A PROJECT REPORT ON THE STUDY OF

RICE HUSK BOILER IN RIL BMD

SUMMAR TRAINING PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TOWARDS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF B.TECH

Reliance Industries Limited

(Barabanki manufacturing division)

IDEAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GHAZIABAD

Submited By: ASHISH GAURAV rd MECHANICAL 3 year

Ideal Institute of Technology

Submitted To:Head Of the Department Mechanical Engineering Ideal Institute of Technology Ghaziabad

TABLE OF CONTENT

Serial No
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16

Particulars
Title page Declaration Acknowledgement Company Profile Reliance Group Executive Summary Vision of Reliance Awards and Achievements Manufacturing Facilities Swot Analysis of Reliance Boiler Rice Husk Boiler Research Methodology Bibliography

Page No.
1 2 4 5 7 9 10 11 14 18 25 26 36 38

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that all the information that has been collected, analyzed and Documented for the project is authentic possession of mine. I would like to categorically mention that the work here has neither been purchased nor acquired by any other unfair means. However, for the purpose of the project, information already compiled in many sources has been utilized.

ASHISH GAURAV MECHANICAL

3rd year

Ideal Institute of Technology Ghaziabad

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very thankful to Mr. Narender Singh sir (HR Manager) and Mr.A.K. Saxena (HR) for giving me such a golden opportunity to do summer training in Reliance Industries Limited Barabanki Manufacturing Division for efficient and successful training the major part of credit go to Mr. A.K. YADAV D.I. mechanical department whose guided and supported me throughout our training period by devoting his precious time without his help project wouldnt completed. I am obliged Mr.S.K.Mishra Sir and Mr. Avinash Singh Sir for technical discusses and generous help during the course of the work. I specially thank to Mr. Ajay Kumar Singh, Mr. D.K.Roston, Mr. Anil Shukla and Mr. Ram Naresh Sir provided the guidance for HUSK BOILRE. I am also thankful to our training for co ordination Mr. Kote Yal Sir, Mr. Rajesh Rishi Sir who motivated and boosted our moral and helped us from time to time. I am also very thankful to Mr. Jog ender Singh Sir and all the employs and management of RLI Barabanki for their co-ordination throughout training

COMPANY PROFILE
Shri Mukes D. Ambani chairman & Managing Director
Shri Mukesh D. Ambani is a Chemical Engineer from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai (earlier the University Department of Chemical Technology, the University of Bombay). He has pursued MBA from Stanford University, USA. He joined Reliance in 1981 and initiated Reliance's backward integration journey from textiles into polyester fibres and further into petrochemicals, petroleum refining and going up-stream into oil and gas exploration and production. He created several new world-class manufacturing facilities involving diverse technologies that have raised Reliance's petrochemicals manufacturing capacities from less than a million tonnes to about twenty million tonnes per year. He led the creation of the world's largest grassroots petroleum refinery at Jamnagar, with a current capacity of 33 million tonnes per year integrated with petrochemicals, power generation, port and related infrastructure. Further, he steered the setting up of another 27 million tonnes refinery next to the existing one in Jamnagar with an aggregate refining capacity of 1.24 million barrels of oil per day at any single location in the world which has transformed "Jamnagar" as the 'Refining Hub of the World'. Under his leadership, RIL is set to transform India's energy landscape from the oil & gas flowing from Dhirubhai 1 & 3 Natural gas - a low carbon, low polluting green fuel that will create value and be beneficial to a large section of India's society. He is also steering Reliance's development of infrastructure facilities and implementation of a pan-India organised retail network spanning multiple formats and supply chain infrastructure.

 Awarded the Dean's Medal by the University of Pennsylvania's School of Engineering and Applied Science in 2010 for his leadership in the application of Engineering and Technology. Awarded the Indian Merchant's Chamber (IMC) 'Juran Quality Medal for 2009', in 2010. Awarded The Dwight D. Eisenhower Global Leadership Award by The Business Council for International Understanding (BCIU) in 2010. Honoured at the Awards Dinner by Asia Society in 2010. The 5th Ranked best performing CEO in the world by the Harvard Business Review in its ranking of the top 50 global CEOs.

RELIANCE GROUP
The Reliance Group, founded by Dhirubhai H. Ambani (1932-2002), is India's largest private sector enterprise, with businesses in the energy and materials value chain. Group's annual revenues are in excess of US$ 66 billion. The flagship company, Reliance Industries Limited, is a Fortune Global 500 company and is the largest private sector company in India. Backward vertical integration has been the cornerstone of the evolution and growth of Reliance. Starting with textiles in the late seventies, Reliance pursued a strategy of backward vertical integration - in polyester, fibre intermediates, plastics, petrochemicals, petroleum refining and oil and gas exploration and production - to be fully integrated along the materials and energy value chain. The Group's activities span exploration and production of oil and gas, petroleum refining and marketing, petrochemicals (polyester, fibre intermediates, plastics and chemicals), textiles, retail, infotel and special economic zones. Reliance enjoys global leadership in its businesses, being the largest polyester yarn and fibre producer in the world and among the top five to ten producers in the world in major petrochemical products. Major Group Companies are Reliance Industries Limited, including its subsidiaries and Reliance Industrial Infrastructure Limited.

The Company's operations can be classified into four segments namely: Petroleum Refining and Marketing business Petrochemicals business Oil and Gas Exploration & Production business Others

The Company is:-.

Largest producer of Polyester Fibre and Yarn 5th largest producer of Paraxylene (PX) 5th largest producer of Polypropylene (PP) 8th largest producer of Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG)

The Company has the largest refining capacity at any single location

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Reliance Industries India group is India's largest private sector conglomerate. The Reliance Industries Limited was started by the legendary Late Dhirubhai H. Ambani after a humble strain the late 1970's as a textile company its success skyrocketed and now covers almost all industry verticals. The Reliance Industries India group is India's largest private sector conglomerate. The Reliance Industries Limited was started by the legendary Late Dhirubhai H. Ambani After a humble strain the late 1970's as a textile company its success skyrocketed and now covers almost all industry verticals. In this report first I have given the general information regarding the company. It includes the introduction and history of company; its disinvestments, milestones, board of directors, quality policy, financial position of the company, and the products. I have also given the comparative analysis of its group companies and it various divisions with its net revenue and briefly describe its functional department of the company like Production department, stores, finance department, marketing department and human recourse department etc. had also described its management control briefly by showing its organization chart and structure with future strategy which they going to implement in future. In the second part, I have focused on my core project regarding the procedure followed for the cash and bank management at RIL and its analysis with ration and interpretation. In the end, the conclusion and the bibliography are given. The report totally depends on the secondary data and it may be possible that the data from which the report is made may not appear in the report because some data is confidential for the company. From given financial analysis I come to know that this year performance of Reliance is decrease compare to last year but in the balance sheet it was seen that sales was increase but on the other side there are some other cost of paying the interest because amount of debt was increase this year and profit was decrease this was I assumed on the basis of ratio analysis by comparing with last three year performance.

VISION
Mukesh Ambani Chairman of Reliance Industries Ltd
Indias largest private company laid down a road map for business transformation and value creation for the company at its 35th annual general meeting. This has been a truly transformational year at Reliance Industries (RIL).The successful commissioning of the To establish a centre of excellence for Research & Development in PET homo and co-polymer fibres and resins through disciplined motivated and time bound execution of projects. To create an environment conducive to intellectual growth, efficient flow of information and accountability in order to achieve a productive and sustained phase of research activities. To closely interact with the business group companies and technical groups for short, medium and long-term quality and process issues. To thrive to become a catalyst to the growth of company's polyester business. To leverage synergy between Reliance's PET, Polymers and Fibre intermediate businesses. To create, maintain and pursue strategic research alliance for top end research activities Achieve 'Global leadership in Polymers, Fibres and Resin businesses' through innovative Research and Technology Development in materials, processes, products and applications through efficient, disciplined, target oriented and cost effective Research and Development activities.

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AWARDS
Shri Mukesh Ambani was awarded the Defence India Excellence Award2007. The Award is a salute to those who have made the country proud. Shri Mukesh Ambani was conferred the Leadership Award for Global Vision by the United States India Business Council. Shri Mukesh Ambani was elected to be a member of the Honorary Fellows of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, UK. Dr. R. A. Mashelkar received 'Foreign Fellow' from Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (ATSE) in 2008. RIL continues to be featured, for the fifth consecutive year, in the Fortune Global 500 list of 'World's largest corporations'; ranking for 2009 is as follows: Ranked 264th in terms of sales Ranked 117th in terms of profits RIL won the Golden Peacock Global Award for Excellence in Corporate Governance for the year 2008. Jamnagar Manufacturing Division bagged the 'Refinery of the Year Award for 2008', for second successive year from 'Petroleum Federation of India'. Shri Mukesh Ambani received the American India Foundation's (AIF), USA, 'The 2008 Annual Spring Gala Award' in 2008. Shri Mukesh Ambani was conferred the Leadership Award for Global Vision by the United States India Business Council.

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ACHIEVEMENTS
2002
In Jan. 2002, Reliance Petro investments have become a subsidiary of the company, while Reliance Life Insurance Company and Reliance General Insurance Company has ceased to be subsidiaries of the company. In March 2002, the Board approved the proposal for amalgamation of Reliance Petroleum Limited (RPL) with the Company. The proposed Scheme of Amalgamation provides that the amalgamation will take effect from the Appointed Date i.e. April 1, 2001. All assets, liabilities and obligations of RPL will vest in the company i.e. from the said appointed date. One equity share of the company will be allotted for every eleven equity shares of RPL held. Shareholders of Reliance Petroleum Ltd on April 15 approved the merger of RPL with Reliance Industries Ltd at a meeting held in Jamnagar and convened under the orders of the Gujarat High Court. Reliance Industries acquires 26% state & management control in Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd. (IPCL) by paying Rs 1490.84 corer to Government of India.

2003
Discovers gas it its offshore exploration in Gujarat Finds more gas in Block D6 in the deep waters of Krishna Godavari Basin Shuts down the aromatics plant at Jamnagar, Gujarat Companys Hazira manufacturing unit gets IMC-Bajaj quality award

2004
Munich Re throws away Reinsurance JV program with RIL Reliance Industries Associate signs MOU with National Organic Chemicals Industries Limited (NOCIL) of taking over its petrochemicals & plastic products division IPCL picks up gas from Petro net LNG Reliance Jamnagar refinery voted best among 50 refineries worldwide Gujarat gives away Gujarat Garima Awards to Tata, Ambani

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Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) has increased the capacity of its Jamnagar refinery to33 million tonnes from 30 million tonnes. Mukesh Ambani ranks 40th in the world business leaders Reliance join hands with Gail for Indo-Iran natural gas pipeline project Reliance Industries, country' largest private sector company, has surged ahead of global players after it posted a net profit of more than billion in 2003-04. Reliance Industries Ltd has bagged a National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) order to supply 3 million tonnes of natural gas per annum for the latter's proposed 1300-MWpower stations at Kavas and Gandhi in Gujarat for seventeen years

2009
Reliance Industries has discovered natural gas reserves in a well drilled on its NEC-25block in Mahanadi basin, off the Orissa coast. Reliance Industries has raised around Rs 3,188 corer through sale of 1.50 corer equity shares of the company.

2010
Haryana Special Economic Zone (SEZ), Reliance Industries (RIL) has roped in a partner, in bid to re-energize its dormant. RIL has bought around 3 mn barrels of spot crude from Brazilian company Petrobras.The delivery is expected in the next two months. The purchase was fuelled by lower freight rates and weaker US crude prices as compared to Europe. Reliance has bought a VLCC of Roncador Heavy and Albacore crudes to be loaded this month, and a Suezmax of October-loading Marlin

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MANUFACTURING FACILITIES
Naroda
Naroda Manufacturing Division located near Ahmadabad, Gujarat, is RILs first manufacturing facility. This synthetic textiles and fabrics manufacturing facility manufactures and markets woven and knitted fabrics for home textiles, synthetic and worsted suiting and shirting, ready to wear garments and automotive fabrics. Complex represents the largest investment in the textile industry at a single location.Naroda complex is India's most modern textile complex - a recognition bestowed by the World Bank...

Patalganga
Patalganga Manufacturing Division located near Mumbai. It comprises of polyester, fibre intermediates and linear alkyl benzene manufacturing plants.

Products Manufactured:
Para - Xylene (Px) -> from Naphtha Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) -> from Para - Xylem Polyester Filament Yarn (PFY) -> from PTA & MEG Polyester Staple Fibre (PSF) -> from PTA & MEG Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) -> from Kerosene - n paraffin

Allahabad
Allahabad Manufacturing is Division located in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. It is equipped with batch polymerization and continuous polymerization facilities. The batch plant produces wider range of speciality polymers and continuous plant produces both commodity and differentiated products. Both the plants are equipped with pilot positions to produce customer specific products and

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For development activities. The plants also have integrated facilities of draw twisting; draw exorcising, Yarn Dyeing and Twisting. The first phase of the plant was commissioned with a batch plant in 1991 with technology from Toray Industries Inc, Japan. In the second phase, the plant was further expanded in 1997 with technology from Toray Engineering Company, Japan. Since then, the Plant has developed indigenous technologies with its development activities to produce a large range of speciality polymers, for different downstream processes like draw twisting, draw warping, draw texurising, air texurising etc.

Dahej
Dahej Manufacturing Division is located near Barouche, Gujarat. It comprises of an ethane / propane recovery unit, a gas cracker, a caustic chlorine plant and 4 downstream plants, which manufacture polymers and fibre intermediates the division, has its own facility for separating ethane/propane. The ethane / propane mixture is used as a feedstock for the gas cracker plant. The division was commissioned in two phases. The Caustic Chlorine, VCM and PVC pants in phase one was commissioned in 1997. After this, in phase two, HDPE plant, MEG plant, ethane / propane recovery plant and gas cracker unit were commissioned in 2000.

Hazira
Hazira Manufacturing Division is located near Surat, Gujarat. It comprises of a Naphtha cracker feeding downstream fibre intermediates, plastics and polyester plants. The first phase of the complex was commissioned in 1991-92 to generate power/utility and to manufacture Ethylene Oxide (EO), Mono Ethylene Glycol

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(MEG), Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM), Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) and High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). A jetty was built for loading and unloading operation of raw material and final products. The second phase of the project, started in 1995, involved commissioning of the Polyester Complex (POY & PSF) and continued in full backward integration with commissioning of the new Polypropylene (PP), Naphtha Cracker, Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) plants and also involved expansion of existing phase 1 plants.

Nagpur
Nagpur Manufacturing Division is located in Nagpur, Maharashtra. It manufactures polyester filament yarn, dope-dyed specialty products of different ranges, fully drawn yarn and polyester chips. The plant has facilities like housing for its employees, school, guest house and a Ganesha temple. RIL - Nagpur Manufacturing Division is an ISO: 9001:2000 certified unit accredited by BVQI, along with certification for ISO14001: 2004 and OHSAS 18001:1999 as well.

Jamnagar
Jamnagar Manufacturing Division is located near Jamnagar, Gujarat. It comprises of a petroleum refinery and associated petrochemical plants. The refinery is equipped to refine various types of crude oil (sour crude, sweet crude or a mixture of both) and manufactures various grades of fuel from motor gasoline to Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF). The petrochemicals plants produce plastics and fibre intermediates. Created in a record time of less than three years, the Jamnagar Manufacturing Division would always remain a special experience for Reliance. The project is of titanic proportion and has taken, for its completion, millions of engineering man-hours spread over many international engineering offices; thousands of tonnes in equipment and material, procured from leading suppliers across the

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globe; highly advanced construction equipment of unbelievable sizes; construction workforce of over 75,000 working round the clock for months; a great number of innovative techniques in project execution; and project management expertise of Reliance acquired over the past several years. With a Complexity Index of 11.3 (as defined by the Nelson Complexity Index) RIL's refinery at Jamnagar is able to process heavy and sour crude oils to produce high value products. This allows the Company to benefit from the lower input cost compared to light crude oils. The Jamnagar Manufacturing Division has a 33 - million tonnes per annum refinery that is fully integrated with downstream petrochemicals units which manufacture naphtha-based aromatics as well as propylene-based polymers.

Barabanki
Barabanki Manufacturing Division is located near Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. It manufactures Black Fibre. Barabanki Manufacturing Division was commissioned in January, 1987, with technical collaboration from M/s. Du Pont, USA to manufacture 15,000 MT per annum of Commodity Polyester Staple Fibre. The capacity was gradually increased to 30,000 MT per annum by de-bottlenecking. The Commodity Polyester Staple Fibre produced was sold in national and international markets. In 2004, further capacity of 10,000 MT per annum was added by installing an extrusion based Spinning Plant. With this addition the present installed capacity of Barabanki Manufacturing Division is 40,000 MT per annum.

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SWOT ANALYSIS OF RIL

Strength
Technological Skills Distribution channels Production Quality High resource & surplus Unique growth visibility

Weakness
Failure in Forward Integration Un-utilised high resource & surplus

Opportunities
Increase in demand in Chinese & Indian market Gas from KG basin Local Indian market visibility & growth

Threats
Possibility of 100 % FDI Windfall taxes Competition Government

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Company
Division

Reliance Industries Limited Barabanki Manufacturing Dewa Road, P.O. Somaiya Nagar, Barabanki

Registered Office

Reliance Industries limited 3 rd Floor, Maker Chamber IV 222, Nariman Point, Mumbai India,

Products Manufactured
Polyester Staple Fibre Polyester and Tow

Trade name
Recon (Darlene)

Installed Capacity
41000mt/tons per annum

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Process
World largest and renounce continuous Polymerization and Direct Spinning with Technology from DU pont USA.

Strength of Employees
241

Principal Row Material

PTA (Poly Therypathlic acid) and MEG (Mono Glycol) Fibre Production Super High tenacity fibre for sewing thread

Marketing
Strategic Alliance (M/s Reliance Industries Limited)

Customer
Leading textile mills in India and abroad

Site Head
Shri Awinash G Belhe

Commercial Head
Mr. Muralidhar Nayak

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Journey of RIL Barabanki Manufacturing Division since its Birth

Barabanki Manufacturing Division is located near Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. It manufactures Black Fibre. Barabanki Manufacturing Division was commissioned in January, 1987, with technical collaboration from M/s. Du Pont, USA to manufacture 15,000 MT per annum of Commodity Polyester Staple Fibre. The capacity was gradually increased to 30,000 MT per annum by de-bottlenecking. The Commodity Polyester Staple Fibre produced was sold in national and international markets. In 2004, further capacity of 10,000 MT per annum was added by installing an extrusion based Spinning Plant. With this addition the present installed capacity of Barabanki Manufacturing Division is 40,000 MT per annum. Reliance Industries Limited, Barabanki Manufacturing Division (Formerly Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited, Barabanki Complex), situated at Barabanki (U.P), 28 Kms from Lucknow, started commercial production in January, 1987 The Company is engaged in manufacturing of Polyester Staple Fibre, Polyester & Tow with technology from Du Pont, USA. The initial installed capacity was 15,000 MT per annum but with its own development programmes, the Company has been able to enhance its capacity to 19400 MT per annum in 1994-95, 22400 in 1997- 98, 31000 in 2002-03 and to 40000 MT in 2004-05.

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In year 2005-06, the company has added new PSF products based in the year 1999, Company developed specialty polyester staple fibre "dope dyed black PSF", in the year 2002, it had carried out plant revamping for modernisation of plant, increase production capacity and enhancing product quality. Following benefits were derived: Production of Dope Dyed Black Polyester Staple Fibre of international quality on Continuous and sustained basis. Increase in production capacity of Dope Dyed Black Polyester Staple Fibre from 54 MT per day to 80 MT per day. Increase in production capacity of Semi Dull Polyester Staple Fibre from 65 MT per day to 90 MT per day.

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DESCRIPTION / MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF PLANT

CONTINIOUS POLYMERISATION
Pure Terepthalic Acid (PTA), Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) and carbon black are the main raw materials for the manufacure of Dope Dyed Black Polyester Staple Fibre. In CP, PTA and MEG in theform of slurry react with each other in a specially designed etherification vessel. The PTA powder is unloaded into Feed Hoppers and is pneumatically transferred to the storage silo under nitrogen atmosphere. PTA powder flows by gravity from the storage into the mass flow hopper, which provides a constant supply of PTA powder to the screw feeder. The screw feeder controls the PTA feed rate to the slurry mix tank. Glycol is also metered and added into the slurry mix tank. The PTA slurry from the feed tank is injected into etherification reactor with the help of slurry injection pump. For Semi dull production the product called oligometer is injected with delustrant TiO2 and catalyst. For the production of Black Fibre, Carbon Slurry is injected into Oligometer in a highly controlled quantity. Further polymerisationtakes place in prepolymeriser and finisher employing high temperature and vacuum.

CHIPS/FLAKES ROUTE
In the expanded capacity, PET Chips/ flakes and Master Batch(MB) CHIPS are used for production of Black polyster staple fibre. Chips/Flakes &MB chips are bought from market. PET flakes dried in drier under vacuum using steam as heating medium. MB chips are dried in a tumble drier. PET flakes and MB chips are melted and extruded in extruders.PET chips/flakes melt is passed through a set of filters and MB Melt is then injected into the clean PET flakes melt. This polymer is spun in the spinning machine. 23

SPINNING
The polymer is fed directly into the spinning machine by a screw pump and passed through manifolds, blocks, metering pumps and extruded through spinnerts.This process is known as melt spinning and the product after this is called filaments.The spun filaments are quenced with air and spin finish is applied on the emerging filaments. These are collected in cans. This product is called undrawn tow.

DRAW LINE
The undrawn tow is drawn, heat set crimped and dried. Spin finish is applied to the tow. The emerging product is called crimpled tow. It is directly passed to cutter for staple cutting and packed as bale or collected in cutter boxes. For the production of polyester tow, the undrawn tow is drawn, crimped and dried. Finish is applied and is collected in tow boxes at tow pack station at the tow baler.

CUTTER BALER/ TOW BALER

The crimped tow is cut to required staple strength and packed in bales and polyester tow for worsted industry is directly packed into bales. During processing, in all sections strict control is maintained over all parameters to achieve product quality, material efficiency and safety requirements as detailed in procedures.

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BOILER
A boiler is an enclosed vessel that provides a means for combustion heat to be transferred into water until it becomes heated water or steam. The hot water or steam under pressure is then usable for transferring the heat to a process. Water is a useful and cheap medium for transferring heat to a process. A boiler is a closed vessel in which water under pressure is transformed into steam by the application of heat. In the boiler furnace, the chemical energy in the fuel is converted into heat, and it is the function of the boiler to transfer this heat to the contained water in the most efficient manner. The boiler should also be designed to generate high quality steam for plant use According to AMERICAN SOCITY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (A.S.M.E.) a steam generating unit is define as boiler Two principal types of boilers are used for industrial applications: Fire tube boilers-Products of combustion pass through the tubes, which are surrounded by water. Water tube boilers- Products of combustion pass around the tubes containing water. The tubes are interconnected to common channels or headers and eventually to a steam outlet for distribution to the plant system.

Classification of Boilers
Vertical or Horizontal Stationary(Power plant, industrial, central heating and combined power and heating boilers.),Portable, Locomotive or Marine Internally Fired or Externally Fired (Lancashire and Locomotive Boilers) Solid, Liquid or Gas Fired

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Boiler systems
The boiler system comprises of feed water system and fuel system. The water system provides Water to the boiler and regulates it automatically to meet the steam demand. Various valves provide access for maintenance and repair. The steam system collects and controls he steam Produced in the boiler. Steam is directed through a piping system to the point of use. Throughout the system, steam pressure is regulated using valves and checked with steam pressure gauges. The fuel system includes all equipment used provide fuel to generate the necessary heat. The equipment required in fuel system depends on the type of fuel used in the system.

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RICE HUSK BASED BOILER USED IN RIL (BMD)

Fuel used in boiler

The source of heat for a boiler is combustion of any of several fuels, such as wood, coal, Oil, Rice Husk or natural gas. Electric steam boilers use resistance- or immersion-type heating elements. Nuclear fission is also used as a heat source for generating steam. Heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) use the heat rejected from other processes such as gas turbines

Stable combustion control

The burning of the ground rice husks in the boilers furnace chamber is a complex process that must be carefully controlled. Fuel oil-fired burners heat the combustion chamber. Once this chamber reaches 700-800 degrees C, ground rice husks are fed from a service silo to a fuel-air mixing system, where this mixture is compressed by air from a primary service fan and blown 27

Through the burners into the centre of the combustion chamber. Adjustable vanes on the burners circulate the fuel-air mixture to maintain optimum combustion at 800-900 degrees C. At the same time, compressed outside air that has been drawn in by a forced draft fan and heated in an economizer is directed into the lower part of the combustion chamber in order to keep the ground rice husks in a suspended state and ensure complete combustion. Once the ground rice husks are burning steadily, the supply of fuel oil to the burners is gradually reduced and then stopped completely. With the pressure inside the combustion chamber in balance with the out flowing flue gases, the heat from the flue gas generates 480 degree C steam that drives the steam turbine. The flue gases are then released through the economizer to recover the remaining heat.

FBC Boiler
When an evenly distributed air or gas is passed upward through a finely divided bed of solid particles such as sand supported on a fine mesh, the particles are undisturbed at low velocity. As air velocity is gradually increased, a stage is reached when the individual particles are suspended in the air stream. Further, increase in velocity gives rise to bubble formation, vigorous turbulence and rapid mixing and the bed is said to be fluidized. If the sand in a fluidized state is heated to the ignition temperature of the coal and the coal is injected continuously in to the bed, the coal will burn rapidly, and the bed attains a uniform temperature due to effective mixing. Proper air distribution is vital for maintaining uniform fluidisation across the bed.). Ash is disposed by dry and wet ash disposal systems.

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Mechanism Fluidised Bed Combustion

Fluidized bed combustion systems use a heated bed of sand-like material suspended (fluidized) within a rising column of air to burn many types and classes of fuel. This technique results in a vast improvement in combustion efficiency of high moisture content fuels, and is adaptable to a variety of "waste type fuels. The scrubbing action of the bed material on the fuel particle enhances the combustion process by stripping away the carbon dioxide and char layers that normally form around the fuel particle. This allows oxygen to reach the combustible material much more readily and increases the rate and efficiency of the combustion process.

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Feed Water Preparation

This section deals with the preparation of boiler feed water. The basic assumption with regard to the quality of feed water is that calcium and magnesium hardness, migratory iron, migratory copper, colloidal silica and other contaminants have been reduced to a minimum, consistent with boiler design and operation parameters. Once feed water quality has been optimized with regard to soluble and particulate contaminants. The next problem is corrosive gases. Dissolved oxygen and dissolved carbon dioxide are among the principal causes of corrosion in the boiler and pre-boiler systems. The deposition of these metallic oxides in the boiler is frequently more troublesome than the actual damage caused by the corrosion. Deposition is not only harmful in itself, but it offers an opening for further corrosion mechanisms as well. Contaminant products in the feed water cycle up and concentrate in the boiler. As a result, deposition takes place on internal surfaces, particularly in high heat transfer areas, where it can be least tolerated. Metallic deposits act as insulators, which can cause local overheating and failure. Deposits can also restrict boiler water circulation. Reduced circulation can contribute to overheating, film boiling and accelerated deposition.

The Role of Water Treatment in Steam Generation

Based on an operating history that exceeds 50 years, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) has provided guidelines for water quality in modern industrial boilers. These criteria were established to assure reliable and safe operation of boilers.

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External Treatment
External treatment, as the term is applied to water prepared for use as boiler feed water, usually refers to the chemical and mechanical treatment of the water source. The goal is to improve the quality of this source prior to its use as boiler feed water, external to the operating boiler itself. Such external treatment normally includes: Clarification Filtration Softening Dealkalization Demineralization Deaeration Heating

Internal Treatment
Even after the best and most appropriate external treatment of the water source, boiler feed water (including return condensate) still contains impurities that could adversely affect boiler operation. Internal boiler water treatment is then applied to minimize the potential problems and to avoid any catastrophic failure, regardless of external treatment malfunction

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Deaeration (Mechanical and Chemical)

Mechanical and chemical deaeration is an integral part of modern boiler water protection and control. Deaeration, coupled with other aspects of external treatment, provides the best and highest quality feed water for boiler use. Simply speaking, the purposes of deaeration are: To remove oxygen, carbon dioxide and other no condensable gases from feed water To heat the incoming makeup water and return condensate to an optimum temperature for: Minimizing solubility of the undesirable gases Providing the highest temperature water for injection to the boiler

Mechanical Deaeration
Mechanical deaeration is the first step in eliminating oxygen and other corrosive gases from the feed water. Free carbon dioxide is also removed by deaeration, while combined carbon dioxide is released with the steam in the boiler and subsequently dissolves in the condensate. This can cause additional corrosion problems. Because dissolved oxygen is a constant threat to boiler tube integrity, our discussion on the deaerator will be aimed at reducing the oxygen content of the feed water. The two major types of deaerators are the tray type and the spray type. In both cases, the major portion of gas removal is accomplished by spraying cold makeup water into a steam environment.

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Tray-Type Deaerating Heaters

Tray-type deaerating heaters release dissolved gases in the incoming water by reducing it to a fine spray as it cascades over several rows of trays. The steam that makes intimate contact with the water droplets then scrubs the dissolved gases by its counter-current flow. The steam heats the water to within 3-5 F of the steam saturation temperature and it should remove all but the very last traces of oxygen. The deaerated water then falls to the storage space below, where a steam blanket protects it from recontamination.

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SOME OTHER BOILER USED IN RIL (BMD)

Furnace Boiler
The fuel pump forces the fuel through injectors that spray it into the furnace. At the same time, a blower fan forces in air to provide oxygen for combustion. The temperature rises to 2500 F inside the furnace. All parts inside the furnace must be made with a steel alloy that won't melt or weaken at this high temperature. As the smoke passes out of the furnace, it goes through ducts to an air preheater. This transfers some of the heat in the smoke back to the air going into the furnace. Air preheaters are expensive but they save money over time because less fuel is needed to heat the incoming air.

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Primary Objective
To analyse the performance of Rice Husk Boiler. Continue with existing practice and run old boiler. New boiler with Rice Husk as a fuel to replace old boilers.

Secondary Objective
To understand the concept of the Rice Husk. To find out the profitability of the boiler. To find out the merits and demerits of the boiler. To judge the efficiency and effectiveness of the boiler.

NEED OF THE STUDY

The study has been done to understand the concept of boiler used in manufacturing divisions. It analyses the two types of boiler i.e. Rice Husk. This study also covers the financial aspects of both the boiler used in the RIL (BMD) Through this study it has been found that which boiler is more economical for the industry.

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RESARCH METHODOLOGY
Method of data collection Primary Source
Observation Interview of employees Discussions with employees

Secondary sources
It is the data that has already been collected by some one or an organization for some other purpose or research study .The data for study has been collected from various sources Books Journals Magazinen Internet sources

Time of the study

45 Days

Statistical Tools Used

Simple statistical tools like bar graphs and tabulation have been used.

Financial tools used

Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Payback Period, Profitability Index and Return On Capital Employed.

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CARBON CREDIT IN RIL

Our earth is undoubtedly warming. This warming is largely the result of emission carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases {GHGs} from human activities including industrial process, fossil flues combustion and changes in land use, such as deforestation etc. Addressing climate change is not a simple task. To protect ourselves, our economy and our land from the adverse effects of climate change, we must reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. To achieve this goal the concept of Clean Development Mechanism {CDM} has come into vogue as a part of Kyoto Protocol. The objective is the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Financial Management (I M Panday) Cost & Management Accounting ( ) Financial Accounting ( )

Websites

www.google.com www.ril.com www.about.com

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