6-1

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-2

6.1
6.2
6.3

1.
3


2.
2



3.
3 1) 2)
3)

6
1.
2.
3.

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-3

1. 6
2. 6.16.3
3.
4. ( )
5. ()
6. ()
7. ()
8. 6

1.
2.
3. ()
4. ( )
5. ()
6. ()

1.
2.
3.

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-4

6.1

6.1

6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3

1.


2
2. 3


3.

6.1
1.
2.
3.

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-5

6.1.1

1.

(absorption) (mass
transfer) () (soluble gas)
(solvent liquid)
(driving force)

(partial pressure) (vapor
pressure)

(desorption) (stripping)
(wastewater)














1.
2.
3.
4.
5. (flooding)
6)

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-6

2.

2

2.1 (aqueous systems)
(solubility)

(hydrochloric) (hydrofluoric) pH

pH pH


2.2 (nonaquous Systems)
(dimethylanaline) (amines)


(sludges)



(hexadecane)

3.

2 (two films theory)

2 6.1

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1


Bulk Gas Phase

6-7

Bulk Liquld Phase

PAG Partial Pressure

Driving Force

PAI
CAI

Concentration
Driving Force
CAL

Gas Liquid

Film Film
:

6.1 2

6.1
A PAG PAI 2
CAI CAL

NA = kg (PAG PAI)
NA = ki (CAG CAI)
NA = A /
kg = / Pa
ki = / Pa
kg ki
2
2

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-8

NA = KOG (PAG PA.)

NA = KOL (CA. CAI)
PA. = A
CA = A
KOG = , /
Pa
KOL = , /
Pa



1
1
H
=
+
Kg
KOG
Ki
1
1
=
+ 1
KOL
Ki
H.kg
H Henrys Law H
KOG kg
H KOL ki

6.1.1

6.1.1
2
2

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-9

6.1.2

1. (packed tower)

(packed tower)

2 (countercurrent) (cross-flow)
6.2 (a) 6.2 (b)
Gas Out

Packing

Column

Scrubbing water
Liquid in
Packed
elements

Gas
Flow

Packed
bed

Gas distributor
Gas
and
In

Packing support
Water outlet

Liquid out

6.2 (a)

6.2 (b)

6.2

: 2544

(packed column) (packed bed)

6.3

(void space)

(saddles)

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-10

(pall ring) (raschig ring)

(lessing ring)
(tellerette) 355-360

(a)

(b)

(c)

(e)

(f)

(d)

6.3 (a) Berl saddle; (b) Intalox saddle;

(c) Raschig ring; (d) Lessing ring; (e) Pall ring; (f) Tellerette
: 2544

(concurrent)

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-11

2. (plate column)

(plate column)
(plate)
6.4



Gas out

Liquid in


Liquid downcomer
Plates



Plate column
Gas in

Liquid out Plate column

6.4

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-12

3.

(spray towers) 6.5

(nozzle)
6.5 a 6.5 b 6.5
c 6.5 d a b

Gas
Spray outlet
water

Gas inlet

Mist eliminator

6.5 a

Drain
Gas outlet

Clean gas outlet

Mist eliminator


Core buster disk

Spray manifold
Spray water

Damper

6.5 c

Gas
in

Water Water
Gas inlet (radial)

Out in

Gas outlet

Drain

6.5
b



Spray water

Tangential, Gas inlet

Drain

6.5 d
6.5

: 2544

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-13

6.1.2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.1.2
1.

6.1.3



1.


2.
(visible emission)
3. (static pressure drop)

4.




5.

/

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-14

6. pH pH
6 10

7. pH
6
8.

9.

10. (demister)


6.1.3
pH
pH 6
6.1.3

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-15

6.2

6.2

6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3

1.
2
3


3

2. 2



3.

6.2
1.
2.
3.

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-16

6.2.1

1.

(adsorption)
(adsorbate)
(adsorbent)



(regeneration)
2

(vander waals adsorption)


(exothermic reaction)
10 100

(monolayer)
(multilayer)

(polar) (non polar)



3 (orientation effect)
(dispersion effect) (induction effect) 6.6
2

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

Polar-Polar

6-17

Nonpolar-Nonpolar Polar-Nonpolar

: www.diw.go.th

6.6

2












6.1
6.1

10,000 /

100 /

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-18

2.

3 6.7 1
2
3

1


(bulk diffusion)

(surface diffusion)

Contaminant molecules

6.7

: 2544

3.

2 (isotherm)
(isobar) (isostere)

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-19

3.1 (partial pressure)

6.8
(carbontetrachoride)


3.2
6.9 (benzene vapors)



3.3 ln p T1
6.10 (H2S)
2

Capacity weight, % (1 lb CCl,/100 lb C)

100

32oF 77oF
140oF

212oF
300oF
10

3.0
2.0
1.5
1.0

0.0001

0.001

0.01
Partial pressure, psia

0.1

1.0

6.8 Adsorption isotherm for carbon tetrachloride on activated carbon

Benzene adsorbed, ml/g (at standard conditions)

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

:
Benzene adsorbed, ml/g (at standard conditions)

6-20

120
100
80
60
40
20
0

50

100

150 200 250

Temperature, oC

300

350

400

6.9 Adsorption isobar for benzene on carbon (benzene at 10.0 mm Hg)

: Technical Bulletin Calgon Corp.

1000

18%

H,S pressure, mm Hg

100

14%

10%
10
4%
2%
1.0

0.1

2.5

2.7
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.5
1
Reciprocal of absolute temperature,

3.7

K
6.10 Adsorption isosteres of H2 S on 13X molecular sieve loading in % weight

: Technical Bulletin Calgon Corp.

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-21

4.

(activated carbon)
(silica gel) (activated alumina) (zeolites)




4.1

4 6 (mesh) 4 20
0.080.5 600 1,600
4.2 (sodium silicate)
750
260
4.3


200300
4.4 (molecular sieves)


6.2


4090 40

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-22

6.2

(%)
55 75

(../)
(/..)
()
0.80 1.20
0.35 0.50
150 200

(../)
600 1600

30 40

200 300

0.29 0.37

0.90 1.00

180 200

40 55
70

600 700
750

0.27 0.38
0.40

0.80
0.70

30 90
220

: www.diw.go.th

40-90
40

5.

6.11

Bed Depth

Saturated
Zone

Mass
Transfer
Zone
Adsorption
Zone

Concentration

Concentration

Co

Fresh
Zone

C t
Out

Co
In
Fixed Bed

6.11

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-23

(Mass Transfer Zone (MTZ))




(breakthrough curve)
6.12



MTZ

C
MTZ = 1 D(1 - g )
CS
1 - XS

D =
C S =
Cg =
XS = ( 50)
MTZ =
Inlet gas flow
Inlet gas flow
Inlet gas flow

C o
C o
Co
Saturated

Carbon
Adsorption

Zone Clean

Carbon

Outlet gas flow Ct1
Outlet gas flow Ct2
Outlet gas flow Ct3
Co

Inlet concentration

Breakthrough curve
Break point (switch to clean
bed occurs before ts)

Effluent standard

Cs

Outlet concentration

t 1

t 2
t 0
t3
Volume of gas out, or time of operation

6.12

: 2547

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-24

6.

6.13

20
Lb of Steam/lb of Solvent

15

Tolu

ene

10

c
Per

5
0

20

40

60
80
100
Elapsed Time, min

hlo

hy
det

120

len

140

160

6.13

: 2547

6.2.1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 2. 3.
6.2.1
4.

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-25

6.2.2

2
1.0 ppm


1.
(bed) 1.25 10.0
6.0 18
6 2

6.14
6.15
6.16 6.3
0.6 0.2
0.6
200
330 6.17
0.5

6.3

Multiple panel cell

Pleated cell

Cylindrical canister

0.6 ..
0.6 ..
0.002 .
0.005 .

9.4 ./.
4.7 ./.
0.12 ./.

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-26

Carbon
Filter
area

Carbon panel

6.14 Thin bed adsorber: nine cell system

: 2544

Activated carbon

6.15 Pleated thin bed

6.16 Canister

: 2544 : 2544

Activated carbon
Support material

: 2544

6.17 Canister

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-27

2. 3
(fixed bed) (moving bed) (fluidized bed)

2.1 6.17
3





0.3 1.2 (gas velocities) 6.0 30.0
750 3,730 (Pa) 1.4 2

6.18 1,150

Pretreatment

Condenser

Outlet
Regenerating steam

6.18 Three bed system

: 2544

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-28

Steam and vapor outlet

Carbon bed
Steam inlet

6.19 Horizontal bed

2.2

6.19






Vapor inlet

Activated carbon

Outer shell
Outer screen
Inner screen
Inner shell

Interior
Outlets

Regenerative
Steam inlet
Steam and vapor outlet

Vapor inlets

Steam and vapor outlet

6.20 Rotary bed system

: 2544

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-29

2.3


6.21
1
2-4

2-5 10
Clean air out

Perforated trays


Solvent laden air

Secondary adsorber
Desorber heating section

Cooling
Water
Out

Cooling
Section

Nitrogen recycle
blower

Cooling
Water
In
Recovered solvent

Air lift blower

6.21 Fluidized bed adsorber

: 2544

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-30

6.2.2

6.2.2

6.2.3


1. 55

100 ppm
5,000 ppm



2.

3.
90
30
300
10 (300 3//30 ./)
4. 50
50

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-31

5.






1.
(channeling) -

2.

()

3.
/

4.
( )

6.2.3

1. 50
2. 55
3. 60
4. 65
5. 70
6.2.3
2.

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-32

6.3

6.3

6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3

1.
3

2. 3
2


3.

6.3
1.
2.
3.

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-33

6.3.1

1.

(turbulent
mixing) (residence time) 3
(dependent variables)



(ignition temperature)

6.22



100

1 Second

0.1 0.01
80

0.001
60

40
20
0

500 800 1,000

1,200 1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

6.22

: 2547

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-34

2


(turbulence)
(baffles)


(stoichiometric theoretical amount)

rich mixture
lean mixture



(excess air)



Upper Flammable Limit (UFL)
Lower Flammable Limit (LFL)
UFL LFL

2.

2.1
stoichiometric theoretical oxygen
CxHy + (b)O2 + 3.76(b)N2 xCO2 + (y/2)H2O + 3.76(b)N2
CxHy =
b = x + (y/4) ,
3.76 =


54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-35

: CH4 + 202 + 7.x52N2 CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52N2
: C7H8 + 902 7CO2 + 4H2O
: C6H6 + 15/202 6CO2 + 3H2O
2.2
(Lee )
T99.9 = 594 12.2 w1 + 117.0 w2 + 71.6 w3 + 80.2 w4 + 0.592 w5
-20.2 w6 420.3 w7 + 87.1 w8 65.8 w9 + 62.8 w10 75.3 w11
T99. = 577 10.0 w1 + 110.2 w2 + 67.1 w3 + 72.6 w4 + 0.586 w5
-23.4 w6 430.9 w7 + 85.2 w8 82.2 w9 + 65.5 w10 76.1 w11
T99.9 = 99.9, F
T99 = 99, F
w1 =
w2 = (0 = , 1 = )
w3 = (0 = , 1 = )
w4 =
w5 = , F
w6 =
w7 =
w8 =
w9 = (2 ) (0 = , 1 = )
w10 = (0 = , 1 = )
w11 = , sec

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-36

w5 6.4
6.4 Autoignition Temperatures of Selected Organics in Air
Autoignition
Temperatures,F

Substance
Acetone
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Ammonia
Benzene
m-Butane
1-Butene
m-Butyl Alcohol
Carbon Monoxide
Chlorobenzene
Cyclohexane
Ethane
Ethanol
Ethyl Acetate
Ethybenzene
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylene

1000
453
898
1200
1075
896
723
693
1205
1245
514
986
799
907
870
965
842

Autoignition
Temperature, F

Substance
Ethylene Dichloride
Hexane
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Cyanide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Isobutene
Methane
Methanol
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Phenol
Propane
Propylene
Styrene
Toluene
Vinyl Chloride
Xylene

775
820
1076
1000
500
950
999
878
1170
960
1319
871
851
915
1026
882
924

: 2544

2.3
(combustion kinetics)
1)
(chemical time, c)
2)
(residence time, r)
3)
(mixing time, m)
3

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-37

T c = 1
k
T r = V = L
Q
U
L2
T m = D
e

Tc = , sec
Tr = , sec
Tm = sec
V = m3
Q = , m3/sec
L = , m
U = , m/sec
De = , m2/sec

1
k = ,

k ()

k = Ae E/RT

E = , cal/mol
A = , sec-1
R = , 1987 cal/mol. k
T = , k

A =

ZSyo2P
R

Z =
S =
Yo2 =
P = , atm
R = , 0.082051 atm/mol-k
Z = 6.22

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-38

S =

16

S = M.W.

M.W. =
E

E = -0.00966 (M.W.) + 46.1

k Tc, Tr Tm

= 1 e-KTr

=
3.5

Collision rate, Z X10-11

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5

Alkanes
Alkenes
Aromatics

1.0
0.5
0.0

20

40
60 80
Molecular weight

100

6.23 Collision rate factor for various hydrocarbons

: Air Pollution Control A Design Approach, 1994

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-39

2.4


1)

=
Mwaste gas + Mfuel + Mbumer air = Mexharst gas

M = QPg,
Q = ,

g = , (1.2
0.075
()

= +
H = Cp (T T0)
H =
Cp =
T =
T =

, kcal/kg
, kcal/. C
C
, C ( 15C)

Qh = QgH
= QgCp (T TO)
= QgCp (T TO) 60
Qh = , kcal/kg
6.4
Q = ,
Pg = (1.2
0.075 )
Cp = , kcal/. C
60 = , /

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-40

6.4

Relative heat content, H, kcal/kg

O2

N2

Air

CO

CO2

SO2

H2

CH4

H2O

60
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600

0.0
4.9
17.2
29.6
42.3
55.2
68.4
81.8
95.4
109.2
123.2
151.4
180.2
209.6
239.3
268.9
299.6
330.2
360.5
390.4
421.4
453.5
485.2
517.2

0.0
5.5
19.3
33.3
47.2
61.3
75.6
89.8
104.3
118.8
133.7
163.7
194.9
226.3
258.3
291.0
324.0
356.8
390.4
423.9
457.8
492.1
526.4
561.3

0.0
5.3
18.7
32.1
45.4
58.9
72.3
85.8
99.4
113.0
130.6
160.3
190.6
165.6
252.8
285.0
317.0
349.2
381.8
414.8
447.9
481.1
514.4
547.8

0.0
5.6
19.4
33.3
47.2
61.4
75.7
90.2
104.8
119.8
134.8
165.4
196.8
226.4
258.5
291.0
324.0
357.2
390.7
428.5
462.5
496.7
531.1
565.7

0.0
4.4
16.3
28.9
41.8
55.4
69.5
83.1
98.8
114.2
129.8
161.6
194.3
231.3
261.6
296.0
331.2
366.2
401.8
437.4
473.3
509.3
545.3
581.8

0.0
3.3
11.9
20.8
30.2
39.9
49.9
60.1
70.6
81.2
91.9
113.9
136.3
159.1
182.1
205.0
228.4
251.5
275.1
309.7
322.2
345.8
369.4
393.0

0.0
76.1
268.9
462.2
656.6
851.1
1045.5
1240.5
1435.5
1630.5
1828.3
2226.0
2627.1
3033.2
3443.2
3862.1
4287.1
4716.5
5151.0
5588.7
6038.7
6488.7
6949.8
7405.3

0.0
11.7
42.3
75.8
112.3
151.4
193.2
237.4
284.0
332.9
383.9
492.3
607.8
729.4
857.0
-

0.0
647.2
673.3
699.4
726.1
752.8
780.0
807.8
836.1
893.9
953.9
1016.1
-

: 2547

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-41

2)

QA = -3.796 (T) + 8662.43

QA = kcal/m3
T = C

NG = Qh/QA

NG = (/)
Qh = (kcal/)
6.3.1

6.3.1
3

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-42

6.3.2

3

1. (flare) (direct combustion)
(burner)


(heat content)

115 Btu/1b
50
2
1) (ground flare) 6.24

Burners
Accoustical insulation


Liquid waste
atomizing injectors
Waste gas
Inlet area
Source: Scraitz, 1980

: www.diw.go.th

6.24 Ground Flare

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-43

2) (elevated flare) 6.25

100


Oxygenated Compound

Steam injection point

Waste gas
retention ring

Waste gas
Pilot assembly

Steam distribution
Ring

Flare stack

: www.diw.go.th

6.25 Elevated Flare

2. (afterburners)
( ) 4 8 (
6.26)


2,000
180400

6.26 (burner)

650800 12001500
0.30.5

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-44

Waste gas
Fuel
Combustion chamber
Plenum

: www.diw.go.th

6.26

(flame quenching)


(turbulent flow)
() 20-40 / (r) 0.4 0.9
2.0 1.0
4.0
(L)

L =

Tr

(D)

4QE

D =
n
QE = ME RTE
P(M.W.)E
QE =
atm.ft3
R = = 0.73032 1b.mole
P = , atm
M.W =
54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-45

3.
(catalyst)



4060


0.5 2.0 . 1000 .
85 95 0.01 0.05
(pressure drop)
0.25 0.5
6.27









Fume steam
70-400oF

Preheat
burner

Catalyst
element

600-900oF
Combustion/mixing
Chamber

8001100oF

Clean gas to stack

Optional heat recovery

(regenerative or recycle system)
Heat exchanger tubes

Catalyst

6.27 Catalytic Incinerator

: 2544 www.diw.go.th

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-46

(honeycomb) ( 6.28) 0.050.5 1
(pellet) 18 1.010 1 6.5

(Retallic, 1981)


[VOL]L
[VOC]0
L
L m

[VOC]L = e L
Lm
[VOC]0
= L
=
=
= (mass transfer unit)

6.28 Honeycomb catalysts*

: 2544

54114-6 1 (10.2.52) IMac 1

6-47

6.5 Some Temeratures Used for Catalytic Incineration

Compound1
H2
CO
n-pentane
n-heptane
n-decane
Benzene
Toluene
Methy1 ethy1 ketone
Methy1 isobuty1 ketone

Reported Temperatures, 2oF

68,250
300, 500, 600
590
480, 570, 580
500
440, 480, 500, 575
460, 480, 575
540, 570, 660
540, 570, 660

: Air Pollution Control A Design Aproach, 1994

NOTES : 1. All compounds were premixed in air at 10% of their lower explosive limits (LELs).

2. The reported temperatures are those required to give 90% destruction of the VOC.
The temperatures were reported by various investigators using various commercial catalysts.

2
1. (laminar)

Lm =

17.6

= , m/s
D = , m
= , m2/S
2. (turbulence)


Lm = fa2 (Sc)2/3
f = Fanning friction factor
Sc = Schmidt number
A = , m-1
2
2-10 99

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6-48

6.3.2

6.3.2

1.
2.
3.

6.3.3


1.

2.

3. by pass by pass


4.

Phosphorus, Bismuth, Arsenic, Antimony, Mercury, Zinc, Lead, Tin

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Solid Oxides


6.3.3

6.3.3

1.
2.
3.
4.

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2547


2544
Calvert, S. and Englund, H.M. Handbook of Air Pollution Technology. New York: John Wiley & Sons,

1984.
Cooper, C.D. and Alley, F.C. Air Pollution Control A Design Approach. 2nd ed. Illinois: Waveland Press,

Inc., 1994.
Corbitt, R.A. Standard Handbook of Environmental Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill,Inc., 1989.
Nevers, N.D. Air Pollution Control Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill,Inc., 1995
Joseph, G.T. and Beachler, D.S. APTI Course 415 Control of Gaseous Emissions Student Manual. United

Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: Northrop Service,

Inc., 1981.
Theodore, L. and Buonicore, A. Air Pollution Control Equipment Selection, Design, Operation and Maintenance.

New York: Springer-Verlay,: 1994.
www.diw.go.th

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