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    Factors Affecting Joint Cooperation During The Civil War
    Factors Affecting Joint Cooperation During The Civil War
    Factors Affecting Joint Cooperation During The Civil War
    Ebook126 pages1 hour

    Factors Affecting Joint Cooperation During The Civil War

    By LCDR Timothy R. Hanley USN

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    This study is a historical analysis of selected joint Army Navy operations conducted along the East Coast during the American Civil War. It begins with a description of the ante-bellum conditions of the Army and Navy and the organizational structure of the War and Navy Departments. Three joint operations are analyzed; the Fort Sumter Relief Expedition of 1861, the Port Royal Expedition of 1862, and the Charleston Campaign of 1863.

    In none of the joint operations covered by this study was there a unified command structure between the Army and Navy. Mutual support between the services was dependent upon voluntary cooperation between the respective service commanders.

    This study determines what factors influenced the degree of cooperation between the service commanders of joint operations during the Civil War. Many of the factors which either facilitated or hindered joint cooperation during that time could affect contemporary joint operations, particularly in the early stages before a unified command structure is established. An appreciation of those factors is both helpful in understanding the outcome of Civil War joint operations as well as providing some insight into the problems faced by contemporary commanders in a joint environment.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherGolden Springs Publishing
    Release dateNov 6, 2015
    ISBN9781782899372
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      Book preview

      Factors Affecting Joint Cooperation During The Civil War - LCDR Timothy R. Hanley USN

      This edition is published by PICKLE PARTNERS PUBLISHING—www.picklepartnerspublishing.com

      To join our mailing list for new titles or for issues with our books – picklepublishing@gmail.com

      Or on Facebook

      Text originally published in 1991 under the same title.

      © Pickle Partners Publishing 2014, all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electrical, mechanical or otherwise without the written permission of the copyright holder.

      Publisher’s Note

      Although in most cases we have retained the Author’s original spelling and grammar to authentically reproduce the work of the Author and the original intent of such material, some additional notes and clarifications have been added for the modern reader’s benefit.

      We have also made every effort to include all maps and illustrations of the original edition the limitations of formatting do not allow of including larger maps, we will upload as many of these maps as possible.

      FACTORS AFFECTING JOINT COOPERATION DURING THE CIVIL WAR

      By

      LCDR Timothy R. Hanley, USN

      TABLE OF CONTENTS

      Contents

      TABLE OF CONTENTS 4

      ABSTRACT 5

      List of Maps 5

      CHAPTER ONE — INTRODUCTION 6

      CHAPTER TWO — ANTEBELLUM CONDITIONS AND THE FORT SUMTER EXPEDITION 8

      CHAPTER THREE — THE PORT ROYAL EXPEDITION 20

      CHAPTER FOUR — THE CHARLESTON CAMPAIGN 38

      CHAPTER FIVE — CONCLUSIONS 61

      APPENDIX ONE 66

      APPENDIX TWO 68

      REQUEST FROM THE PUBLISHER 69

      BIBLIOGRAPHY 70

      I. Government Documents and Official Records 70

      II. Other Sources 70

      ABSTRACT

      This study is a historical analysis of selected joint Army Navy operations conducted along the East Coast during the American Civil War. It begins with a description of the ante-bellum conditions of the Army and Navy and the organizational structure of the War and Navy Departments. Three joint operations are analyzed; the Fort Sumter Relief Expedition of 1861, the Port Royal Expedition of 1862, and the Charleston Campaign of 1863.

      In none of the joint operations covered by this study was there a unified command structure between the Army and Navy. Mutual support between the services was dependent upon voluntary cooperation between the respective service commanders.

      This study determines what factors influenced the degree of cooperation between the service commanders of joint operations during the Civil War. Many of the factors which either facilitated or hindered joint cooperation during that time could affect contemporary joint operations, particularly in the early stages before a unified command structure is established. An appreciation of those factors is both helpful in understanding the outcome of Civil War joint operations as well as providing some insight into the problems faced by contemporary commanders in a joint environment.

      List of Maps

      South Atlantic Coast

      Attack on Forts Walker and Beauregard

      Charleston Harbor, 1863

      Naval Attack on Charleston

      Operations against Morris Island

      CHAPTER ONE — INTRODUCTION

      This paper will investigate those factors which affected cooperation between the Army and Navy during the Civil War. The primary research question which served as the focus of this paper was: Was the success or failure of joint operations primarily dependent upon the personalities of the local army and navy commanders involved?

      Since the organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in the early 1940’s, an increasing amount of effort has been expended in improving the efficiency of joint operations. The formation of the Department of Defense, the establishment of the Joint Staff, and even more recently the Goldwater-Nichols Act, have all been designed to reduce the competition and conflict between the armed services.

      Since joint operations have received so much attention for so long, it is worthwhile to investigate joint operations from a period before formal procedures and requirements were in place to help ensure cooperation between the services. Such an investigation may illuminate those factors which tended to either help or hinder the successful completion of joint operations.

      An understanding of those factors may aid in improving joint cooperation now and in the future. Factors which are normally present in joint operations and which tend to facilitate cooperation can be fostered and encouraged. Those factors which are usually hindering to cooperation can be reduced, if not altogether eliminated. This may prove to be important in the early stages of some future developing military situation or crisis where on-scene units from different services must work together before a formalized command structure is established.

      The American Civil War offers an excellent example of American joint operations in an age lacking any institutional or traditional emphasis on cooperation between the services. The wide scope of operations, the varying conditions under which they were conducted, and most importantly, the variety of commanders involved, make it a fertile ground for research in this topic.

      In order to conduct an investigation of sufficient depth while keeping the length of this paper within reasonable limits, it focuses on the following three joint operations:

      1. The Fort Sumter Relief Expedition of 1861.

      2. The seizure of Port Royal Sound and associated operations in South Carolina and Georgia, 1861-62.

      3. The campaign against Charleston, 1862-63.

      Limiting this study to these three campaigns had several advantages. All of the campaigns were conducted in the same theater of operations; the East Coast. The period covered by these operations encompassed a large portion of the war, thereby allowing factors such as technological advances and experience to be assessed.

      Operations along the Gulf Coast were not addressed because of the limited duration of those joint operations after their initial objectives had been seized. Joint Operations along the Western Rivers, although extensive, also were not addressed due to the degree of subordination between the services. The subordination of the Navy to the Army was formal early in the war. Although the Navy later became an Independent command, the nature of riverine operations continued to foster a degree of subordination of the Navy to the Army. Such subordination may have masked or precluded problems in cooperation that surfaced in other operations where the services were on a more equal footing.

      Several terms need to be defined as they are used in this paper and some of its source quotations:

      (1) Successful operation: A joint operation in which Army-Navy cooperation was a factor in achieving the objective of the operation or one in which, although the objective was not achieved, it was not due to any significant failure of Army-Navy cooperation.

      (2) Joint operation: An operation involving both Army and Navy forces. Some sources also refer to Combined Operations, with the same definition.

      (3) Military operation: An operation involving primarily or exclusively Army forces, or an operation under Army control. This 19th century convention is frequent in documents from that time.

      (4) Naval operation: An operation involving primarily or exclusively Navy forces, or an operation under Navy control.

      (5) East Coast: The Civil War theater of operations stretching from the coastal waters of Virginia to the Florida Keys, to include tidal estuaries, bays, and navigable rivers.

      A search of both primary and secondary source material on the Civil War indicates that the subject of intra service cooperation during Civil War joint operations has not been directly addressed. There are numerous histories available covering joint operations, most of which are histories of the Navy’s involvement in the war.

      The one work which comes closest to addressing this topic is Rowena Reed’s Combined Operations in the Civil War.{1} Reed’s book suffers from a lack of objectivity as well as a tendency to jump to conclusions which are not supported by facts. Her judgmental manner and frequently frivolous tone make her analysis of joint operations suspect and of little real value.

      Chapter Two will begin with a description of the pre-war, or antebellum, conditions of the Army and Navy to identify those institutional factors which were carried forward into the war and which affected the conduct of joint operations either in the early operations, or throughout the course of the war.

      CHAPTER TWO — ANTEBELLUM CONDITIONS AND THE FORT SUMTER EXPEDITION

      The Army and Navy of 1861 were vastly different than those which emerged from the war just four years later. The intensity, duration, and scope of the war was without precedent for either service. Although the war forced revolutionary and lasting changes on the services and their leaders, their pre-war attitudes, prejudices, traditions, and procedures continued to influence their conduct throughout it.

      The services shared several similarities before the war. Both were small and almost inconsequential by the standards of even a year later. They were both officered by professionals, men

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