Glass Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications

Glass Nanocomposites

Synthesis, Properties and Applications

First Edition

Basudeb Karmakar

Klaus Rademann

Andrey L. Stepanov

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contributors

Short Biography of Editors

Editor-in-Chief

Editor

Editor

I: Introduction

Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Glass and Glass Nanocomposites

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Fundamentals of Glass

1.3 Fundamentals of Glass Nanocomposites

1.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook

Exercises

II: Oxide Glass Nanocomposites

Chapter 2: Glass-Based Nanocomposites

Abstract

Acknowledgments

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Glasses with Metal Nanoparticles

2.3 Glass Ceramics with Metal Nanoparticles

2.4 Glasses with Metal Core Metal Oxide Shell Nanostructures and Their Optical Properties

2.5 Glass Metal Nanowire Composites and Their Electrical Properties

2.6 Nanocomposites Synthesized by Electrodeposition

2.7 Glass Silver Nanowire Composites and Their Dielectric Properties

2.8 Multiferroic Behavior of Glass Nanocomposites with a Core Shell Nanostructure

2.9 Semiconductor-Nanoglass Composites

2.10 Nanoglass-Mesoporous Silica Composites

2.11 Applications

2.12 Future Outlook

Exercises

Chapter 3: Crystallization and Growth Mechanisms of Nanostructures in Silicate Glass: From Complete Characterization Toward Applications

Abstract

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Synthesis

3.3 Characterization

3.4 Crystallization and Growth Mechanisms

3.5 Energy Related Applications

3.6 Conclusions and Summary

3.7 Future Outlook

Exercises

Chapter 4: Laser Annealing of Metal Nanoparticles Synthesized in Glasses by Ion Implantation

Abstract

Acknowledgments

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Ion Synthesis of MNPs in Glasses

4.3 Interaction of Excimer Laser Pulses with SLSG Containing Silver Nanoparticles

4.4 Interaction of Multipulses with SLSG Containing Silver Nanoparticles

4.5 Applications

4.6 Summary

Chapter 5: Enhanced Photoluminescence and Planar Waveguide of Rare-Earth Doped Germanium Oxide Glasses with Metallic Nanoparticles

Abstract

Acknowledgments

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Experimental Details

5.3 Results and Discussion

5.4 Summary

Chapter 6: Sol-Gel Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticle Incorporated Oxide Films on Glass

Abstract

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Properties of Metals in Nanoscale

6.3 Synthesis of Supported Metal Nanoparticle Films by In Situ and Ex Situ Methods

6.4 Characterization Techniques

6.5 Applications of Metal Nanoparticle Incorporated Metal Oxide Thin Films

6.6 Conclusions

6.7 Future outlook

Chapter 7: Nonlinear Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles in Silicate Glass

Abstract

Acknowledgments

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Nonlinear Absorption and Optical Limiting of Copper Nanoparticles

7.3 Nonlinear Refraction of Cu and Ag Nanoparticles

7.4 Applications

7.5 Summary

Chapter 8: Electrical Transport Properties of Ion-Conducting Glass Nanocomposites

Abstract

Acknowledgments

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Ion-Conducting Glass Nanocomposites

8.3 Theory of Ion Conduction and Relaxation in Glasses and Glass Nanocomposites

8.4 Preparation of Ion-Conducting Glass Nanocomposites

8.5 Characterization Techniques

8.6 Properties

8.7 Applications

8.8 Conclusions

8.9 Future Outlook

Exercises

Chapter 9: Plasmonic Antimony and Bismuth Oxide Glass Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Enhanced Photoluminescence

Abstract

Acknowledgments

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Theoretical Basis of Glass-Metal-NCs and Mechanism of Plasmon-Enhanced Photoluminescence in Glass-Metal-Lanthanide(III) Hybrid NCs

9.3 Objectives

9.4 Experimental

9.5 Results and Discussion

9.6 Conclusions

Chapter 10: Silver Glass Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties, and Applications

Abstract

Acknowledgments

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Preparation and Properties of Silver Glass NCs

10.3 Applications

10.4 Summary and Future Outlook

Chapter 11: Functionality of Reversible Glass Nanocomposites and Their Applications

Abstract

Acknowledgments

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Reversible Photochromic Glass Nanocomposites

11.3 Reversible Radiophotoluminescent Glass Nanocomposites

11.4 Summary and Future Outlook

Chapter 12: Semiconductor Glass Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties, and Applications

Abstract

Acknowledgments

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Semiconductors

12.3 Related Theory

12.4 Preparation

12.5 Properties

12.6 Applications

12.7 Conclusions

12.8 Future Outlook

Chapter 13: Advanced Glass-Ceramic Nanocomposites for Structural, Photonic, and Optoelectronic Applications

Abstract

Acknowledgments

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Synthesis and Characterization of GC Nanocomposites

13.3 GC Nanocomposites for Structural Applications

13.4 GC Nanocomposites for Photonic Applications

13.5 Ferroelectric GC Nanocomposites for Optoelectronic Applications

13.6 Conclusions

13.7 Future Outlook

III: Nonoxide Glass Nanocomposites

Chapter 14: Effects of Gamma-Irradiation and Ion Implantation in Chalcogenide Glasses

Abstract

Acknowledgments

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Experimental

14.3 Effects of Gamma-Irradiation in ChGs

14.4 Effects of Ion Implantation in ChGs

Chapter 15: Nanoglass and Nanostructured Chalcogenide Glasses

Abstract

Acknowledgments

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Nanoglass

15.3 Nanometal and Nanocrystallinity in ChGs

15.4 Summary and Future Outlook

Index

Copyright

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Foreword

It is my pleasure and honor to contribute the foreword for this book entitled, Glass Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications edited by Basudeb Karmakar, Klaus Rademann, and Andrey L. Stepanov. Due to rapid growth of the area of glassy materials as well as glassy nanocomposites, this book will be a useful mine of state-of-the-art information for those who are pursuing work, research, and education in this domain. A wide range of synthesis techniques, properties, and applications of these nanocomposites is already recognized and further progress is being explored at a remarkable rate.

The book covers different types of synthesis, properties, and applications of various kinds of glass nanocomposites. The editors have succeeded in assembling some of the leading expert groups of authors in this field to cover different topics in this area, which would otherwise have been very difficult to cover just by one or two people. In fact, the authors have succeeded in covering a wide spectrum of glasses starting from oxide, nonoxide to metallic nanostructured glasses. Diverse synthesis techniques such as melt-quenching, sol-gel, laser annealing, inert gas condensation, magnetron sputtering, etc., have been described. Various properties, for example, physical, thermal, optical, nonlinear, optoelectronic, spectroscopic, microscopic, electrical, magnetic, etc., have been considered.

In the beginning, a broadly based, scholarly introduction has been provided on the fundamentals of glass and glass nanocomposites. Subsequently, glass-based nanocomposites, crystallization, and growth mechanisms of nanostructures in silicate glass, laser annealing of ion implanted metal glass nanocomposites, enhanced photoluminescence in different plasmonic metal glass nanocomposites, sol-gel synthesis of metal nanoparticle incorporated oxide films, nonlinear optical properties of metal nanoparticles in glass, reversible, and nonreversible silver glass nanocomposites, semiconductor glass nanocomposites, glass-ceramic nanocomposites, effects of gamma-irradiation and ion implantation in chalcogenide glasses, and finally, nanoglass and nanostructured chalcogenide glasses were described with special emphasis on their synthesis, various properties, and applications.

Obviously, there is a constant demand for developing novel glass nanocomposites with improved properties and functionalities for their future technological utilization. This motivation has resulted in a rapid growth of glass nanocomposites in the last several years primarily due to the availability of new strategies for synthesis, tools for characterization, and endeavors for applications. The editors and authors have tried to build this book as a knowledge bank on glass nanocomposites embodying the majority of those developments. As a consequence of the rapidly growing diversity of the field of glass nanocomposites, further progress in this area is likely to depend critically on the availability of overviews in which the wide spectrum of the growing number of new results is presented in a critical way. In fact, the crucial tasks of these overviews has to be threefold: to summarize the existing knowledge, to focus critically on the new insights gained by the recently published papers, and to create the basis on which the next generation of researchers can safely stand when they try to look beyond the presently existing limits. Hence, this book most likely will not only be an outstanding source of information for materials scientists working on glassy materials, but also for many interdisciplinary scientists specifically from chemistry, physics, ceramics, metallurgy, and various disciplines of engineering.

Prof. Dr. Herbert Gleiter, Institut für Nanotechnologie, KIT, Eggenstein, Germany, Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China

Preface

In 1959, Richard Phillips Feynman (Nobel Laureate, Physics, 1965), the American theoretical physicist in his now-famous visionary talk on There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom explored the immense possibilities afforded by miniaturization and consequently established the foundation for the future wonders of nanoscience and nanotechnology. What was supposed to be impossible then, now is the real world—the nano world. At present, after more than half a century later, nobody would doubt considering the twenty-first century as the Nano Era. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are based on the smallest unit of matter to engineer new materials and devices through monitoring atom-by-atom and molecule-by-molecule, targeting at achieving superior or unprecedented properties and performance, utilizing the atomic- or molecular-scale architectures.

In a composite material, there are at least two types of materials, one is the host and the other is the guest. In the nanocomposites, the guest has the dimension of the range 1-100 nm. Glass is an excellent host material owing to its several inherent superior properties compared to those of other similar encapsulating hosts. This fact has attracted the researchers exploring many types of glass nanocomposites depending on the varieties, sizes, and shapes of the nano guests as well as processing parameters. As a result, there are a wide range of reports in the published domain of the literature on glass nanocomposites. But there is no suitable book reviewing all these developments and recent literature. This book intends to fill this gap. This is as a consequence of the fact; a rapid development in a particular field requires a book which covers the forefront research in a widespread range including material synthesis, property evaluation, and applications.

This book contains 15 chapters which are divided into three parts. Part I is the introduction and it describes the fundamentals of glass and glass nanocomposites (Chapter 1). Part II covers oxide glass based different nanocomposites. These are glass-based nanocomposites (Chapter 2), crystallization, and growth mechanisms of nanostructures in silicate glass: from complete characterization towards applications (Chapter 3), laser annealing of metal nanoparticles synthesized in glasses by ion implantation (Chapter 4), enhanced photoluminescence and planar waveguide of rare-earth doped germanium oxide glasses with metallic nanoparticles (Chapter 5), sol-gel synthesis of metal nanoparticle incorporated oxide films on glass (Chapter 6), nonlinear optical properties of metal nanoparticles in silicate glass (Chapter 7), electrical transport properties of ion-conducting glass nanocomposites (Chapter 8), plasmonic antimony and bismuth oxide glass nanocomposites: synthesis and enhanced photoluminescence (Chapter 9), silver glass nanocomposites: preparation, properties, and applications (Chapter 10), functionality of reversible glass nanocomposites and their applications (Chapter 11), semiconductor glass nanocomposites: preparation, properties, and applications (Chapter 12), and advanced glass-ceramic nanocomposites for structural, photonic and optoelectronic applications (Chapter 13). Part III discusses nonoxide glass based different nanocomposites, which are effects of gamma-irradiation and ion implantation in chalcogenide glasses (Chapter 14), and nanoglass and nanostructured chalcogenide glasses (Chapter 15). The book covers all the types of glasses starting from oxide, nonoxide to metallic nanoglasses; diverse synthesis techniques (e.g., melt-quenching, sol-gel, laser annealing, inert gas condensation, magnetron sputtering, etc.); various properties (e.g., physical, thermal, optical, nonlinear, photonic, optoelectronic, spectroscopic, microscopic, electrical, magnetic, etc.); and numerous applications.

This is a timely book. The chapters have been written by an excellent group of expert authors based on their knowledge and work experience accumulated through research and teaching in the area of glass nanocomposites. We have tried to create this book as a treasure of up-to-date understanding and information on various types of glass nanocomposites.

In spite of our best effort to make this book perfect, there may be some mistakes. If you find anything that needs to be corrected, please feel free to e-mail us at basudebk@cgcri.res.in or basudebk@hotmail.com.

This book is envisioned for the post graduate students, researchers, educators, scientists, professionals, practitioners in industry, and R & D managers and planners, not only of the glass and materials science and engineering, but also for many interdisciplinary areas like chemistry, physics, ceramics, metallurgy, electronics, optoelectronics, photonics, and electrical engineering.

We believe that this book will be very helpful to the readers to broaden their knowledge and insight into the different subjects of this interdisciplinary area. We also hope that this book will certainly enhance the rapid progress of science and technology of glass nanocomposites.

We wish you a very pleasant journey on your way to discovering the fascinating world of glass nanocomposites.

Basudeb Karmakar, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India

Klaus Rademann, Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Andrey L. Stepanov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russian Federation, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation, Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, Russian Federation, May 2015

Acknowledgments

Basudeb Karmakar

Klaus Rademann

Andrey L. Stepanov

This book emerged as a result of the experience accumulated by all of us during many years of research and teaching in the area of glass science and technology. Many people have contributed to this book directly or indirectly. We greatly appreciate their encouragement and support that they extended during the writing of this book.

We would like to thank the authors whose research results and ideas are presented here. We are indebted to them. We would also like to thank the individuals, trustees, and publishers who have permitted the reproduction of their photographs and figures.

We express our profound and sincere gratitude and appreciation to all of the chapter authors who made this book possible, for their hard work and contributions.

We are very grateful to Prof. Dr. Herbert Gleiter for his contribution of the foreword of this book and providing some valuable latest information on the nanoglass.

We thank the referees for their critical reading, suggestions, and constructive criticism.

We also wish to express our great appreciation to our publisher, Elsevier Inc., for their trust and encouragement. Our special thanks are due to Jeff Freeland, Editorial Project Manager, Elsevier Inc., for constant help and communication in the progress of this book and success of this project. Finally, we would like to thank the many unnamed editorial and production members of Elsevier Inc. for their expert work.

Last, but certainly not least; we are deeply indebted to our families. Without their sacrifice, support, and inspiration, this book is impossible.

Contributors

S. Bhattacharya     Siliguri Institute of Technology, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India

D. Chakravorty     Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India

S. Chatterjee     Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India

C.B. de Araújo     Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil

G. De     CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India

C. Dey     CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India

M. Garai     CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India

A. Hoell     Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany

B. Karmakar     CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India

L.R.P. Kassab     Faculdade de Tecnologia de São Paulo, FATEC-SP, CEETEPS, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

T.S. Kavetskyy     Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine, and The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland

A. Mitra     CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India

A.R. Molla     CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India

K. Rademann     Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

V.S. Raghuwanshi     Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

S.K. Saha     Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India

N. Sasmal     CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India

N. Shasmal     CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India

S.P. Singh     Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil

T. Som     Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

A.L. Stepanov

Russian Academy of Sciences

Kazan Federal University, and Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, Russian Federation

A. Tarafder     CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India

Short Biography of Editors

Editor-in-Chief

Basudeb Karmakar is now the Senior Principal Scientist and Head, Glass Science & Technology Section, CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India. He is also the Professor of the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) and Fellow of the Indian Institute of Ceramics (FIICeram). He received his post-graduate degree in Inorganic Chemistry from the Calcutta University, Kolkata and earned his Ph.D. in Materials Science from the Jadavpur University, Kolkata. He has over 34 years of research and teaching experience. His major research areas are on the preparation, characterization, and property evaluation of different types of glasses (viz., silica, silicate, borate, borosilicate, phosphate, fluorophosphate, antimony oxide, bismuth oxide, etc.), glass-ceramics, ceramic oxide powders, gels, etc., synthesized employing either by the melt-quenching or sol-gel techniques. His notable R&D contributions are in the area of metal-glass nanocomposites, semiconductor-glass nanocomposites, rare-earth doped glass and glass-ceramic nanocomposites, photoluminescent glasses, radiophotoluminescent (RPL) glass, lead-free environmentally friendly glass powders and pastes for plasma display panel (PDP), thermally cyclable glass sealant for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), high density radiation shielding window glass, Nd-doped phosphate laser glass, ultra-low expansion transparent glass-ceramics, machinable glass-ceramics, chalcogenide glasses, high-purity silica glass, etc. He guided nearly 30 graduate and post-graduate students to accomplish their project or thesis work on glass, glass nanocomposites, and glass-ceramic nanocomposites. Under his supervision, four students received the Ph.D. degree and currently four more students are working for their Ph.D. dissertation on glass, glass nanocomposites, or glass-ceramic nanocomposites. He is the recipient of 12 different prestigious awards. He is a DAAD (Germany) fellow and visited Germany, Russia, and Czech Republic in connection with research. He is the peer-reviewer of about 35 international journals and life member of seven different professional institutions. He has published more than 110 research papers in international peer-reviewed journals (Total citations: 1297; h-index: 21), 90 contributions in International and National Conferences/Symposia and invited presentations, three book chapters and 11 patents. He was involved and completed more than 25 R&D projects on glass and glass-ceramics. His current research interests include the areas such as efficiency enhancement of silicon solar cell using plasmonic metal-glass hybrid nanocomposites, semiconductor-glass hybrid nanocomposites, different functional glasses and glass-ceramic nanocomposites, photoluminescent glasses, chalcogenide glasses, thermally cyclable glass sealant for solid oxide fuel cell, etc.

Editor

Since 1993, Klaus Rademann has been Full Professor in the area of physical and theoretical chemistry in the Institute of Chemistry. He belongs to the Faculty of Natural Sciences located in Adlershof, Berlin, Germany. The faculty is part of the world famous Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. In 2015, he became Dean of Studies and Teaching for 6000 science students in Adlershof. He recently invented a new method for Advanced Chemistry Teaching (ACT) for Bachelor’s and Master’s students. His research is generally interdisciplinary and systematically based on co-operations with nonuniversity institutions: Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB) and BESSY II, the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), and the Fritz-Haber-Institute. Here he participates in the International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS), which covers a wide range of experimental and theoretical approaches to the study of the properties of complex materials. He appreciates working with students from all over the world.

Rademann worked in industry at BASF-The Chemical Company (1967–1974), studied radio chemistry, physical chemistry, physics and mathematics at FU Berlin (1974–1981) towards a diploma degree in chemistry (1981). He received a doctoral degree in Physical Chemistry (Dr. rer. nat. 1983) in Berlin, being supervised by Prof. Baumgärtel. He did post-doctoral research work (1983–1985) in Tel-Aviv with Prof. Even and Prof. Jortner in the field of energy transfer on a picosecond timescale in the gas phase and on VYCOR® glasses, which exhibit fractal structures. Rademann’s work on metal-to-insulator transitions of divalent clusters (Hg, Cd, Zn) as a function of size was completed in Prof. Hensel’s group at Philipps-University in Marburg/Lahn between 1985 and 1989. He researched as Privatdozent for Physical Chemistry at Philipps-Universität in Marburg/Lahn (1990–1993).

Research in the group of Rademann at the Humboldt-Universität in the Physical Chemistry Department is strongly focused on functionalized nanoparticles of copper, silver, gold, and palladium at surfaces (a) and in solutions for catalytic applications of colloidal nanoparticles (b). A third focus (c) is on the preparation of noble metals and oxides in glassy matrices (SIMO glasses) for the exploration of energy transfer processes. Luminescent glassy materials are produced for optical up- and down conversion processes as well as for warm white light emissions. Particularly interesting is the change of properties of metal nanoparticles exactly at the borderline between chemical bonding (localized electrons) and delocalized electrons (plasmonics) with relevance to energy conversion mechanisms.

Editor

Andrey L. Stepanov was born in Kazan, Russia (USSR), in 1963. He received the Physical-mathematical degree, the Ph.D. and Dr. Sci. degrees from the Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia, in 1985, 1991, and 2009, respectively. The title of his Dr. Sci. degree is Synthesis and optical properties of metamaterials with metal nanoparticles. Since 1992, Stepanov has been with the Department of Radiation Physics of Kazan Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1997–1999, he was a Research Fellow at the Sussex University, Brighton, UK (group of Prof. P. D. Townsend) with the support from the Royal Society/NATO Fellowships. From 1999 to 2003, Stepanov was a Research Fellow of the RWTH Aachen University (Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen) in Germany (group of Prof. U. Kreibig) with support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and DFG. During 2003–2004 he was granted by Lise Meitner Fellowship from Austrian Scientific Society to stay in Karl-Franzens-University in Graz, Austria (group of Prof. J. R. Krenn and Prof. F. R. Aussenegg). In 2004, 2006, 2010, and 2011. Stepanov was a Visiting Research Fellow in Laser Zentrum Hannover in Germany with support from the DAAD, DFG and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundations (group of Prof. B. Chichkov). From 2009 he was in Kazan Federal University, Russia. From 2010 to 2012 he got a professorship in the Kazan National Research Technological University, Russia. In 2013, he was granted by the National Scholarship of the Slovak Republic from Slovak Academic Information Agency to do his study in Institute of Physics of Slovak Academy of Sciences. Main research subjects of his interest are nanooptics, nanoplasmonics, nanophotonics, metal nanoparticles, nonlinear optics, laser annealing, and ion implantation. He has more than 200 publications in periodic journals, 10 patents, more than 18 invited book chapters and three monographs. According of the ISI Web of Knowledge database, Stepanov has more than 2500 citations in scientific publications and his Hirsch index is 27.

I

Introduction

Chapter 1

Fundamentals of Glass and Glass Nanocomposites

B. Karmakar    CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India

Abstract

This chapter begins with a brief introduction of this book. Then it describes several important aspects of the fundamentals of glass and glass nanocomposites (GNCs). In the fundamentals of glass section, it covers topics such as glass transformation, fictive temperature of glass, definition of glass, structural theories of glass formation, kinetic theory of glass formation, synthesis of glasses (e.g., melt-quenching technique and sol-gel processing) and glass-ceramics, structure of glasses, and vibrational, namely infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies of glasses. IR and Raman spectra of various glasses are discussed elaborately and their band assignments are listed with current literature for benefit of the investigators. In the section of fundamentals of GNCs, the basic concepts of composite, nanocomposite (NC), and GNC have been presented. In addition, different types of GNCs such as metal-GNC, semiconductor-GNC, glass-ceramic NC, and nanoglass have been described with the state-of-the-art literature.

Keywords

Glass

Definition

Structural theory

Kinetic theory

Infrared spectra

Raman spectra

Synthesis

Glass-ceramics

Glass nanocomposite

Metal-glass nanocomposite

Semiconductor-glass nanocomposite

Glass-ceramic nanocomposite

Nanoglass

Outline

1.1 Introduction   4

1.2 Fundamentals of Glass   4

1.2.1 Introduction   4

1.2.2 Glass Transformation and Fictive Temperature   6

1.2.3 Definition of Glass   7

1.2.4 Structural Theories of Glass Formation   11

1.2.4.1 Zachariasen’s Random Network Theory   11

1.2.4.2 Dietzel’s Field Strength Theory   12

1.2.4.3 Sun’s Single Bond Strength Theory   12

1.2.5 Kinetic Theory of Glass Formation   13

1.2.6 Synthesis of Glasses   16

1.2.6.1 Melt-Quenching Technique   16

1.2.6.2 Sol-Gel Processing   17

1.2.7 Synthesis of Glass-Ceramics   19

1.2.8 Structure of Glasses   21

1.2.9 Vibrational Spectroscopy of Glasses   22

1.2.9.1 Infrared Spectroscopy   23

1.2.9.2 Raman Spectroscopy   29

1.3 Fundamentals of Glass Nanocomposites   34

1.3.1 Composite   34

1.3.2 Nanocomposite   36

1.3.3 Glass Nanocomposite   36

1.3.3.1 Metal-Glass Nanocomposite   38