Vietnam Studies - RIVERINE OPERATIONS 1966-1969 [Illustrated Edition]

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Text originally published in 1973 under the same title.

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Although in most cases we have retained the Author’s original spelling and grammar to authentically reproduce the work of the Author and the original intent of such material, some additional notes and clarifications have been added for the modern reader’s benefit.

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VIETNAM STUDIES

RIVERINE OPERATIONS 1966-1969

by

Major General William B. Fulton

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

Chart 4

Diagrams 4

Tables 4

Maps 4

Illustrations 4

Foreword 6

Preface 7

Chapter I: — Background 8

Previous American Experience 8

French River Warfare in Indochina, 1945-1954 11

The Mekong Delta 17

Enemy Forces 21

Republic of Vietnam Forces 22

U.S. Forces 23

The Situation in 1966 23

Chapter II: — The Concept of a Riverine Force 25

Chapter III: — Riverine Preparations in the United States and in Vietnam 36

Review of the Mobile Afloat Force Concept 37

9th Infantry Division Studies the Mobile Afloat Force 42

The Coronado Conference and Doctrine 42

Final Decisions on Deployment 45

2d Brigade, 9th Infantry Division, Arrives in Vietnam 46

Rung Sat Special Zone Operational Training 47

Chapter IV: — Initial Delta Operations 53

Movement to Dong Tam 53

Final Mobile Riverine Force Preparations 54

2d Brigade Operations 58

Mobile Riverine Force Campaign Plan 64

Chapter V: — Plans and Operational Procedures for the Mobile Riverine Force 68

Intelligence 68

Planning 69

Operational Concept and Procedures 70

Chapter VI: — III Corps Operations and the Threat to Bong Tam 77

Can Giuoc Operation 77

Go Cong Operation 81

Further Can Giuoc Operations 83

Dinh Tuong Operation 88

The Mobile Riverine Force Returns to III Corps 91

Bern Luc Operation 92

Chapter VII: — Cam Son to the Rach Ruong Canal 94

Dinh Tuong Province and Coronado V 94

Coronado IX 98

Six Months in Retrospect 103

Chapter VIII: — Tet Offensive of 1968 and U.S. Reaction 106

Chapter IX: — Pacification and Kien Hoa Province 118

The Third Battalion 118

Operation SEA LORDS 125

Chapter X: — Conclusions and Summary 130

Glossary 136

Chart

1 River Assault Squadron Organization

2 Mobile Riverine Force Command Structure

Diagrams

1 A Typical French River Convoy in North Vietnam

2 French Assault Landing

8 Riverine Operation and Base Defense

4 Foot Disease Incident Rate

5 Artillery Barge Towing Position

6 Typical Company Landing Formation

Tables

1 Viet Minh River Ambushes, 5 January-16 February 1954

2 SEA LORDS Operations, November 1968-January 1969

3 US River Craft Transferred to Vietnam Navy in June 1969

Maps

1 The Rivers of French Indochina

2 The Mekong Delta

3 Delta Situation: July 1966

4 Ap Bac 2 Operation: 2 May 1967

5 Cam Son Operation: 15 May 1967

6 Can Giuoc Operation: 19 June 1967

7 Go Cong Operation: 4-6 July 1967

8 Northern Can Giuoc

9 Dinh Tuong Operation: July-August 1967

10 Ben Luc Operation: 20 August 1967

11 Ban Long and Cam Son Operations: September 1967

12 Kien Hoa

13 Rach Ruong Canal Operation: 4 December 1967

14 Vinh Long

15 Can Tho

16 Areas of Riverine Operations: 1967-1969

Illustrations

Soldier Struggles Through Delta Mud

LST With Armored Troop Carriers and Monitors

Self-Propelled Barracks Ship With Ammi Barge

Armored Troop Carrier

Command and Communications Boat

Assault Support Patrol Boat

Monitor

Landing Craft Repair Ship

A Wet But Peaceful Landing

Non-Self-Propelled Barracks Ship

Artillery Barge

Artillery Fires From Barges Anchored on River Bank

Helicopter Barge

Armored Troop Carriers in Convoy Battle Line

Mobile Riverine Force Briefing Aboard USS Benewah

Troops Prepare to Embark From Ammi Barges

Monitors and Assault Support Patrol Boats Head in to Shore

Assault Craft Going in To Land Troops

Troops Go Ashore From Armored Troop Carrier

Armored Troop Carrier With Helipad

Portable Firing Platform

Armored Troop Carriers Move Up the My Tho River

Foreword

The United States Army has met an unusually complex challenge in Southeast Asia. In conjunction with the other services, the Army has fought in support of a national policy of assisting an emerging nation to develop governmental processes of its own choosing, free of outside coercion. In addition to the usual problems of waging armed conflict, the assignment in Southeast Asia has required superimposing the immensely sophisticated tasks of a modern army upon an underdeveloped environment and adapting them to demands covering a wide spectrum. These involved helping to fulfill the basic needs of an agrarian population, dealing with the frustrations of antiguerrilla operations, and conducting conventional campaigns against well-trained and determined regular units.

As this assignment nears an end, the U.S. Army must prepare for other challenges that may lie ahead. While cognizant that history never repeats itself exactly and that no army ever profited from trying to meet a new challenge in terms of the old one, the Army nevertheless stands to benefit immensely from a study of its experience, its shortcomings no less than its achievements.

Aware that some years must elapse before the official histories will provide a detailed and objective analysis of the experience in Southeast Asia, we have sought a forum whereby some of the more salient aspects of that experience can be made available now. At the request of the Chief of Staff, a representative group of senior officers who served in important posts in Vietnam and who still carry a heavy burden of day-to-day responsibilities has prepared a series of monographs. These studies should be of great value in helping the Army develop future operational concepts while at the same time contributing to the historical record and providing the American public with an interim report on the performance of men and officers who have responded, as others have through our history, to exacting and trying demands.

All monographs in the series are based primarily on official records, with additional material from published and unpublished secondary works, from debriefing reports and interviews with key participants, and from the personal experience of the author. To facilitate security clearance, annotation and detailed bibliography have been omitted from the published version; a fully documented account with bibliography is filed with the Office of the Chief of Military History.

The author of this monograph, Major General William Fulton, was intimately involved in the early development of the riverine warfare concept as commander of the 2d Brigade, 9th Infantry Division, which arrived in Vietnam in January 1967 and immediately began combat operations in the Mekong Delta. In March the brigade moved into Dong Tam, the base created by dredging sand from the bottom of an arm of the Mekong River. In early June the brigade teamed with Navy Task Force 117 to form the Mobile Riverine Force. During World War II General Fulton fought in Italy and during the Korean War served on the staff of Army Forces Far East Advance. He is presently the Director of Doctrine Evaluation and Command Systems in the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Force Development and is also Systems Manager for Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and Night Observation Systems.

Washington, D. C. 15 August 1972

VERNE L. BOWERS

Major General, USA The Adjutant General

Preface

This monograph describes U.S. Army Riverine planning and operations in the Republic of Vietnam during the years 1966 through 1969. Since the personal experience of the author was with preparations for riverine operations and the initial operations themselves, emphasis has been placed on these activities through early 1968. In summarizing operations conducted in the balance of the three-year period, particular attention has been called to significant trends or changes in riverine operations in Vietnam, a co-operative enterprise of the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy.

Looking back from the vantage point of early 1972, this study attempts to reconstruct the events and describe the situation as it was from 1966 through 1969, using official records, reports, and personal interviews.

The author is indebted especially to the officers of the 9th Infantry Division who helped in the research and writing of this monograph. Major Johnnie H. Corns was initially the intelligence officer and later the operations officer of the 2d Brigade during 1966 and 1967. His research, writing, and continuous editing have been indispensable in preparation of this study. Colonel Lucien F. Bolduc, Jr., commanded the 3d Battalion, 47th Infantry, and was later operations officer of the 9th Infantry Division during preparations for and initial conduct of riverine operations. His contributions in preparing the 2d Brigade of the Old Reliables for these operations and in preparing this manuscript are fully appreciated. Colonel Thomas C. Loper, 9th Infantry Division Engineer in 1967 and 1968, contributed both in the enactment and the recording of the riverine story. The author also wishes to acknowledge the typing assistance of Miss Ann M. Faherty and Miss Judith A. Secondo, who patiently saw the manuscript through several drafts.

Washington, D. C. 15 August 1972

WILLIAM B. FULTON Major General, U.S. Army

Chapter I: — Background

During 1965 and 1966 when the possibility of creating a U.S. riverine force for operations in the Mekong Delta was being discussed, there were three basic considerations that weighed heavily in favor of the force: a tradition of past American success in riverine operations, particularly Union operations in the Mississippi basin during the Civil War; the success more recently achieved by the French in riverine operations during the Indochina War tinder conditions that appeared to have, changed little during the years that had intervened; and, most important, a situation in the Mekong Delta that seemed ripe for exploitation by a riverine force.

Previous American Experience

American forces conducted riverine operations as early as the Revolutionary War and made use of them frequently during the century that followed. In each case, the operations were part of a larger land campaign. While they were not always tactically successful, they usually made a substantial contribution to the success of the campaign.

In 1775, on the heels of the battles of Lexington and Concord, both the Americans and British sought to gain control of the strategic Hudson River-Lake Champlain-St. Lawrence River waterway system connecting New York and the British centers in Canada. Forces under Colonels Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allan seized the British forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point; Arnold then armed a captured schooner and pressed north along Lake Champlain to attack the British base at St. Johns on the Richelieu River above the lake. In a daring surprise attack, he captured or destroyed a large number of boats and considerable amounts of supplies and equipment before returning to Lake Champlain. By means of this lake and river operation, Arnold effectually blunted the British ability to counterattack.

Pressing their advantage, the Americans then undertook an invasion of Canada, with one line of advance up the lake and river chain. Their attack on Quebec was repulsed, and by the spring of 1776 the British, heavily reinforced from the home country, regained the offensive. The British began to assemble a fleet at St. Johns. Some of the larger vessels were actually built in England, knocked down for shipment across the ocean, and reassembled at St. Johns. Spurred on by Benedict Arnold, the Americans sought to keep pace with the British at their- own Skenesborough shipyard, near the southern end of Lake Champlain. On 11 October 1776 the Americans, with a fleet of fifteen boats hastily constructed of green timber and manned by a scratch force of backwoodsmen and recruits from the seacoast—the flotsam of the waterfront and the jetsam from the taverns—engaged the formidable British force of twenty-nine vessels at Valcour Island, just north of Ticonderoga. The poorly organized and ill-equipped American force lost its ships one by one, and the Americans were forced to retire to Crown Point. The British tenaciously pursued and drove Arnold's force out of Crown Point into Ticonderoga at the southern tip of the lake. Although Arnold had lost the engagement, his small flotilla delayed the British advance until the following year, when Major General John Burgoyne attempted a thrust southward to cut the colonies in two and was defeated at Saratoga.

Some thirty-five years later in the War of 1812, U.S. forces again fought the British on American waterways. In 1813 Commodore Oliver H. Perry assembled a fleet on Lake Erie to counter the British threat from Canada, and by defeating the British fleet in a series of engagements gained control of the Great Lakes, permitting a subsequent American advance into Canada. During the next year the British made three major attempts to exploit inland waterways: one from Chesapeake Bay against Washington, a second overland from Canada toward New York, and a third from the Gulf of Mexico against New Orleans. Each British effort was met by an opposing American riverine force. In August 1'814 British forces pushing up the Chesapeake were met by a force under Commodore Joshua Barney. After several engagements in which Barney's initiative and dogged persistence frustrated the British advance, the British disembarked at Benedict, Maryland, and then marched the thirty-one miles to Washington, where they burned the public buildings. The British drive down Lake Champlain was blocked in September 1814 by American Commodore Thomas Macdonough in the river battle of Plattsburg.

A few months later, in December 1814, the British moved against New Orleans, connected to the Gulf of Mexico by the lakes and bayous of the Mississippi Delta. While the British assembled forces off the coast, American Commodore Daniel T. Patterson prepared his river forces to oppose the attack. lie placed obstructions in the waterways leading directly to the city, and with five gunboats and two tenders met the advancing British forces on lake Borgne. Outgunned and Outmaneuvered, Patterson was thoroughly beaten. Despite his defeat tie continued with the remnants of his shallow-water navy to oppose the British advance with skill and energy, thus gaining enough time to permit General Andrew Jackson to ready the defenses of the city. Then Patterson, with the Carolina and the Louisiana, his two largest ships, deployed on the river, joined forces with Jackson in a defense that resulted in ultimate defeat of the British.

Prom 1835 to 1842 Army and Navy forces fought in the Florida Everglades against the Creeks and the Seminoles in a particularly frustrating and indecisive campaign. To navigate the inlets along the coast as well as the waterway mazes of the swamps, a mosquito fleet of some 150 craft-schooners, flat-bottomed boats, bateaux, and canoes-was assembled and manned by soldiers, sailors, and marines. Operating in conjunction with Army Colonel William J. Worth, Navy Lieutenant John T. McLaughlin transported men, equipment, and supplies, patrolled waterways, and conducted raids. Because of its mobility and striking power, the riverine force, well adapted to conditions in the Everglades, was able to reduce the Indian threat.

A few years later during the War with Mexico, 1846-1848, the American Navy conducted two river raids which, although not particularly decisive in themselves, made a strong impression on one of the younger participants, Lieutenant David Dixon Porter, who was to use the experience in another war. The raids were conducted some seventy-five miles up the Tabasco River against San Juan Bautista, an enemy crossing point and operating base. Commodore Matthew C. Perry utilized steamers to tow two sailing schooners and smaller craft up the winding river against a strong current. On his first raid lie bombarded the city without debarking any troops. On his second, lie landed a force of 2,500 sailors and marines, which had been formed into infantry and artillery divisions, and assaulted the city from the shore, supported by fire from the force afloat that included four steam warships, six schooners, some bomb rigs that mounted mortars, and a number of ships' boats. While Perry was ashore leading leis men, the ships and boats were left under the command of Lieutenant Porter.

Extensive riverine operations were conducted during the Civil War. Along the coasts of the Confederacy, the Union launched joint Army-Navy expeditions that gradually gained footholds in the vicinity of Mobile, Alabama; Savannah, Georgia; Charleston, South Carolina; and Wilmington, North Carolina. At the same time there was a concerted Army-Navy effort to control the inland waterways of the Mississippi basin and thus cut the Confederacy in two. At the outset, Union Commodore John D. Rodgers assembled a fleet of steam-powered, shallow-draft vessels at Cairo, Illinois, where the Ohio River flows into the Mississippi. The gunboats were well armed and well armored, could carry a dozen large guns 8-inch, 32- and 42-pounders-and ranged up to a 50-foot beam and a length of 175 feet, with ironclad, sloping superstructures. Rodgers used his craft to patrol and gather intelligence of the Confederate forces that lay within striking distance. Relying in part on the intelligence Rodgers obtained, Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant decided to move against Confederate forces at Belmont, Missouri. Rodgers transported 3,000 of Grant's men and provided fire support for the operation. When substantial Confederate reinforcements arrived unexpectedly to bolster the garrison at Belmont, Grant prudently re-embarked and withdrew, demonstrating that river craft may be as useful in a withdrawal as they are in an advance.

Soon afterward, Commodore Andrew H. Foote, who succeeded Rodgers, and General Grant requested permission to undertake offensive river operations. In January 1862 their plan for a joint Army-Navy operation was approved. In February the combined forces moved up the Ohio River and then the Tennessee River to attack Confederate Fort Henry. The force used regular civilian transports as well as the specialized shallow-water gunboats. Grant landed his men five miles above the fort and advanced overland. The gunboats began the attack alone, firing as they approached the fort. They closed to point-blank range, silenced the Confederate shore batteries, and unexpectedly forced the surrender of the garrison. It was a riverine victory for Union forces, and the news was welcome in Washington, where it contrasted dramatically with disappointing reports from other areas.

The victory at Fort Henry was followed by Navy gunboat raids up the Tennessee River. The raids ranged across the entire state of Tennessee, probed into Mississippi, and even pushed into Alabama as far as Muscle Shoals. At the same time, General Grant and Commodore Foote moved against nearby Confederate Fort Donelson, which lay on the Cumberland River and covered the land routes to Nashville. Grant moved most of his troops directly overland, while Foote descended the Cumberland to the Ohio, then sailed up the Tennessee. The battle began when Foote moved his gunboats against the Confederate shore batteries. Heavy fire from the shore soon forced the gunboats to withdraw; each of the six ships took twenty or more hits and two ships were put out of action. Casualties were high and included Commodore Foote, who was seriously wounded. Later, under renewed Union attack from river and shore, the Confederate a garrison surrendered. While Fort Henry was essentially a Navy victory, it was a combination of Army and Navy forces that proved decisive at Fort Donelson.

Shortly thereafter the Union Navy in the Gulf of Mexico moved inland against New Orleans. Forces under Admiral David Glasgow Farragut first crossed the sandbar at the mouth of the Mississippi, then rerigged ships for river operations. Farragut directed a five-day bombardment by a specially prepared mortar flotilla to soften up the Confederate defenses along the river. He assembled his force and in a daring night maneuver ran the gauntlet of forts and Confederate warships that blocked the way. Once he had penetrated the Confederate defenses, he moved on unopposed to his