Fadi Rouel Period 2 Chapter 17 Outline: Foreign Policy I. Facing the World: Foreign and Defense Policy A.

National Security Policy 1. Foreign Policy: A nations external goals and the techniques and strategies used to achieve them. 2. Diplomacy: The process by which states carry on political relations with each other settling conflicts among nations by peaceful means 3. Economic Aid: Assistance to other nations in the form of grants, loans, or credits to buy the assisting nations products. 4. Technical Assistance: The practice of sending experts in such areas as agriculture, engineering, or business to aid other nations 5. Foreign Policy Process: The steps by which foreign policy goals are decided and acted on 6. National Security Policy: Foreign and domestic policy designed to protect the nations independence and political and economic integrity; policy that is concerned with the safety and defense of the nation 7. Defense Policy: A subset of national security policies having to do with the U.S. armed forces B. Diplomacy 1. Settling of disputes and conflicts among nations by peaceful methods II. Morality versus Reality in Foreign Policy A. Moral Idealism 1. Moral Idealism: a philosophy that sees nations as normally willing to cooperate and to agree on moral standards for conduct B. Political Realism 1. Political Realism: a philosophy that sees each nation acting principally in its own interest C. American Foreign PolicyA mixture of both 1. Moral idealism and political realism affect foreign policymaking III. Challenges in World Politics A. The Emergence of Terrorism 1. Terrorism has been around for a long time, but has increasing threatened world peace lately B. The War on Terrorism 1. First military effort was against al Qaeda 2. Then military focused on Iraq 3. Preemptive war has been a new element of defense strategy C. War in Iraq 1. Aug 20, 1920 was when we first started looking at Persian gulf as a threat 2. First Gulf War was short and Iraq agreed to abide by all UN resolutions

3. The Second Gulf War was in search of weapons of mass destruction, none were found 4. 3 major groups in Iraq are the Kurdish, Sunnis and Shiites D. Nuclear Weapons 1. Cold War: The ideological, political, and economic confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union following World War II E. The New Power: China 1. Normal Trade Relations (NTR) Status: A status granted through an international treaty by which each member nation must treat other members at least as well as it treats the country that receives most favorable treatment. The status was formerly known as most-favored-nation status 2. Chinas has one of the most fastest growing economies in the world F. Regional Conflicts 1. US has had conflicts with Haiti, Cuba, Israel and the Palestinians, Bosnia, Kosovo, Southern Africa, African Civil Wars IV. Who Makes Foreign Policy? A. Constitutional Powers of the President 1. War Powers as Commander in Chief 2. Ability to make treatise and executive agreements 3. Right to appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, and consoles B. Informal Techniques of Presidential Leadership 1. Has access to a lot of information where he can make quick decisions 2. Hes a legislative leader that can influence the funds that are allocated to different programs. 3. The president can influence public opinion C. Other Sources of Foreign Policymaking 1. The Department of State a. Negative Constituents: Citizens who openly oppose the governments policies 2. The National Government 3. The Intelligence Community a. Intelligence Community: The government agencies that gather information about the capabilities and intentions of foreign governments or that engage in convert actions 4. The Department of Defense V. Congress Balances the Presidency A. Balances 1. The war powers resolution 2. Congress limited or denies presidential requests for military assistance 3. Congress can also take over foreign policy VI. Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy A. Elite and Mass Opinion 1. Attentive Public: That portion of the general public that pays attention to policy issues

B. The Military-Industrial Complex 1. The Military-Industrial Complex: The Mutually beneficial relationship between the armed forces and defense contractors VII. The Major Foreign Policy Themes A. The Formative Years: Avoiding Entanglements 1. Foreign policy was largely nonexistent during the formative years 2. There was a basic mistrust of European nations 3. Monroe Doctrine: A policy statement made by President James Monroe in 1823, which set out three principles: 1. European nations should not establish new colonies in the Western Hemisphere. 2. European nations should not intervene in the affairs of independent nations of the Western Hemisphere. 3. The US would not interfere in the affairs of European Nations 4. Isolationist Foreign Policy: A policy of abstaining from an active role in international affairs or alliances, which characterized U.S. foreign policy toward Europe during most of the 1800s B. The Era of Internationalism 1. Isolationism was ended by bombing on Pearl Harbor 2. Soviet Bloc: The Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries that installed communist regimes after WWII and which were dominated by the Soviet Union 3. Iron Curtain: The term used to describe the division of Europe between the Soviet Bloc and the West; coined by Winston Churchill 4. Containment: A US diplomatic policy adopted by the Truman administration to contain communist power within its existing boundaries 5. Truman Doctrine: The policy adopted by President Harry Truman in 1947 to halt Communist expansion in southeastern Europe. C. Superpower Relations 1. Confrontations among client nations were used to carry out the policies of the superpowers in the Cold War 2. Ex. Cuban Missile Crisis 3. Dtente: A French world meaning a relaxation of tensions. The term characterized U.S.Soviet relations as they developed under President Richard Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger 4. Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I): A treaty between the US and the Soviet Union to stabilize the nuclear arms competition between the two countries. SALT I talks began in 1969 and agreements were signed on May 26, 1972. 5. Reagan Proposed SDI or Star Wars in 1983 6. Bush proposed START strategic arms reduction treaty 7. After the fall of Berlin wall the Soviet Union clearly dissolved VIII. Foreign Policy: Why Is It Important Today? A. Why? 1. The policy that effects us going to war 2. Influences how the world copes with environmental degradation