History Matching: Pressure

1. Energy sources 2.

compressibility oil water gas rock solution gas influx from aquifer well injection

Data determining energy pore volume: oil water gas amounts PVT data: formation vol. factors Rs bubble point pressure aquifer position & extent aquifer compressibility

History Matching Adjustments Simulation field pressure too high

Possible Changes

Pore Volume?
Aquifer? Oil Initially in Place (Contacts, So) Energy? Gas cap size

Break Through: OK, After BT WC too high Possible Changes

Krw / Kro ratio decrease? Aquifer size?

Water BT too early, After BT slope - OK

Possible Changes

Effective end point Krw ?

Horiz. Permeability of well to aquifer layer? Shale or barrier between wells and water? Vertical permeability between wells and water? Numerical dispersion / grid effect?

Gas BT simulation very late, After BT slope OK

Possible Changes Effective Krg end point? Shale or barrier effecting coning? Vertical permeability between wells and gas?

Numerical dispersion / grid effect?

Gas BT OK, After BT simulation slope in error

Possible Changes Krg / Kro ratio increase? Supply of gas?

Well GOR simulation BT too early

Possible Changes

Shale or barrier between well and gas? Vertical permeability between well and gas? Numerical dispersion / grid effect?

Well water simulation BT too early

Possible Changes

Shale or barrier? Vertical permeability between well and water? Numerical dispersion / grid effect?

Predictions Most simulation models are used to forecast production. Exact details of prediction cases depend on particular field, so difficult to generalize. - During predictions, well rates usually controlled primarily - Most simulators can model a wide variety of operating constraints - Check that the transition from history to prediction is smooth - Monitor carefully automatic workovers - Take care when using the model to plan infill drilling - Simulation model recoveries are usually optimistic by THP/BHP