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Introduction to Microbiology and Parasitology

Louie Oalin Domingo, MD Professor I

Brief History of Microbiology


Robert Hooke (1665) - described a thin slice of cork called little boxes or cells - started the Cell Theory ( all living things are composed of cells)

Brief History
Anton van Leeuwoenhoek (1632-1723) - Father of Microbiology/
Bacteriology/ Protozoology - saw through his single-lens microscope animalcules (little animals) - examined scrapings from his teeth, water from ditches and ponds, stools, water soaked in blood, sperm, peppercorn

Brief History

Spontaneous Generation Theory (Abiogenesis) (16501850)

- a theory proposed by some scientists that living things came from nonliving things

Brief History
Francisco Redi (1668) - strong opponent of spontaneous generation theory - theorized that maggots did not arise from decaying meat - set-up six jars with decaying meat: three jars sealed; three jars unsealed - not all scientists convinced; they argued that air is needed for life to thrive - set up three jars with decaying meat covered by fine nets

Brief History
John Needham (1745)
- favored spontaneous generation theory - found that even he heated broth, before putting it in a flask, cooled solutions were teaming with organisms - claimed that organism developed spontaneously from fluids

Brief History
Lazaro Spallanzani (1755) - opposed John Needhams theory - he said that microorganism from air might have entered the flasks after they were boiled

Brief History
Theory of BIOGENESIS (1858) - states that all living things arise from pre-existing living things - proposed by Rudolph Virchow

Brief History
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - strongly supported biogenesis theory - said that microorganism are present in air and can contaminate sterile solution - placed a broth in the flask, boiled it and bent the tube into S-shape - put a fatal blow in theory of spontaneous generation

Brief History
Golden Age of Microbiology (18571914) - many microbiologic advances were made - spearheaded by Kochs and Pasteur

Golden Age of Microbiology


Year Scientist Discoveries

1857-1864

Louis Pasteur

Fermentation, Pasteurization and disproved spontaneous generation theory


Aseptic Surgery Germ theory of disease

1867 1876

Joseph Lister Robert Koch

1879
1881- 1883 1884

Neisser
Robert Koch Metchnikoff Gram Escherich

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Pure cultures/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Vibrio Cholera Phagocytosis Gram staining Escherichia coli

Golden Age of Microbiology


Year 1887 1889 1890 Scientists Petri Kitasato Von Bering Ehrlich 1898 1910 Shiga Chagas Ehrlich Discoveries Petri Dish Clostridium tetani Diphtheria antitoxin Theory of Immunity Shigella dysenteriae Trypanosoma cruzi Treponema pallidum

Brief History
Louis Pasteur (1857)
- Fermentation was
discovered - He was asked by a group of merchant why beer and wine soured (spoilage) - He found out that yeasts convert sugar to alcohol that makes it sour - He boiled (55 C) the wine and beer enough to kill bacteria (PASTEURIZATION)

Brief History
Louis Pasteur - discovered that some microorganism require oxygen to live (aerobes) while others do not (anaerobes) - discovered the infectious agent that cause silkworm disease and how to prevent it - developed vaccines to fight cholera, anthrax and swine erysipelas (skin disease)

Brief History
GERM THEORY OF DISEASE - theory that microorganism have similar relationship with plants and animals - microorganism can cause disease - strongly proved by Robert Koch

Brief History
Robert Koch (1843 1910) - discovered Bacillus anthracis, a bacteria that causes anthrax (his basis for Kochs postulate) -discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Pulmonary Tuberculosis) and Vibrio cholera (cholera)

Brief History
Kochs Postulate (1884) - strengthened Germ theory of disease - Isolated Bacillus antrhacis from dead cattle then cultured (cultivate/grow) it - the cultured organism was injected to healthy animal - the healthy animal which becomes sick, took sample of their blood and isolated the organism - he found out that the cultured organism was same as the isolated organism

Brief History
KOCHS POSTULATE principles: 1. A particular microorganism must be found in all cases of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans 2. The microorganism must be isolated from the disease animal or human and grown in pure culture in laboratory 3. The same disease must be produced when microorganisms from pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible laboratory animals 4. The same microorganism must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals and grown again in pure culture

What is Microbiology?

Study of very small living organisms (microorganism) or microbes (Burtons) micro =small; bio= life; logos=study

Why Study Microbiology?


Indigenous Micro flora/ Normal Flora/ Mircrobiota Some organism causes diseases (Opportunistic pathogen) Contribute to balance Eco-system (ecology) Important in various industries (food and beverage) Antibiotic Genetic Engineering

Types of Microorganisms
Bacteria (sing. bacterium) - simple, unicellular organisms - prokaryotic - not enclosed in a nuclear membrane - have several shapes (rod, bacilli, cocci, spiral) - produced by binary fission - e.g. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus

Types of Microorganism
Archaea - prokaryotic - not known to cause disease in humans - divided into three groups: a. Methanogens: produced methane as by product b. Halophiles: lived in extremely salty environment c. Thermopiles: lived in hot sulfurous environment

Type of Microorganism
Fungi (sing. Fungus) - eukaryotic - unicellular or multicellular - have special cell walls called chitin - most typical fungi are Molds - e.g. Pityriasis versicolor (an-an) Tinea pedis (athletes foot)

Type of Microorganism
Protozoa (sing. Protozoan) - unicellular, eukaryotic - move by pseudopods, cilia, flagella - pleomorphic (assumes many sizes and shapes) - free-living and/or parasitic - e.g. Entamoeba histolytica- Amoeba

Types of Microorganism
Algae (sing. Alga) - photosynthetic eukaryotes - unicellular - composed of cell wall called cellulose - play a vital role in balance of nature - produces oxygen and carbohydrates used by other animals

Types of Microorganism
Viruses - very small (cannot be seen by a naked eye) - acellular (not cellular) - multiply once inside the host cell but inactive when outside the host (INERT) - e.g. Measles virus, Influenza A (H1N1), HIV, Rotavirus, Human Papilloma Virus

Types of Microorganism
Parasites - multicellular - strictly not microorganism but of medical importance - the host is usually harmed (disease) - e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm or seatworm) Sarcoptes scabies (scabies or galisaso)

Naming and Classifying Organism


Established by Carolus Linnaeus in 1735 Became the Linnaean System of Classification Scientific names were Latin because it is traditionally used by scholars Assigned organism with two names: GENUS and SPECIES

Naming and Classifying Organism


GENUS - first letter is capitalized Species - all small letters Both Genus and Species are underlined OR italicized

Examples: Staphylococcus aureus Ascaris lumbricoides Streptococcus pyogenes Homo sapiens

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