PLASTICITY

Ionic Ceramics (NaCl):

Dislocations and Materials Classes

Motion hard. -need to avoid ++ and - neighbors.
+ + + + + + + + + + +

Covalent Ceramics
(Si, diamond): Motion hard. -directional (angular) bonding

Metals: Disl. motion easier.

-non-directional bonding -close-packed directions for slip. electron cloud

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

ion cores

Dislocations and plastic deformation Cubic & hexagonal metals - plastic deformation by plastic shear or slip where one plane of atoms slides over adjacent plane by defect motion (dislocations).

Dislocation Motion

If dislocations don't move, deformation doesn't occur!

Adapted from Fig. 7.1, Callister 7e.

Dislocation Motion

Dislocation moves along slip plane in slip direction perpendicular to dislocation line Slip direction same direction as Burgers vector Edge dislocation
Adapted from Fig. 7.2, Callister 7e.

Screw dislocation

If a material is subjected to a load of sufficient magnitude it shows permanent (irrecoverable) deformation. It is result of the permanent displacement of atoms and molecules from their original position. If the deformation is continuously increasing then the phenemenon is called FLOW.

P x x Slip plane
Pn Ps

Slip direction

Deformation Mechanisms Slip System: Slip plane and direction

Slip plane - plane allowing easiest slippage

- Highest planar densities

Slip direction - direction of movement - Highest linear

densities

FCC
FCC Slip occurs on {111} planes (close-packed) in <110> directions (close-packed) => total of 12 slip systems in FCC

(11 1)

(11 1)

(11 1)

(11 1)

Parall el (11

3 1 2

So, for (111) plane: (111), [101] or [101]---1 (111), [110] or [110]---2 (111), [011] or [011]---3

Therefore, for an FCC structure: {111} - <110> , there are 12 slip systems.

To sum up:

Slip phenemenon is used to explain the plastic behaviour of materials. Slip occurs along certain crystal planes and directions. Slip planes & slip directions make slip systems. For an FCC structure {111} - <110> , there are 12 slip systems. For an BCC structure {110} - <111> 12 slip systems. For an HCP structure 3 slip systems.

The stress that initiates slip is known as the critical resolved shear stress.
F A
: Angle between the normal to the slip plane and the applied stress directions. : Angle between the slip and stress directions.

As

CR = . cos . cos

Stress and Dislocation Motion

Crystals slip due to a resolved shear stress, R. Applied tension can produce such a stress.
Applied tensile stress: = F/A Resolved shear stress: R =Fs /A s
slip plane normal, ns FS
p io sli rect di n n lip ctio s re R di

Relation between and R

R AS

R = FS /AS
Fcos

F
p i sli rect di on

nS

A/cos

FS

AS

R = cos cos

Fs= F cos (shear force along the slip direction) As = A / cos (shearing area) CR

F cos F Fs = = = A / cos A As

cos . cos

CR = cos cos

Single Crystal Slip

Adapted from Fig. 7.9, Callister 7e.

Adapted from Fig. 7.8, Callister 7e.

Ex: Deformation of single crystal

=60 =35 a) Will the single crystal yield? b) If not, what stress is needed? crss = 30 MPa

= cos cos = 65 MPa

Adapted from Fig. 7.7, Callister 7e.

= 65 MPa

= (65 MPa) (cos 35 )(cos 60 ) = (65 MPa) (0.41) = 26.62 MPa < crss = 30 MPa

So the applied stress of 65 MPa will not cause the crystal to yield.

Ex: Deformation of single crystal

What stress is necessary (i.e., what is the yield stress, y)? (!We will learn about yield stress later on!)
crss = 30 MPa = y cos cos = y (0.41)

crss 30 MPa y = = = 73.25 MPa cos cos 0.41

So for deformation to occur the applied stress must be greater than or equal to the yield stress

y = 73.25 MPa

Ex: Consider a single crystal of BCC iron oriented such that a tensile stress is applied along [010] direction.
a) Compute the resolved shear stress along a

(110) plane and in a [111] direction when a tensile stress of 52 MPa is applied. direction, and the critical resolved shear stress is 30 MPa, calculate the magnitude of the applied tensile stress necessary to initiate yielding.

b) If slip occurs for the above plane and

a)

[110]
y

= 52
x

=45 angle b/w normal [110] & stress = 52MPa [010]

(110)

cos =

1 = 2 (12+12+02) (02+12+02)

1*0 + 1*1 + 0*0

= 45

: angle b/w slip direction [111] & stress direction [010] cos = -1*0 + 1*1 + 1*0 (12+12+12) (1) 1 = 3 = 54.7

CR = 52 * cos 45 * cos 54.7 = 21.3 MPa

b) y =

CR cos cos

30 cos 45 cos 54.7

y = 73.4 MPa

Slip Motion in Polycrystals

Stronger - grain boundaries pin deformations Slip planes & directions (, ) change from one crystal to another. R will vary from one crystal to another. The crystal with the largest R yields first. Other (less favorably oriented) crystals yield later.
300 m

Adapted from Fig. 7.10, Callister 7e. (Fig. 7.10 is courtesy of C. Brady, National Bureau of Standards [now the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD].)

Critical Resolved Shear Stress

Condition for dislocation motion: Crystal orientation can make it easy or hard to move dislocation

R > CRSS
typically 10-4 GPa to 10-2 GPa

R = cos cos

R = /2 =45 =45 R = 0 =90

R = 0 =90

maximum at = = 45

DISLOCATIONS & - CURVES

II

III

Elastic Region: y is the stress required to start plastic deformation. It is called the yield stress. From y & on plastic deformation starts. Stage I: d/d 0 (work hardening rate) is low because only the primary slip systems are active. The slip planes are parallel to each other and only these parallel planes will slip and they do not intersect themselves, i.e. dislocations are moving along parallel planes.

Stage II: Other dislocations will start to move along intersecting planes (more than one slip system becomes active). Therefore they form barriers to one anothers motion. It becomes harder to further deform the material. This stage is known as Work Hardening Stage. Stage III: The geometry of the planes have so changed that the planes will accelerately slip and failure will occur.