Mathematics Applied to Engineering

Mathematics Applied to Engineering

First Edition

Mangey Ram

Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India

J. Paulo Davim

University of Aveiro, Portugal

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

List of contributors

About the editors

Preface

Acknowledgment

1: Analysis for a qualification test procedure with FMCIA (finite Markov chain imbedding approach)

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2 Mathematical description for modeling

3 Quantitative analysis for the test procedure

4 Numerical examples

5 Conclusions

2: Quantitative security evaluation of an intrusion tolerant system

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 SITAR system

3 Semi-Markov modeling

4 MRSPN modeling

5 Numerical examples

6 Conclusions

3: Mathematics and acoustics

Abstract

1 Linear Euler equation

2 Wave equation

3 Sound propagation in horn

4 Sound propagation in pipes

5 Diffraction, scattering, reflection, and refraction of sound

6 Sound propagation in cavity and waveguide

7 Sound propagation in periodic structure (sonic crystal)

8 Muffler

9 Other acoustic applications

10 Conclusion

4: Signature reliability of sliding window coherent system

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Appraisal reliability of SWS

3 Coherent system and expected lifetime of the SWCS

4 Illustration of the proposed model

5 Conclusion

5: Series-parallel system study under warranty and preventive maintenance

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Mathematical modeling details

3 Particular cases and numerical computations

4 Results discussion

5 Conclusion

6: On solving complex reliability optimization problem using multi-objective particle swarm optimization

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Multi-objective particle swarm optimization incorporating the mechanism of crowding distance

3 Application of MOPSO-CD in reliability optimization problems

4 Analysis of MOPSO-CD in reliability optimization problems

5 Conclusion

6 Future scope

7: Free vibration and connecting bolt constraint-based FEA analysis of heavy vehicle medium duty transmission gearbox housing made from AISI 4130 alloy material

Abstract

Acknowledgment

1 Introduction

2 CAD model and material properties

3 FEA simulation: modal analysis

4 FEA results and discussion

5 FEA natural frequency comparison for different materials

6 Connecting bolt constraint analysis

7 Conclusions

8: Maintenance grouping models for multicomponent systems

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Failure modeling and maintenance problems

3 Grouping maintenance approach

4 Numerical study

5 Dynamic grouping and maintenance opportunities

6 Summary and conclusions

9: Reliability estimation considering warranty data, usage rate profile, and qualitative information on design changes

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Estimation of censored data for surviving population

3 Field reliability estimation

4 Impact of design change on reliability improvement

5 Conclusion

10: Operational sustainability assessment of multipower source traction drive

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Brief description of the LZ-transform method

3 Multistate model of the multipower source traction drive

4 Power performance calculation

5 Conclusion

Index

Copyright

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Copyright © 2017 Mangey Ram and J. Paulo Davim. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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List of contributors

A. Barros     Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

I. Bolvashenkov     Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

L. Cui     School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China

P. Do     University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France

T. Dohi     Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

I. Frenkel     Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, Israel

N. Goyal     Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

P. Gulia     Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, India

A. Gupta     Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, India

H.-G. Herzog     Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

L. Khvatskin     Industrial Engineering and Management Department, Beer-Sheva, Israel

A. Kumar     G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India

A. Kumar     Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India

A. Kumar     University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India

S. Limon     North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States

C. Lin     School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China

H. Okamura     Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

S. Pant     University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India

P.P. Patil     Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India

M. Ram     Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

S.B. Singh     G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India

O.P. Yadav     North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States

H. Yang     School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China

About the editors

Mangey Ram received B.Sc. degree in science from Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India, in 2000, M.Sc. degree in mathematics from Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal), India, in 2004, and Ph.D. degree major in mathematics and minor in computer science from G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India, in 2008. He has been a faculty member for around 9 years and has taught several core courses in pure and applied mathematics at undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctorate levels. He is currently professor with the Department of Mathematics, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India. Before joining the Graphic Era University, he was a deputy manager (probationary officer) with Syndicate Bank for a short period. He is editor-in-chief of International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences; executive editor, Journal of Graphic Era University, executive associate editor of the Journal of Reliability and Statistical Studies, and the guest editor and member of the editorial board of many journals. He is a regular reviewer for international journals, including IEEE, Elsevier, Springer, Emerald, John Wiley, Taylor & Francis, and many other publishers. He has published 100 plus research publications in IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, Emerald, World Scientific, and many other national and international journals of repute and also presented his works at national and international conferences. His fields of research are reliability theory and applied mathematics. He is a member of the IEEE, Operational Research Society of India, Society for Reliability Engineering, Quality and Operations Management in India, International Association of Engineers in Hong Kong, and Emerald Literati Network in the United Kingdom. He has been a member of the organizing committee of a number of international and national conferences, seminars, and workshops. He has been conferred with "Young Scientist Award by the Uttarakhand State Council for Science and Technology, Dehradun, in 2009. He has been awarded the Best Faculty Award in 2011 and recently Research Excellence Award" in 2015 for his significant contribution in academics and research at Graphic Era University.

J. Paulo Davim received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering in 1997, M.Sc. degree in Mechanical Engineering (materials and manufacturing processes) in 1991, Licentiate degree (5 years) in Mechanical Engineering in 1986, from the University of Porto (FEUP), the Aggregate title (Full Habilitation) from the University of Coimbra in 2005, and a D.Sc. from London Metropolitan University in 2013. He is Eur Ing by FEANI and senior chartered engineer by the Portuguese Institution of Engineers with an MBA and Specialist title in Engineering and Industrial Management. Currently, he is professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Aveiro, Portugal. He has more than 30 years of teaching and research experience in Manufacturing, Materials and Mechanical Engineering with special emphasis in Machining & Tribology. Recently, he has also interest in Management/Industrial Engineering and Higher Education for Sustainability/Enginering Education. He has received several scientific awards. He has worked as evaluator of projects for international research agencies as well as examiner of Ph.D. thesis for many universities. He is the editor-in-chief of several international journals, guest editor of journals, books editor, book series editor, and scientific advisory for many international journals and conferences. Presently, he is an editorial board member of 30 international journals and acts as reviewer for more than 80 prestigious Web of Science journals. In addition, he has also published as editor (and co-editor) more than 80 books and as author (and co-author) more than 10 books, 60 book chapters, and 400 articles in journals and conferences (more than 200 articles in journals indexed in Web of Science/h-index38+ and SCOPUS/h-index 46+).

Preface

Mathematics is the strength of engineering sciences, and applied mathematics forms the common foundation of all novel discipline as engineering evolves and develops. Everything would be possible with the addition of mathematics to the engineering. The book Mathematics Applied in Engineering gripped on a comprehensive range of mathematics applied in various fields of engineering different chores such as acoustics, system engineering, optimization, mechanical engineering, and reliability engineering. Through this book entitled Mathematics Applied in Engineering the engineers have to gain a greater knowledge and help them in the applications of mathematics in engineering courses. The book is meant for those who take engineering as a subject of study. The material is intended for an audience at the level of postgraduate or senior undergraduate students.

Mangey Ram, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India

J. Paulo Davim, University of Aveiro, Portugal

Acknowledgment

The editors acknowledge Elsevier and the editorial team for their adequate and professional support during the preparation of this book. Also, we would like to acknowledge all the chapter authors and the reviewers for their availability for work on this book project.

Mangey Ram, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India

J. Paulo Davim, University of Aveiro, Portugal

1

Analysis for a qualification test procedure with FMCIA (finite Markov chain imbedding approach)

L. Cui; C. Lin; H. Yang    School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China

Abstract

A qualification test procedure related to consecutive-k success criteria is studied in this chapter. Whenever a failure of test occurs, we consider taking improvement action to enhance each of the reminder products so that the quality of the product is improved and the probability for passing the test procedure is increased. In this chapter, the equation of the probability for accepting the product is obtained by using FMCIA (finite Markov chain imbedding approach). Accordingly, we derive the expected number of the tested samples and the expected number of improvement actions taken during the test procedure. In order to demonstrate the usage of the FMCIA in computing the test indexes, some numerical examples are presented to illustrate the results.

Keywords

FMCIA (finite Markov chain imbedding approach); Reliability; Demonstrate test; Consecutive-k; Expected number of tests; Expected number of improvement actions

Acknowledgments

The authors are supported by NSFC under project 71631001. The authors would like to express their thanks to it.

1 Introduction

Test procedure is a key step to ensure the product is in good quality before it is provided to the customers. A rigorous test plan can guarantee the quality of the product. But it may enlarge the scale of the test procedure, e.g., involving more samples to be tested, which is cost consumed. On the contrary, although an easy test plan leads the product incline to pass the test procedure, the quality issue may evolve during the postsale service. Therefore, it is always essential to put up with a proper test procedure. In terms of proper test plan, it means the product can pass the test procedure and is accepted with higher probability but fewer samples to be tested. Thus, in this chapter, we consider to improve the products whenever a failure of test occurs. We put up with some index such as probability of acceptance, expected number of tested samples, and the expected number of improvement actions to evaluate the test procedure. We conduct an analysis for the quality test procedure by employing the FMCIA (finite Markov chain imbedding approach).

The organization of this chapter is as follows: We first conduct a literature review for the FMCIA and illustrate the proposed quality test procedure. After that, we present the mathematical description of the quality test plan proposed in this chapter. Then equations for calculating the indexes of the test procedure, e.g., the probability for passing the test, the expected number of the tests, and the expected number of the improvement actions, are derived. Thereafter, we compute some numerical examples to demonstrate the usage of the proposed methods. Finally, conclusions are addressed and some future research issues on the test procedure are suggested.

1.1 Review on FMCIA

The original research works on FMCIA can be dated back to 1986 when Fu [1] proposed a rudiment of this method in his study on evaluating the reliability of a consecutive-k-out-of-n system with components dependency. Soon after that, Fu and Hu [2], and Chao and Fu [3,4] applied this method to obtain the reliability evaluation for different types of system structures. Until 1994, Fu and Koutras [5] formally named this method the FMCIA.

The FMCIA provides an efficient way to perform the reliability analysis, the component importance analysis, failure rate function computations for the system with complex structure that the traditional methods, e.g., the combinatorial method, the total probability formula method, the recursive equation method, and the moment generating function method, are sometimes difficult to do so. Besides the reliability field, many papers that applied the FMCIA have been published to study the statistical process controls, the runs and scans, the hypothesis test, the samplings, the demonstrate test, the management of health, and the DNA sequences analysis.

When evaluating the system reliability, traditional methods are required to enumerate all possible cases to obtain the equation, which is sometimes unable to realize for a large scale of system, especially when the components of the system are nonidentical. Koutras and Alexandrou [6] indicated that the FMCIA can overcome the bottleneck. Since then, a lot of research works on evaluating and analyzing the reliability models for complicated system structure have been accomplished by employing the FMCIA.

Koutras [7] presented a general framework to accommodate the reliability models for various system structures and he obtained some properties for those structures. Chadjiconstantinidis and Koutras [8] studied the reliability importance of components, e.g., the Birnbaum importance, for the wide class of Markov chain embeddable system. Chang et al. [9] expanded the linear (n,f,k) system, which consisted of n components and failed if there exist total-f or consecutive-k failed components, to circular case and presented the reliability equation. Cui et al. [10] modified the two failure criteria model from or to and, and proposed the 〈n,f,k, and developed a new reliability models of (n,f,k(i,j)) and 〈n,f,k(i,j)〉. Zhao et al. [12] introduced the concept of "sparsely d connected" and expanded the consecutive-k models to general cases. Zhao and Cui [13] conducted a research to accelerate the calculation speed and reduce the computation complexity for a large scale of system with multiple types of components. Cui et al. [14] published a review article by summarizing the development and application of FMCIA prior to 2010.

The research on system reliability by using this method becomes more diverse. Zhao and Cui [15] replace the binary-state components with multistate components for the k-out-of-n system. Chang and Huang [16] applied the FMCIA to analyze the reliability of system with two-dimensional component alignments. Zhao et al.