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Brief History
Anton van Leeuwoenhoek (1632-1723) - Father of Microbiology/
Bacteriology/ Protozoology - saw through his single-lens microscope animalcules (little animals) - examined scrapings from his teeth, water from ditches and ponds, stools, water soaked in blood, sperm, peppercorn
Brief History
- a theory proposed by some scientists that living things came from nonliving things
Brief History
Francisco Redi (1668) - strong opponent of spontaneous generation theory - theorized that maggots did not arise from decaying meat - set-up six jars with decaying meat: three jars sealed; three jars unsealed - not all scientists convinced; they argued that air is needed for life to thrive - set up three jars with decaying meat covered by fine nets
Brief History
John Needham (1745)
- favored spontaneous generation theory - found that even he heated broth, before putting it in a flask, cooled solutions were teaming with organisms - claimed that organism developed spontaneously from fluids
Brief History
Lazaro Spallanzani (1755) - opposed John Needhams theory - he said that microorganism from air might have entered the flasks after they were boiled
Brief History
Theory of BIOGENESIS (1858) - states that all living things arise from pre-existing living things - proposed by Rudolph Virchow
Brief History
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - strongly supported biogenesis theory - said that microorganism are present in air and can contaminate sterile solution - placed a broth in the flask, boiled it and bent the tube into S-shape - put a fatal blow in theory of spontaneous generation
Brief History
Golden Age of Microbiology (18571914) - many microbiologic advances were made - spearheaded by Kochs and Pasteur
1857-1864
Louis Pasteur
1867 1876
1879
1881- 1883 1884
Neisser
Robert Koch Metchnikoff Gram Escherich
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Pure cultures/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Vibrio Cholera Phagocytosis Gram staining Escherichia coli
Brief History
Louis Pasteur (1857)
- Fermentation was
discovered - He was asked by a group of merchant why beer and wine soured (spoilage) - He found out that yeasts convert sugar to alcohol that makes it sour - He boiled (55 C) the wine and beer enough to kill bacteria (PASTEURIZATION)
Brief History
Louis Pasteur - discovered that some microorganism require oxygen to live (aerobes) while others do not (anaerobes) - discovered the infectious agent that cause silkworm disease and how to prevent it - developed vaccines to fight cholera, anthrax and swine erysipelas (skin disease)
Brief History
GERM THEORY OF DISEASE - theory that microorganism have similar relationship with plants and animals - microorganism can cause disease - strongly proved by Robert Koch
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Robert Koch (1843 1910) - discovered Bacillus anthracis, a bacteria that causes anthrax (his basis for Kochs postulate) -discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Pulmonary Tuberculosis) and Vibrio cholera (cholera)
Brief History
Kochs Postulate (1884) - strengthened Germ theory of disease - Isolated Bacillus antrhacis from dead cattle then cultured (cultivate/grow) it - the cultured organism was injected to healthy animal - the healthy animal which becomes sick, took sample of their blood and isolated the organism - he found out that the cultured organism was same as the isolated organism
Brief History
KOCHS POSTULATE principles: 1. A particular microorganism must be found in all cases of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans 2. The microorganism must be isolated from the disease animal or human and grown in pure culture in laboratory 3. The same disease must be produced when microorganisms from pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible laboratory animals 4. The same microorganism must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals and grown again in pure culture
What is Microbiology?
Study of very small living organisms (microorganism) or microbes (Burtons) micro =small; bio= life; logos=study
Types of Microorganisms
Bacteria (sing. bacterium) - simple, unicellular organisms - prokaryotic - not enclosed in a nuclear membrane - have several shapes (rod, bacilli, cocci, spiral) - produced by binary fission - e.g. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus
Types of Microorganism
Archaea - prokaryotic - not known to cause disease in humans - divided into three groups: a. Methanogens: produced methane as by product b. Halophiles: lived in extremely salty environment c. Thermopiles: lived in hot sulfurous environment
Type of Microorganism
Fungi (sing. Fungus) - eukaryotic - unicellular or multicellular - have special cell walls called chitin - most typical fungi are Molds - e.g. Pityriasis versicolor (an-an) Tinea pedis (athletes foot)
Type of Microorganism
Protozoa (sing. Protozoan) - unicellular, eukaryotic - move by pseudopods, cilia, flagella - pleomorphic (assumes many sizes and shapes) - free-living and/or parasitic - e.g. Entamoeba histolytica- Amoeba
Types of Microorganism
Algae (sing. Alga) - photosynthetic eukaryotes - unicellular - composed of cell wall called cellulose - play a vital role in balance of nature - produces oxygen and carbohydrates used by other animals
Types of Microorganism
Viruses - very small (cannot be seen by a naked eye) - acellular (not cellular) - multiply once inside the host cell but inactive when outside the host (INERT) - e.g. Measles virus, Influenza A (H1N1), HIV, Rotavirus, Human Papilloma Virus
Types of Microorganism
Parasites - multicellular - strictly not microorganism but of medical importance - the host is usually harmed (disease) - e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm or seatworm) Sarcoptes scabies (scabies or galisaso)