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    The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies---How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths
    Unavailable
    The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies---How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths
    Unavailable
    The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies---How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths
    Ebook577 pages9 hours

    The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies---How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths

    By Michael Shermer

    3.5/5

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    Currently unavailable

    Currently unavailable

    About this ebook

    The Believing Brain is bestselling author Michael Shermer's comprehensive and provocative theory on how beliefs are born, formed, reinforced, challenged, changed, and extinguished.

    In this work synthesizing thirty years of research, psychologist, historian of science, and the world's best-known skeptic Michael Shermer upends the traditional thinking about how humans form beliefs about the world. Simply put, beliefs come first and explanations for beliefs follow. The brain, Shermer argues, is a belief engine. From sensory data flowing in through the senses, the brain naturally begins to look for and find patterns, and then infuses those patterns with meaning. Our brains connect the dots of our world into meaningful patterns that explain why things happen, and these patterns become beliefs. Once beliefs are formed the brain begins to look for and find confirmatory evidence in support of those beliefs, which accelerates the process of reinforcing them, and round and round the process goes in a positive-feedback loop of belief confirmation. Shermer outlines the numerous cognitive tools our brains engage to reinforce our beliefs as truths.

    Interlaced with his theory of belief, Shermer provides countless real-world examples of how this process operates, from politics, economics, and religion to conspiracy theories, the supernatural, and the paranormal. Ultimately, he demonstrates why science is the best tool ever devised to determine whether or not a belief matches reality.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherMacmillan Publishers
    Release dateMay 24, 2011
    ISBN9781429972611
    Unavailable
    The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies---How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths
    Author

    Michael Shermer

    Michael Shermer is the Founding Publisher of Skeptic magazine and Adjunct Professor of Economics at Claremont Graduate University. Alex Grobman is President of the Institute for Contemporary Jewish Life and the Brenn Institute.

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    Reviews for The Believing Brain

    3.5/5

    23 ratings17 reviews

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    • 4/5
      I have read Shermer's columns in the Scientific American, and a previous book, and agree strongly with his stance as a skeptic, but have always thought he is a little dismissive and superficial in his approach.  This was a more satisfying book, with a lot of information about psychological processes in the brain that make it likely that one will abstract a pattern from sense data, and assign preferentialy an agent to cause the phenomenon.  Unfortunately, this argument forms only two or three chapters of the book, the rest being investigations of belief in god, the afterlife, alien abductions, conspiracies, and the like, and a last section on the formation of theories in astronomy.  It will not convince people who are not skeptical in the beginning, but in an example of "confirmation bias" reinforces the belief of the skeptic in the correctness of his approach.
    • 5/5
      Absolutely loved this book and consider it a "must-read" for everyone! Michael Shermer does an excellent job of explaining how human beings are hard-wired to believe. His focus is not so much on the "what" but more the "why". For example, when discussing conspiracy theories, his goal isn't to debunk any one in particular. It's more to explain why conspiracy theories in general get a hold of us so easily. Read this and you'll never look at your beliefs in the same way again!
    • 4/5
      This book is a quick read and a nice intro into how we can trick ourselves into believing what we want to believe. However, if you have read any of Shermer's books, you have pretty much read them all. I didn't find much of anything new here.
    • 5/5
      This is a truly ambitious work that attempts to bring an understanding to why and how we form our beliefs and rationalize them. The book goes through the ways in which we form beliefs and then find ways to justify those beliefs. Mr. Shermer's theory attempt to persuade us that this is in fact the default human behavior, that rational scientific thought is actually harder for us. And looking at the range of science denialism I see in the world today this seems to make some sense. Several different types of belief systems are covered, from the typical religious belief to conspiracy theories and aliens, with a focus within each type of belief on how our brain seeks patterns and gives agent to those patterns.I feel that the book presents a significant argument that we do indeed form our beliefs first, and rationalize them after the fact, even the most dedicated scientist. And this is why the use of the scientific method and constant peer review is essential to the process of revealing the real facts and truths about the universe in which we live. It's just too easy as individuals to get caught up in what we want to be true instead of what is.The end of the book goes through a review of our current scientific beliefs and how we got to the point we are now. Here Mr. Shermer uses what was discussed previously in the book to show how old beliefs continue to hold sway and are difficult to overcome even in the light of new evidence.I found this book to be a fascinating must read for anyone who ponders the questions of how we think and believe within our minds.
    • 4/5
      It's a decent book, but I am very happy this was just a kindle book, and not one on my bookshelf. I ended up skimming through parts of the book, because it just didn't hold my attention. It's a bit repetitive, and I'd probably have liked it more if I knew less about the field. He knows his stuff, and he makes good points, but I'd have rather had less of it.
    • 4/5
      Michael Shermer is an editor of Skeptic Magazine and has been fighting against non-scientific method based “facts” for many years. His latest book explains how humans have evolved to form beliefs first and then find evidence that supports those beliefs. He looks at how beliefs are formed and refutes the methods many believers use to “prove” those beliefs in regards to several very interesting topics, such as alien abduction, the paranormal, religion, and conspiracy theories. I think his books are fascinating. He can also be seen on YouTube giving a TED talk on some of these subjects.
    • 4/5
      I really enjoyed this. Shermer argues that the human capacity for self-deception, which is not only wired into the brain, but an unintended property of the neural circuitry responsible for abstract thinking, is why people think badly and believe "stupid" things.

      [Updated review below:]

      Thinkers of the Enlightenment, mostly pre-scientific philosophers struggling with the nature of human thought and behavior, operated on the conclusion that a human being was a rational, analytical decision-maker. The sophisticated, civilized man was removed from the crude passions of the animals; humans were a thing above, capable of language and culture and all manner of reason. The legacy of the classical view stays with us today, though most of us don't realize it; any time we characterize a person's actions as a "choice", however, we're betraying the classical belief of human nature. Decisions are made rationally, by evaluating the evidence and drawing a conclusion; the influence of biological or environmental circumstance need not apply.

      Modern neuroscience points to the brain as a pattern-recognition machine. Unlike the computer that sits on your desk or in your phone, the brain is meant to sift through the noise of our surroundings and pick out meaningful patterns. Brains that are good at this, seeing the snake lying in the grass and reacting before it can bite, tend to live longer and thus were selected for. But the downside is that nature didn't care much whether we actually saw a snake, or just a twig on the ground -- false positives were acceptable as long as the real dangers were spotted, and brains that were good at finding snakes and lions happened to generate a lot of false positives. Consequently, we're really good at finding meaning in noise, but we have no error-checking module to discriminate between genuine meaning and the intellectual equivalent of a twig mistaken for a rattlesnake.

      From that premise Shermer argues that all the cool and interesting things the brain does, like science, math, music, and art, stem from the exact same pattern-matching features that cause biased, distorted, and irrational thinking. Without any way of comparing the patterns we see to objective reality, it all winds up feeling right to us -- what Shermer calls belief-dependent realism. Human reason, he argues, begins with the belief, which we accept because of that built-in feels-right intuition, and only then do we concern ourselves with evidence and a coherent narrative to explain the belief.

      Aliens, gods, conspiracy theories and political views are all dissected and analyzed in light of belief-dependent realism. The latter half of the book devotes a chapter to each, explaining why these beliefs aren't "stupid" -- implying that the believer is intellectually incapable, clueless, uninformed, and willingly believing in obvious nonsense -- but a property of the neurological activity that makes us intelligent in the first place. In an observation that brought a smile to my face, Shermer notes that education and IQ-measured intelligence are no defense against irrationality. Quite the opposite -- intelligent, educated people not only believe in all kinds of strange things, but their cognitive advantages make them better at spinning a good yarn to rationalize their weird beliefs.

      Out of the bewildering array of cognitive biases -- errors of distorted thinking -- that we demonstrate, most of them are errors of estimation. We are very good at over-estimating our own capability compared to others, at believing ourselves to be variously in control or subject to circumstances beyond our control (as suits our ego), as products of rational thinking and inborn talent and hard work. Of course everyone else is an idiot, who chose to be lazy and believe stupid things (that I would never believe in), and clearly an irrational thinker who simply can't see things from the right point of view.

      This pretty well sums up, oh, only every argument ever, and most everyone you ever meet will go through life blissfully unaware that this is how we function on a very basic biological level.

      Shermer closes on an optimistic note, with the last few chapters covering the history and process of science, debunking common misconceptions and laying out his case for why scientific thinking is the best tool we have to avoid the trickery of our own brains. I found this an especially useful and readable summary, explaining why science isn't simply a matter of crusty researchers publishing papers on subjects entirely divorced from reality.

      Science is, at heart, a thought process, a way of parsing the world though skepticism, which provides the error-checking machinery absent from our pattern-matching brains. Science draws on experiment, yes, but we can -- must -- infer from data, and balance our empiricism with solid theory. Before science, we were forced to accept theory based on authority, and got dogma; inferring from data, without the context of a larger theory, can lead to the wrong conclusions.

      Science is the framework for both theory and data, allowing for converging lines of evidence -- positive evidence, rather than the intellectually-weak "you can't prove it" negative evidence often used to attack a disagreeable conclusion -- to paint a larger picture of the world.

      Shermer warns that, being a human institution, even science can fall victim to belief-dependent thinking, but this is no inherent flaw; anything that human beings do carries the risk of turning into self-interested bias. Science remains a process of discrimination through testing, and it's the best tool we have for understanding reality independent of our biased beliefs.

      Shermer's writing is always clear and easy to follow, making for an entertaining read even if you don't agree with his conclusions. Shermer is an unapologetic right-wing capital-l Libertarian, a political viewpoint about which I have strong reservations, but he presents his views with a subtlety and humility, parsed in the context of his own argument about human bias, that it was more an interesting case-study in belief rather than advancement of a personal agenda. Also, I give bonus points for a defense of conservative beliefs which was both reasonable and thought-provoking, and which cast the modern-day left-right argument in a new light. I still don't agree with the Other Side, but at least I can understand why we disagree -- and it has less to do with objective Right Or Wrong as it does with biologically-dependent values.

      Half the fun of this book is the realization that, even as you read and find yourself going "no, that's wrong!", your visceral, almost knee-jerk disagreement is a product of the very distorted thinking under discussion.

      The Believing Brain gets five stars for being a concise, accessible, and well-written treatment of modern trends in neuroscience, motivated reasoning, and scientific thinking. As per my policy, I don't give out bad reviews for disagreement with the author's personal beliefs, nor do I tell the author what his real motives are in writing such obvious propaganda (which would require an extra layer of ironic self-delusion for this particular book); neither is a good rating an endorsement of every last point. I rate highly for presenting a solid thought-provoking argument, for entertainment value, compelling ideas, or any combination thereof.
    • 3/5
      A frequently fascinating look at the neurology and psychology behind belief.
    • 3/5
      Why do people believe in...anything? Well, mostly because we are wired to believe in stuff -- any stuff. The only thing we can do to help ourselves is be more scientific.

      That's the basic message I got from this book. It's an interesting trip, this skeptic's journey. I can't really say a lot about it because, well, most of it is right up front there. Schermer goes into a lot of detail about the various little heuristics and mechanisms in our brains that lead us down the path to belief, but the gist is that we are set up for it and it's hard work not to go with that.

      Much of what he said I found myself agreeing with. However, I could have accepted his arguments much more readily if he hadn't, more than once, defaulted to the "If you don't agree with me, you're an idiot" stance. And, occasionally, he just fell right off the scientific method platform he holds up as the only method for getting around our limitations. For instance, in listing a variety of current theories about the origins of the universe, he says (referring to the "many-worlds multiverse" theory, he says "The idea of their being multiple versions of me and you out there -- and in an infinite multiverse model there would be an infinite number of us -- just seems prima facia absurd and even less likely than the theistic alternative." (bold is mine) It "just seems"? That's an opinion, and an opinion is a belief (per other areas of the book). Even when you put a Latin phrase behind it, it doesn't meet the standard of logical argumentation he promotes. The lack of the phrase "to me" behind that word "absurd" is a trick to make the statement look like it isn't an opinion.

      He does this in several places in the book, even at times tossing insulting descriptions at those whom he classifies as being ruled by their beliefs. Of course, he does state that not believing and basing everything on fact is difficult, and he demonstrates that frequently enough. I understand what he's doing in this book, but it seems to me to be a stance fraught with conflict. That is, one doesn't get to climb up on the platform of scientific method, pure logic, and experimental data to hurl insults at those you do not see as agreeing with your platform, or whom you accuse of misusing the platform.

      When he sticks to listing researched data and how knowledge is derived from his particular platform, the book is very good. But those little divergences nagged at me like flies. It isn't even that I agree with the conflicting information or that he stepped on any of my personal beliefs. It was the failure to maintain a non-personal stance throughout rather than taking it on and off like a lab coat. The verbal ju-jitsu he used, trying to phrase his authorial statements of opinion as if they were incontrovertible fact, chipped away at my acceptance of everything. Yes, I could do the research and test what he has said for myself, but that certainly wasn't the intention with which he wrote this book, and in any case I don't have the time to do that for myself, which is why I read the book and others like it.

      That just nagged at me, even as I was learning and wondering at other things in the text. I think this book has much of interest in it, but it isn't a last word, or even a penultimate word, on the understanding of why humans belief.
    • 3/5
      The author seems to think he has considered every argument for and against the existence of God (he concluded there isn't a God), but he definitely needs to consult some educated Mormons, who could tell him things he obviously has never considered. However, he did do a fairly good job of not being too overbearing/annoying in telling his own opinions.
    • 4/5
      A great book on the way people believe things. Should form part of your owners manual for your brain to help you improve performance and spot malfunctions before they cause too much damage. In a nutshell people* believe something first and then rationalise the reasons why they have the belief later. Tons of evidence given supporting this. Get over it. Well actually, rise above it and change your thinking and belief patterns. It can change your life. * that is you and me.I do have a quibble. Nothing to do with the Psychology. Shermer's own politics is on the far right of US politics ( in terms of size of government and market regulation anyway ) but he seems to under the impression that human politics can be assessed in reference only to the US . He seems to think that the US left and right equate to human left and right. History and current affairs ( outside of the US ) reveals the US right and left as the far right and the right of humans. But then I would say that wouldn't I. My left of centre views are regularly described by the US "right" as "communist" but then they never let the facts get in the way of a favoured belief do they?
    • 4/5
      In The Believing Brain Michael Shermer, the founder and editor of Skeptic Magazine, shows the reader how and why we believe. He begins the book with a discussion of religious beliefs, providing a few examples of life-altering religious (or irreligious) experiences, including his own. I found these stories engaging and enjoyed Shermer's philosophical discussion. Then Shermer defines "agenticity"--the tendency to assume patterns have meaning and intention (an outside agent) instead of seeing them as non-intentional or even random events. He describes the cellular mechanics of our brains and why we would have evolved "agenticity," and then provides many examples of how we see patterns even when they don't exist. This part was pretty funny. I enjoyed his examples. Shermer describes how we can become convinced that our own beliefs are accurate and unbiased, how confirmation bias leads to unconsciously ignoring data that contradict our ideas while noticing in minute detail all the examples in which the data confirm our ideas. This leads to a political discussion of liberals versus conservatives versus libertarianism (because, after all, we simply MUST hear about Shermer's libertarian beliefs!). The final third of the book describes the progress of scientific beliefs from world-is-flat to the multi-verse (again, Shermer inserts a commentary about what HE believes, which seemed a small digression from his main point). This third of the book also describes how the scientific method works. I found the final third of the book less interesting than the first two thirds. It seemed a little less organized than the first two parts, but that may have been because my mind was wandering since I was already familiar with the material he covered. In the end, this was a fun and interesting read, but nothing I'm going to read again. This is the first book I've read on the Wellcome Trust Prize longlist, so I can't say how it compares to the other books. I think it made medicine fun and interesting and would make medicine more accessible to fresh audiences. However, I think this book might not be the BEST choice because many people in the general public (at least in the US) are offended by skepticism. And Shermer expresses no qualms about his skepticism. Therefore, I think his message about medicine won't reach much of the general public because they will be too stuck on his "offensive" skepticism. Mind you, I'm not saying he WAS offensive, IMO. But I am only offended with skepticism when it is mixed with judgmental comments about those who believe. Shermer was very respectful of those who believe, he just poo-pooed their beliefs. ;)
    • 4/5
      This was a very interesting read but it was not a perfect read. I must point out a couple things I noticed. The main concept of the book is based on how our brains are basically hardwired to see patterns regardless of if a pattern exists or not. There is some science jargon but everything is explained well enough for a layperson (like myself) to understand.One section was focused on political beliefs. This was actually done as unbiased as I think it could have been. One part bugged me though- while Shermer focuses this section on the Blue vs Red he manages to conspicuously leave out his own political beliefs which are Libertarian beliefs. I would have liked to seen him focus on more aspects including his own and since he didn't I have to say that chapter seems a bit incomplete.The other part of the book that while interesting didn't particularly flow as well with the rest of the book. Two of the later chapters are focused on the scenarios of geography and cosmology. These two chapters were well written and I understand their correlation in the overall subject but I think too much focus was given to them.One aspect that I was a bit disappointed for it not to be in the book was a chapter on explaining (beyond the reasons to follow science experiments and the "Null Hypothesis") was how everyday individuals could "train" our brain to differentiate between patterns and those thing we want to be patterns.I did enjoy the book and think anyone interested in the topic will find it interesting but it did have its flaws which should not be overlooked - then again, maybe that is just what my brain wants me to think.
    • 4/5
      I've read and enjoyed several of Michael Shermer's other books, and I was already familiar with most of the subject matter he covers in this one, but something about it had me feeling a bit off-balance much of the time while I was reading it, and it took me a while to figure out why. It's that the subtitle, which bills this as an examination of "how we construct beliefs and reinforce them as truths" and his statement that, having written a book called Why People Believe Weird Things, he now wished to turn to the question of why people believe anything at all, led me to expect a very different sort of book. This isn't really a systematic exploration and explanation of how we form our beliefs about the world. It's something rather less focused than that. Here's what we actually get:First, there's a whole section relating the stories of three people who changed their religious/spiritual beliefs: a friend of the author's who had some kind of mystical experience in the middle of the night, a scientist who converted to Christianity, and the author himself, who became a Christian fundamentalist as a teenager, then lost his belief again as an adult. They're moderately interesting stories, and they do testify to the reassuring fact -- not necessarily always obvious elsewhere in the book -- that Shermer is quite capable of respecting the intelligence and sanity of people we might call "believers," but there seems to be no particular point he's making with any of them.He then devotes another section plus a couple of chapters of the next one to discussing (often in considerable technical detail) various odd things that happen in the human brain that people tend to interpret as having spiritual, religious, or supernatural significance, such as the phenomenon of near-death experiences. He does try to tie this in to some more general points about the human ability to see patterns everywhere and our tendency to impart deliberate agency to the random and the inanimate, but while he does a reasonably good job with the former, his examples of the latter are surprisingly poor. He refers to these two ideas as being main theses of the book, but these chapters, at least, seem to be much more focused on the idea that the mind and the "soul"' can be explained materialistically as functions of the brain, and on making a case for atheism.This is followed by a chapter on conspiracy theories and how to tell a crazy conspiracy theory from a non-crazy one, and one on the question of whether we should believe in aliens. Both of these are a bit superficial, but fine as far as they go. They're followed by a chapter on political beliefs, which is simultaneously the most irritating and one of the most interesting parts of the book. It's irritating because Shermer has his own very definite political beliefs -- he's a zealous libertarian -- and he can't resist defending them. It's interesting partly because he includes some thought-provoking statistics about political beliefs and where they come from, but also because I was able to note some of the author's own political biases and to observe myself beautifully illustrating one of the very points he was making by experiencing the impulse to impatiently dismiss ideological points I didn't agree with without examining them too closely. It is, I think, worthwhile to be prodded once in a while to notice when you're doing that.Next, there's a very good chapter on the cognitive biases that influence our thinking and our beliefs, which seems like it really should have come much earlier in the book. Then there are two chapters discussing the history of astronomy, which do a fairly nice job of illustrating both how scientists, too, have biases and preconceptions that color their work and how science slowly manages to advance anyway by treating empirical evidence as the final arbiter of truth. Finally, he wraps it all up with an epilogue that talks a bit about how to evaluate claims scientifically.All in all, it's not a bad book. He makes some interesting points, and I agree with him on pretty much everything but the politics. I do wish it had been a little bit less of a mish-mash, though.
    • 5/5
      In The Believing Brain, Michael Shermer has succeeded in making a serious analysis of the human brain both highly entertaining and informative.If you are a baseball fan you will never view the curious antics of a hitter entering the batter's box in quite the same way again after reading Michael's book. You will likely be reminded of the pigeon in a Skinner's Box learning pigeon patternicity: the learning of a superstition.If you are a Liberal and you cannot understand how those crazy Conservatives can actually believe the things they do, it will be explained to you in Michael's book. The same goes for Conservatives who think that Liberalism is some kind of mental disorder....they will understand why Liberals believe what they believe. Michael also explains why neither Liberal nor Conservative is likely to change: it's all based on the way the human brain works. The first two sections of the book, comprising 135 pages, pretty much lay the scientific foundation for the remainder of the book. Reading it requires some attention to detail, but you will learn quite a bit, and the writing is accessible to the non-scientist, and the author is mindful of his audience and avoids scientific jargon, explaining such jargon when it is impossible to avoid, and reinforcing the explanations when jargon must be used later after the reader may have forgotten the meaning from a few pages earlier. I found this very helpful.Part 3 of the book is devoted to examining Belief in the Afterlife, Belief in God, Belief in Aliens, and Belief in Conspiracies, using the scientific facts from Parts I & 2 of the book. I was tempted to skip one or two of these Beliefs, but I got sucked in. They are handled quite interestingly. I learned, for instance, that Albert Einstein carried on a correspondence with a lowly ensign named Guy H. Raner aboard the USS Bougainville in the Pacific during World War II regarding the existence of God. I thought I knew a good deal about Einstein, but I hadn't known this! It blew my mind. And the correspondence is included for your reading pleasure.Even the Alien stuff and the Conspiracy stuff sucked me in. I couldn't put it down.The final parts of the book bring us back once more to the science behind it all, but more to the history of the science. It is all quite fascinating. There were issues I wish that Michael had examined further: for instance, on p. 274 Michael mentions "The Consistency Bias"...the tendency to recall one's past beliefs as resembling present beliefs more than they actually do. There is the implication here that we DO change our beliefs etc. over time despite the primary idea behind the book being that we first construct beliefs and then reinforce them as time goes by. I would have liked an explanation of how this changes. I can see that as children we may have believed in Santa Claus and the tooth fairy etc., and have learned to discard these beliefs along the way, but I would have appreciated an examination of the mechanisms involved. If Michael happens to read my review I would like him to know that I too missed the gorilla. (this won't make sense to anyone who hasn't read the book...sorry.)I want to thank Michael Shermer for his work. I shall be returning to his book again when I've finished reading some other books on my must read list. Five Stars...Easy.
    • 4/5
      In many ways, The Believing Brain is what I expected and hoped Shermer's earlier Why People Believe Weird Things would be. The earlier title promised an explanation of why, exactly, so many people believe strange things for which there is no evidence, but instead consisted mostly of short overviews of strange things that various people believe. The Believing Brain is much nearer the mark.In a nutshell, belief -- weird or otherwise -- is the result of an overactive pattern-matching system in the human brain. Long ago, this was evolutionarily advantageous and thus selected for; if an early human wrongly decided that the rustle in the grass was a leopard and ran away, she'd lose the food she was gathering. If she wrongly decided that it wasn't and kept collecting food, she'd be rapidly removed from the gene pool. The very different consequences between these "Type 1" and "Type 2" errors have, Shermer argues, predisposed humans to find patterns where there are none, and the related "agenticity" to attribute these patterns to deliberate actions by unseen entities. Shermer cites some fascinating research to back up these claims; self-identified "believers" (on a host of issues ranging from UFOs to angels) are more likely than "skeptics" to identify images that have been significantly degraded by noise; however, they're also far more likely to make wrong identifications.Armed with this framework for the biological and evolutionary underpinnings of belief, Shermer proceeds to outline how it applies to various classes of common human belief systems. Unlike in his earlier book, he doesn't exclude religion from this analysis (a weak point in the earlier book). Since the fundamental underpinnings are, in fact, the same, this portion of the book drags a bit, though individual issues (such as the tendency for people alone and under physical stress -- mountain climbers, solo sailors, and the like -- to hallucinate helpers or supporters) were fascinating. By far the weakest portion of the book, and one I would certainly have skipped if I hadn't been writing a review, was the section on political beliefs. Despite having pointed out that even people aware of the irrational nature of belief and the tendency for belief to precede the construction of supporting "evidence" do exactly the same things, Shermer doesn't recognize that this applies to him as well. There's an entirely out-of-place ode to libertarianism as the only "rational" political viewpoint, complete with a set of "stereotypes about libertarians" (corresponding to sets he described earlier for liberals and conservatives) that bears zero resemblance either to any libertarians or to any common perceptions of libertarians that I've ever encountered. Unless you share Shermer's political predilictions and are in the mood for some self-congratulatory back-patting, I strongly recommend skipping this section.Overall, however, this is a very interesting book and well worth reading at least the first portion, and whatever of the later portions you find particularly interesting.
    • 2/5
      This book bills itself as "why people believe weird things," but it's really more of "why you shouldn't believe weird things." It should be noted that I don't actually believe in any of the things discussed in the book (God, heaven, hell, and other religious things; UFOs and alien abductions; conspiracy theories, esp. 9/11 conspiracy theories), so the arguments against were tedious at best, and I gained little insight into why other people do believe them.Shermer's tone comes across as defensive (and, to be honest, rather arrogant), particularly when he's recounting his own "journey" from belief to skepticism and when he's quoting from others who argue against him, then pointing out why they're wrong. This is not so much a scientific exploration of an interesting psychological topic as a manifesto about everyone the author thinks is crazy. The "Politics of Belief" chapter was particularly (and rather offensively) bizarre; the thesis of most chapters is "there's a right and a wrong, and science will tell us which is which," while the thesis of that chapter seemed to be, "there's no right and wrong, but here's why you should be a libertarian like me anyway." Shermer ought to apply his analysis to his own beliefs; he seems to be under the impression that he alone forms opinions based on rational, unemotional reasoning.ALL THAT SAID, there were some interesting bits and even whole chapters. I wish the book had been entirely about what it claims to be about and divided up by topic -- "Patternicity," "Agenticity," "Confirmation Bias," etc. -- without all the rest of the nonsense.