conducting syntactic structure analysis, representing graphically of the various structures that are encompassed in English syntax is necessary. It usually uses a simple system of diagramming sentence into elements and parts. Francis (1958: 293) recognizes a system of diagramming structures into its elements and parts by dividing into its immediate constituents (often abbreviated ICs by linguists) and subdividing it until the ultimate constituents (in grammar, the words). This media of analysis results something like Chinese Boxes that appropriate one within another. It is graphically indicated by enclosing each ultimate constituent in a box and drawing larger and larger boxes around the

41

immediate constituents of each of the increasingly complex structures into which they combine. Every box except those which contain a single word (ultimate constituent) contains just two smaller boxes. It is kind of twofold or binary structure in the grammatical organization in English. Because of it, virtually any English structure may be divided into two immediate constituents, each of which may be divided into two again until the ultimate grammatical units. The four different structures are identified by placing simple symbols between two immediate constituents. An arrow indicates modification, a

capital P indicates predication, a capital C indicates complementation, and a parallel == indicates coordination. 2.5 FourFourTwo Magazine Website In this research, the researcher employs headlines of FourFourTwo magazine website as the object of his research. Richardson (2007), states that FourFourTwo is a football magazine published by Haymarket, which located in UK & Ireland. It takes its name from the football formation of the same name, 44-2, which is considered to be a basic, trustworthy and standard formation in English football; it is almost certainly the most popular formation for 11-a-side matches. The headlines are published every day. We will not find the same headline every day because FourFourTwo magazine website always shows the up to date news of football such as news of football players, some leagues in many countries, and everything about football. The language used in this magazine

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website is a standard of British English. Therefore, it is not too difficult to understand it content for the readers. On the other hand, the language used is also attractive language style. Most of the headlines are written not more than ten words, but the meaning and the syntactic structure is not too easy to understand before we are going to do syntactic structure analysis. All in all, this magazine website is very interesting to be analyzed especially by using syntactical approach. 2.6 Previous Study There are many previous studies investigating syntactic structure. Khusnah (2008) discusses the structure of modification used in some of Emily Dickins poems. In her research, she only analyzed the structure of modification. As the result, she doesnt find the structure of modification in form of preposition phrase and function word. Then, Rosydah (2007) researched syntactical analysis on Angguns songs. She investigated four basic structures in some lyrics of Angguns songs and analyzed those lyrics by using Chinese Boxes. In this research, she found all kinds of syntactic structure proposed by Francis. Faricha (2007) analyzed syntactic structure on the translation of Surah Abbasa in the holy Quran. She analyzed the syntactic structures of the sentences formed of the verse in the first segment of Surah Abasa by using Chinese boxes which proposed by Francis. From the previous studies above, I can conclude that the previous researchers focusing their research on the beautiful of word or sentence that are used in songs and poems. Therefore, I focused my research on magazine language

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especially football magazine that language used is more focused on the sentences or phrases are able to persuade the reader in reading the magazine. Based on description above the researcher is interested in analyzing the syntactic structure which is used in headlines of FourFourTwo Magazine Website.

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS

This chapter presents the research method used in the study consisting of the research design, data source, research instrument, data collection, and data analysis. 3.1 Research Design This research employs descriptive qualitative method which has a purpose to result the findings from field research. Descriptive means that in this study describes the syntactic structures used in the data which taken from FourFourTwo magazine website. Theoretically this study is considered as a qualitative research because it tries to look at how the syntactic structures used in headlines of FourFourTwo magazine website. This study is classified as a descriptive qualitative method, since the data are in the form of words or utterances rather than numbers. In addition, the data were described descriptively based on the Franciss theory of syntactic structures, how syntactic structures were found in headlines of FourFourTwo magazine website. This method was especially chosen since the accurate results from

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analysis the data should be gained. Therefore, this research used descriptive qualitative design, in which the data were analyzed and interpreted based on the Franciss theory of syntactic structures with syntactical analysis approach. 3.2 Data Sources The data source of this research is FourFourTwo Magazine website. Then, the data of this research are in the form of headline which is consisting of phrases, noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, and sentences. The data are taken from the official website of FourFourTwo magazine; http://fourfourtwo.com/news/region/worldcup2010.aspx. 3.3 Research Instrument As previously noted, this study is a qualitative in nature, so in conducting this study the researcher as the main instrument to investigate, to collect, and to analyze the data. Field notes present the data that will later be analyzed to provide a rounded picture of research. 3.3 Data Collection In collecting the data of this study, the textual observation is used because the data of this study are headlines that taken from FourFourTwo magazine website in the written form. In collecting the data, the researcher took one football news headline every day which is published on June 11th to July 11th 2010. The data are obtained by browsing the headlines in the official website of the magazine.

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3.4 Data analysis In data analysis, the researcher does some steps. Firstly, the researcher read carefully the finding data to find their meaning, especially the meaning of difficult term and word in order to facilitate the researcher in identifying their syntactic structures. Then, after finding their meaning, the researcher investigates their syntactic structure. In this step, the researcher employs Chinese Boxes to classify their syntactic structure. Next, after categorizing each word or phrase in their syntactic structure, the researcher explains the whole structure that is found in the data by describing their function and position in their syntactic structure in detail. Finally, the researcher makes conclusion of the analysis that gives detail description related to syntactic structures.

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CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the analysis of datum findings of the research according to the theoretical framework listed in the preceding chapter. This chapter also includes the interpretation of the findings within each section. The findings are discussed based on the appearance of the data in the headlines of FourFourTwo magazine website which is followed by the discussion based on the analysis of data findings to illuminate the research concerned. 4.1 Data Presentation Before analyzing the data, the researcher collected the data by selecting data sources, news headlines in FourFourTwo magazine website especially the news of World Cup 2010. In this research, the researcher took thirty one headlines that published every day when the World Cup is being held. The following are the data of this research: 1. Wave on the wane as fans blow vuvuzela 2. Melo prefers flowers to red cards 3. Players defend Green, but problems deepen 4. Agger credited with own goal 5. FIFA gives Drogba green light to play 6. Ivory Coast ready to dance with Samba Boys 7. Higuain hits hat-trick for Argentina 8. Adidas dismiss talk of Germany ball advantage

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9. FIFA rejects Ronaldo yellow card appeal 10. France fans: Les Bleus have reached rock bottom 11. Maradona: Fabiano goal not Hand of God 12. Kaka revival on hold after red card 13. Geeks give Jabulani wind tunnel workout 14. Low: Young guns can cope with pressure 15. Kahn: Foreign imports stifling English keepers 16. Penalty takers should beware steely stares 17. Germans party after thrashing England 18. Messi goal drought no problem for Argentina 19. Burglars bag replica World Cups in FIFA raid 20. Villa rallies behind strike partner Torres 21. Nakamura quits Japan on 98 caps 22. Ghana hopes die with single kick 23. Uruguayans celebrate hands of Suarez 24. Spain to keep faith with attacking style 25. Casillas: Semi-final Spains biggest ever match 26. Germany better than at Euro 2008 27. Midfield mastery behind success 28. Puyols winning goal made in Barcelona 29. Golden boot chasers to go hell for leather 30. Van Bronckhorst hoping for fairytale finale 31. Forlan wins Golden Ball

4.2 Research Findings This research analyzes structure of sentence used by employing syntactic structures analysis that is proposed by Francis. In his theory, Francis (1958: 292) divides the syntactic structures into four principal groups based on their structural meaning. They are structure of

modification, structure of predication, structure of complementation, and structure of coordination. All data on sentence structure are displayed below: Datum 1: Wave on the wane as fans blow vuvuzela

The main structure of this sentence is structure of modification. It is known from the existence of an arrow between two split boxes that divides the sentence into two clauses. In this case, phrase Wave on the wane functioned as the head, and phrase as fans blow vuvuzela functioned as the modifier of the structure.

The head of the structure is also in a form of structure of modification. Here I found two structures of modification. The first is found in phrase wave on the wane. In this case, wave (N) functioned as the head and phrase on the wane functioned as the modifier of the structure. Furthermore, the second structure of modification found in phrase on the wane. In this case, on the functioned as a modifier and wane (N) functioned as a head of the structure.

Then, in the modifier of the structure or in the second split clauses, I identify another structure, they are; structure of predication and structure of complementation. In this case, the noun phrase as fans functioned as a subject

49

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of the sentence. Then, blow (V) functioned as a predicate, and vuvuzela (N) functioned as a complement of the sentence.

Datum 2: Melo prefers flowers to red cards

The main structure of this sentence is structure of predication. This structure is signed by the existence of subject and predicate in a sentence. The subject of the structure is word Melo (N), and then word prefers (V) functioned as predicate of the sentence. The word prefers (V) actually in a type of adverb, but in this sentence, its function changes to be a verb. That is known from the additional suffix s identifying it as a verb.

The second structure that is identified is structure of complementation. Phrase flowers to red cards functioned as a complement of the sentence. Actually, the words prefer and to are unity idiom but they are separated by the word flower. Further to this, in the structure of complementation I identify one structure of modification that found in noun phrase red cards. In this case, word red (N) functioned as a modifier and then, word cards (N) functioned

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as the head of the structure. So, the type of this structure of modification is noun as head and noun as modifier.

Datum 3: Players defend Green, but problems deepen

The main structure of the sentence above is structure of predication. As previously noted, the structure of predication is signed by the existence of subject and predicate in a sentence. So, the subject of the structure is word players (N), and then the predicate of the sentence is word defend (V). In the structure of predication, I identify one structure of complementation, one structure of coordination, and one structure of modification. The structure of complementation is identified in phrase Green, but problems deepen, this phrase functioned as a complement of the predicate defend (V). Then, in this structure I identify structure of coordination and structure of modification. Structure of coordination is identified by the existence of coordinator but in the sentence. In addition, this function word play role as a coordinator of two structures that appears before and after.

The last identified structure is structure of modification. This structure is identified in phrase problems deepen. In this case, problems (N) functioned

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as a head and deepen (Adverb) functioned as a modifier of the structure. So, the type of this structure of modification is noun as head and adverb as a modifier.

Datum 4: Agger credited with own goal

The structure of complementation is the main structure of this sentence. The noun Agger functioned as a linking verb subject of the sentence, and then phrase credited with own goal functioned as a complement of the sentence. The structure of complementation is structure of modification. There are two structures of modification that found in the structure of complementation. The first structure of modification is identified in phrase credited with own goal. In this case, the head of the structure is word credited and the modifier is noun phrase with own goal. Then the second structure of modification is identified in noun phrase own goal. In this case, word own (N) functioned as the modifier and word goal (N) functioned as the head of the structure. So, the type of the structures of modification used in this sentence are 1) verb as modifier-noun phrase as head and noun as head-noun as modifier of the structure.

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Datum 5: FIFA gives Drogba green light to play

The structure of predication is identified as the main structure of the sentence above. It is signed by the existence of capital P in the beginning of the structure. Word FIFA (N) functioned as a subject of the structure, and then word gives (V) functioned as a predicate of the structure.

Furthermore, the structures of complementation are found in the structure of predication. The first structure of complementation is in phrase gives Drogba green light to play. A simple verbal element gives as a predicate of the noun complement Drogba green light to play. The second structure of complementation here is in phrase Drogba green light to play. The structure of modification is a complement of the structure of complementation before. Phrase green light to play is identified as structure of modification and functioned as complement of the structure of complementation. It means that in the structure of predication there is structure of complementation, and then in the structure of complementation there is structure of modification.

As previous noted there is structure of modification in the structure of complementation. In this case, I identify two structures of modification that found

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in phrase green light to play. The first structure of modification is in phrase green light to play. Phrase green light functioned as the head and to play functioned as the modifier of the structure. Then, the second structure of modification is in phrase green light. In this case, word green (N) functioned as the modifier and word light (N) functioned as the head of the structure.

Datum 6: Ivory Coast ready to dance with Samba Boys

In this sentence, I identify three kinds of syntactic structure. The Structure of predication is the main structure of the sentence. Word Ivory Coast (N) functioned as the subject of the structure and ready (V) functioned as a predicate of the structure. Then, in the structure of predication I find two kinds of other structure. They are structure of complementation and structure of modification. The phrase to dance with Samba Boys functioned as a complement of the sentence.

Then in the complementation, I identify two structures of modification. The first structure of modification is found in phrase to dance with Samba Boys. In this case, phrase to dance functioned as a

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head of the structure and phrase with Samba Boys functioned as a modifier of the structure. Then the second structure of modification is found in phrase with Samba Boys. The noun phrase with Samba is a modifier and noun Boys functioned as a head of the structure.

Datum 7: Higuain hits hat-trick for Argentina

Structure of predication is the main structure of the sentence. The word Higuain (N) functioned as a subject and phrase hits hat-trick for Argentina functioned as predicate and complement of the subject. In this case, verb hits playing role as a predicate of the sentence. Afterward, noun phrase hat-trick for Argentina playing role as a complement of the sentence.

In the structure of complementation, I found one structure of modification. This structure found in phrase hat-trick for Argentina. In this structure, noun phrase hat-trick playing role as a head, and phrase for Argentina playing role as a modifier of the structure. All in all, the type of structure of modification used in the sentence is noun phrase as head and noun phrase as modifier.

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Datum 8: Adidas dismiss talk of Germany ball advantage

The main structure of the sentence above is structure of predication. In this sentence, Adidas (N) functioned as a subject of the sentence. And then, dismiss (V) is a predicate of the sentence. In the structure of predication, I found structure of complementation and structure of modification. Noun phrase talk of Germany ball advantage is a complement of the sentence.

Then, in the structure of complementation I found three structures of modification. The first structure of modification is found in phrase talk of Germany ball advantage. In this case, talk (N) is a head of the structure and phrase of Germany ball advantage is a modifier of the structure. The second structure of modification is found in phrase of Germany ball advantage. The head of this structure is phrase ball advantage and the modifier is phrase of Germany (of construction). The third structure of modification is in phrase ball advantage. In this case, ball (N) functioned as a modifier and advantage (N) as a head of the structure.

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In conclusion, the type of the first structure of modification is noun as head and noun phrase as a modifier. Then, the type of the second structure of modification above is noun phrase and of construction noun. And then, the type of third structure of modification is noun as head and noun as modifier of the structure.

Datum 9: FIFA rejects Ronaldo yellow card appeal

The main structure of the sentence above is structure of predication. It is known by the existence of a subject and a predicate in the sentence. In this sentence, FIFA (N) is a subject and rejects (V) is the predicate of the sentence. After finding subject and predicate, I identify one structure of complementation and three structures of modification. The structure of complementation here functioned as complement of the subject and predicate appear before. So, noun phrase Ronaldo yellow card appeal functioned as a complement of the sentence.

Furthermore, there are three structures of modification found in the sentence. The first structure of modification is in phrase Ronaldo yellow card appeal. In this case, noun phrase Ronaldo yellow card functioned as a head of

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the structure and then appeal (N) as a modifier of the structure. The second structure of modification identified in phrase Ronaldo yellow card. In this case, noun phrase yellow card functioned as a head and Ronaldo (N) as a modifier of the structure. Then the last structure of modification is found in noun phrase yellow card. In this case, yellow (N) functioned as a modifier and card (N) functioned as a head of the structure. So the type of structure of modification used is noun as head and noun as modifier.

Datum 10: France fans: Les Bleus have reached rock bottom

The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. Word Les Blues (N) functioned as subject of the sentence. Then, phrase have reached functioned as predicate of the sentence. Furthermore, the noun phrase rock bottom functioned as complement of the sentence. In the structure of complementation, I identify structure of modification. It means that the structure of complementation is structure of modification. In this case, word rock (N) functioned as head and word bottom (N) functioned as a modifier of the structure. So, the type of the previous structure of modification is noun as head and noun as modifier.

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Datum 11: Maradona: Fabiano goal not Hand of God

I identify three kinds of structure in the sentence above. The main structure is structure of predication. In this case, structure of modification is a subject of the sentence. The noun phrase Fabiano goal is a construction of modification. Word Fabiano (N) functioned as a modifier and goal (N) functioned as a head of the structure. Furthermore, word not is functioned as a predicate of the sentence.

Then, I also identify structure of complementation that appear after structure of predication or predicate. The complement here is Hand of God. This phrase constructed as modification construction. It means that the complement of the sentence is structure of modification. In this case, hand (N) functioned as a head and of God (N + of construction) functioned as a modifier of the structure. The type of structure of modification used is noun as head and noun (of construction) as modifier.

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Datum 12: Kaka revival on hold after red card

In this sentence, I find four structures of modification. The first structure of modification found in sentence Kaka revival on hold after red card. In this case, phrase Kaka revival functioned as a head and phrase on hold after red card functioned as a modifier of the structure. Then the second structure of modification found in the head of the first structure of modification Kaka revival. In this case, word Kaka (N) functioned as modifier and word revival (N) functioned as head of the structure. So, the type of this structure of modification is noun as head and noun as modifier. The third structure of modification found in phrase on hold after red card. In this case, phrase on hold functioned as head and phrase after red card functioned as modifier of the structure. And then the last structure of modification found in phrase red card. In this case, word red (N) functioned as modifier and word card (N) functioned as head of the structure. So, the type of this structure of modification is noun as modifier and noun as head of the structure.

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Datum 13: Geeks give Jabulani wind tunnel workout

The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. Word Geeks (N) functioned as subject, and word give (V) functioned as predicate of the sentence. Then, phrase Jabulani wind tunnel workout the complement functioned as complement of the sentence.

In the structure of complementation, I found three structures of modification. It means that the structure of complementation is in form of structure of modification. The first structure of modification found in phrase Jabulani wind tunnel workout. In this case, Jabulani (N) functioned as head and phrase wind tunnel workout functioned as modifier of the structure. The second structure of modification found in phrase wind tunnel workout. In this case, noun phrase wind tunnel functioned as a head and workout (N) functioned as a modifier of the structure. The last structure of modification is identified in noun phrase wind tunnel. In this case, the head of the structure is tunnel (N), and the modifier is wind (N). So the type of structure of modification used in the last structure of modification is noun as head and noun as modifier.

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Datum 14: Low: Young guns can cope with pressure

The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. In this sentence, the structure of modification young guns functioned as subject of the sentence. In this case, the head of the structure is guns (N), and the modifier of the structure is young (Adjective). Then, word can (modal aux) functioned as predicate and phrase cope with pressure functioned as complement of the sentence. In the structure of complementation, I identify one structure of modification. In this case, cope (intransitive verb) functioned as a head and prepositional phrase with pressure functioned as a modifier of the structure. So, the type of structure of modification used is intransitive verb as head and prepositional phrase as modifier.

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Datum 15: Kahn: Foreign imports stifling English keepers

The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. In this sentence, the structure of modification foreign imports functioned as a subject of the sentence. In this case, word Foreign (N) functioned as a head and word "imports (N) functioned as a modifier of the sentence. In addition, the type of structure of modification above is noun as head and noun as modifier. Furthermore, word stifling (adjective) functioned as a predicate of the sentence. Then, structure of modification English keepers functioned as a complement of the sentence. It means that the structure of complementation is form of structure of modification. In this case, word English (N) functioned as a modifier and word keepers functioned as a head of the structure. So, the type of structure of modification above is noun as head and noun as modifier.

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Datum 16: Penalty takers should beware steely stares

The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. In this sentence, the structure of modification Penalty takers functioned as a subject of the sentence. In this case, word Penalty (N) functioned as modifier and word takers (N) functioned as head of the structure. The predicate of sentence above is phrase should beware. The predicate of the sentence is also in a form of structure of modification. In this case, should (modal auxiliary) functioned as a modifier and beware (intransitive verb) as a head of the structure. Then, structure of modification steely stares functioned as a complement of the sentence. In this case, steely (adjective) functioned as a modifier and stares (noun) functioned as a head of the structure. So the type of structure of modification used is and noun as head adjective as modifier of the structure.

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Datum 17: Germans party after thrashing England

The main structure of sentence above is structure of modification. Noun phrase Germans party functioned as head and phrase after thrashing England functioned as modifier of the structure. In addition, the head of the structure Germans party is form of structure of modification. In this case, word Germans (N) functioned as modifier and word party (N) functioned as head of the structure. So, the type of structure of modification used is noun as head and noun as modifier.

Furthermore, in the modifier of the first structure of modification I find structure of complementation. In this case, word thrashing is a verbal element and word England (N) is a complement of the structure.

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Datum 18: Messi goal drought no problem for Argentina

The main structure of this sentence is structure of complementation. Phrase Messi goal drought functioned as verbal element and phrase no problem for Argentina functioned as complement of the structure.

In the verbal element I find two structures of modification. The first structure of modification is in phrase Messi goal drought. In this case, word Messi (N) functioned as modifier and noun phrase goal drought functioned as head of the structure. So, the type of structure of modification used is noun as modifier and noun phrase as head. Then the head of previous structure of modification is in a form of structure of modification. In this case, word goal (N) functioned as head and word drought (N) functioned as modifier of the structure. So, the type of structure of modification used is noun as head and noun as modifier.

In the complement of the structure of complementation I also find two structures of modification. The first structure of modification is in phrase no problem for Argentina. In this case, noun phrase no

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problem functioned as head and noun phrase for Argentina functioned as modifier of the structure. Then the second structure of modification is in noun phrase no problem. In this case, word no (adjective) functioned as modifier and word problem (N) functioned as head of the structure.

Datum 19: Burglars bag replica World Cups in FIFA raid

The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. Word Burglar functioned as subject and word bag (V) functioned as predicate of the sentence. Then, phrase replica world cups in FIFA raid functioned as complement of the sentence. Furthermore, in the complement I identify four structures of modification. The first structure of modification is in noun phrase replica world cups. Word replica (N) functioned as head, and noun phrase world cup functioned as modifier of the structure. Then, the second structure of modification found in noun phrase world cups. Word world (N) functioned as modifier and word cup (N) functioned as head of the structure. The third structure of modification is in phrase replica world cups in FIFA raid. In this case, noun phrase replica world cups functioned as head and noun phrase in FIFA raid functioned as

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modifier of the structure. The last structure of modification found in noun phrase FIFA raid. Word FIFA (N) functioned as head and word raid (N) functioned as modifier of the structure. Datum 20: Villa rallies behind strike partner Torres

The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. Word Villa (N) functioned as subject and word rallies (V) functioned as predicate of the sentence. Then, phrase behind strike partner Torres functioned as complement of the sentence.

Furthermore, in the complement of sentence above I find two structures of modification. The first structure of modification found in noun phrase behind strike partner. In this case, noun phrase behind strike functioned as modifier and word partner (N) functioned as head of the structure. Then the second structure of modification found in the modifier of the previous structure of modification behind strike. In this case, word behind (N) functioned as modifier and word strike (N) functioned as head of the structure. So, the type of the last structure of

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modification is noun as head and noun as modifier. In addition, word Torres (N) functioned as direct object of the sentence.

Datum 21: Nakamura quits Japan on 98 caps

The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. Word Nakamura (N) functioned as subject and word quits (V) functioned as predicate of the sentence. Then, phrase Japan on 98 caps functioned as complement of the sentence.

In the structure of complementation, I find two structures of modification. The first structure of modification found in phrase Japan on 98 caps. In this case, word Japan (N) functioned as head and noun phrase on 98 caps functioned as modifier of the structure. So the type of this structure of modification is noun as head and noun phrase as modifier. The second structure of modification found in noun phrase 98 caps. In this case, 98 (Nominal/number) functioned as modifier and caps (N) functioned as head of the structure.

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Datum 22: Ghana hopes die with single kick

The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. Word Ghana (N) functioned as subject and hopes (V) functioned as predicate of the sentence. Then phrase die with single kick functioned as complement of the sentence.

In the structure of complementation, I find two structures of modification. The first structure of modification found in phrase die with single kick. In this case, word die (intransitive verb) functioned as head and noun phrase die with single kick functioned as modifier of the structure. So the type of this structure of modification is noun as head and noun phrase as modifier. The second structure of modification found in noun phrase single kick. In this case, word single (N) functioned as modifier and kick (N) functioned as head of the structure. So the type structure of modification used is noun as head and noun as modifier.

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Datum 23: Uruguayans celebrate hands of Suarez

The main structure of sentence above is structure of predication. Word Uruguayans (N) functioned as subject and word celebrate (V) functioned as predicate of the sentence. . Then phrase hands of Suarez functioned as complement of the sentence.

In the structure of complementation, I find one structure of modification. The structure of modification found in phrase hands of Suarez. In this case, word hands (N) functioned as head and phrase of Suarez (of construction) functioned as modifier of the structure. So the type of this structure of modification is noun as head and noun phrase (of construction) as modifier.

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Datum 24: Spain to keep faith with attacking style

The main stricture of sentence above is structure of predication. Word Spain (N) functioned as subject and word to keep (V) functioned as predicate of the sentence. Ten phase faith with attacking style functioned as complement of the sentence.

Furthermore, in the structure of complementation, I find two structures of modification. The first structure of modification found in phrase faith with attacking style. In this case, word faith (N) functioned as head and noun phrase with attacking style functioned as modifier of the structure. Then the second structure of modification found in verb phrase attacking style. In this case, word attacking (V) functioned as modifier and word Style (N) functioned as head of the structure. So the type of structure of modification used is verb as modifier and noun as head.

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Datum 25: Casillas: Semi-final Spains biggest ever match

The main structure sentence above is structure of complementation. In this sentence, the word Semi Final (N) functioned as object complement, and noun phrase Spains biggest ever match functioned as complement. The complement itself consists of three structure of modification. The first structure of modification found in phrase Spains biggest ever match. In this case, word Spains functioned as head, and phrase biggest ever match functioned as modifier of the structure. The second structure modification found in phrase biggest ever match. In this case, word biggest (Adjective) functioned as head and phrase ever match functioned as modifier of the structure. Then the last structure of modification found in phrase ever match. In this case, word ever (V) functioned as modifier and word match (N) functioned as head of the structure. So, the type of this structure of modification is verb as modifier and noun as head.

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Datum 26: Germany better than at Euro 2008

I identify two kinds of structure in the sentence above. The main structure is structure of complementation. The word Germany functioned as subject, then there is a complement which is placed after Germany. In this sentence, the complement is phrase better than at Euro 2008 consisting of two structures of modification. It means that the structure of complementation is in form of structure of modification. The first structure of modification found in phrase better than at Euro 2008. In this case, word better functioned as head and phrase than at Euro 2008 functioned as modifier of the structure. Then the second structure of modification found in phrase Euro 2008. In this case, word Euro (N) functioned as modifier and 2008 (Adverb) functioned as head of the structure. So, the type of the last structure of modification is noun as modifier and adverb as head.

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Datum 27: Midfield mastery behind success

In this sentence, all of structures found are in form of structure of modification. The first structure of modification found in phrase Midfield mastery behind success. In this case, phrase Midfield mastery functioned as head and phrase behind success functioned as modifier of the structure. The second structure of modification found in phrase midfield mastery. In this case, word Midfield (N) functioned as head and word mastery (N) functioned as modifier of the structure. Then the last structure of modification found in phrase behind success. In this case, word behind (adverb) functioned as modifier and word success (adjective) functioned as head of the structure.

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Datum 28: Puyols winning goal made in Barcelona

In this sentence, all of structures found are in form of structure of modification. The first structure of modification found in phrase Puyols winning goal made in Barcelona . In this case, phrase Puyols winning goal functioned as head and phrase made in Barcelona functioned as modifier of the structure. The second structure of modification found in phrase Puyols winning goal. In this case, word Puyols (N) functioned as modifier and noun phrase winning goal functioned as head of the structure. The third structure of modification found in phrase winning goal. In this case, word winning (adjective) functioned as modifier and word goal (N) functioned as head of the structure. Then the last structure of modification found in phrase made in Barcelona. In this case, word made (V) functioned as head and phrase in Barcelona functioned as modifier of the structure.

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Datum 29: Golden boot chasers to go hell for leather

There are three structures which are found in this sentence. The main structure is structure of predication. Phrase golden boot chasers functioned as subject and phrase to go hell for leather functioned as predicate of the sentence. The subject consists of two structure of modification. The first structure of modification is golden boot (N) as modifier and chasers (N) as head. Then, the second structure of modification is Golden (N) as modifier and boot (N) as head.

Then, the predicate consist of structure of complementation and structure of modification. The structure of complementation is to go (V) as verbal element and phrase hell for leather (N) as complement. Then, the structure of modification found in phrase hell for leather. In this case, word hell (N) functioned as head and for leather (N) as modifier of the structure.

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Datum 30: Van Bronckhorst hoping for fairytale finale

In the sentence above, there are three kinds of syntactic structure. The main structure is structure of predication. Word Van Bronckhorst (N) functioned as subject and word hoping (V) functioned as predicate of the sentence. Then, noun phrase for fairytale finale functioned as complement of the sentence. Word hoping (V) is also functioned as verbal element and for fairytale finale (N) as complement. Then, the last structure is structure of modification. The structure of modification found in phrase for fairytale finale. In this case, word fairytale (Adjective) functioned as modifier and word finale (N) as head of the structure. So, the type of this structure of modification is; adjective as modifier and noun as head.

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Datum 31: Forlan wins Golden Ball

There are three kinds of syntactic structure that found in the sentence above. They are structure of predication, structure of complementation, and structure of modification. The main structure is structure of predication. Word Forlan functioned as the subject and phrase wins golden ball functioned as predicate of the sentence. Then, the second structure is structure of complementation. Structure of complementation consists of wins (V) as verbal element and golden ball (N) as complement of the sentence. Then, the last structure is structure of modification. Structure of modification consist of golden (N) as modifier and ball (N) as head of the structure.

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4.3 Summary of the Results of Analysis The following is the conclusion of the results of analysis data. Datum 1: Wave on the wane as fans blow vuvuzela a. Structure of modification Head: structure of modification #2, Modifier: structure of predication and structure of complementation b. Structure of predication #1 Subject: noun plural Predicate: verb c. Structure of complementation #1 Verbal element: verb, Complement: noun

Datum 2: Melo prefers flowers to red cards a. Structure of predication Subject: noun Predicate: verb phrase, structure of modification b. Structure of modification Head: noun plural Modifier: noun

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Datum 3: Players defend Green, but problems deepen a. Structure of Predication Subject: noun plural Predicate: verb, structure of complementation, structure of coordination, structure of modification. b. Structure of complementation Verbal element: verb Complement: structure of coordination, structure of modification c. Structure of coordination Coordinator: but d. Structure of modification Head: noun plural Modifier: transitive verb

Datum 4: Agger credited with own goal a. Structure of complementation Verbal element: transitive verb, structure of modification. Complement: noun b. Structure of modification Head: transitive verb Modifier: noun phrase, structure of modification

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Datum 5: FIFA gives Drogba green light to play a. Structure of predication Subject: noun phrase Predicate: verb, structure of complementation #2, structure of modification b. Structure of complementation Verbal element: verb Complement: noun/noun phrase, structure of complementation, structure of modification (2). c. Structure of modification #1 Head: structure of modification, structure of complementation Modifier: transitive verb d. Structure of modification #2 Head: noun Modifier: noun

Datum 6: Ivory Coast ready to dance with Samba Boys a. Structure of predication Subject: noun Predicate: adjective, structure of complementation, structure of modification (2). b. Structure of complementation Verbal element: linking verb

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Complement: verb transitive, structure of modification (2). c. Structure of modification #1 Head: transitive verb Modifier: noun phrase, structure of modification d. Structure of modification #2 Head: plural noun Modifier: noun

Datum 7: Higuain hits hat-trick for Argentina a. Structure of predication Subject: noun Predicate: verb, structure of complementation, structure of modification. b. Structure of complementation Verbal element: verb Complement: noun phrase, structure of modification c. Structure of modification Head: noun Modifier: noun

Datum 8: Adidas dismiss talk of Germany ball advantage a. Structure of predication Subject: noun

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Predicate: transitive verb, structure of complementation, Structure of modification (3). b. Structure of complementation Verbal element: transitive verb Complement: transitive verb, structure of modification (3), of construction. c. Structure of modification #1 Head: transitive verb, Modifier: structure of modification d. Structure of modification #2 Head: noun phrase, structure of modification; Modifier: noun e. Structure of modification #3 Head: noun, Modifier: noun

Datum 9: FIFA rejects Ronaldo yellow card appeal a. Structure of predication Subject: noun Predicate: transitive verb, structure of complementation, structure of modification (3) b. Structure of complementation Verbal element: transitive verb Complement: noun phrase, structure of modification c. Structure of modification #1 Head: noun phrase, structure of modification

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Modifier: noun d. Structure of modification #2 Head: noun phrase, structure of modification; Modifier: noun e. Structure of modification #3 Head: noun, Modifier: noun

Datum 10: France fans: Les Bleus have reached rock bottom a. Structure of predication Subject: noun, Predicate: verb (III), structure of complementation, structure of modification b. Structure of complementation Verbal element: verb (III) Complement: structure of modification c. Structure of modification Head: noun, Modifier: adjective

Datum 11: Maradona: Fabiano goal not Hand of God a. Structure of predication Subject: structure of modification Head: noun, Modifier: noun Predicate: adverb, structure of complementation, structure of modification

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b. Structure of complementation Verbal element: linking verb not Complement: noun, structure of modification (of construction) c. Structure of modification Head: noun, Modifier: noun of construction

Datum 12: Kaka revival on hold after red card a. Structure of modification (4) #1 Head: noun phrase, structure of modification Modifier: structure of modification b. Structure of modification #2 Head: revival (noun), Modifier: Kaka (noun) c. Structure of modification #3 Head: on hold (adjective), Modifier: noun phrase d. Structure of modification #4 Head: noun, Modifier: noun

Datum 13: Geeks give Jabulani wind tunnel workout a. Structure of predication Subject: noun Predicate: verb, structure of complementation, structure of modification b. Structure of complementation Verbal element: verb give, predicate Complement: noun, structure of modification

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c. Structure of modification #1 Head: noun, Modifier: noun phrase, structure of modification] d. Structure of modification #2 Head: noun phrase, structure of modification, Modifier: noun e. Structure of modification Head: noun, Modifier: noun

Datum 14: Low: Young guns can cope with pressure a. Structure of predication Subject: noun plural Predicate: verb phrase, structure of complementation, Structure of Modification. b. Structure of complementation Verbal element: can Complement: verb phrase, structure of modification c. Structure of modification Head: verb, Modifier: noun phrase

Datum 15: Kahn: Foreign imports stifling English keepers a. Structure of predication Subject: noun phrase, structure of modification (head: noun, modifier: noun). Predicate: transitive verb, structure of complementation, structure of Modification.

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b. Structure of complementation Verbal element: transitive verb Complement: noun phrase, structure of modification c. Structure of modification Head: noun plural, Modifier: noun

Datum 16: Penalty takers should beware steely stares a. Structure of predication Subject: noun phrase, structure of modification Predicate: structure of modification (head: intransitive verb, modifier: modal auxiliary), structure of complementation, structure of modification. b. Structure of complementation Verbal element: structure of modification Complement: structure of modification c. Structure of modification Head: noun, Modifier: noun

Datum 17: Germans party after thrashing England a. Structure of modification #1 Head: structure of modification, Modifier: structure of complementation b. Structure of modification #2 Head: noun, Modifier: noun

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c. Structure of complementation Verbal element: verb phrase Complement: noun

Datum 18: Messi goal drought no problem for Argentina a. Structure of complementation Verbal element: structure of modification (2) Complement: structure of modification (2) b. Structure of modification #1 Head: noun phrase, structure of modification (head: noun, modifier: noun) Modifier: noun c. Structure of modification #2 Head: noun phrase, structure of modification (head: noun, modifier: noun) Modifier: noun phrase

Datum 19: Burglars bag replica World Cups in FIFA raid a. Structure of predication Subject: Burglars noun Predicate: verb, structure of complementation, Structure of modification (4) b. Structure of complementation Verbal element: verb

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Complement: noun phrase, Structure of modification c. Structure of modification #1 Head: noun phrase, structure of modification (head: noun, modifier: noun phrase, structure of modification (head: noun, modifier: oun)) Modifier: noun phrase, structure of modification (head: noun, modifier: noun)

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

After analyzing the data using Chinese boxes, the writer would like to draw some conclusions and give some suggestions dealing with what has been discussed in chapter 4. 5.1 Conclusion Based on the findings and discussion, the researcher found four kinds of syntactic structures that are used in headlines of FourFourTwo magazine website. The four kinds of syntactic structures found based on the data are structure of modification, structure of predication, structure of complementation, and structure of coordination. After analyzing the data, the next step is to draw conclusions of the syntactical study concerning the sentence structure of headlines in FourFourTwo magazine website related to the theory of syntax based on the theory of syntactic structure using the Chinese boxes system proposed by Francis. It can be concluded that from the all headlines used as the samples in this thesis, structure of predication is the most frequently appears rather than another syntactic structure.

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Moreover, in the findings and discussion of the previous chapter, the researcher found that the sentence structures in headlines of FourFourTwo magazine website consists of combination of predication and modification; complementation and modification; predication-complementation-modification. However, the researcher found the sentence that consists of four syntactic structures. They are predication-complementation-coordination-modification. In contrast, there are also several sentences that only consist of structure of modification. In addition, the most frequently syntactic structure used in headlines is combination of structure of predication-complementation and modification. 5.2 Suggestion Considering the importance of understanding the sentence structure especially in the study of syntax, there are some suggestions for next researcher. For students who are willing to conduct a research on the same topic, it will hopefully give a clear understanding in analyzing headlines using the syntactical study. It is also hoped that there are other students who will conduct study on related topic from different angle, hoping that there will be new findings dealing with syntactical study. Finally, the writer hopes that this thesis can be used as reference for those who are interested in studying syntactical study. 5.2.1 Suggestion for the reader In reading an English headline, the readers have to understand the structure and the meaning of each word to understand what the article below it

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talking about. If we have understand well about the headline, we will easily to know what the content of news or article even without reading fully all content of the article below it, because the function of headline itself is to identify, to label, and to indicate the nature of the article below it. Therefore, the researcher expects that this study can be useful for the readers, particularly for English students to find out some information as source and increase their knowledge of linguistics study especially about syntactic analysis.

5.2.3 Suggestion for the Lecturer It expects to the lecturer of linguistics to be able to use various ways or methods in lecturing all kinds of linguistics study. So, the teaching learning process will be more interesting and the students will understand the subject more easily. For example, the methods in teaching the syntax, strategies of understanding all elements of syntactic structures perfectly and so on.

5.2.4

Suggestion for the librarian

In the process of doing research, the researcher finds the difficulty to get the references and literatures in library of the State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim of Malang related to the study. Therefore, it is necessary for library of UIN MALIKI Malang to increase the collection and the references of the library to fulfill the necessity of the students in doing the research, whether or not; library is the main source of the references.

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Finally, the researcher realizes that no one is perfect in this word except our great prophet Muhammad SAW and the researcher considers that this thesis is far from perfection, the researcher really needs correction and suggestion from those who have better understanding. As researcher, we should try to do the best and avoid some mistakes and obstacles. However, Human beings are place of blame and lying. Muhammad SAW says: ) (

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Al Albani, Muhammad Nashiruddin. 2007. Shahih Sunan Abu Daud (Buku Ke Dua). Jakarta: PUSTAKA AZZAM. Bodgan, R. 1998. Introduction to Research. United States of America: Rinehart and Winston Inc. Crystal, David. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Evans, Harold. 1974. News Headlines (Editing and Design: Book Three) Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd (February) ISBN 0434905526 ISBN 9780434905522. Faricha, Dewi. 2007. Syntactical Structure Analysis on the Translations of Surah Abasa in the Holy Quran. Unpublished Thesis. Malang: Humanities and Culture Faculty, UIN Malang. Francis, W Nelson. 1958. The structure of American English. New York: The Ronald Press Company. Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English. New Jersey. Prentice-Hall Inc. Fromkin, V. Blair, D. Collins, P. 2002. An Introduction to Language. Australia: Thomson Learning Australia. Gleason, H.A. 1961. An Introduction to Descriptive Language. New York, Chicago, San Fransisco, Toronto, London: Holf, Rinehart and Winston. Hornby, 1986. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press.

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Khusnah, Asmaul. 2008. Syntactical Structure Analysis on Emily Dickins Poems. Unpublished Thesis. Malang: Humanities and Culture Faculty, UIN Malang. Latief, Muhammad Adnan. 1995. Enlish Syntax: Analysis Kalimat dengan Pendekatan Struktural dan Transformasional. Surabaya: Penerbit Karya Abditama. Matthew, P.H. 1981. Syntax. Cambridge London. Melbourne. Cambridge University Press. Moleong, Lexy J. 2005. Metodologi Penelitian Qualitatif. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Online: (http://www.fourfourtwo.com/profile). Online: (http://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/region/worldcup2010.aspx). Online: (http://www.grammartips.net/syntax-in-english-grammar). Radford, Andrew. 1997. Syntactic Theory and the structure of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sobur, Alex. 2004. Analisis Teks Media. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Wekker, Herman and Liliane Haegemen. 1989. A Modern Course in English Syntax. New York: Routledge London. Yule, George. 1985. The study of language. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.