Computer Organization

Introduction

Books

Computer Organization, Fifth Edition Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky Computer System Architecture, Third Edition M. Morris Mano

Layers of Abstraction
High Level Language (C,C++) (compiler) Assembly Machine Instruction (ADD,MOV) (Assembler) (011 010101) Microprogram (Control Signal Specification)

Layers of Abstraction
Problem
Software Design: choose algorithms and data structures Algorithm Programming: use language to express design Program

Instr Set Architecture

Compiling/Interpreting: convert language to machine instructions

Layers of Abstraction

Instruction Set Architecture

Processor Design: choose structures to implement ISA Micro architecture

Logic/Circuit Design: gates and low-level circuits to implement components

Circuits

Many Choices at Each Level

Target Tracking using radar Kalman Filter JPDA-IMM

Particle filter FORTRAN Sun SPARC Pentium II

EKF

C Intel x86 Pentium III

C++

Java Compaq Alpha AMD Athlon

Ripple-carry adder

Carry-lookahead adder

Architecture & Organization

Architecture are attributes visible to the programmer

Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

Organization is how features are implemented

Architecture & Organization

All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture This gives code compatibility

At least backwards

Structure-Top Level

Peripherals

Computer
Central Processing Unit Main Memory

Computer

Systems Interconnection

Input Output

Communication lines

Structure-The CPU

CPU
Computer
I/O

Registers

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

System Bus
Memory

CPU

Internal CPU Interconnection

Control Unit

Computer Arch- von Neumann Model

Central Processing Unit (CPU) Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Input Output Equipment

Main Memory (Programs and Data for execution)

Program Control Unit

von Neumann Model

Stored Program concept Main memory storing programs and data ALU operating on binary data Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing Input and output equipment operated by control unit Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies

IAS

Completed 1952