Russell C.

Hibbeler Chapter 4: Axial Load

Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member

Using Hookes law and the definitions of stress and strain, we are able to develop the elastic deformation of a member subjected to axial loads. Suppose an element subjected to loads,
=
P ( x) A( x) d and = = dx E
d = P ( x ) dx A( x) E

=
0

P( x )dx A( x )E

= small displacement
L = original length P(x) = internal axial force A(x) = cross-sectional area E = modulus of elasticity
Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Constant Load and Cross-Sectional Area CrossWhen a constant external force is applied at each end of the member,
PL = AE

Sign Convention Force and displacement is positive when tension and elongation and negative will be compression and contraction.

Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition

2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition

2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition

2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

For small elements, small deflection approximation assumes that higher order terms can be ignored:

dx 2 , dy 2 , dw2 , dz 2 , dwdz

Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition

2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 4.4
A member is made from a material that has a specific weight and modulus of and elasticity E. If it is formed into a cone, find how far its end is displaced due to gravity when it is suspended in the vertical position.

Solution:
Radius x of the cone as a function of y is determined by proportion,

x ro = ; y L

x=

ro y L

The volume of a cone having a base of radius x and height y is

V=

yx 2 =

ro2
3L2

y3

Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition

2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Solution:
Since W = V , the internal force at the section becomes

+ Fy = 0;

P( y ) =

ro2
3L 3L2

y3

The area of the cross section is also a function of position y,

A( y ) = x 2 =

ro2
L2

y2

Between the limits of y =0 and L yields

ro2 3L2 dy L2 P( y )dy = = = (Ans) 2 2 A( y )E 0 ro L E 6E 0

L L

[( [(

)] )]

Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition

2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Principle of Superposition
Principle of superposition is to simplify stress and displacement problems by subdividing the loading into components and adding the results.

Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Member

A member is statically indeterminate when equations of equilibrium are not sufficient to determine the reactions on a member.

Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition

2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Member

Equilibrium equation:

= 0, FB + FA P = 0

Method of solving 1: Compatibility

AC =

FA LAC AE

CB =

FB LCB AE

A/ B = 0
FA LAC FB LCB =0 AE AE
L L FA = P CB and FB = P AC L L
Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Method of solving 2: Superposition

PLAC FB L =0 AE AE

Displacement without support at B

FA = P

PLAC B = p = AE

Reaction at support to compress bar to original length: remove P

PL FB LAB B = = AC AE AE

L FB = P AC L

L P AC L
Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

+ FA P = 0

Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition

2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Thermal Stress
Change in temperature cause a material to change its dimensions. Since the material is homogeneous and isotropic,
d T = T dx
T = Tdx
0

T = TL
T = algebraic change in temperature of the member T = original length of the member

= linear coefficient of thermal expansion property of the material expansion,

T = algebraic change in length of the member

Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition

2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition

2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition

2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

*Inelastic Axial Deformation and Residual stresses

Member may be designed to yield and permanently deform; this is referred to as being elastic perfectly plastic or elastoplastic.

Pp = Y dA = Y A
A

The yield stress and A is the bars cross-sectional area at section aa.
Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

L L FA = P CB and FB = P AC L L

Since AC yielded re-calculate FA

Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition

2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Force P removed: P applied in reverse direction

Residual Stress: Permanent displacement:

Alternative way:

Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition

2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter 4: Axial Load Mechanics of Material 7th Edition

2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd