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    The Bitter Road to Freedom: A New History of the Liberation of Europe
    The Bitter Road to Freedom: A New History of the Liberation of Europe
    The Bitter Road to Freedom: A New History of the Liberation of Europe
    Audiobook18 hours

    The Bitter Road to Freedom: A New History of the Liberation of Europe

    Written by William I Hitchcock

    Narrated by Mel Foster

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    About this audiobook

    Americans are justly proud of the role the United States played in liberating Europe from Nazi tyranny. For many years, we have celebrated the courage of the Allied soldiers, sailors, and aircrews who defeated Hitler's regime and restored freedom to the continent. But in recounting the heroism of the "greatest generation," Americans often overlook the wartime experiences of European people themselves-the very people for whom the war was fought.

    In this brilliant new book, historian William I. Hitchcock surveys the European continent from D-Day to the final battles of the war and the first few months of the peace. Based on exhaustive research in five nations and dozens of archives, Hitchcock's groundbreaking account shows that the liberation of Europe was both a military triumph and a human tragedy of epic proportions.

    Hitchcock gives voice to those who were on the receiving end of liberation, moving them from the edge of the story to the center. From France to Poland to Germany, from concentration camp internees to refugees, farmers to shopkeepers, husbands and wives to children, the experience of liberation was often difficult and dangerous. Their gratitude was mixed with guilt or resentment. Their lives were difficult to reassemble.

    This strikingly original, multinational history of liberation brings to light the interactions of soldiers and civilians, the experiences of noncombatants, and the trauma of displacement and loss amid unprecedented destruction. This book recounts a surprising story, often jarring and uncomfortable, and one that has never been told with such richness and depth.

    Today, with American soldiers once again waging wars of liberation in faraway lands, this book serves as a timely and sharp reminder of the terrible human toll exacted by even the most righteous of wars.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherTantor Media, Inc
    Release dateDec 29, 2008
    ISBN9781400180479
    Author

    William I Hitchcock

    William I. Hitchcock is a professor of history at the University of Virginia and the Randolph Compton Professor at the Miller Center for Public Affairs. A graduate of Kenyon College and Yale University, he is the author of The Age of Eisenhower and The Bitter Road to Freedom: The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe, which was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. 

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    Reviews for The Bitter Road to Freedom

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    • 2/5
      William Hitchcock’s study of the liberation of Europe in the Second World War is actually four interrelated books contained within a single set of covers. The first book looks at the experience of civilians in northwestern Europe amidst the fighting during the final months of the war. Theirs is a story of painful, often overlooked hardship, as they were subjected to bombs and shells that did not discriminate between them and the German occupiers. For many Belgians, the Battle of the Bulge meant living through the thick of the fighting, while the Dutch, though spared much direct combat, suffered starvation from the disruption of food supplies.

      The second book shifts to an examination of the fighting in the east. Here Hitchcock provides a broader account, one that begins with the German invasion in 1941. This allows him to recount the atrocities committed by Nazi forces, something that allows him to put the conduct of Soviet troops into context. Civilians are much less central to Hitchcock’s analysis here, as he also discusses postwar planning for Germany’s fate. It is only when Germany itself becomes the battleground that the civilians reemerge as the central focus of the narrative, where again they are presented as victims of the savagery of war.

      The final two sections concentrate on the development and administration of relief efforts for those who survived the fighting. The third book addresses the problem posed by “displaced persons”, the millions of refugees created by the war. Here he examines the efforts not just of the Allied forces but of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), a newly-formed agency that sought to improve on the private relief efforts that characterized the last war. Hitchcock’s final book looks at the civilians who suffered the most – the concentration camp survivors. His focus here is primarily on the Western allies, with separate chapters that address separately how the Americans and the British responded to the morally horrifying and politically complicated question of what to do for those who survived the Holocaust.

      Each of these books offers an enlightening examination of the problems civilians faced at the end of the war and in its immediate aftermath. Yet each section stands in seeming isolation from the others, with little effort made to tie them together into a coherent overall portrait. Instead readers are left to piece together for themselves the overall assessment of the experience of liberation. This squanders what is otherwise an interesting book about an often-overlooked aspect of war, one that provides a more complete picture of just how much Europe suffered.
    • 5/5
      Author provides a valuable insight to the plight of those who were liberated by the Allied Forces during World War II. As example, just a many French citizens died on D-Day from Allied operations as Allied forces in combat. The work is divided into sections dealing with Western Europe, Eastern Europe and Eastern Germany, the movement of Displaced Peoples, and the plight of liberated Jewish inmates in the concentration camps. Extensive bibliography.
    • 4/5
      "The liberation of Europe will always inspire us, for it contains a multitude of heroic and noble acts, and was at its core an honorable struggle to emancipate millions of people from a vile and barbaric regime. But this book has suggested that when considering the history of Europe's liberation, we not lose sight of the human costs that this epic contest exacted upon defenseless peoples and ordinary lives. There is surely room enough in our histories of World War II for introspection, for humility, and for an abiding awareness of the dreadful ugliness of war."These closing sentences from William I. Hitchcock's The Bitter Road to Freedom: The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe are a better summary of the theme of the book than anything I could come up with. The book discusses the heavy collateral damage of the invasion; the not always wonderful behavior of even the Western armies; and the terrible famine in the Netherlands in the closing months of the war. There is a discussion of the fate of Germany, for which the word "liberation" lacks a certain je ne sais quoi. There is discussion of the tremendous humanitarian crisis facing the Allies after the surrender of Germany. And, in what is probably the most depressing part of the book, there is a long discussion of the fate of displaced persons, particularly the surviving European Jews, after the end of the war.There is nothing terribly new to say about collateral damage. The French in the Normandy area suffered terribly during the battle. We look at Omaha and forget that total Allied military casualties on the day of the landing were less than projected, and a small fraction of casualties on the first day at the Somme. They were, in fact, considerably less than the French civilian casualties. The breakout and swiftly moving campaign after resulted in fewer civilian casualties, but the practice of plastering isolated pockets of resistance with fighter bombers and artillery meant that civilian casualties continued. Military necessity? Sure, but one must not forget the cost.American soldiers raped. Okay, that should be no surprise, uncomfortable though it is, and, yes, they raped less than just about anyone else. (The French North African troops had a particularly vile reputation, though nothing like the Russians.) Americans still raped. This caused a great deal of concern at Eisenhower's headquarters (one respect, I suppose, in which the Western Allies differed from their German and Russian counterparts) but the estimated several hundred rapes in one month probably is a low figure. There is also the fuzzy line between rape and prostitution and between rape and romance. Um, yeah, date rape. When the horny guy wanting a little noogy carries a sidearm, your lack of resistance may not reflect an actual romantic interest. Another ugly aspect of this is that black soldiers were far more likely to be hanged for rape, or for any other crime really, than white soldiers. Hitchcock does not explore the possibility that this could be because black soldiers were more likely to rape in the first place, for which I can't really blame him. Given the times, disparate treatment seems almost a foregone.American soldiers also looted. Again, no surprise, uncomfortable though it is. All the same qualifiers apply.Ugly as the American racism was, it had a lot of competition from French and Belgian racism. Because black soldiers were usually assigned to the rear echelons rather than combat units, the French and Belgians in liberated areas saw a lot of them, and didn't like what they saw.The Germans didn't feel like feeding the population of the Netherlands following Market-Garden, and the Allies were reluctant to send in relief supplies that they feared would only be seized by the Germans for their own use. Churchill finally consented to food drops in the last weeks of the war, by which time deaths by starvation were already becoming numerous. Towards the very end, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, the vile Reich Commissioner for the Netherlands, met with the British under flag of truce to discuss civilian relief, and the following exchange ensued:General Smith: "In any case, you are going to be shot."Seyss-Inquart: "That leaves me cold."General Smith: "It will."The Americans had strict instructions that they were not to fraternize with the Germans. This didn't last long. Eisenhower took the position that, if anyone in Europe was going to go cold or starve (both real possibilities in the postwar devastation), it was going to be the Germans. Didn't quite work out that way, though things were very bad for a long time. This led to something of a scandal: The Army, having trouble shifting gears from a warfighting organization to a humanitarian relief organization, found it convenient to keep displaced persons in the camps in which they were originally kept by the Germans. Instead of barbed wire and armed German guards, it was barbed wire and armed American guards, with the (not inconsiderable) difference that the Americans weren't trying to exterminate the displaced persons. There were good reasons why the Americans were reluctant to let the displaced persons loose on the countryside, but one can understand the anger of the DPs who saw German civilians free outside their camps while they remained confined.This was particularly ugly in the case of the surviving European Jews, who often felt they had no homes to go back to. Certainly not in Poland, whose citizens too often took the view that the Germans basically had the right idea. (It is difficult to believe the degree of anti-Semitism in much of Europe even after the Holocaust, and I'm not talking German Europe.) The Jewish prisoners had been put in an environment where morality had been deliberately subverted, and which was designed to degrade the prisoners in every possible way, and judging from the American GI's common reaction, it worked. It is painful to read about, but GIs encountering their first Jewish survivors were far more likely to be repulsed than sympathetic. It should be no surprise, perhaps, that the Jewish survivors almost universally embraced Zionism and were faster to organize politically than to organize their sanitation (which the Americans found appalling, though it must have been much improved over what the Jews had experienced under the Germans.) The Americans pressured the British to let the Jews emigrate to Palestine; the British wanted none of it. Instead, the British adopted a policy of swift if procedurally impeccable trial and execution of the surviving SS guards, which would put an end to the matter and allow the Jews to resume assimilating into European culture. The Jews were having none of that, and were deeply offended that the SS guards were even being extended due process of law: Their preference was to treat them as outlaws and summarily hang them. Understandable, I suppose.The book drags at times, and a couple of things are irksome. For example, Hitchcock presents as an example of American callousness a flow chart for dealing with displaced persons that ends with "Final Disposal." I suspect the word its authors were looking for was "Final Disposition", a genuinely unfortunate error in language, but Hitchcock goes on about how the term "flow chart" and the pipe lines on the chart, ending with "Disposal", show an underlying attitude that the DPs were crap to be processed through a sewer. Um, never heard of a flow chart before?But by and large it's a worthwhile if sometimes painful read.
    • 4/5
      William I. Hitchcock looks at the end of World War II from the perspective of civilians (Norman, Belgian, Dutch, Polish and East Prussian), displaced persons, Holocaust survivors, and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. With the exception of a gushing chapter about UNRRA, he finds everything dismal. The invasion of Normandy killed thousands of noncombatants and leveled whole cities. The Germans devastated Belgium as they retreated and during their brief return in the Battle of the Bulge, and the restored Belgian government was fractious and inefficient. The Dutch endured famine under their Nazi occupiers while the Allied offensive bypassed their country. The Poles and East Prussians were victims of officially authorized atrocities. The Allies found it difficult to relieve the suffering of millions of brutalized refugees and occasionally showed shocking insensitivity toward Jews traumatized by the death camps.All that sounds true enough. Little of it is a revelation, though the book adds much well-researched, often gruesome detail. It also adds an undertone of hostility toward the whole project of liberating Europe. While the author now and then acknowledges that continued Nazi domination would have been worse than all the death and destruction of the last year of World War II, his louder and clearer message is that the Allies - either through incompetence (the U.S. and Britain) or intent (the U.S.S.R.) - meted out unconscionable harm to friendly civilians. Meanwhile, enemy civilians weren't punished nearly enough (except perhaps by the Soviets). What was needed, apparently, was a magic potion that could be sprinkled across Europe to dissolve Hitlerite malefactors into puddles of warm mush that, soaking into the soil, would cause food, fuel, medicine and houses to spring up spontaneously. The Allies having inexplicably failed to utilize that method of liberation, their histories of the war are bunk and "the greatest generation" a self-serving myth.Fortunately, the reader can correct for much of the animus - can see, for instance, that stopping the drive into Germany in order to liberate the Netherlands would not have made any military, or even humanitarian, sense; that, despite Professor Hitchcock's cavils, the U.S. and British armies worked hard to ease the plight of the Western European populace; and that many decisions that look bad in retrospect were made in good faith on the basis of the facts known at the time. The only real villains are the Nazi and communist tyrants, the former for launching the war, the latter for turning liberation into an orgy of revenge, plunder and conquest.
    • 5/5
      Themes of WWII military history (in Europe) are well-recognized by those with even the most casual interest. The astonishing perfidy of the German aggressors, the devastation wrought in eastern Europe and the Soviet Union followed by its massive counter offensive with millions of resuting casualties to its armed forces, the horrific murderousness of Germans directed at Jews and others, the story of the awakening of the American war machine and its stalwart actions on the western front -- these are all familiar, and valid, parts of the story.There's another theme, though, that isn't well-chronicled and that is of the massive suffering and destruction visited on civilians in the wake of the liberators' campaigns. While the utter evilness of the Germans and their Axis allies is well-known to us, the loss of life and havoc brought by the Allies is not much written on. There are complex reasons for this void. The actions of the liberators were in pursuit of a virtuous cause. The noble sacrifices of our soldiers and airmen are paramount in our memories. That "collateral damage" (to use that unfortunate contemporary euphemism) was unavoidable and not maliciously or purposely inflicted. In a true sense, to focus on the consequences of our actions on civilian populations would distract us from the (deserved) righteousness of our massive undertaking to fight the aggressor.But consequences there were and, whatever the moral valuation you place on them, they were awesome in their destructiveness. Hitchcock's book fills in this part of the story of WWI in Europe. He points out the hundreds of thousands of civilan casualties caused by allied bombing, some of which were unavoidable, some through recklessness, others weakly justified as militarily necessary. He discusses the massive starvation in Holland, created by German inhumanity for sure, but which might have been amelioriated sooner by the Allies. He also points out the misbehavior of soldiers toward civilians that is an inevitable occurence. American and British forces were by no means all choirboys, but their transgressions pale compared to the rapaciousness of Soviet soldiers. Hitchcock puts forth an insightful analysis of the attitudes and actions of the Allies toward displaced persons, particularly the hamhanded ways they handled the desire of Jews to relocate to Palestine. The juxtaposition of harsh attitudes toward displaced persons and how lightly Germans civilians were treated in the post war is an interesting one.This story requires a nuanced moral tone that Hitchcock satifactorily achieves. The Allies did not initiate the war; their efforts in response to unprovoked agression were truly heroic; their sacrifices were huge; the Germans were truly monstrously evil at all stages of the conflict. But, the virtuousness of the Allied cause does not, should not, wipe out of history and memory the impact of war making on civilians. This book does not take the easy route of blame or blamelessness; it forces us to think twice before taking the easy moral "out" of the unintended inevitability of harm to civilian bystanders. It highlights mistakes without the sanctimoniousness or simplicity of second guessing. It paints a more complete picture of the nature of our actions than is present in our popular conceptions of the "good war". Hitchcock puts forth intriguing concepts about why this aspect of the war is so neglected by history. Among many reasons, this gap was, to some degree, engendered by the complex political dynamics following the war, including the incipient onset of the Cold War.For anyone interested in how WWII, this is an important addition to the historical record.
    • 4/5
      Disjointed. Makes a good point, but a bit overblown. Yes, of course liberation was terrible for lots of people - that is not news. Most recent books, and even older books, for example, have noted the carnage that the Normans were subject to in June, July and August 1944. And so forth. Not that it isn't all true, and much bad. But it should not be presented as a great discovery. Also, there is more than an element of moral equivalence here which is unfortunate. For example, no doubt, among the 200,000 or so Canadian soldiers who ended up in the Netherlands at war's end, some killed, raped, looted, and got drunk and acted out. None of this compares to the destruction done by the Germans, nor does it compare to the behaviour of the Russian army in friendly and enemy countries alike. Acceptable read.