Guide to the Classical Biological Control of Insect Pests in Planted and Natural Forests
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About this ebook
Classical biological control is a well-tried, cost-effective approach to the management of invasive forest pests. It involves the importing of “natural enemies” of non-native pests from their countries of origin with the aim of establishing permanent, self-sustaining populations capable of sustainably reducing pest populations below damaging levels. A great deal of knowledge on classical biological control has been accumulated worldwide in the last few decades. This publication, which was written by a team of experts, distils that information in a clear, concise guide aimed at helping forest-health practitioners and forest managers – especially in developing countries – to implement successful classical biological control programmes. It provides general theory and practical guidelines, explains the “why” and “how” of classical biological control in forestry, and addresses the potential risks associated with such programmes. It features 11 case studies of successful efforts worldwide to implement classical biological control.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
An intergovernmental organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has 194 Member Nations, two associate members and one member organization, the European Union. Its employees come from various cultural backgrounds and are experts in the multiple fields of activity FAO engages in. FAO’s staff capacity allows it to support improved governance inter alia, generate, develop and adapt existing tools and guidelines and provide targeted governance support as a resource to country and regional level FAO offices. Headquartered in Rome, Italy, FAO is present in over 130 countries.Founded in 1945, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO provides a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. The Organization publishes authoritative publications on agriculture, fisheries, forestry and nutrition.
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Guide to the Classical Biological Control of Insect Pests in Planted and Natural Forests - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Required citation:
Kenis, M.; Hurley, B.P.; Colombari, F.; Lawson, S.; Sun, J.; Wilcken, C.; Weeks, R. and Sathyapala, S. 2019. Guide to the classical biological control of insect pests in planted and natural forests, FAO Forestry Paper No. 182. Rome, FAO.
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Cover photo: The sirex woodwasp, a serious pest of Pinus species. © B. HURLEY
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Acronyms
1Introduction
1.1 The threat to forests posed by insect pests
1.2 Managing insect pests
1.3 What is biological control?
1.4 Classical biological control
1.5 About this guide
2Classical biological control
2.1 The benefits of classical biological control
2.2 Natural enemies used in classical biological control
2.3 Communication and classical biological control
2.4 The classical biological control process
3Process leading to classical biological control
3.1 Pest detection
3.2 Pest identification and characterization
3.3 Pest risk analysis
3.4 Evaluating pest management options
3.5 Studying natural enemies in an invaded region
4Implementing classical biological control
4.1 Reviewing potential biological control agents
4.2 Studying natural enemies in a pest’s native range
4.3 Importing biological control agents
4.4 Rearing and multiplying biological control agents in quarantine
4.5 Assessing the risk of introducing a biological control agent
4.6 Releasing biological control agents from quarantine
5Monitoring and evaluating classical biological control
5.1 Post-release monitoring
5.2 Evaluating the success of a classical biological control programme
6Other considerations
6.1 The Nagoya Protocol
6.2 Stakeholder engagement
6.3 The way forward
7Case studies
7.1 Coconut rhinoceros beetle in the Pacific region
7.2 Great spruce bark beetle in Europe
7.3 Asian chestnut gall wasp in North America, northern Asia and Europe
7.4 Orthezia bug on Saint Helena
7.5 Eucalypt gall wasp
7.6 Bronze bug on Eucalyptus in Brazil
7.7 Mango mealybug in West Africa
7.8 Sirex woodwasp in Australasia, Africa, the Americas and Asia
7.9 Winter moth in Canada and the United States of America
7.10 Ambermarked birch leaf miner in Canada and the United States of America
7.11 Fall webworm in China
Glossary
Annex: List of pests, biological control agents and tree hosts mentioned in the guide
References and further reading
Figures
1Stages, actions and decisions in a classical biological control programme
2Floor plan for a basic physical containment/biosecurity level 2 quarantine facility
Boxes
1Categories of natural enemies used in classical biological control
2Studying natural enemies in an invaded region
3Classical biological control projects against the same insect pests in different countries
4Key considerations when transporting a biological control agent into an importing country
5Basic requirements for quarantine facilities for importing insect-pest biological control agents
6Physical containment/biosecurity levels for containing biological control agents securely
7Key considerations for receiving biological control agents into quarantine facilities
8Key biological characteristics to be understood when rearing an insect pest and its biological control agent
9Example of a parthenogenetic species used for classical biological control
10 Criteria for selecting non-target test species
11 Host-specificity study of native and non-native species as non-targets
12 Assessing biological control agent effectiveness: parasitism rates
13 Non-target effects of the biological control agent Compsilura concinnata
Foreword
Insect pests damage millions of hectares of forest worldwide each year. Moreover, the extent of such damage is increasing as international trade grows, facilitating the spread of insect pests, and as the impacts of climate change become more evident. Globally, and especially in developing economies, outbreaks of forest pests can have major consequences for the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities.
FAO views the threat posed by forest insect pests very seriously. Pest management is an important element of Sustainable Development Goal 15 (Life on Land
), especially target 15.8: By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species
. FAO’s ongoing programme on integrated pest management supports the achievement of this target, including through classical biological control.
Classical biological control is a well-tried, cost-effective approach to the management of invasive pest species. It involves the importing of natural enemies
(parasitoids, predators and pathogens) of non-native pests from their countries of origin with the aim of establishing permanent, self-sustaining populations capable of reducing pest populations to below acceptable damage thresholds. Classical biological control is especially well suited as a management tool for exotic pests that invade new environments, and it can provide long-term, efcacious control at minimal ongoing cost. It also poses risks and it is crucial, therefore, that it is implemented with adequate safeguards.
A great deal of knowledge on classical biological control has been accumulated worldwide in the last few decades. This publication, which was written by a team of experts, distils that information in a clear, concise guide aimed at helping forest-health practitioners and forest managers – especially in developing countries – to implement successful classical biological control programmes. It provides general theory and practical