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P-N JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: 1. To study the forward and reverse characteristics of a PN junction diode. 2. To find cut-in voltage, static resistance, dynamic resistance and reverse resistance. APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V/1A). 3. Diode 1N4007 (1Nos). 4. Resistors with 10% tolerance (1/2W):- 1K(1Nos). 5. DC Ammeter 0-200mA (1Nos), 0-200A(1Nos). 6. DC Voltmeter 0-20V (1Nos). 7. Connecting Wires CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: Forward Bias:

Reverse Bias:

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PROCEDURE: Forward Bias: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig 1. 2. Vary the input voltage from (0-10V) in small steps and note down the corresponding forward voltage (Vf) in volts across the diode and forward current (If) in mA readings and tabulate. 3. Plot a graph by taking (Vf) in volts on X-axis and (If) in mA on Y-axis. 4. Calculate the cut-in-voltage from the graph. 5. Calculate the static resistance by using the formula = Vf / If in ohms. 6. Calculate the dynamic resistance by using the formula = Vf / If in ohms. Reverse Bias: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig 2. 2. Vary the input voltage from (0-10V) in small steps and note down the corresponding reverse voltage (Vr) in volts across the diode and reverse current (Ir) in A readings and tabulate. 3. Plot a graph by taking (Vr) in volts on X-axis and (Ir) in mA on Y-axis. 4. Calculate the reverse resistance by using the formula = Vr EXPECTED GRAPH:

/ Ir in ohms.

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OBSERVATIONS: Forward Bias:

S.No

Diode voltage Vf (V) Diode current If (mA)

Reverse Bias:

S.No

Diode voltage Vr (V)

Diode current Ir(A)

PRECAUTIONS: 1) Check up the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2) Connections should be made properly. RESULT: The forward and reverse characteristics of a PN junction diode are studied and observed. 1) Cut-in-Voltage. =_________ 2) Static Resistance. =_________ 3) Dynamic Resistance. =_________ 4) Reverse Resistance. =__________ REVIEW QUESTION: 1) In forward bias characteristic change the resistance value to 2K and observe the drop across the resistor for all values of input voltage. 2) Sum up the drops across the diode and resistor and verify is it equivalent to the input voltage or not. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.)

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ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: To study and observe the V-I Characteristics of a Zener diode. APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V/1A). 3. Zener Diode Z5.1V (1Nos). 4. Resistors with 10% tolerance (1/2W):- 1K(1Nos). 5. DC Ammeter 0-200mA (1Nos). 6. DC Voltmeter 0-20V (1Nos). 7. Connecting Wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown above.
2.

Vary the input voltage from (0-30V) in small steps and note down the corresponding voltage (Vr) in volts across the diode and current (Ir) in mA readings and tabulate.

3. Plot a graph by taking (Vr) in volts on X-axis and (Ir) in mA on Y-axis. 4. Calculate the Zener break down voltage (Vz) in volts from the graph.

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5.

Calculate the reverse resistance by using the formula = Vr

/ Ir in ohms.

EXPECTED GRAPH:

OBSERVATIONS:

S.No

Diode voltage Vr (V)

Diode current Ir (mA)

PRECAUTIONS: 1) Check up the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2) Connections should be made properly. RESULT: The V-I characteristics of a Zener diode are studied and observed. 1) Break down voltage. =_________ 2) Reverse Resistance. =__________ REVIEW QUESTION: st 1) Repeat the procedure of 1 experiment as forward bias with zener diode and observe the difference between silicon diode and zener diode. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.)

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RECTIFIERS WITH OUT FILTERS

AIM: To study the rectifiers with out filters and determine the parameters. 1. Ripple Factor. 2. Percentage of Regulation for Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifiers. APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. 230V AC (12-0-12V) Transformer (1Nos). 3. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20MHZ). 4. Digital Multi Meter (1Nos). 5. DC Ammeter 0-200mA (1Nos). 6. Diodes 1N 4007 (2Nos). 7. Decade Resistance box (1Nos). 8. Connecting Wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: Half wave Rectifier:

Full wave Rectifier:

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PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig 1.
2.

In each Fig. measure the DC current with ammeter and DC voltage, AC voltage and DC no load voltage with the help of multi meter for different load resistances. With the help of CRO observe the wave forms and note the value of (Vm) and wave form also.

3.

4. Plot a graph by taking (Vm) in volts on Y-axis and time period on X-axis. 5. Calculate the value of ripple factor by using the formula r = Vac
6.

/ Vdc.

Calculate the percentage of regulation by using the formula = VNL - VFL 100% VFL 7. Repeat the same procedure for the circuit shown in fig 2 for full wave rectifier. EXPECTED GRAPH:

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OBSERVATIONS: Half wave Rectifier:

S.No Resistance() Idc(mA)

Vac (V)

Vdc (V)

RippleFactor r = Vac / Vdc

Full wave Rectifier:

S.No Resistance() Idc(mA)

Vac (V)

Vdc (V)

RippleFactor r = Vac / Vdc

PRECAUTIONS: 1) Check up the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2) Connections should be made properly. VBIT Page 16

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RESULT: The output waveforms have been observed and the ripple factor, percentage of regulation of a half wave and full wave rectifiers with out filters have been calculated. Half wave Rectifier with out filter: 1) Ripple factor. =________ 2) Percentage of regulation. =_________ b) Full wave Rectifier with out filter: 1) Ripple factor. =________ 2) Percentage of regulation. =_________
a)

REVIEW QUESTION: 1) Repeat the experiment by reversing the diodes in full wave and half wave rectifiers. And give the comments on both experiments. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.)

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RECTIFIERS WITH FILTERS

AIM: To study the rectifiers with filters and determine the parameters. 1. Ripple Factor. 2. Percentage of Regulation for Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifiers. APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. 230V AC (12-0-12V) Transformer (1Nos). 3. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20MHZ). 4. Digital Multi Meter (1Nos). 5. DC Ammeter 0-200mA (1Nos). 6. Diodes 1N 4007 (2Nos). 7. Decade Resistance box (1Nos). 8. Capacitors - 100f/63V(1Nos). 9. Connecting Wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: Half wave Rectifier:

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Full wave Rectifier:

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig 1. 2. In each Fig. measure the DC current with ammeter and DC voltage, AC voltage and DC no load voltage with the help of multi meter for different load resistances. 3. With the help of CRO observe the wave forms and note the value of (Vm) and wave form also. 4. Plot a graph by taking (Vm) in volts on Y-axis and time period on X-axis. 5. Calculate the value of ripple factor by using the formula r = Vac

/ Vdc.

6. calculate the percentage of regulation by using the formula = VNL - VFL 100% VFL 7. Repeat the same procedure for the circuit shown in fig 2 for full wave rectifier. VBIT Page 22

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EXPECTED GRAPH:

OBSERVATIONS: Half wave Rectifier:

S.No

Resistance() Idc(mA)

Vac (V)

Vdc (V)

RippleFactor r = Vac / Vdc

Full wave Rectifier:

S.No

Resistance() Idc(mA)

Vac (V)

Vdc (V)

RippleFactor r = Vac / Vdc

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1) Check up the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2) Connections should be made properly. RESULT: The output waveforms have been observed and the ripple factor, percentage of regulation of a half wave and full wave rectifiers with filters have been calculated. Half wave Rectifier with filter: 1) Ripple factor. =________ 2) Percentage of regulation. =_________ b) Full wave Rectifier with filter: 1) Ripple factor. =________ 2) Percentage of regulation. =_________
a)

REVIEW QUESTION: 1) By changing the filter capacitor to 200f (by connecting two 100f in parallel) Observe the ripple factor and percentage of regulation. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.)

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COMMON BASE TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: 1) To study the input and output characteristics of the CB Configuration. 2) To find input resistance and output resistance with the help of characteristics curves. APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V/1A). 3. DC Ammeters 0-200mA (2Nos). 4. DC Voltmeters 0-20V (2Nos). 5. Resistors with 10% tolerance (1/2W): 1K (2Nos). 6. Transistor - BC107 (1Nos). 7. Connecting wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1.Connections are made as per the Circuit Diagram shown above. For Input Characteristics:2. By varying the VCC, set the VCB = 2V and keep it as constant then vary the input voltage source VEE from (0-10V) in small steps and note down corresponding input voltage (VBE) in volts and input current (IE) in mA readings and tabulate.
3. Repeat the step

2 for different values of VCB = 3 to 6V.

4. Plot a graph by taking the input voltage (VBE) in volts on X-axis and input current (IE) in mA on Y-axis. VBIT Page 29

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5. Calculate the input resistance by using the formula Ri = VBE (VCB as Constant) ohms. IE OBSERVATIONS:

S.No

VCB = 2 V VBE(V) IE (mA)

VCB = 4 V VBE(V) IE (mA)

VCB = 6 V VBE(V) IE (mA)

EXPECTED GRAPH:

For output Characteristics:6. Keep Input Current IE = 2mA as constant by varying the Input voltage VEE and vary the output voltage source VCC from (0-10V) in small steps and note down corresponding output voltage (VCB) in volts and output current (IC) in mA readings and tabulate. 7. Repeat the step - 6 for different values of IE = 3 to 6mA. 8. Plot a graph by taking the output voltage (VCB) in volts on X-axis and output current (IC) in mA on Y-axis. 9. Calculate the output resistance by using the formula RO = VCB (IE as Constant) ohms. IC 10. Calculate the current gain = IC IE

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OBSERVATIONS:

S.No

IE = 2 mA VCB(V) IC (mA)

IE = 4 mA VCB(V) IC (mA)

IE = 6 mA VCB(V) IC (mA)

EXPECTED GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Check the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2. Connections should be made properly. RESULT: The input and output parameters of a given transistor in common base mode have been measured and plotted. i) Input resistance (Ri). = ________ ii) Output resistance (Ro). = ________ iii) Current gain (). = ________ REVIEW QUESTION: Change R2 = 10K and 100K check the output characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.)

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COMMON EMITTER TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: 1) To study the input and output characteristics of the CE Configuration. 2) To find input resistance and output resistance with the help of characteristics curves. APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V/1A). 3. DC Ammeters 0-200mA (1Nos), 0-200A (1Nos). 4. DC Voltmeters 0-20V (2Nos). 5. Resistors with 10% tolerance (1/2W): 100K (1Nos),1K (1Nos). 6. Transistor - BC107 (1nos). 7. Connecting wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1.Connections are made as per the Circuit Diagram shown above. For Input Characteristics:2. By varying the VCC, set the VCE = 2V and keep it as constant then vary the input voltage source VBB from (0-10V) in small steps and note down corresponding input voltage (VBE) in volts and input current (IB) in A readings and tabulate.
3. Repeat the step

2 for different values of VCE = 3 to 6V.

4. Plot a graph by taking the input voltage (VBE) in volts on X-axis and input current (IB) in A on Y-axis. VBIT Page 36

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5. Calculate the input resistance by using the formula Ri = VBE (VCE as Constant) ohms. IB OBSERVATIONS:

S.No

VCE = 2 V VBE(V) IB (A)

VCE = 4 V VBE(V) IB (A)

VCE = 6 V VBE(V) IB (A)

EXPECTED GRAPH:

For output Characteristics:Keep Input Current IB =10A as constant by varying the Input voltage VBB and vary the output voltage source VCC from (0-10V) in small steps and note down corresponding output voltage (VCE) in volts and output current (IC) in mA readings and tabulate.
6. 7. Repeat the step

- 6 for different values of IB = 20 to 40A.

8. Plot a graph by taking the output voltage (VCE) in volts on X-axis and output current (IC) in mA on Y-axis. 9. Calculate the output resistance by using the formula RO = VCE (IB as Constant) ohms. IC 10. Calculate the current gain = IC IB

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S.No

IB = 10 A VCE(V) IC (mA)

IB = 20 A VCE(V) IC (mA)

IB = 40 A VCE(V) IC (mA)

EXPECTED GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Check the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2. Connections should be made properly. RESULT: The input and output parameters of a given transistor in common emitter mode have been measured and plotted. i) Input resistance (Ri). =_________ ii) Output resistance (Ro). =________ iii) Current gain (). = _________ REVIEW QUESTION: 1) Add 100 resistance in the emitter to ground and check output characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.)

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FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: To study the drain and transfer characteristics of a JFET. APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V/1A). 3. DC Ammeters 0-200mA (1Nos). 4. DC Voltmeters 0-20V (2Nos). 5. Resistors with 10% tolerance (1/2W):- 10K (1Nos),100 (1Nos). 6. FET BFW11 (1Nos). 7. Connecting wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1.Connections are made as per the Circuit Diagram shown above. For Drain Characteristics:2. By varying the VGG, set the VGS = -0.5V and keep it as constant then vary the VDD from (0-10V) in small steps and note down corresponding (VDS) in volts and (ID) in mA readings and tabulate.
3. Repeat the step

2 for different values of VGS = -1 to -1.5V.

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5. Calculate the drain resistance by using the formula. rd = VDS (VGS as Constant) ohms. ID OBSERVATIONS:

S.No

VGS = -0.5V VDS(V) ID (mA)

VGS = -1V VDS(V) ID (mA)

VGS = -1.5 V VDS(V) ID (mA)

EXPECTED GRAPH:

For Transfer Characteristics:6. Keep the VDS = 1V as constant by varying the VDD and vary the VGG from (0-10V) in small steps and note down corresponding (VGS) in volts and (ID) in mA readings and tabulate.
7.

Repeat the step - 6 for different values of VDS = 2 to 4V.

8. Plot a graph by taking the (VGS) in volts on X-axis and (ID) in mA on Y-axis. 9. Calculate the Transconductance by using the formula gm = ID (VDS as Constant) mhos. VGS 10. Calculate the Amplification factor = rd gm

OBSERVATIONS:

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S.No

VDS = 1V VGS(V) ID (mA)

VDS = 2V VGS(V) ID (mA)

VDS = 4V VGS(V) ID (mA)

EXPECTED GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Check the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2. Connections should be made properly. RESULT: The drain and transfer characteristics, Amplification factor of a JFET in common source mode have been measured and plotted. i) Drain resistance (rd). =________ ii) Transconductance (gm). =_______ iii) Amplification factor (). = _______ REVIEW QUESTION: 1) Interchange drain and source in the circuit and check for the output do not increase the VDS more than 15V. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.)

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COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

AIM: To Observe the frequency and gain response of a Common Emitter amplifier. Find the 1. Gain of the amplifier in dB. 2. Band width with the help of graph (frequency VS gain). APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V/1A). 3. Function generator (1Hz-1MHz Sine/Square/Triangle). 4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20MHz). 5. Resistors with 10% tolerance (1/2W): 470 (1Nos),1K (1Nos),4.7K (2Nos),33K (1Nos). 6. Capacitors - 10f/63V(2Nos),100f/63V(1Nos). 7. Transistor - BC107(1Nos). 8. Connecting wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the Circuit Diagram shown above. 2.
3.

Apply the input from the function generator with 1KHz frequency and fixed 30mV of amplitude peak to peak (Vs) at the input terminals of the circuit. By keeping the input signal amplitude constant at (VS), vary the frequency of the function generator from 50Hz to 1MHz in regular steps.

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5. Plot a graph between by taking the frequency in Hz on X-axis and gain in dB on Y-axis. 6. Calculate the bandwidth from graph. EXPECTED GRAPH:

fL = Lower cut-off frequency OBSERVATIONS:

fh = Upper cut-off frequency

Bandwidth = fL-fh

S.No Frequency (Hz)

Vs=30mV Vo (volts) Gain Av=Vo/Vs Gain in (dB)=20 log(Av)

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Check the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2. Connections should be made properly. RESULT: The gain and bandwidth of a common emitter amplifier has been measured. i) Gain in dB. = ________ ii) Bandwidth. = ________ REVIEW QUESTION: 1) Keep input frequency as constant at 2KHz and vary the input amplitude from 1mV to 50mV. 2) Observe the output on CRO plot the graph between i/p and o/p, comments on results. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.)

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COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

AIM: To Observe the frequency and gain response of a Common Collector amplifier. Find the 1. Gain of the amplifier in dB. 2. Band width with the help of graph (frequency VS gain). APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V/1A). 3. Function generator (1Hz-1MHz Sine/Square/Triangle). 4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20MHz). 5. Resistors with 10% tolerance (1/2W): 470 (1Nos),1K (1Nos),33K (1Nos),100K (1Nos). 6. Capacitors- 1f/63V(1Nos),10f/63V(1Nos). 7. Transistor - BC107(1Nos). 8. Connecting wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the Circuit Diagram shown above. 2. Apply the input from the function generator with 1KHz frequency and fixed 0.5V of amplitude peak to peak (Vs) at the input terminals of the circuit.
3.

By keeping the input signal amplitude constant at (VS), vary the frequency of the function generator from 10Hz to 1MHz in regular steps. Page 56

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4. Note down the corresponding output voltages (V0) from CRO for each frequency and tabulate. 5. Plot a graph between by taking the frequency in Hz on X-axis and gain in dB on Y-axis. 6. Calculate the bandwidth from graph. EXPECTED GRAPH:

fL = Lower cut-off frequency OBSERVATIONS:

fh = Upper cut-off frequency

Bandwidth = fL-fh

S.No Frequency (Hz)

Vs=0.5V Vo (volts) Gain Av=Vo/Vs Gain in (dB)=20 log(Av)

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Check the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2. Connections should be made properly. RESULT: The gain and bandwidth of a common Collector amplifier has been measured. i) Gain in dB. = ___________ ii) Bandwidth. = __________ REVIEW QUESTION: 1) Change the value of RE = 1K and repeat the entire experiment. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.) VBIT Page 57

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SINGLE STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER

AIM: To observe the frequency and gain response of a Single stage RC-coupled amplifier. Find the 1. Gain of the amplifier in dB. 2. Band width with the help of graph (frequency VS gain). 3. Input impedance (Zi). 4. Output impedance (Zo). APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V/1A). 3. Function Generator (1Hz-1MHz Sine/Square/Triangle). 4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20MHz). 5. Resistors with 10% tolerance (1/2W): 470 (1Nos),1K (1Nos),4.7K (2Nos),33K (1Nos). 6. Load Resistor (RL) with 10% tolerance (1W): 10K (1Nos). 7. Capacitors- 10f/63V(2Nos),100f/63V(1Nos). 8. Transistor - BC107(1Nos). 9. Connecting wires.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the Circuit Diagram shown above. 2.
3.

Apply the input from the function generator with 1KHz frequency and fixed 30mV of amplitude peak to peak (Vs) at the input terminals of the circuit. By keeping the input signal amplitude constant at (VS), vary the frequency of the function generator from 50Hz to 1MHz in regular steps. Note down the corresponding output voltages (V0) from CRO for each frequency and tabulate. Connect the load resistor (RL) at the output terminals to find the output impedance.

4.
5.

6. Plot a graph between by taking the frequency in Hz on X-axis and gain in dB on Y-axis. 7. Calculate the bandwidth from graph. 8. Calculate the input and output impedance. Input impedance Zi = Vin ; Where IB = Vs - Vin IB RS Output impedance Zo = Vo(max) 2 EXPECTED GRAPH:

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fL = Lower cut-off frequency OBSERVATIONS:

fh = Upper cut-off frequency

Bandwidth = fL-fh

S.No Frequency (Hz)

Vs=30mV Vo (volts) Gain Av=Vo/Vs Gain in (dB)=20 log(Av)

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Check the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2. Connections should be made properly. RESULT: The gain and bandwidth, input impedance, output impedance of a single stage RC coupled amplifier has been measured. i) Gain in dB. = _________ ii) Bandwidth. = __________ iii) Input impedance (Zi). = _________ iv) Output impedance (Zo). = __________ REVIEW QUESTION: 1) Change the Cc value to 1F/63V and repeat the experiment. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.)

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COMMON SOURCE FET AMPLIFIER

AIM: To Observe the frequency and gain response of a Common Source FET amplifier. Find the 1. Gain of the amplifier in dB. 2. Band width with the help of graph (frequency VS gain). APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V/1A). 3. Function generator (1Hz-1MHz Sine/Square/Triangle). 4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20MHz). 5. Resistors with 10% tolerance (1/2W): 470 (1Nos),4.7K (1Nos),10K (1Nos),1M (1Nos). 6. Capacitors - 10f/63V(2Nos),100f/63V(1Nos). 7. FET BFW11(1Nos). 8. Connecting wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the Circuit Diagram shown above. 2. Apply the input from the function generator with 1KHz frequency and fixed 0.1V of amplitude peak to peak (Vs) at the input terminals of the circuit.
3.

By keeping the input signal amplitude constant at (VS), vary the frequency of the function generator from 50Hz to 1MHz in regular steps. Page 67

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4. Note down the corresponding output voltages (V0) from CRO for each frequency and tabulate. 5. Plot a graph between by taking the frequency in Hz on X-axis and gain in dB on Y-axis. 6. Calculate the bandwidth from graph. EXPECTED GRAPH:

fL = Lower cut-off frequency OBSERVATIONS:

fh = Upper cut-off frequency

Bandwidth = fL-fh

S.No Frequency (Hz)

Vs=100mV Vo (volts) Gain Av=Vo/Vs Gain in (dB)=20 log(Av)

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Check the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2. Connections should be made properly. RESULT: The gain and bandwidth of a Common Source FET amplifier has been measured. i) Gain in dB. =_________ ii) Bandwidth. = _________ REVIEW QUESTION: 1) Remove the C2 capacitor and repeat the experiment and give the comments on results. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.)

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CURRENT SERIES FEED BACK AMPLIFIER

AIM: To observe the frequency and gain response of a Current Series feed back amplifier. Find the 1. Gain of the amplifier in dB. 2. Band width with the help of graph (frequency VS gain). APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V/1A). 3. Function generator (1Hz-1MHz Sine/Square/Triangle). 4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20MHz). 5. Resistors with 10% tolerance (1/2W): 470 (1Nos),1K (1Nos),4.7K (2Nos),33K (1Nos). 6. Capacitors- 10f/63V(2Nos),100f/63V(1Nos). 7. Transistor - BC107(1Nos). 8. Connecting wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the Circuit Diagram shown above. 2.
3.

Apply the input from the function generator with 1KHz frequency and fixed 30mV of amplitude peak to peak (Vs) at the input terminals of the circuit. By keeping the input signal amplitude constant at (VS), vary the frequency of the function generator from 10Hz to 1MHz in regular steps for without feedback amplifier. Page 72

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4.

Note down the corresponding output voltages (V0) from CRO for each frequency and tabulate.

5. Remove the 100f of the capacitor from the CE terminals and again repeat the above steps for the with feed back amplifier. 6. Plot a graph between by taking the frequency in Hz on X-axis and gain in dB on Y-axis. 7. Calculate the bandwidth from graph.

EXPECTED GRAPH:

fL = Lower cut-off frequency OBSERVATIONS:

fh = Upper cut-off frequency

Bandwidth = fL-fh

S.No Frequency (Hz)

Vs=30mV Vo (volts) Gain Av=Vo/Vs Gain in (dB)=20 log(Av)

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Check the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2. Connections should be made properly. RESULT: The gain and bandwidth of a Current Series feed back amplifier has been measured. i) Gain in dB with out feedback amplifier. = ___________ ii) Gain in dB with feedback amplifier. = __________ iii) Bandwidth for with out feedback amplifier. = _________ iv) Bandwidth for with feedback amplifier. = ___________ REVIEW QUESTION: 1) Make the R1 = R2 = 27K and repeat the experiment and give the comments on results. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.) VBIT Page 73

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VOLTAGE SERIES FEED BACK AMPLIFIER

AIM: To observe the frequency and gain response of a Voltage Series feed back amplifier. Find the 1. Gain of the amplifier in dB. 2. Band width with the help of graph (frequency VS gain). APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V/1A). 3. Function generator (1Hz-1MHz Sine/Square/Triangle). 4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20MHz). 5. Resistors with 10% tolerance (1/2W): 470 (1Nos),1K (1Nos),4.7K (2Nos),10K (1Nos),33K (1Nos). 6. Capacitors- 10f/63V(2Nos),100f/63V(1Nos). 7. Transistor - BC107(1Nos). 8. Connecting wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the Circuit Diagram shown above. 2. Apply the input from the function generator with 1KHz frequency and fixed 30mV of amplitude peak to peak (Vs)at input terminals of the circuit.
3.

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Note down the corresponding output voltages (V0) from CRO for each frequency and tabulate.

5. Connect a 10K of the resistance at the output terminals and again repeat the above steps for the with feed back amplifier. 6. Plot a graph between by taking the frequency in Hz on X-axis and gain in dB on Y-axis. 7. Calculate the bandwidth from graph.

EXPECTED GRAPH:

fL = Lower cut-off frequency OBSERVATIONS:

fh = Upper cut-off frequency

Bandwidth = fL-fh

S.No Frequency (Hz)

Vs=30mV Vo (volts) Gain Av=Vo/Vs Gain in (dB)=20 log(Av)

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Check the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2. Connections should be made properly. RESULT: The gain and bandwidth of a Voltage Series feed back amplifier has been measured. i) Gain in dB with out feedback amplifier. =________ ii) Gain in dB with feedback amplifier. = _________ iii) Bandwidth for with out feedback amplifier. =_________ iv) Bandwidth for with feedback amplifier. = _________ REVIEW QUESTION: 1) Change the R = 100K and repeat the experiment from result give the reasons for output. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.) VBIT Page 79

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RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM: To Determine the frequency and amplitude of a RC phase shift oscillator. APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V/1A). 3. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20MHz). 4. Resistors with 10% tolerance (1/2W):1K (1Nos),2.2K (1Nos),10K (3Nos),33K (1Nos). 5. Capacitors- 0.001f/25V(3Nos),10f/63V(1Nos),100f/63V(1Nos). 6. Transistor - BC107(1Nos). 7. Connecting wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the Circuit Diagram shown above. 2. After giving the supply voltage to the circuit, observe the output waveform at the output terminals in CRO.

3. Measure the time period of oscillation of the output waveform from CRO and then Calculate the oscillation frequency using the formula f =1/T. 4. Verify the frequency of oscillator theoretically by using the formula f = 1/2RC6+4K Where R = feedback resistance, C = feedback capacitance K = RC/R (RC is collector resistance) 5. Compare the practical and theoretical frequency values of the output waveform. 6. Plot a graph between by taking the time period on X-axis and amplitude on Y-axis. EXPECTED GRAPH:

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PRECAUTIONS: 1. Check the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2. Connections should be made properly. RESULT: The Amplitude, frequency of a RC phase shift oscillator has been measured. i) Amplitude of the waveform. = _________ ii) Frequency of the waveform (practically). = ________ iii) Frequency of the waveform (theoretically). = ________ REVIEW QUESTION: 1) Remove a pair of RC and observe the output by repeating the experiment; give reasons for the results. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.)

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HARTELY OSCILLATOR
AIM: To Determine the frequency and amplitude of a Hartely oscillator. APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V/1A). 3. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20MHz). 4. Resistors with 10% tolerance (1/2W): 470 (1Nos),1K (1Nos),4.7K (1Nos),10K (1Nos),100K (1Nos). 5. Capacitors- 1f/63V(1Nos),10f/63V(1Nos),100f/63V(1Nos). 6. Inductors 20mH(1Nos),2.5mH(1Nos). 7. Transistor - BC107 (1Nos). 8. Connecting wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the Circuit Diagram shown above. 2. After giving the supply voltage to the circuit, observe the output waveform at the output terminals in CRO. 3. Measure the time period of oscillation of the output waveform from CRO and then Calculate the oscillation frequency using the formula f =1/T. 4. Verify the frequency of oscillator theoretically by using the formula f = 1/2LeqC Where Leq = L1+L2 VBIT Page 90

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5. Compare the practical and theoretical frequency values of the output waveform. 6. Plot a graph between by taking the time period on X-axis and amplitude on Y-axis. EXPECTED GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Check the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2. Connections should be made properly. RESULT: The Amplitude, frequency of a Hartely oscillator has been measured. i) Amplitude of the waveform. = ________ ii) Frequency of the waveform (practically). = ________ iii) Frequency of the waveform (theoretically). = ________ REVIEW QUESTION: 1) Change L1 = 2.5mH, L2 = 20mH and Change L1 = 20mH, L2 = 20mH Repeat the experiment for both combinations and find the results. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.)

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COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
AIM: To Determine the frequency and amplitude of a Colpitts oscillator. APPARATUS: 1. Bread Board. 2. DC Regulated Power Supply (0-30V/1A). 3. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0-20MHz). 4. Resistors with 10% tolerance (1/2W): 470 (1Nos),1K (1Nos),4.7K (1Nos),10K (1Nos),100K (1Nos). 5. Capacitors - 0.1f/25V(3Nos),0.01f/25V(2Nos). 6. Inductor 1mH (1Nos). 7. Transistor - BC107 (1Nos). 8. Connecting wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the Circuit Diagram shown above. 2. After giving the supply voltage to the circuit, observe the output waveform at the output terminals. 3. Measure the time period of oscillation of the output waveform from CRO and then Calculate the oscillation frequency using the formula f =1/T. 4. Verify the frequency of oscillator theoretically by using the formula f = 1/2LCeq Where Ceq = C1C2 C1+C2 VBIT Page 96

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5. Compare the practical and theoretical frequency values of the output waveform. 6. Plot a graph between by taking the time period on X-axis and amplitude on Y-axis. EXPECTED GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Check the connections made on the board to avoid open and short circuits. 2. Connections should be made properly. RESULT: The Amplitude, frequency of a Colpitts oscillator has been measured. i) Amplitude of the waveform. = _________ ii) Frequency of the waveform (practically). = _________ iii) Frequency of the waveform (theoretically). = _________ REVIEW QUESTION: 1) Change the value of R1 = 10K and R2 = 100K repeat the experiment and give comments on result. CONCLUSIONS: (To be written by the student after completion of the experiment with review questions.)

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