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    GCSE Biology Revision: Cheeky Revision Shortcuts
    GCSE Biology Revision: Cheeky Revision Shortcuts
    GCSE Biology Revision: Cheeky Revision Shortcuts
    Ebook88 pages1 hour

    GCSE Biology Revision: Cheeky Revision Shortcuts

    By Scool Revision

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    About this ebook

    Turn your hard work into the GCSE results with the Cheeky Shortcut Guide to the most common topics within the Biology GCSE subject. This workbook features key exam topics for biology with precise and clear points to help you achieve top marks.

    Covers:
    Enzymes
    Cells
    Respiration
    Photosynthesis
    Heart and Circulation
    Nutrition
    Nerves and Hormones
    Defence Against Disease
    Homeostasis
    Drugs
    Genes and Genetics
    Genetic Crosses
    Fertilisation
    Evolution
    Environment
    Plant Growth
    Environmental Problems

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherS-cool Youth Marketing Ltd
    Release dateDec 5, 2014
    ISBN9781502210159
    GCSE Biology Revision: Cheeky Revision Shortcuts

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      Book preview

      GCSE Biology Revision - Scool Revision

      1

      Enzymes

      What are enzymes?

      Enzymes are biological catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions in all living things, and allow them to occur more easily. They occur in plant cells and animal cells. Without them we would not be alive.

      Enzymes are just chemical molecules, made up of proteins.

      Each particular enzyme has a unique, 3-dimensional shape shared by all its molecules. Within this shape there is an area called the active site where the chemical reactions occur.

      What do enzymes do?

      Some enzymes help to break down large molecules.

      Others build up large molecules from small ones.

      While many others help turn one molecule into another.

      Probably the fastest enzyme known is called catalase. It breaks the chemical hydrogen peroxide down to water and oxygen. Catalase is found in all cells and protects them from this dangerous waste chemical.

      Optimum conditions

      Each type of enzyme has its own specific optimum condition under which it works best.

      Enzymes work best when they have a high enough substrate concentration for the reaction they catalyse. If too little substrate is available the rate of the reaction is slowed and cannot increase any further.

      The pH must be correct for each enzyme. If the conditions are too alkaline or acidic then the activity of the enzyme is affected. This happens because the enzyme’s shape, especially the active site, is changed. It is denatured, and cannot hold the substrate molecule.

      Temperature is a key factor too. If it is too cold the enzymes will move around too slowly to meet the substrate molecules, so the reaction rate is slowed. Likewise, if it is too warm they do not work properly either. This is because the extra heat energy shakes them around so much that the active sites change shape so, just like with pH, the enzyme molecules are denatured, and can’t hold the substrate.

      Enzymes everywhere!

      Enzymes control all kinds of reactions in all cells. For example, they help control; respiration, photosynthesis, and our digestion, amongst many others.

      Protease and lipase enzymes are used in biological washing powders to remove those stubborn stains.

      Enzymes are also used in making foods and drinks. The enzyme pectinase helps to break down the cells in fruit to release more of their juice.

      2

      Cells

      Cell structure

      Plants and animal cells share the same basic structural features, although plant cells have a few extra bits.

      Animal Cells

      Animal cells come in all kinds of shapes and sizes but have the same basic features.

      The control centre is the nucleus; this contains all the genetic information for the cell and controls all its activities.

      The cytoplasm is like a big soup of chemicals in which the reactions occur.

      Then forming the outside of the cell is the cell membrane, which acts as a barrier and controls the transfer of materials into and out of the cell.

      Plant Cells

      Plant cells also come in a variety of forms but share similar features. In addition to the three basic features found in animal cells, plant cells have some useful extra ones.

      Firstly they have a rigid cell wall made of fibres of cellulose (which we use to make paper!) that gives them shape and strength. The cell wall fits closely just outside the cell membrane like a plastic box with an inflated balloon stuffed inside.

      Secondly they have a vacuole, which stores extra water and gives extra support to the cell by pressing hard against the cell wall.

      Thirdly, most plant cells also contain small round structures called chloroplasts, which contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which is needed for photosynthesis.

      Tissues, organs and organisms

      A living plant or animal is called an organism and is made up of lots of cells all working together.

      Some of these cells are all of the same type; collectively they are called a tissue. They all do the same job, for example connective tissue, which is used in animals to connect other tissues together – and stop us falling apart!

      Next, some different tissues are grouped together

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