Chapter 7.105200431

Chapter 7: Managing Change and Innovation
1. Organizational change can be any alteration in an organization's people, structure, or technology. Answer: True False
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 218 Objective: 7.1
2. Change is something that managers strive to eliminate completely. Answer: True False
3. An example of a change in structure is an organization becoming more decentralized. Answer: True False
4. An example of changes in people would involve a manager widening her span of control. Answer: True False
5. A company changing the way it names computer files would not be an example of a technology change because no new technological equipment was used. Answer: True False
6. Continuous improvement changes are not considered changes in technology because they are changes that are planned and expected. Answer: True False
7. An aggressive new competitor in the marketplace is an external force that creates a need for organizational change that companies today frequently face. Answer: True False
8. New online advertising technology is an external force that creates a need for organizational change when it causes a company to change its advertising strategy. Answer: True False
9. Labor markets are an internal force that creates a need for organizational change. Answer: True False
10. The decision of an organization to bring in new equipment from the outside is an example of an external force that creates a need for organizational change. Answer: True False
11. In an organization, only a manager can be a change agent. Answer: True False
12. Consultants are less likely to be change agents than internal managers. Answer: True False
13. The "calm waters" metaphor imagines the organization as a large ship crossing a calm sea. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 221-222 Objective: 7.1
14. Kurt Lewin sees the first step in change as the freezing of the status quo. Answer: True False
15. In Lewin's view, the only way to effect change is to increase the driving forces that direct change away from the status quo. Answer: True False
16. The main idea of the "white-water rapids" metaphor is that change is always destructive. Answer: True False
17. In the "white-water rapids" metaphor of change, managers should expect change at any time, and it may last for unspecified lengths of time.
Answer:
True
False
18. The number of managers who face "white water rapids" metaphor conditions is getting smaller. Answer: True False
19. Organization development (OD) consists of efforts to help organization members deal with unplanned changes. Answer: True False
20. One important reason why organization development efforts are needed is that even planned change can be very upsetting to members of an organization. Answer: True False
21. One reason people resist change is that it substitutes ambiguity for uncertainty. Answer: True False
22. Change threatens the investment you've already made in the status quo. Answer: True False
23. Negotiation twists and distorts facts to reduce resistance to change. Answer: True False
24. Education is a good way to overcome resistance to change due to misinformation. Answer: True False
25. A manager who "cherry picks" facts to make change seem less disruptive is using the technique of coercion. Answer: True False
26. A manager who mentions that supervisors might lose their jobs if they don't go along with a change is using the technique of coercion. Answer: True False
27. A major disadvantage of coercion is that it is may be illegal. Answer: True False
28. Stress can arise from an opportunity. Answer: True False

29. Stress is not a physiological phenomenon. Answer: True False

30. Stress isn't always bad for an individual. Answer: True False
31. Autonomy on the job tends to increase stress. Answer: True False
32. An employee who feels pressure to keep pace with work quotas is experiencing task demand stress. Answer: True False
33. An employee who feels unsettled because he is not sure what his responsibilities are is experiencing role overload stress. Answer: True False
34. Role conflict is created when an employee does not feel confident that she can achieve her goals. Answer: True False
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 208
Objective: 7.3
35. Type A personality people find it easy to relax. Answer: True False
36. Managers should aspire to eliminate all stress from the work environment. Answer: True False
37. An effective way to reduce workplace stress is to make sure that employees are appropriately matched to their jobs. Answer: True False
38. Creativity is the ability to make unusual and meaningful associations between ideas. Answer True False
39. Inspiration marks the first step in the creative process. Answer: True False
40. Organic organizations tend to inhibit innovation. Answer: True False

41. Time deadlines tend to increase innovation. Answer: True False

42. Idea champions tend to be risk takers. Answer: True False

43. Change can't be eliminated, so managers must learn to ________ successfully. A) ignore it
B) avoid it C) manage it D) work around it Answer:

44. Which of the following is an example of a structural organizational change? A) changing employee attitudes B) changing managerial span of control C) changing work practices D) purchasing new work equipment Answer:
45. Which of the following is an example of a technology change within an organization? A) workers wanting flexible hours B) workers using new software C) workers wanting to telecommute D) forming teams to complete tasks Answer:
46. Which of the following is an organizational "people change"? A) job redesign B) authority relationships between people C) work methods that people use D) attitudes that people have Answer:
47. Which of the following is an organizational structure change? A) a new way to package chocolate cake B) changing who reports to whom C) resentment of bosses by employees D) the building of a new workshop Answer:
48. Which of the following is an organizational technology change? A) purchase of a new backhoe B) widening of span of control C) employees expecting a raise D) employees accepting a new schedule
Answer:
49. The Americans with Disabilities Act is an example of which of the following forms of environmental change? A) internal B) labor markets C) government laws and regulations D) technology Answer:
50. Falling interest rates are an example of what kind of external force that causes a company to need to make an organizational change? A) marketplace competition forces B) labor market forces C) government laws and regulations D) economic forces Answer:
51. Which of the following is an internal force that can cause a company to make an organizational change? A) a new rival company B) a new ad campaign C) new pollution laws D) new safety requirements Answer:
52. Which of the following is an external force that would cause a company to make an organizational change? A) the naming of a new CEO B) a widening span of control for managers C) an organization-wide restructuring D) a booming economy Answer:
53. To compete with rival company X, company Y changes its management structure. This is an example of ________. A) an external change causing another external change B) an internal change causing another internal change C) an external change causing an internal change D) an internal change causing an external change Answer:
54. After a thorough company-wide self-examination, company Y decides to set up work teams. This is an example of ________. A) an internal change causing an external change B) an external change causing another external change C) an internal change causing another internal change D) an external change causing an internal change Answer:
55. A company's workers asking to be able to celebrate Mexican holidays is an example of ________ force for change. A) an internal workforce composition B) an external an employee attitude C) an internal strategy D) an external workforce composition Answer:
56. Labor strikes are an example of what change factor that may encourage a change in management thinking and practices? A) workforce composition B) employee attitude C) strategy D) equipment Answer:
57. In organizations, people who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing the change process are called ________. A) change managers B) nonmanagerial employees C) change agents D) managers Answer:
58. Outside consultants generally try to initiate ________ changes than internal managers. A) more cautious B) less drastic C) fewer D) more drastic
Answer:
59. The "calm waters" metaphor envisions an organization as ________. A) a large ship on a calm sea B) a small raft on a calm sea C) a large ship on a roiling sea D) a small raft on a roiling sea Answer:
60. The "white-water rapids" metaphor envisions an organization as ________. A) a small raft on a raging river B) a small raft on a calm river C) a large ship on a calm sea D) a large ship on a roiling sea Answer:
61. The "white-water rapids" metaphor sees change as ________. A) the natural state of things B) something that must be eliminated C) an unpleasant interruption of the normal calm D) an occasional occurrence Answer:
62. Kurt Lewin's "calm waters" metaphor sees change as ________. A) unfortunate B) the natural state of things C) an unusual event D) avoidable Answer:
63. The first step in Lewin's three-step description of the change process involves ________. A) freezing the new state B) changing to a new state C) changing to a new status quo D) unfreezing the status quo Answer:
64. The final step in Lewin's three-step description of the change process is ________. A) changing to a new state B) freezing the new state C) unfreezing the status quo D) unfreezing the new state Answer:
65. According to Lewin, which of the following is a force that might overcome inertia and unfreeze the status quo? A) increase driving forces B) decrease restraining forces C) increase restraining forces D) decrease driving forces Answer:
66. According to Lewin, which of the following is the objective of refreezing? A) to promote movement away from existing equilibrium B) to direct behavior away from the status quo C) to eliminate the need for future change D) to stabilize the new situation Answer:
67. According to Lewin, which of the following is the best way to unfreeze the status quo? A) increase restraining forces B) decrease driving forces C) decrease restraining forces and increase driving forces D) increase restraining forces and increase driving forces Answer:
68. The goal in Lewin's "calm waters" metaphor is ________. A) to establish a new equilibrium state B) to change the current equilibrium state C) to eliminate the equilibrium state D) to reach a state of constant change Answer:
69. Lewin's "calm waters" metaphor today is increasingly thought to be ________.
A) a blueprint for the future B) obsolete C) illogical D) an apt description of the current situation Answer:
70. Which phenomenon in today's business climate has made the "white-water rapids" metaphor popular? A) organizations that resist change B) constant and chaotic change C) reduced competition D) corporations that are too powerful Answer:
71. Writing laws to reward industries to reduce carbon emissions in an effort to combat global climate change can be best described as an example of which of the following? A) refreezing the status quo B) freezing a change into place C) implementing change D) unfreezing the status quo Answer: D
72. Kurt Lewin originated some of his most important group dynamics ideas by studying which of the following? A) force fields in physics B) how football has blocking and driving forces C) family food habits during World War II D) family vacations during World War I Answer:
73. Lewin's force field analysis identified ________ forces that compete when people try to achieve a goal. A) driving and blocking B) enormous C) magnetic D) physical push-and-pull Answer:
74. In terms of change, Lewin's force field analysis might see ________ as a driving force. A) inertia
B) fear of change C) difficulty of change D) reward from change Answer:

75. Lewin's force field analysis might view a company ________ as a blocking force for change. A) decreasing centralization B) rewarding innovation and creativity C) becoming more mechanistic D) becoming more organic Answer:
76. Today's economic climate can be compared to a college class that ________. A) may last 20 minutes or 3 hours B) focuses on several topics during the semester C) focuses on only one topic all semester D) lasts exactly 1 hour Answer:
77. Organization development (OD) helps employees ________. A) avoid unpleasant change B) avoid all types of change C) deal with planned change D) deal with unplanned change Answer:
78. Organization development can be viewed as an attempt to change an organization's ________. A) culture B) structure C) status D) financial goals Answer:
79. The most popular OD efforts involve cooperation and these kinds of activities. A) group assessment B) group interactions C) individual assessment D) individual interactions
Answer:
80. Which of the following is NOT a common method of organization development (OD)? A) positive feedback B) process consultation C) teambuilding D) survey feedback Answer:
81. In process consultation, ________ observe and analyze an organization to find ways to improve interpersonal processes. A) top-level managers B) company efficiency specialists C) outside consultants D) ordinary employees Answer:
82. The primary goal of the OD method called teambuilding is to ________. A) increase trust and openness B) play games such as volleyball to build morale C) increase efficiency D) identify troublemakers Answer:
83. Intergroup development is an OD method that focuses on ________. A) increasing trust between work groups B) increasing competition within a single work group C) increasing trust within a single work group D) increasing competition between work groups Answer:
84. Which of the following is a term borrowed from the physical sciences that accurately describes people's resistance to change? A) uncertainty B) inertia C) energy D) momentum Answer:
85. Uncertainty causes people to resist change because it ________. A) replaces the known with the unknown B) decreases performance expectations on people C) replaces the unknown with the known D) increases performance expectations on an employee Answer:
86. Which of the following is NOT a common reason that people resist change? A) habit B) concern over personal loss C) uncertainty D) overconfidence Answer:
87. Older workers tend to resist change more than younger workers because they ________. A) have less invested in the current system B) have more invested in the current system C) have less to lose D) have confidence in themselves Answer:
88. Workers seem to reject a simple new manufacturing method that has been shown to increase company sales because they say, "that is not the way we do things around here." These workers are most likely to be resisting change due to which of the following? A) uncertainty B) conflicts with company goals C) habit D) fear of the unknown Answer:
89. Which kind of resistance to change is most likely to be beneficial to a company? A) uncertainty B) fear of losing status or possessions C) habit D) conflict with company goals Answer:
90. Employees at a company protest a change that allows an automatic answering system to answer phone inquiries, claiming that the company is becoming "depersonalized." They are most likely resisting change due to ________. A) habit B) uncertainty C) fear of losing status D) conflicts with company goals Answer:
91. Workers in a company are complaining about a new employee evaluation system. Which kind of resistance to change are they demonstrating? A) resistance to protect company goals B) resistance to protect market share C) resistance because of uncertainty D) resistance out of habit Answer:
92. Managers typically implement programs to reduce resistance to change when employees ________ in some way. A) become dysfunctional B) are challenged C) become uncomfortable D) become self-satisfied Answer:
93. A technique that helps employees deal with change that appeals to their sense of logic is ________. A) education and communication B) manipulation C) co-optation D) coercion or threats to employees Answer:
94. A technique that helps employees deal with change that includes them in the decision-making process is ________. A) education and communication B) participation C) negotiation D) coercion Answer:
95. If several efforts between a manager and an employee for reducing resistance to change fail to allay employee fears, a manager might take himself out of the process and try this. A) negotiation between parties B) manipulation C) facilitation and support D) participation Answer:
96. When an entire workforce threatens to go on strike to protest a work change, managers might try this method of reducing resistance to change. A) facilitation and support B) negotiation C) education and communication D) participation Answer:
97. When managers threaten to fire workers unless they agree to go along with new company policies, they are using which of the following? A) education and communication B) coercion C) negotiation D) manipulation Answer:
98. Which method of reducing resistance to change is mostly likely to backfire on the manager who uses it? A) education and communication B) manipulation C) participation D) negotiation Answer:
99. When a manager attempts to buy off a key leader who opposes change by offering her a promotion, he is using which of the following methods of reducing resistance to change? A) manipulation B) coercion C) negotiation D) co-optation
Answer:
100. Stress in the workplace is an adverse reaction that people have in response to ________. A) demands, constraints, and opportunities B) having too much confidence in oneself C) too much ambition D) lack of ambition Answer:
101. An actor on stage getting "up" for a performance is an example of which of the following? A) a positive aspect of stress B) a condition not related to stress C) both a positive and a negative aspect of stress D) a negative aspect of stress Answer:
102. Stress is most frequently associated with ________ only. A) demands and opportunities B) demands and constraints C) opportunities and constraints D) demands and pressures Answer:
103. Which statement is correct? A) Stress can be bad or good. B) Stress is always bad. C) Stress can never be good. D) Stress is always good. Answer:
104. A constraint causes stress because it ________. A) prevents you from defining your goal B) prevents you from achieving your goal C) helps you define your goal D) helps you achieve your goal Answer:
105. Potential stress can become actual stress when the outcome of an event is uncertain and ________. A) in doubt B) hard for the individual to understand C) not important to the individual D) important to the individual Answer:
106. Potential stress can become actual stress when the outcome of an event is both ________ and important to the individual. A) meaningful B) certain C) uncertain D) significant Answer:
107. Stress has ________ symptoms. A) only psychological B) only psychological and behavioral C) psychological, behavioral, and physical D) only physical Answer:
108. Adverse psychological effects of stress include ________. A) rapid speech B) absenteeism C) boredom D) elevated heart rates Answer:
109. Behavioral effects of stress include ________. A) procrastination B) metabolism changes C) absenteeism D) job dissatisfaction Answer:
110. An employee's blood pressure rises, indicating a(n) ________ symptom of stress.
A) psychological B) physical C) emotional D) behavioral Answer:

111. Stress symptoms can be grouped under any of the following three general categories EXCEPT ________. A) physical B) behavioral C) cultural D) psychological Answer:
112. A stressor is defined as ________. A) an attitude that causes stress B) a personal or job-related factor that causes stress C) an emotion that causes stress D) a person who causes stress Answer:
113. A baseball player in a slump who feels stress from trying to raise his batting average is experiencing ________ stress. A) role conflict B) task demand C) interpersonal D) role demand Answer:
114. A light-hitting baseball player who is suddenly asked to play be a power hitter and hit homeruns would be likely to experience ________ stress. A) role ambiguity B) role demand C) role overload D) role conflict Answer:
115. A head football coach who tries to coach every phase of the teamoffense, defense, and special teamsrather than delegate authority is likely to suffer from ________.
A) interpersonal demand B) task demand C) role overload D) role conflict Answer:

116. Which of the following might reduce a sense of task demand stress for a worker? A) autonomy in the workplace B) close monitoring by her supervisor C) overcrowded conditions D) uncomfortably high temperatures in the workplace Answer:
117. Which of the following might be a source of stress for an employee who is very happy with her job with respect to the tasks she performs, what is expected from her, and how she is supervised? A) task demands B) interpersonal demands C) organizational leadership D) role overload Answer:
118. Anika loves being a professional dancer, but she feels stress from the tension-packed, high-pressure, fear-filled atmosphere of her group. She is likely to be experiencing stress from ________. A) role overload B) too much autonomy C) organizational leadership D) role ambiguity Answer:
119. George constantly strives to excel. He must always get the highest grade in the class and has a sense of urgency about him at all times. George probably has which of the following? A) neither Type A nor Type B personalty B) both Type A and Type B personality C) Type A personality D) Type B personality Answer:
120. Kara is a very relaxed, easygoing person who appears to have all the time in the world. She is never too busy
to stop
and chat for a moment. Kara has which of the following? A) neither Type A nor Type B personality B) Type A personality C) Type B personality D) both Type A and Type B personality Answer:
121. A key to dealing with stress is to recognize that all stress ________. A) can be eliminated from an employee's life B) cannot be eliminated from an employee's life C) leads to dysfunctional work behavior D) originates on the job Answer:
122. To reduce stress managers need to make sure that employees ________. A) have jobs that match their abilities B) maximize their productivity C) don't work too few hours D) don't work too many hours Answer:
123. Job redesigns are good ways to reduce stress that employees feel from ________. A) boredom only B) work overload only C) boredom overload D) work overload or boredom Answer:
124. Stress from an employee's personal life can best be helped by this. A) job redesign B) MBO C) performance planning programs D) employee assistance programs Answer:
125. Studies show that ________ personalities show negative effects from stress. A) Type B B) neither Type A nor Type B
C) Type A D) both Type A and Type B Answer:

126. Studies show that employee assistance programs (EAPs) are ________. A) much too expensive, but sometimes useful B) a waste of time and energy C) not cost effective D) cost effective and very useful Answer:
127. ________ refers to the ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make unusual associations between ideas. A) Open-minded thinking B) Creativity C) Imagination D) Innovation Answer:
128. ________ is the process of taking a creative idea and turning it into something useful. A) Creativity B) Innovation C) Imagination D) Inspiration Answer:
129. Some people believe that creativity is ________, while others think that creativity ________. A) a genuine quality; does not really exist B) quickly and easily learned; slowly learned C) inborn; can be learned D) learned; forgotten after childhood Answer:
130. The first step in creativity involves ________. A) making something useful B) consolidation C) putting ideas together D) seeing things from a unique perspective
Answer:
131. Which of the following steps in the creativity process may take years before the idea finally "gels" and the next step occurs? A) innovation B) inspiration C) perception D) incubation Answer:
132. The moment when all prior efforts in the innovative process successfully come together is known as ________. A) innovation B) incubation C) perception D) inspiration Answer:
133. Using the systems model, managers can promote innovation by having the right ________. A) mechanistic management structure B) people and inputs C) outputs and resources D) people and environment Answer:
134. ________ variables are thought to promote innovation. A) Cultural, ambiguous, and tolerant B) Structural, ambiguous, and tolerant C) Structural, human resource, and cultural D) Organic, cultural, and tolerant Answer:
135. An innovative organization needs to tolerate ________ because creative ideas sometimes seem foolish at first. A) ambiguity B) conflict C) inefficiency D) the impractical Answer:
136. An innovative organization needs to tolerate risk because employees ________ the creative process. A) being in physical danger is not part of B) making mistakes is not part of C) making mistakes is part of D) being in physical danger is part of Answer:
137. Managers who want creative and innovative employees should ________. A) stress that there is only one path to a goal B) not place much emphasis on goals C) focus on means rather than ends D) focus on ends rather than means Answer:
138. ________ actively support innovation and every step of the process that leads to innovative ideas. A) All managers B) Champion managers C) Idea managers D) Idea champions Answer:
139. All of the following are common personality characteristics of idea champions EXCEPT ________. A) energy B) risk aversion C) extremely high self-confidence D) persistence Answer:

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Chapter 7.105200431

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Chapter 7: Managing Change and Innovation

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 223 Objective: 7.1

28. Stress can arise from an opportunity. Answer: True False

29. Stress is not a physiological phenomenon. Answer: True False

40. Organic organizations tend to inhibit innovation. Answer: True False

41. Time deadlines tend to increase innovation. Answer: True False

42. Idea champions tend to be risk takers. Answer: True False

B) avoid it C) manage it D) work around it Answer:

Diff: 3 Page Ref: 219-220 Objective: 7.1

69. Lewin's "calm waters" metaphor today is increasingly thought to be ________.

B) fear of change C) difficulty of change D) reward from change Answer:

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 225 Objective: 7.2

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 226 Objective: 7.2

A) psychological B) physical C) emotional D) behavioral Answer:

A) interpersonal demand B) task demand C) role overload D) role conflict Answer:

C) Type A D) both Type A and Type B Answer:

Diff: 3 Page Ref: 232 Objective: 7.4

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