TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN KHOA TON C TIN HC -----------------

Trnh Nh Qunh Lp Cao hc Ton 11-13 Tiu lun mn TON T TUYN TNH

Ging vin: GS.TSKH Nguyn Vn Mu

H ni, thng 2-2012

Li m u
Khi hc mn l thuyt ton t tuyn tnh, ti rt thch th vi lp ton t quan trng, chnh l ton t i s. C l v ti km mn i s hn l gii tch t hi cn l sinh vin i hc. Chnh v vy, ti quyt nh lm tiu lun mn hc v ton t i s. Trong , ti ly nh l Caley - Hamilton v p dng ca n lm trung tm. V nhiu l do ti khng s dng latex m s dng Mcrosoft Word g v in n ti liu l mt thiu xt ln, mong thy gio lng th.

Ni dung tiu lun.

1.1. nh l Caley-Hamilton. Trong i s tuyn tnh, nh l Cayley-Hamilton (c t tn ca cc nh ton hc Arthur Cayley v William Hamilton ) ni rng tt c cc ma trn vung trn mt vnh giao hon (chng hn nh thc hay phc) tha mn phng trnh c trng ring ca n . Pht biu nh l: Nu A l mt n n ma trn v I n l n n ma trn n v th a thc c trng ca A c nh ngha l nh l Cayley-Hamilton ni rng "thay th" cho trong a thc trn bi ma trn A th thu c ma trn khng : 1.2. V d Cho ma trn: . a thc c trng ca n:

nh l Cayley-Hamilton ni rng:

i vi ma trn 2 2 tng qut,

a thc c trng c cho bi: p () = 2 ( a + d ) + ( ad - bc ), do , t nh l Cayley-Hamilton:

i vi mt ma trn A tng qut cp n n. Nh ch ra, nh l CayleyHamilton

Trong , c n -1 = tr ( A ) (tr ( A ) l vt ca ma trn A ). i vi ma trn ln, cc biu thc cho cc h s ck ca cc a thc c trng ca cc ma trn tr nn ngy cng phc tp, nhng chng cng c th c biu din theo cc vt ca ma trn A. V d, trn 2 2 ma trn v d, h s - c 1 = a + d ca trn ch l cc du vt ca A , tr A , trong khi h s khng i c 0 = ad - bc c th c vit l: [(tr A ) 2 -tr( A 2 )]. Trong cng thc tng qut, cng thc
1 2 1 [(tr A ) 2 -tr( A 2 )] l 2

h s c n-2 ca n-2 trong cc a thc c trng ca bt k n n ma trn. V th, 3 3 ma trn A, kt qu ca nh l Cayley-Hamilton c vit l Tng t nh vy, ngi ta c th vit cho 4 4 ma trn A : Trng hp tng qut, ta c cng thc sau: . Do ,

V d trn c th c vit l Sau , tnh ton A 4 , quan st

1.3. Chng minh nh l Caley-Hamilton. Cho ma trn:

C mt lot cc chng minh ca nh l Cayley-Hamilton, chng khc nhau v s lng ca nhng khi nim i s tru tng c th hiu c. y ti chn cch chng minh n gin ch s dng nhng khi nim cn thit ma trn, nh thc, a thc vi h s trong mt vnh khng giao hon.

Chng minh nh l qua hai bc: u tin h s c ca a thc c trng c xc nh bi s pht trin nh l mt a thc trong t ca nh thc

v sau cc h s ny c s dng trong mt biu bin tuyn tnh ca cc cp ca ma trn A: An, An-1,.

Nu mt vector v kch thc n (v) xy ra l mt vector ring ca ma trn A vi gi tr ring , nu: , do : A2v=A(Av)=A(v)=.Av=2v; Anv=nv. T :

l ma trn khng khi p () = 0. Nh vy, nu ma trn A c cc vc t ring v ng vi tr ring th tha mn nh l Caley-Hamilton. Tuy nhin, vi ma trn A bt k th sao ? Ta xy dng mt khi nim mi chng minh nh l. * Ma trn ph hp ca mt ma trn : Tt c cc chng minh di y s dng cc khi nim ca ma trn ph hp ca mt ma trn trong i s, k hiu l: adj ( M ), vi ma trn M cp n n cho trc. y l mt ma trn c h s l cc h s ca ma trn M bng cch thay th ct i bi ct j, theo nh ngha nh vy ta c mt trong cc cng thc sau y: (*) Cng thc trn l mt h qu trc tip ca cc tnh cht c bn ca nh thc. Phn t ( i , j ) ca cng thc bn v tri l s m rng theo ct j ca nh thc ca ma trn thu c t M bng cch thay th ct i bi mt bn sao ca ct j , n bng det ( M ) nu i = j v bng khng nu i j, cc phn t ca ma trn bn phi l tng t, nhng i vi m rng ca hng. Cng thc trn rt quan trng trong vic s dng chng minh nh l Caley - Hamilton. Chng minh trc tip bng cch s dng cng thc (*):

Chng minh ny ch s dng cc kin thc cn thit trong i s tuyn tnh xy dng nh l Cayley-Hamilton: ma trn vi a thc nh cc s hng. Ma trn t I n - A c nh thc: Det(tIn-A) l a thc c trng ca A, v khi cc a thc trn mt vnh giao hon, n c mt ma trn ph hp, k hiu l: Sau , p dng cng thc (*), ta c: Khi B cng l mt ma trn vi cc a thc trong t nh s hng, ng vi mi i, ngi ta c th tm c cc h s t i cng vi ma trn Bi sao cho:

(Cch cc mc ca B c nh ngha lm cho r rng rng khng c quyn hn cao hn so vi t n - 1 xy ra). Trong khi iu ny trng ging nh mt a thc vi ma trn nh h s, chng ta khng xem xt mt khi nim nh vy, n ch l mt cch vit mt ma trn vi mc a thc l s kt hp tuyn tnh ca ma trn lin tc, v h s t i c ghi vo bn tri ca ma trn nhn mnh quan im ny. By gi ngi ta c th m rng cc sn phm ma trn trong phng trnh ca chng ti bi bilinearity

Mt khc, t gi thit khai trin ban u ca nh thc p(t), ta c , ng nht hai a thc trn vi cc h s l ma trn ta c kt qu nh sau: Nhn cc phng trnh trn vi A i t bn tri, v cng tng v tng ng cc tng thu c, v tri to thnh mt tng lng v trit tiu hon ton, v phi l P(A).I. T , ta c phng trnh

 l iu phi chng minh.

Kt lun.

V thi gian v kin thc c hn nn ti khng a ra mt s cch chng minh khc ca nh l Caley Hamilton, mc d cc cch chng minh c v ngn gn hn nhng phi s dng nhng kin thc cao nh b Nakayama trong i s giao hon v hnh hc i s. knh mong thy gio v cc bn thng cm. Qua chng minh trn v vn dng nh l Caley Hamilton, chng ta thy rng mt ma trn vung cp n u l mt ton t i s no . T nh l Caley Hamilton, ta c th vit li l: bng cch nhn c hai v cho A - 1 (gi thit A-1 tn ti) ta thu c ma trn nghch o:

Biu thc trn c xem nh l mt cng thc tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn A thng qua cc ma trn c ly tha nh hn ca n.