Everand Logo

Welcome to Everand!

  • Discover millions of ebooks, audiobooks, and so much more with a free trial

    Only $11.99/month after trial. Cancel anytime.

    Working Guide to Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibria Calculations
    Working Guide to Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibria Calculations
    Working Guide to Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibria Calculations
    Ebook223 pages2 hours

    Working Guide to Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibria Calculations

    By Tarek Ahmed

    5/5

    ()

    Read preview

    About this ebook

    Working Guide to Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibria Calculations offers a practical guide for calculations of vapor-phase equilibria. The book begins by introducing basic concepts such as vapor pressure, vapor pressure charts, equilibrium ratios, and flash calculations. It then presents methods for predicting the equilibrium ratios of hydrocarbon mixtures: Wilson's correlation, Standing's correlation, convergence pressure method, and Whitson and Torp correlation. The book describes techniques to determine equilibrium ratios of the plus fraction, including Campbell's method, Winn's method, and Katz's method. The remaining chapters cover the solution of phase equilibrium problems in reservoir and process engineering; developments in the field of empirical cubic equations of state (EOS) and their applications in petroleum engineering; and the splitting of the plus fraction for EOS calculations.
    • Includes explanations of formulas
    • Step by step calculations
    • Provides examples and solutions
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateAug 27, 2009
    ISBN9781856179027
    Working Guide to Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibria Calculations
    Author

    Tarek Ahmed

    consulting firm that specializes in in-house petroleum engineering courses and consulting services worldwide. Prior to that, he was a Reservoir Engineering Advisor for Anadarko, Baker Hughes, and Gaffney, Cline and Associates and was a Professor and head of the Petroleum Engineering Department at Montana Tech of the University of Montana for 22 years. Dr. Ahmed has authored numerous papers and several successful books with Elsevier, including Advanced Reservoir Management and Engineering, 2nd Edition.

    Read more from Tarek Ahmed

    Related to Working Guide to Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibria Calculations

    Related ebooks

    Power Resources For You

    View More
    View More

    Related podcast episodes

    Related articles

    • Article

      How Potent Is Methane?

      Sep 24, 2018

      How Potent Is Methane?
      8 min read

    • Article

      What Is Cfd

      Jun 21, 2022

      What Is Cfd
      3 min read

    • Article

      System Could Make Seawater Drinkable

      Jan 24, 2024

      Researchers have achieved a major breakthrough in redox flow desalination, an emerging electrochemical technique that can turn seawater into potable drinking water and also store affordable renewable energy. In a paper published in Cell Reports Physi

      2 min read

    • Article

      Schrödinger’s Cat When Nobody Is Looking

      Aug 26, 2020

      Some of the most perplexing topics in physics revolve around quantum theory. The quandary is seen most famously in the Schrödinger’s cat question and the issue of information loss in black hole evaporation. Richard Feynman said, “I think that I can s

      13 min read

    • Article

      The Universe Began With a Big Melt, Not a Big Bang

      Oct 5, 2017

      There are two tantalizing mysteries about our universe, one dealing with its final fate and the other with its beginning, that have intrigued cosmologists for decades. The community has always believed these to be independent problems—but what if the

      10 min read

    • Article

      Laboratory Test Report

      Mar 28, 2022

      Laboratory Test Report
      1 min read

    • Article

      How Reliable Are Gas Power Plants? What ICAP, UCAP, and ELCC Tell Us.

      Aug 23, 2023

      With climate change leading to increasingly extreme weather events that strain the power grid, it is critical to get capacity accreditation right to ensure that we have enough resources to keep the lights on.

      7 min read

    • Article

      Wind Tunnel Scaling Factors

      Nov 1, 2019

      The loads exerted by static air on a moving body are equal to those exerted by moving air on a static body, as long as the relative velocities between the air and the body are the same in both cases. For a truly representative wind tunnel experiment,

      1 min read

    • Article

      EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Rules Are Critical—and Complex. Here’s What to Know, and What to Watch.

      Apr 20, 2023

      6 things to know and watch out for in advance of the EPA's revised standards for carbon emissions from power plants--a huge source of global warming emissions.

      8 min read

    • Article

      Experiment Nails Down New Properties Of Water

      Aug 13, 2018

      Researchers have uncovered new molecular properties of water. Liquid water is an excellent transporter of its own autoionization products; that is, the charged species obtained when a water molecule (H2O) is split into protons (H+) and hydroxide ions

      3 min read

    • Article

      To Predict Turbulence, Just Count the Puffs: These tiny swirls of fluid live, die, reproduce, and spark turbulence.

      Jul 3, 2014

      The water is always running in Björn Hof’s laboratory. Like a Zen water fountain, it gently flows over the top of a reservoir into a tube, and from there into a glass pipe 15 meters long, but thinner than a glass thermometer. To keep the flow as smo

      9 min read

    • Article

      How Does Turbulence Get Started?

      Apr 18, 2019

      The water is always running in Björn Hof’s laboratory. Like a Zen water fountain, it gently flows over the top of a reservoir into a tube, and from there into a glass pipe 15 meters long, but thinner than a glass thermometer. To keep the flow as smo

      9 min read

    • Article

      THE Low-Tension Ignition System

      Sep 11, 2020

      THE Low-Tension Ignition System
      17 min read

    • Article

      The Fossil Fuel Industry Continues Producing Heat-Trapping Emissions that Drive Climate Change

      Apr 4, 2024

      A new dataset released by InfluenceMap provides information on heat-trapping emissions traced to the 122 largest investor and state-owned fossil fuel companies in the world. Fossil fuels are the main driver of climate change and the terrifying effect

      5 min read

    • Article

      How Black Holes Nearly Ruined Time

      Apr 11, 2019

      This essay is one of the five winners in the 2019 writing competition held by the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University. “The Black Hole Initiative offers a unique environment for thinking about the topic of black holes more creatively and comp

      6 min read

    • Article

      Turn Up The Heat

      Feb 8, 2019

      Do you feel like a refreshing cold brew in the summer heat? Or what about an iced latte? Whichever you prefer, there are a range of factors that contribute to their unique tastes, and the temperature they are prepared at is certainly a big one. While

      4 min read

    Related categories

    Reviews for Working Guide to Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibria Calculations

    5/5

    1 rating0 reviews

    What did you think?

    Tap to rate

    Review must be at least 10 words

      Book preview

      Working Guide to Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibria Calculations - Tarek Ahmed

      CHAPTER 1

      Vapor Pressure

      A phase is defined as the part of a system that is uniform in physical and chemical properties, homogeneous in composition, and separated from other coexisting phases by definite boundary surfaces. The most important phases occurring in petroleum production are the hydrocarbon liquid phase and the gas phase. Water is also commonly present as an additional liquid phase. These can coexist in equilibrium when the variables describing change in the entire system remain constant over time and position. The chief variables that determine the state of equilibrium are system temperature, system pressure, and composition.

      The conditions under which these different phases can exist are a matter of considerable practical importance in designing surface separation facilities and developing compositional models. These types of calculations are based on the concept of equilibrium ratios.

      A system that contains only one component is considered the simplest type of hydrocarbon system. The word component refers to the number of molecular or atomic species present in the substance. A single-component system is composed entirely of one kind of atom or molecule. We often use the word pure to describe a single-component system. The qualitative understanding of the relationship that exists between temperature T, pressure p, and volume V of pure components can provide an excellent basis for understanding the phase behavior of complex hydrocarbon mixtures.

      Consider a closed evacuated container that has been partially filled with a pure component in the liquid state. The molecules of the liquid are in constant motion with different velocities. When one of these molecules reaches the liquid surface, it may possess sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces in the liquid and pass into the vapor spaces above. As the number of molecules in the vapor phase increases, the rate of return to the liquid phase also increases. A state of equilibrium is eventually reached when the number of molecules leaving and returning is equal. The molecules in the vapor phase obviously exert a pressure on the wall of the container, and this pressure is defined as the vapor pressure, pv. As the temperature of the liquid increases, the average molecular velocity increases, with a larger number of molecules possessing sufficient energy to enter the vapor phase. As a result, the vapor pressure of a pure component in the liquid state increases with increasing temperature.

      A method that is particularly convenient for expressing the vapor pressure of pure substances as a function of temperature is shown in Figure 1-1. The chart, known as the Cox chart, uses a logarithmic scale for the vapor pressure and an entirely arbitrary scale for the temperature in °F. The vapor pressure curve for any particular component, as shown in Figure 1-1, can be defined as the dividing line between the area where vapor and liquid exist. If the system pressure exists at its vapor pressure, two phases can coexist in equilibrium. Systems represented by points located below that vapor pressure curve are composed of only the vapor phase. Similarly, points above the curve represent systems that exist in the liquid phase. These statements can be conveniently summarized by the following expressions:

      • p < pv → system is entirely in the vapor phase.

      • p > pv → system is entirely in the liquid phase.

      • p = pv → vapor and liquid coexist in equilibrium.

      where p is the pressure exerted on the pure component. Note that these expressions are valid only if the system temperature T is below the critical temperature Tc of the substance.

      Figure 1-1 Vapor pressures for hydrocarbon components.

      (Courtesy of the Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Engineering Data Book, 10th Ed., 1987.)

      The vapor pressure chart allows a quick determination of the pv of a pure component at a specific temperature. For computer and spreadsheet applications, however, an equation is more convenient. Lee and Kesler (1975) [29] proposed the following generalized vapor pressure equation:

      with

      where pv = vapor pressure, psi

      pc = critical pressure, psi

      Tr = reduced temperature (T / Tc)

      T = system temperature, °R

      Tc = critical temperature, °R

      ω = acentric factor

      CHAPTER 2

      Equilibrium Ratios

      In a multicomponent system, the equilibrium ratio Ki of a given component is defined as the ratio of the mole fraction of the component in the gas phase yi to the mole fraction of the component in the liquid phase xi. Mathematically, the relationship is expressed as

      (2-1)

      where Ki = equilibrium ratio of component i

      yi = mole fraction of component i in the gas phase

      xi = mole fraction of component i in the liquid phase

      At pressures below 100 psia, Raoult’s and Dalton’s laws for ideal solutions provide a simplified means of predicting equilibrium ratios. Raoult’s law states that the partial pressure pi of a component in a multicomponent system is the product of its mole fraction in the liquid phase xi and the vapor pressure of the component pvi,

      Enjoying the preview?
      Page 1 of 1