Vibration of Functionally Graded Beams and Plates

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Vibration of Functionally Graded Beams and Plates

First Edition

Snehashish Chakraverty

Karan Kumar Pradhan

Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction

Abstract

1.1 Structural Beams and Plates

1.2 Background of Composites

1.3 Vibration Preliminaries

Chapter 2: Origin and Basics of Functionally Graded Structural Members

Abstract

2.1 History and Application of FG Composites

2.2 Variation of Material Properties

2.3 Beam and Plate Theories

2.4 Governing Equations

Chapter 3: Analytical and Numerical Methods

Abstract

3.1 History of Various Methods

3.2 Analytical Methods

3.3 Numerical Method(s)

Chapter 4: Functionally Graded Beams

Abstract

4.1 Vibration of Uniform FG Beam

4.2 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 5: Vibration Problems of Functionally Graded Rectangular Plates

Abstract

5.1 Numerical Modeling

5.2 Convergence and Comparison Studies

5.3 Results and Discussions

5.4 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 6: Vibration Problems of Functionally Graded Elliptic Plates

Abstract

6.1 Numerical Modeling

6.2 Convergence and Comparison Studies

6.3 Results and Discussions

6.4 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 7: Vibration Problems of Functionally Graded Triangular Plates

Abstract

7.1 Types of FG Triangular Elements

7.2 Numerical Modeling

7.3 Convergence and Comparison Studies

7.4 Results and Discussions

7.5 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 8: Complicating Effects

Abstract

8.1 Winkler and Pasternak Foundations

8.2 Thermal Environments

8.3 Piezoelectricity

8.4 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 9: Practical Examples and Experimental Studies

Abstract

9.1 Practical Applications

9.2 Experimental Studies

References

Index

Copyright

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ISBN: 978-0-12-804228-1

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Preface

The present book is intended primarily as a teaching text as well as a reference for individual researchers in the study of vibration problems in general and dynamical behavior of functionally graded (FG) structural members such as beams and plates in particular. The shear deformation beam theories and classical plate theory of linear vibration are well established. In this regard, the book discusses the newly proposed alternate forms of deformation beam theories in the study of vibration of FG beams. It is interesting to notice the effects of complicating environments on structural vibration of FG members herein. A wealth of information exists on the subject of vibration of FG beams and plates in the form of reference books and papers given at the end of each chapter.

These days, vibration analysis of complex shaped structures is commonly encountered in engineering and architectural practice. In aeronautical, marine, mechanical, and civil structural designs, regular, irregular, and complex shaped members are sometimes incorporated to reduce the use of costly materials, lighten the loads, provide ventilation, and alter the resonant frequencies of the structures. Accordingly these shapes need to be analyzed from an engineering point of view with good accuracy along with computationally efficient methods. In particular, beams, plates, and other structural members are an integral part of most engineering structures and vibration analyses of these are needed for the safe design of structures. The analysis and design of such structures requires efficient computational tools. The finite element method (FEM), finite difference method (FDM), boundary element method (BEM), etc. are standard industrial approaches to deal with such situations. But with irregular (complex) shapes of structural components, design is based on numerous approximations. These sometimes lead to inaccuracies and more computing time. In this book the authors describe very efficient shape functions, which would result in far less computation time without sacrificing the accuracy of the results.

Vibration analysis of FG beams and plates of various shapes and configurations have been studied extensively in the past. The dynamic behavior of these structures is strongly dependent on boundary conditions, geometrical shapes, material properties, different theories, and various complicating effects. In the initial stages, results were available for some simple cases, viz. a limited set of boundary conditions and geometries, in which an analytical solution could be found. The lack of good computational facilities made it almost impossible to get accurate results even in these cases. With the advent of fast computers and various efficient numerical methods, there has been a tremendous increase in the amount of research done to achieve better accuracy in the results. Although the discretization methods in terms of FEM, FDM, and BEM provide a general framework for general structures, they invariably result in problems with a large number of degrees of freedom. This deficiency may be overcome by using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. Recently, a tremendous amount of work has been done throughout the globe by using the newly developed Rayleigh-Ritz method with suitable selection of shape functions in terms of different geometries. This method provides better accuracy of results, is more efficient, simpler, and is easier for computer implementation.

The purpose of the present book is to develop a systematic understanding of the vibration of FG beams and plates, different plate geometries (rectangular, elliptic, and triangular), and complicating effects along with their theories, analysis, and results. This may prove to be a benchmark for graduate and postgraduate students, teachers, and researchers worldwide in this subject area. One may also find here a few newly proposed alternate forms of shear deformation beam theories on the basis of certain assumptions. The book provides comprehensive results, an up-to-date and self-contained review of the topic, along with application-oriented treatment of the use of newly the developed Rayleigh-Ritz method in vibration problems.

The linear vibration equations related to vibration analysis of FG beams, plates, and other vibration problems along with suitably chosen shape functions in the Rayleigh-Ritz method are indeed a very powerful tool for dynamical modeling, as will be illustrated throughout this book.

Chapter 1 deals with the description on structural beams and plates and then details a brief discussion on composites. Next, the concept of FG composites and vibration preliminaries, along with classifications, are incorporated. Finally, the terminologies associated with vibration problems, viz. literature positions related to beam (and plate) theories and boundary conditions are discussed.

A short history of FG composites along with their applications in several fields are discussed in Chapter 2. The concept and variation of material properties in the case of FG beam and plate members are given, followed by previously proposed shear deformation beam (and plate) theories. Rather than assuming only existing theories, a few new deformation beam theories are also introduced based on certain basic assumptions. Moreover, the governing equations associated with the titled problems are also reported by considering deformation theories.

Based on deformation beam (and plate) theories, Chapter 3 contains the higher-order partial differential equations concerned with the vibration problems of FG beams and plates. The solution procedure may be either analytical or computational depending upon the complexity of the PDEs as well as the boundary conditions. As such, short reviews of various analytical and numerical methods are first provided. Next, a possible analytical method for solving the vibration problem of FG beams and plates is incorporated; this is followed by the numerical procedure of the Rayleigh-Ritz method.

Chapter 4 deals with free vibration of FG beams based on various shear deformation beam theories (SDBTs). A few previously proposed deformation theories are considered and, in addition, alternate forms of newly proposed deformation theories are also included based on certain assumptions. The material properties in FG beams vary continuously along the thickness direction in power-law form. The numerical procedures of the Rayleigh-Ritz method (as stated in Chapter 3) are implemented here to obtain the generalized eigenvalue problem. Comparison of nondimensional frequencies is addressed after the test of convergence to report the corresponding results.

Free vibration problems concerned with thin FG plates with different geometries are studied in Chapters 5-7 by means of the Rayleigh-Ritz method. Each chapter assumes the displacement field concerned with classical plate theory and the plate is subjected to various classical boundary supports. Chapter 5 is meant for thin FG rectangular plates. In similar fashion, Chapters 6 and 7 are meant for FG elliptic and triangular plates, respectively. The FG rectangular plate considers both power-law and exponential law gradation of material properties continuously along the thickness direction, whereas only the power-law variation form of FG material properties is assumed in elliptic and triangular plates. The trial functions denoting the displacement component may be expressed as a linear combination of simple algebraic polynomials (generated from Pascal’s triangle). In all three chapters, an excellent validation of natural frequencies is that special cases can be observed after the test of convergence with respect to the number of polynomials. Consequently, the six lowest natural frequencies with respect to various physical and geometric parameters are evaluated in these problems along with three-dimensional mode shapes for a few boundary conditions.

Chapter 8 reflects on the effect of different complicating effects, viz. Winkler (or Pasternak) elastic foundations and thermal environments (linear and uniform temperature rise) on the vibration characteristics of FG structural members. The presence of complicating environments especially manipulates the expression of strain energy added with a specific term. The vibration of FG rectangular plates with power-law variation-based material properties is handled under Winkler and Pasternak elastic foundations, whereas thermal environments are assumed to study the vibration characteristics of an exponential FG plate. This numerical modeling has also been done using the Rayleigh-Ritz method and similar interpretations for trial functions are also assumed as considered in earlier chapters. It can be seen that the factors associated with these complicating environments play major roles in finding free vibration of rectangular FG plates. Finally, a short review on vibration of FG beams and plates integrated with piezoelectric patches is performed, along with a review of its significance in various engineering and industrial sectors. In addition, the equilibrium equations for piezoelectric effects are also provided.

Rather than the theoretical and computational approach given in previous chapters, it is also important to understand the experimental aspects of the related problems. In this regard, Chapter 9 involves the practical implementation and experimental studies concerned with vibration characteristics of a few of the investigations done in the case of isotropic and FG structural members. Different literature positions related to such problems certainly describe the utilities and experimental investigations of FG materials.

Keywords Beam, Plate, Composites, Functionally graded materials, Vibration, Boundary conditions, Shear deformation beam theory, Classical plate theory, Governing equations, Analytical and numerical methods, Rayleigh-Ritz method, Functionally graded beam, Functionally graded rectangular plate, Functionally graded elliptic plate, Functionally graded triangular plate, Elastic foundations, Thermal environment, Piezoelectricity, Natural frequency, Mode shapes, Practical utilities, Experimental investigation.

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Chapter 1

Introduction

Abstract

This chapter includes the description on structural beams and plates and then a brief discussion on composites. Next, the concept of functionally graded composites and vibration preliminaries along with their classifications are incorporated. Finally, the terminologies associated with vibration problems, viz. literature positions related to beam (and plate) theories and boundary conditions, are discussed.

Keywords

Beam

Plate

Composites

Functionally graded materials

Vibration

Boundary conditions

This chapter includes the description on structural beams and plates and then a brief discussion on composites. Next, the concept of functionally graded (FG) composites and vibration preliminaries along with their classifications are incorporated. Finally, the terminologies associated with vibration problems, viz. literature positions related to beam (and plate) theories and boundary conditions, are discussed.

1.1 Structural Beams and Plates

In common practice, dynamic systems may be categorized into two classes: discrete and continuous (or distributed). Discrete systems are defined by the variables that depend only on time, whereas continuous systems are described by variables that depend on time and space. In this regard, the equations of motion of discrete systems are governed by ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and those of continuous systems by partial differential equations (PDEs). The mass and elasticity in structural components, viz. strings, beams, rods, cables, plates, and shells of mechanical or structural systems, are assumed to be distributed in specified domains and hence these are referred to as continuous (or distributed) systems. In other words, corresponding structural components may be considered as continuum systems which have infinite number of Degrees of Freedom (DOF¹ ), which involve variables that depend on time as well as the spatial coordinates.

1.2 Background of Composites

In general, the engineering materials can be classified into three primary classes: metals and alloys; ceramics and glasses; and polymers. Among these three primary classes, metals, metallic alloys, and polymers are more widely implemented in various structural and engineering applications than ceramics and glasses. Somehow, ceramics have also drawn considerable attention from the scientific community in last three decades. The metals and metallic alloys are best known for their high tensile strength and high toughness (crack growth resistance), as well as their ability to be manufactured in various geometries. Ceramics and glasses have advantageous properties, including refractoriness (capability to withstand high temperatures), strength retention at high temperature, a high melting point, and good mechanical properties (hardness, elastic modulus, and compressive strength). Polymers have distinct advantages because of their low density, high flexibility, and ability to be molded into different shapes and sizes. In view of such an attractive combination of properties, ceramics are considered as potential materials for high-temperature structural applications and various tribological applications requiring high hardness and wear resistance. It is rightly mentioned in Basu and Balani (2011) that a derived material class (composites) can be developed by combining various advantageous properties of three primary material classes. The composites are generally defined as a class of materials that comprise of two or more intimately bonded microstructural phases, aimed to provide better properties than those of individual components. Depending on whether metals, ceramics, or polymers comprise more than 50% by volume of a composite, it can further be classified as a Metal Matrix Composite (MMC), a Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC), or a Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC), respectively. Moreover, a CMC so-called functionally graded composite (FGC) has been of considerable importance in recent years because of its thermal resistance in environments where temperatures fluctuate to extremes.

1.3 Vibration Preliminaries

As mentioned in Kelly (1999), vibrations are oscillations (or fluctuations) of the mechanical and structural systems around an equilibrium position. The motion of a guitar string, motion felt by passengers in an automobile traveling over a bumpy road, or swaying of tall buildings due to an earthquake or motion of an airplane in turbulence are typical examples of vibration. When an inertia element is deflected from its equilibrium position due to an external energy applied to the system, vibrations are initiated. With certain assumptions, the oscillations in vibration problems may be described by simple harmonic motion. This simple harmonic motion may be described by periodic oscillation of the object (or continuous system) around the equilibrium position. The maximum displacement from equilibrium position is referred to as the amplitude and is assumed to be constant in simple harmonic motion. Vibration in mechanical or structural systems may be classified into the following types (Rao, 2007):

• Undamped vibration: The type of vibration is undamped if there is no loss or dissipation of energy due to friction or other resistance during vibration of a system.

• Damped vibration: The system is considered damped if energy dissipation occurs in the presence of damping components during vibration. Although finding dynamic characteristics is easier and simpler if neglecting damping, a consideration of damping becomes extremely important if the system operates near resonance.

• Free vibration: If a system oscillates only due to an initial disturbance, the system is said to undergo free vibration. Here, no external force is applied after the initial disturbance (or after time zero).

• Forced vibration: The system is said to be under forced vibration if the system vibrates due to the application of an external force.

• Linear vibration: If all the basic components (mass, spring, and damper) of a vibrating system act linearly, the resulting vibration is called linear vibration. The governing equation of motion in linear vibration must be a linear differential equation.

• Nonlinear vibration: If any of the basic components of a vibrating system behave nonlinearly, the nonlinear vibration occurs. The equation governing nonlinear vibration will be a nonlinear differential equation.

• Self-excited vibration: This is a periodic and deterministic oscillation. There are systems in which the exciting force is a function of the motion variables (displacement, velocity, or acceleration) and thus it varies with the motion it produces. A few illustrations of self-excited vibration are friction-induced vibration (in vehicle clutches and brakes, vehicle-bridge interaction), flow-induced vibration (circular wood saws, CDs, DVDs, in machining, fluid-conveying pipelines), and undesired oscillation of an airplane wing.

The study on vibration of beams and plates is an extremely important area owing to the wide variety of